Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #2 Cardiomyopathy – What Is Cardiomyopathy? | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathy is a disease that weakens the heart muscle. This makes it harder for your heart to pump blood. The word „cardiomyopathy” means „heart muscle disease.” […] There are several types of cardiomyopathy and many causes and risk factors. […] Cardiomyopathy may be caused by your genes, other medical conditions, unhealthy lifestyle factors, or extreme stress. However, many times, the cause of cardiomyopathy is not known.

• #3 What Is Cardiomyopathy? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults

  Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The various types of the disease have many causes, signs and symptoms as well as treatments. […] Cardiomyopathy can be “acquired” when it develops due to another disease, condition or factor. Or cardiomyopathy can be “inherited” when the gene for the disease is passed on from a parent. […] In many cases, the cause of cardiomyopathy isn’t known. This is often the case when it occurs in children.

• #4 Cardiomyopathy – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiomyopathy/causes

  Cardiomyopathy can be inherited, acquired, or congenital. […] Inherited means that your parents passed the gene for the disease on to you. Gene mutations can cause your heart not to develop properly. […] Acquired means that you weren’t born with the disease, but you developed it due to another disease or condition. Conditions that damage your heart can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy. […] Congenital means that your condition was present at birth. You may have cardiomyopathy at birth, or it can result from a congenital heart defect. Congenital cardiomyopathy may result from health conditions of the mother or the developing baby that are not inherited. […] Cardiomyopathy may also be a symptom of another condition. Many times, the cause is not known. […] Some substances can damage the heart muscle. This damage increases the risk of cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrest.

• #5 Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types & Life Expectancy

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cardiomyopathy/article_em.htm

  Cardiomyopathy is a diseased heart muscle that cannot function (contract) adequately. Cardiomyopathy results in the failure of the heart muscle to meet the needs of the body for oxygen-rich blood and the removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products. There are many causes of cardiomyopathy, but the end result is a heart that is weak and cannot maintain a normal ejection fraction or cardiac output. […] There are many causes of cardiomyopathy that can be categorized in several ways. One method of defining cardiomyopathy is based on the official definition by the American Heart Association, which are broken into two categories, primary and secondary. Another method of categorizing cardiomyopathy causes are extrinsic and intrinsic. […] The official definition of cardiomyopathy of the American Heart Association in 2006 is as follows: „Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not invariably) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation and are due to a variety of causes that frequently are genetic.”

• #6 Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types & Life Expectancy

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cardiomyopathy/article_em.htm

  Some of the causes of primary cardiomyopathy are: Genetic, Mixed, Acquired. […] Some of the causes of secondary cardiomyopathy are: Infiltrative, Storage, Toxicity, Inflammatory, Endocrine, Cardiofacial, Neuromuscular/neurological, Nutritional deficiencies, Autoimmune and collagen disease, Electrolyte imbalance, Cancer therapy complications. […] Extrinsic cardiomyopathies are those that are due to diseases that are not uniquely due to heart muscle cell abnormalities. […] Intrinsic cardiomyopathies are due to abnormalities that originate in the heart muscle cell. […] Examples of extrinsic cardiomyopathies include: Ischemic cardiomyopathy, Poorly controlled high blood pressure (hypertension), Diabetes, Alcohol abuse. […] Examples of intrinsic cardiomyopathies include: Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Viral infections, Dilated cardiomyopathies, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Peripartum cardiomyopathy.

• #7 Cardiomyopathy Etiologies, Symptoms and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74904

  Cardiomyopathy can be defined as a structural and functional myocardial disorder that is commonly genetic rather than due to coronary artery, valvular or congenital heart disease. […] Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium that are associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction. They generally exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilation and have multiple etiologies, which are often genetic. […] Cardiomyopathies can be characterized into two different groups, primary and secondary. Primary cardiomyopathies are defined by primary involvement of the heart while secondary cardiomyopathies are consequences of other medical disease states such as endocrine diseases or drug induced. […] Genetic sources of primary cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D), mitochondrial myopathies and ion channel disorders. Mixed causes of primary cardiomyopathy can include dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Finally, the acquired causes of primary cardiomyopathy include a wide variety of diseases, such as myocarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, stress-induced cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo) and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #8 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1115/p640.html

  The definition and classification of cardiomyopathy have evolved considerably in recent years. Cardiomyopathy can be separated into primary (genetic, mixed, or acquired) and secondary categories, which result in varied phenotypes including dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive patterns. […] The American Heart Association now endorses a classification system that categorizes cardiomyopathy as primary or secondary. In primary cases, the disease process is chiefly confined to the heart. Secondary cardiomyopathy describes conditions in which cardiac involvement occurs as part of a systemic condition. This classification system is imperfect, and there is often overlap. […] Primary cardiomyopathies can be genetic, acquired, or mixed in etiology. Genetic cardiomyopathies are caused by chromosomal abnormalities that affect the heart. Acquired, not to be confused with secondary, cardiomyopathies involve non-genetic causes that lead to chiefly, or even exclusively, to cardiac complications. In mixed types, a common phenotype is realized through genetic and nongenetic means.

• #9 Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16841-cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects your myocardium (heart muscle). Cardiomyopathy can make your heart stiffen, enlarge or thicken and can cause scar tissue. As a result, your heart cant pump blood effectively to the rest of your body. […] Causes of cardiomyopathy include genes you get from your parents. Researchers have found thousands of genetic mutations that cause cardiomyopathies. […] Other cardiomyopathy causes include: Coronary artery disease. Autoimmune diseases, such as connective tissue diseases. Infections that affect your heart muscle. Heart inflammation. Diabetes. Thyroid disease. Muscular dystrophy. High cholesterol diseases. Sarcoidosis. Amyloidosis. Hemochromatosis. […] Sometimes, experts dont know the cause of a persons cardiomyopathy.

• #10 Cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathies can be of genetic (familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin. Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by sarcomere or cytoskeletal diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified. Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others. […] Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable. Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C). […] In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.

• #11 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic condition caused by a change or mutation in one or more genes and is mostly passed on through families. A child of someone with HCM has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the condition. […] Obstructive HCM means the blood flow from your heart is reduced by the thickening of your heart’s muscular wall. This can cause more issues like arrhythmias and valve regurgitation. […] HCM is a mostly inherited heart condition, which means that it can be passed on through families. If your healthcare professional thinks that you have HCM, you may be offered a genetic test to identify a faulty gene. […] There’s currently no cure for HCM, but treatments are available to help control your symptoms and prevent other health issues. Your treatment will depend on how your heart is affected and what symptoms you have. […] Having a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the effects of HCM symptoms and lower your risk of getting other health issues.

• #12 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by 11 mutant genes with more than 500 individual transmutations. The most common variation involves the beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C. Not all persons with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetic defect are symptomatic. […] Restrictive cardiomyopathy is an uncommon form that occurs when the ventricles become too stiff to contract. This is often the result of an infiltrative process, such as sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, and abnormalities related to desmin (a protein marker found in sarcomeres). […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is an autosomal dominant, inherited disorder of the muscle of the right ventricle. It may lead to syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, heart failure (less common), or sudden death. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue. This causes pathologic changes that lead to cardiac compromise.

• #13 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-overview

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease. This disorder is caused by a mutations in genes encoding cardiac sarcomere protein, resulting in variety of phenotypical expression and clinical course. HCM is the most common cause of sudden death in young people. […] Familial HCM occurs as an autosomal dominant Mendelian-inherited disease in approximately 50% of cases. Some, if not all, of the sporadic forms of the disease may be caused by spontaneous mutations. […] At least 6 different genes on at least 4 chromosomes are associated with HCM, with more than 50 different mutations discovered thus far. Familial HCM is a genetically heterogenous disease in that it can be caused by genetic defects at more than 1 locus. […] Other possible causes of HCM include the following: Abnormal sympathetic stimulation – Heightened responsiveness of the heart to the excessive production of catecholamines or the reduced neuronal uptake of norepinephrine might cause HCM

• #14 Cardiomyopathy: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/medical-journeys/cardiomyopathy/97961

  This type of cardiomyopathy is classified as a mixed genetic and acquired condition, as some 35% of cases are caused by mutations in genes encoding for cytoskeletal, sarcomere, or nuclear envelope proteins that lead to abnormal protein-protein interaction and impaired calcium flux, as well as some of the same genetic mutations that cause HCM, such as Titin, Troponin T, and MYH7. […] Common causes of acquired dilated cardiomyopathy are inflammation (as in the case of viral myocarditis or autoimmune disease), toxicity from substance use or cancer medications, and metabolic disorders. […] This mixed cardiomyopathy can arise from mutations in the sarcomere subunits, such as troponin T, troponin I, α-actin, and MYH7, typically in an autosomal dominant fashion, or be acquired through scleroderma, diabetes, sarcoidosis, use of drugs like ergotamine or anthracyclines, or a number of other causes.

• #15 Dilated cardiomyopathy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0084-1

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a clinical diagnosis characterized by left ventricular or biventricular dilation and impaired contraction that is not explained by abnormal loading conditions (for example, hypertension and valvular heart disease) or coronary artery disease. […] Mutations in several genes can cause DCM, including genes encoding structural components of the sarcomere and desmosome. […] Nongenetic forms of DCM can result from different aetiologies, including inflammation of the myocardium due to an infection (mostly viral); exposure to drugs, toxins or allergens; and systemic endocrine or autoimmune diseases. […] The heterogeneous aetiology and clinical presentation of DCM make a correct and timely diagnosis challenging. […] Identifying the probable cause of DCM helps tailor specific therapies to improve prognosis. […] An improved aetiology-driven personalized approach to clinical care will benefit patients with DCM, as will new diagnostic tools, such as serum biomarkers, that enable early diagnosis and treatment.

• #16 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by 11 mutant genes with more than 500 individual transmutations. The most common variation involves the beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C. Not all persons with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetic defect are symptomatic. […] Restrictive cardiomyopathy is an uncommon form that occurs when the ventricles become too stiff to contract. This is often the result of an infiltrative process, such as sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, and abnormalities related to desmin (a protein marker found in sarcomeres). […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is an autosomal dominant, inherited disorder of the muscle of the right ventricle. It may lead to syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, heart failure (less common), or sudden death. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue. This causes pathologic changes that lead to cardiac compromise.

• #17 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  But for many people, the cause is unknown. […] In many cases the cause is unknown, although sometimes the condition can be inherited. […] Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited condition that affects the left or right ventricles, or both. […] In arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), the proteins that usually hold the heart muscle cells together are abnormal. Muscle cells can die and the dead muscle tissue is replaced with fatty and fibrous scar tissue. […] People with ACM usually have heart rhythm problems. Reduced blood flow from the heart can also lead to symptoms of heart failure. […] There’s increasing evidence that prolonged, strenuous exercise makes the symptoms of ACM worse.

• #18 Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/558

  Genetic based RCM, a very rare but severe disease with a high mortality rate, might be induced by mutations in genes of non-sarcomeric, sarcomeric and sarcomere associated proteins. […] The causes of these cardiomyopathies may be genetic/familial or non-genetic and idiopathic. […] The far most common cause of infiltrative diseases is amyloidosis that results from misfolding and deposition of proteins (amyloids) between the muscle fibers and/or within the walls of coronary arteries. […] Similar as for DCM, the majority of idiopathic RCM cases are caused by gene defects, though up to date the knowledge on RCM genetics is still very poor. […] In genetically based RCM, the inheritance usually is autosomal dominant. […] Most mutations have been identified in genes encoding for sarcomeric proteins, some in sarcomere associated proteins like small heatshock proteins such as crystallin αB, or their binding partners such as BAG3 — proteins whose dysfunction potentially leads to the accumulation of aggregated proteins.

• #19 Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/558

  Several mutations in genes whose proteins are not directly involved in contractile function have been described in patients with RCM, among others desmin, filamin C and crystallin αB. […] The cardiac troponin I gene is the main target for RCM mutations in the sarcomere. […] The mutations, mostly leading to single amino acid replacements, are concentrated in cTnI in the regulatory C-terminal regions of the protein. […] The clustering of RCM mutations in the regulatory C-terminus implies that interactions of cTnI with actin/tropomyosin/cMyBP-C and dynamics might play a pivotal role in the contractile dysfunction in cardiomyopathies and contribute to disturbed sarcomere stability and integrity. […] In summary, a clear differentiation of RCM and HCM based on the underlying mutations and clinical diagnosis is still very difficult. […] There is a strong need for further detailed mechanistic studies and broad genetic testing to obtain a better understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations.

• #20 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #21 About Cardiomyopathy | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/cardiomyopathy.html

  Cardiomyopathy can be acquireddeveloped because of another disease, condition, or factoror inherited. The cause isn’t always known. […] Although the cause of cardiomyopathy is sometimes unknown, certain diseases or conditions can lead to cardiomyopathy. These include the following: A family history of cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or sudden cardiac arrest. Connective tissue disease and other types of autoimmune disease. Coronary heart disease or a heart attack. Diseases that can damage the heart, such as hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis or amyloidosis. Endocrine diseases, including thyroid conditions and diabetes. Infections in the heart muscle. Long-term alcoholism or cocaine abuse. Muscle conditions such as muscular dystrophy. Pregnancy.

• #22 Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

  https://dcmfoundation.org/about-dilated-cardiomyopathy/dilated-cardiomyopathy-causes/

  About 50 to 60% of all dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the U.S. results from heart muscle damage caused by myocardial infarction (heart attack) from coronary heart disease. […] The next most common type of DCM (40 to 50%) is called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Idiopathic means cause is unknown. […] Other potential, less common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy should also be excluded. These include certain chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers (toxic cause), problems with heart valves, congenital heart disease, insufficient thyroid hormone levels (metabolic cause), infection, or iron overload in the heart muscle (another inherited problem). […] While the symptoms and age of onset of IDC is not different from other causes of DCM, it is now known that genetics plays a role in IDC. […] IDC can run in families. […] Data published in 1998 from two European studies reported that 35 to 50% of IDC cases were familial. […] There may be genetic causes for the development of PPCM or PACM.

• #23 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy | Causes and Symptoms | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/ischemic-cardiomyopathy

  Ischemic cardiomyopathy is one of several types of cardiomyopathy. The hearts left ventricle becomes enlarged and weakened because of ischemia, a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle. This condition decreases the hearts ability to pump blood. […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of heart failure. […] What causes ischemic cardiomyopathy? […] Coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and heart attacks can reduce or cut off blood supply to the left ventricle, which can lead to ischemic cardiomyopathy. […] Several risk factors can increase your likelihood of developing ischemic cardiomyopathy: Diabetes, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Obesity, Smoking or using tobacco.

• #24 What is Cardiomyopathy? Know the Causes, Types & Symptoms

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/cardiomyopathy-causes-symptoms-types-and-treatment

  Those who are suffering from chronic high blood pressure are at risk of suffering from cardiomyopathy as their heart muscles have to cope with the added strain which may result in the thickening of the muscle and stiffness of the same over time. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol can be another reason for developing cardiomyopathy as your heart muscles weaken from exposure to abnormally high quantities of alcohol.

• #25 What Is Cardiomyopathy – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/cardiomyopathy

  There are many causes of cardiomyopathy but in some cases an underlying cause cannot be identified. Known causes can include; […] Genetic variants. […] Long-term high blood pressure […] Heart tissue damage from previous heart attack […] Certain infections which have injured the heart […] Prolonged rapid heart rate […] Heart valve problems […] Metabolic disorder including obesity, thyroid disease, diabetes […] Nutritional deficiencies […] Excessive alcohol consumption […] Drug use […] Hemochromatosis (an iron build-up in the heart muscle) […] Pregnancy complications […] Sarcoidosis (a condition causing inflammation and lumps of cell growth in the heart) […] Amyloidosis (a build-up of abnormal proteins) […] Connective tissue disorders.

• #26 Dilated and Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/dilated-restrictive-cardiomyopathy/

  Hemodynamically significant valvular lesions, such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation, produce pressure and volume overload states that can result in adverse ventricular remodeling and the development of systolic, diastolic, or combined myocardial dysfunction. […] Alcoholic cardiomyopathy may account for approximately 4% of all cardiomyopathies and men have a significantly worse prognosis. […] Cocaine and amphetamines can result in dilated cardiomyopathy with single and chronic use. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy is dilated cardiomyopathy arising in the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months postpartum. […] Sarcoidosis is associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy in 5% of patients and can later progress to dilated cardiomyopathy. […] Stress or Takosubo cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of reversible ventricular systolic dysfunction precipitated by acute emotional or physiologic stress. […] Restrictive cardiomyopathies may be classified as primary or secondary. Causes of secondary restrictive cardiomyopathy include infiltrative diseases and storage diseases. […] Hemochromatosis can result in a restrictive or dilated cardiomyopathy, with characteristic histologic features.

• #27 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy

  Thyroid disease. […] Inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis and connective tissue diseases. […] Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. […] Muscular dystrophy. […] Tuberculosis: 1 to 2% of TB cases. […] Autoimmune mechanisms. […] Thiamine deficiency. […] Recent studies have shown that those subjects with an extremely high occurrence (several thousands a day) of premature ventricular contractions (extrasystole) can develop dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #28 Table: Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy-MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy […] Chronic tachycardia […] Eosinophilic myocarditis […] Genetic abnormality […] Granulomatous disorders […] Hereditary neuromuscular and neurologic disorders […] Infections (acute or chronic) […] Medications, illicit drugs, and toxins […] Metabolic disorders […] Systemic rheumatic diseases […] Tumors.

• #29 Cardiomyopathy Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathy is any disease of the heart muscle in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively. There may be multiple causes of cardiomyopathy and it may be associated with diseases involving other organs, as well as the heart. […] Viral infections that affect the heart are a major cause of cardiomyopathy. In some instances, cardiomyopathy is a result of another disease or its treatment, such as complex congenital heart disease (present at birth), nutritional deficiencies, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmia) or certain types of chemotherapy for cancer. Sometimes, cardiomyopathy can be linked to a genetic abnormality. Other times, the cause is unknown. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by alcohol abuse and dietary deficiencies. It occasionally occurs as a complication of pregnancy and childbirth. Other suggested causes are: various infections (which lead to an inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis), toxins, heredity and medication side effects.

• #30 Understanding Myocarditis – Myocarditis Foundation

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/about-myocarditis/

  Myocarditis is classified as a rare disease but is estimated to affect thousands of adults and children in the U.S. and around the world each year. […] Viral infections are a leading cause of myocarditis. Inflammation occurs during the course of infection, putting stress on the heart that remains even after the infection is resolved. Cancer, bacterial infections and other contagious diseases can also cause myocarditis, as can exposure to environmental toxins ranging from metal poisons to spider and snake venom. […] A significantly smaller group of individuals with autoimmune conditions may develop giant cell myocarditis. […] No lifestyle changes or medical treatments are known to prevent viral myocarditis. […] Because myocarditis is rare, information is limited regarding its causes and effective treatments. Myocarditis is not believed to be inherited. No genes are known to predispose people to myocarditis.

• #31 Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathy is often a congenital heart disease (inherited and present at birth). Viral infections of the heart are another major cause of cardiomyopathy. Other factors that may contribute to this condition include nutritional deficiencies, erratic heart rhythms, and certain types of cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation. […] Additional causes of cardiomyopathy may include: Long-term high blood pressure, Heart tissue damage from a heart attack, Long-term rapid heart rate, Heart valve problems, COVID-19 infection, Certain infections (Hepatitis C, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus), Metabolic disorders, Excessive alcohol use, Drug use, including cocaine, amphetamines, or anabolic steroids.

• #32 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiomyopathies/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy has many known and probably many unidentified causes (see table Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy). More than 20 viruses can cause dilated cardiomyopathy; in temperate zones, coxsackievirus B is most common. In Central and South America, Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi is the most common infectious cause. […] Other causes include prolonged (chronic) tachycardia, HIV infection, toxoplasmosis, thyrotoxicosis, and thiamin deficiency (causing beriberi). Many toxic substances, particularly alcohol, various organic solvents, iron or heavy metal ions, and certain chemotherapeutic agents (eg, doxorubicin, trastuzumab), damage the heart. Frequent ventricular ectopy (10,000 ventricular premature beats/day) has been associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. […] Genetic factors play a role in 20 to 35% of cases; 60 genes and loci have been implicated.

• #33 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiomyopathies/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy has many known and probably many unidentified causes (see table Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy). More than 20 viruses can cause dilated cardiomyopathy; in temperate zones, coxsackievirus B is most common. In Central and South America, Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi is the most common infectious cause. […] Other causes include prolonged (chronic) tachycardia, HIV infection, toxoplasmosis, thyrotoxicosis, and thiamin deficiency (causing beriberi). Many toxic substances, particularly alcohol, various organic solvents, iron or heavy metal ions, and certain chemotherapeutic agents (eg, doxorubicin, trastuzumab), damage the heart. Frequent ventricular ectopy (10,000 ventricular premature beats/day) has been associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. […] Genetic factors play a role in 20 to 35% of cases; 60 genes and loci have been implicated.

• #34 Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/nonischemic-cardiomyopathy

  Nonischemic cardiomyopathy is when problems with your heart muscle arent due to reduced blood flow. Instead, causes include genetics, infections, and autoimmune conditions. […] Possible causes include viral infections and autoimmune conditions. […] Common causes of nonischemic cardiomyopathy include: autoimmune conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis; genetic conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy; infections and inflammation (myocarditis), including COVID-19 and Lyme disease; infiltrative conditions, such as amyloidosis and hemochromatosis; long term use of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs; metabolic conditions, such as thyroid disorders and diabetes; high blood pressure (hypertension); toxins, such as alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamines; stress; heart rhythm problems.

• #35 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #36 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.svhhearthealth.com.au/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathy can be inherited or it can develop from other diseases or factors. Sometimes the cause of cardiomyopathy is idiopathic- not known. Some causes of cardiomyopathy are: […] Inherited the gene for the disease is passed on to you from your parents […] Hypertension high blood pressure […] Alcohol in large amounts […] Peripartum during or after pregnancy […] Coronary artery disease a narrowing of the hearts blood vessels […] Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines […] Radiation and chemotherapy – common treatments for cancer […] Other diseases such as diabetes, sarcoidosis.

• #37 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #38 Cardiac Amyloidosis | CVD Causes & Conditions | World Heart Day

  https://world-heart-federation.org/world-heart-day/cvd-causes-conditions/cardiac-amyloidosis/

  Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a presentation of ATTR amyloidosis that primarily affects the heart. Over time, ATTR-CM causes the heart muscle to become stiff, eventually leading to heart failure. […] ATTR-CM occurs when transthyretin, a transport protein that naturally circulates in the blood, becomes unstable. The unstable protein misfolds, creating amyloid fibrils that can build up in the heart and other parts of the body. The buildup causes the heart muscle to stiffen over time, eventually leading to heart failure. […] The hereditary form of the disease is caused by a mutation in the transthyretin gene and is inherited from a relative. It can occur in both men and women as early as their 50s-60s. […] The wild-type form, which is thought to be more common, usually affects men after age 60 and is associated with aging.

• #39 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #40 What is Cardiomyopathy? Know the Causes, Types & Symptoms

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/cardiomyopathy-causes-symptoms-types-and-treatment

  Those of you who are acquainted with people suffering from heart conditions will have heard of the term cardiomyopathy, a particular heart muscle disease. […] This disease causes the heart muscle to become enlarged, or to become thickened, lose elasticity and become rigid or scarred. […] There are various factors that may lead to cardiomyopathy. The common ones are as follows: […] There are some types of cardiomyopathy which you may inherit from one or both of your parents. […] This condition is generally caused by genetic mutations which cause abnormalities in the structure of the heart muscle, thereby greatly increasing the risk of contracting this disease. […] There are certain viruses which may cause an infection in the heart muscle while they attack the human body. […] There are certain conditions like lupus an inflammatory disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues and rheumatoid arthritis which may trigger an immune response in your body that by mistake may attack the muscles of your heart, leading to damage of the heart tissues and inflammation of the same.

• #41 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  Cardiomyopathy is a general term for diseases of the heart muscle, where the walls of the heart chambers have become stretched, thickened or stiff. This affects the heart’s ability to pump blood around the body. […] Most types of cardiomyopathy are inherited. It can also be caused by other conditions, or risk factors, but for some people the cause is unknown. Cardiomyopathy can affect people of all ages. […] The following can all play a role in the condition: inheriting a changed (mutated) gene that makes you more vulnerable to the condition, an underlying medical condition, uncontrolled high blood pressure, an unhealthy lifestyle, such as a lack of vitamins and minerals in your diet, drinking too much alcohol and using recreational drugs, a viral infection that causes inflammation of the heart muscle, a heart valve problem, a disease of the tissues or blood vessels such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, lupus, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis or muscular dystrophy, pregnancy peripartum cardiomyopathy is rare and sometimes develops during pregnancy, or within 3 months of the baby’s birth.

• #42 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #43 What Is Cardiomyopathy – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/cardiomyopathy

  There are many causes of cardiomyopathy but in some cases an underlying cause cannot be identified. Known causes can include; […] Genetic variants. […] Long-term high blood pressure […] Heart tissue damage from previous heart attack […] Certain infections which have injured the heart […] Prolonged rapid heart rate […] Heart valve problems […] Metabolic disorder including obesity, thyroid disease, diabetes […] Nutritional deficiencies […] Excessive alcohol consumption […] Drug use […] Hemochromatosis (an iron build-up in the heart muscle) […] Pregnancy complications […] Sarcoidosis (a condition causing inflammation and lumps of cell growth in the heart) […] Amyloidosis (a build-up of abnormal proteins) […] Connective tissue disorders.

• #44 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #45 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type, occurring mostly in adults younger than 50. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in Black people than in white people. […] Frequently, the disease starts in the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy also can lead to heart valve problems, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and blood clots in the heart. […] The cause of dilated cardiomyopathy often isn’t known. […] Some diseases, conditions and substances also can cause the disease, such as: […] Coronary heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral hepatitis and HIV […] Infections, especially viral infections that inflame the heart muscle […] Alcohol, especially if you also have a poor diet […] Complications during the last month of pregnancy or within five months of birth […] Certain toxins such as cobalt […] Certain drugs (such as cocaine and methamphetamines) and two medicines that treat cancer (doxorubicin and daunorubicin).

• #46

  https://consensus.app/questions/causes-of-cardiomyopathy/

  Cardiomyopathy is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by the deterioration of the heart muscle, leading to impaired cardiac function. The causes of cardiomyopathy can be broadly categorized into genetic, metabolic, toxic, and other underlying conditions. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common inherited cardiovascular disease caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy is genetically heterogeneous, with mutations in over 50 genes linked to the condition. […] Diabetes is a significant cause of cardiomyopathy, independent of hypertension and coronary artery disease. […] Several drugs and environmental agents can cause toxic cardiomyopathy. […] Substance abuse, including alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamines, is a well-documented cause of cardiomyopathy.

• #47 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #48 What is cardiomyopathy? | Heart Foundation

  https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/what-is-cardiomyopathy

  The last month, or the months immediately after pregnancy (called postpartum or peripartum cardiomyopathy). […] Other medical conditions that affect body tissues or blood vessels such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, lupus, vasculitis or muscular dystrophy. […] Living with obesity and/or diabetes. […] Drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time, or using recreational drugs (e.g. cocaine or amphetamines). […] Certain medications used to treat other serious medical conditions such as anthracyclines for cancer treatment and some antipsychotics.

• #49 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #50 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Family physicians may also encounter peripartum (or postpartum) cardiomyopathy and alcohol-related cardiomyopathy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare dilated cardiomyopathy with onset in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the first five months postpartum. It tends to occur in multiparous women older than 30 years who are obese and have had preeclampsia. Alcoholism may also lead to a dilated cardiomyopathy that is potentially reversible with abstinence from alcohol use.

• #51 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #52 Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathy is often a congenital heart disease (inherited and present at birth). Viral infections of the heart are another major cause of cardiomyopathy. Other factors that may contribute to this condition include nutritional deficiencies, erratic heart rhythms, and certain types of cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation. […] Additional causes of cardiomyopathy may include: Long-term high blood pressure, Heart tissue damage from a heart attack, Long-term rapid heart rate, Heart valve problems, COVID-19 infection, Certain infections (Hepatitis C, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus), Metabolic disorders, Excessive alcohol use, Drug use, including cocaine, amphetamines, or anabolic steroids.

• #53 About Cardiomyopathy Caused by Chemotherapy | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/about-cardiomyopathy-caused-chemotherapy

  Cardiomyopathy is a disease where your heart muscle becomes weak and doesnt pump blood to the rest of the body as well as it should. […] A type of cardiomyopathy that can happen after some chemotherapy treatments is dilated cardiomyopathy. […] For cancer patients, some cancer treatments may cause cardiomyopathy, especially if you have a history of a heart condition. […] Anthracyclines are a type of chemotherapy medication. […] Trastuzumab (Herceptin). This type of chemotherapy medication is used to treat breast cancer and can cause cardiomyopathy. […] Radiation treatment to your chest can also put you at a higher risk for developing cardiomyopathy.

• #54 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type, occurring mostly in adults younger than 50. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in Black people than in white people. […] Frequently, the disease starts in the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy also can lead to heart valve problems, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and blood clots in the heart. […] The cause of dilated cardiomyopathy often isn’t known. […] Some diseases, conditions and substances also can cause the disease, such as: […] Coronary heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral hepatitis and HIV […] Infections, especially viral infections that inflame the heart muscle […] Alcohol, especially if you also have a poor diet […] Complications during the last month of pregnancy or within five months of birth […] Certain toxins such as cobalt […] Certain drugs (such as cocaine and methamphetamines) and two medicines that treat cancer (doxorubicin and daunorubicin).

• #55 Dilated cardiomyopathy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000168.htm

  Cardiomyopathy is disease in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, stretched, or has another structural problem. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged. As a result, the heart cannot pump enough blood to the rest of the body. […] There are many types of cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common form, but it may be the result of different underlying conditions. Some health care providers use the term to indicate a specific condition, called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. There is no known cause for this type of dilated cardiomyopathy. […] The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are: Heart disease caused by a narrowing or blockage in the coronary arteries, Poorly controlled high blood pressure. […] There are many other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, including: Alcohol or cocaine (or other illegal drug) use (usually heavy use for a prolonged time), Diabetes, thyroid disease, or hepatitis, Medicines that can be toxic to the heart, such as certain medicines used to treat cancer, Abnormal heart rhythms in which the heart beats very fast for a long period of time, Autoimmune illnesses, Conditions that run in families, Infections that involve the heart muscle, Heart valves that are either too narrow or too leaky, During the last month of pregnancy, or within 5 months after the baby is born, Exposure to heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, cobalt, or mercury.

• #56

  https://consensus.app/questions/causes-of-cardiomyopathy/

  Exposure to environmental toxins such as carbon monoxide, metals (cobalt, antimony, mercury), and scorpion venom can also lead to cardiomyopathy. […] Infiltrative myocardial diseases, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, cause cardiomyopathy by depositing abnormal substances in the heart muscle, leading to impaired function and poor prognosis. […] Myocarditis, often caused by viral infections, and connective tissue diseases can lead to cardiomyopathy through inflammatory damage to the heart muscle. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs in women during the last month of pregnancy or within five months postpartum. […] Cardiomyopathy is a multifactorial disease with diverse causes, including genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, toxic exposures, and other underlying conditions.

• #57 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Family physicians may also encounter peripartum (or postpartum) cardiomyopathy and alcohol-related cardiomyopathy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare dilated cardiomyopathy with onset in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the first five months postpartum. It tends to occur in multiparous women older than 30 years who are obese and have had preeclampsia. Alcoholism may also lead to a dilated cardiomyopathy that is potentially reversible with abstinence from alcohol use.

• #58 Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/peripartum-cardiomyopathy-ppcm

  Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), also known as postpartum cardiomyopathy, is an uncommon form of heart failure that develops toward the end of pregnancy or within several months of giving birth. […] Cardiomyopathy refers to a weakening of the heart muscle. […] High blood pressure, preeclampsia, diabetes, older age, and African American race are associated with the development of peripartum cardiomyopathy, but many patients do not have risk factors. […] Because peripartum cardiomyopathy causes irreversible heart damage, an artificial heart pump or heart transplant may be needed, but this is rare. […] Women with PPCM have a significant risk of recurrent heart failure and other complications if they become pregnant again.

• #59 Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/stress-induced-cardiomyopathy

  Because stress cardiomyopathy is usually precipitated by severe emotional or physical stress, such as extreme grief, intense anxiety or sudden shock, it is sometimes referred to as broken heart syndrome. The resulting rush of stress hormones temporarily reduces the hearts ability to pump effectively. The underlying mechanisms can include: […] Stress hormone overload High levels of adrenaline and other stress hormones can constrict blood vessels and reduce the flow of blood to the heart muscle. […] Coronary artery spasms As the coronary arteries forcefully contract, blood flow to the heart is reduced. […] Microvascular dysfunction Dysfunction in the smaller blood vessels within the heart may affect blood flow. […] Inflammation Inflammatory responses or changes in the heart muscle may also contribute to stress cardiomyopathy. […] While severe emotional or physical stress is often the trigger of stress-induced cardiomyopathy, the condition can also occur in response to certain medical procedures, medications and health conditions.

• #60 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken-heart syndrome) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/takotsubo-cardiomyopathy-broken-heart-syndrome

  First described in 1990 in Japan, takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] The condition is usually the result of severe emotional or physical stress, such as a sudden illness, the loss of a loved one, a serious accident, or a natural disaster such as an earthquake. That’s why the condition is also called stress-induced cardiomyopathy, or broken-heart syndrome. […] The precise cause of broken heart syndrome isn’t known, but experts think that surging stress hormones (for example, adrenaline) essentially „stun” the heart, triggering changes in heart muscle cells or coronary blood vessels (or both) that prevent the left ventricle from contracting effectively. […] Some causes of broken heart syndrome include: sudden drop in blood pressure, serious illness, surgery, or medical procedure (e.g., cardiac stress test), severe pain, domestic violence, asthma attack, receiving bad news (such as a diagnosis of cancer), car or other accident, unexpected loss, illness, or injury of a close relative, friend, or pet, fierce argument, financial loss, intense fear, public speaking, a surprise party or other sudden surprise.

• #61 Cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370709

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] Often, the cause of the cardiomyopathy isn’t known. But some people get it due to another condition. This is known as acquired cardiomyopathy. Other people are born with cardiomyopathy because of a gene passed on from a parent. This is called inherited cardiomyopathy. […] Certain health conditions or behaviors that can lead to acquired cardiomyopathy include: Long-term high blood pressure. Heart tissue damage from a heart attack. Long-term rapid heart rate. Heart valve problems. COVID-19 infection. Certain infections, especially those that cause inflammation of the heart. Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes. Lack of essential vitamins or minerals in the diet, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1). Pregnancy complications. Iron buildup in the heart muscle, called hemochromatosis. The growth of tiny lumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas in any part of the body. When this happens in the heart or lungs, it’s called sarcoidosis. The buildup of irregular proteins in the organs, called amyloidosis. Connective tissue disorders. Drinking too much alcohol over many years. Use of cocaine, amphetamines or anabolic steroids. Use of some chemotherapy medicines and radiation to treat cancer.

• #62 Cardiomyopathy Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cardiomyopathy.html

  Cardiomyopathy refers to changes in the heart muscle. These changes prevent part or all of the heart from contracting normally. […] Risk factors for dilated cardiomyopathy include: coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, prolonged, excessive alcohol use, myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation), untreated thyroid disorders, inherited genetic diseases, disorders in which the heart muscle is overloaded with iron or amyloid protein, radiation and chemotherapy treatments. […] The best way to prevent cardiomyopathy is to prevent the diseases that cause it. […] The treatment of cardiomyopathy depends on its cause.

• #63 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00201

  Any disorder that affects the heart muscle is called a cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well. […] Cardiomyopathy can happen in several ways as well as being inherited. Viral infections in the heart are a major cause. In some cases, another disease or its treatment causes it. This might include complex heart disease that’s present at birth (congenital). It can also include nutritional problems, fast heart rhythms, or certain types of chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer. […] Sometimes, cardiomyopathy can be linked to a genetic defect. Mutations, or changes in the genes that control how the heart is formed, can cause the heart not to develop in the right way. […] Other causes of cardiomyopathy include: Alcohol abuse. High blood pressure. Coronary artery disease. Muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy. Certain medicines. Illegal drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine.

• #64 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-overview

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has many causes, including inherited disease, infections, and toxins, the majority are idiopathic and without an identifiable cause. […] Causes of DCM include the following: Heredity or genetics, Secondary to other cardiovascular disease: Ischemia, hypertension, valvular disease, tachycardia induced, Infectious: Viral, rickettsial, bacterial, fungal, metazoal, protozoal, Metabolic: Endocrine diseases (eg, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, myxedema, hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism), diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalance (eg, potassium, phosphate, magnesium), pheochromocytoma, Rheumatologic/connective tissue disorders: Scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Nutritional: Thiamine deficiency (beriberi), protein deficiency, starvation, carnitine deficiency, Toxic: Drugs (eg, antineoplastic/anthracycline agents, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] inhibitors), poisons, foods, anesthetic gases, heavy metals, ethanol, Collagen vascular disease, Infiltrative: Hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, glycogen storage disease, Granulomatous: Sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, Physical agents: Extreme temperatures, ionizing radiation, electric shock, nonpenetrating thoracic injury, Neuromuscular disorders: Muscular dystrophy (limb-girdle [Erb dystrophy], Duchenne dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral [Landouzy-Dejerine dystrophy]), Friedreich disease, myotonic dystrophy, Primary cardiac tumor (myxoma), Senility, Peripartum, Immunologic: Postvaccination, serum sickness, transplant rejection, Stress-induced cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy).

• #65 Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

  https://dcmfoundation.org/about-dilated-cardiomyopathy/dilated-cardiomyopathy-causes/

  About 50 to 60% of all dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the U.S. results from heart muscle damage caused by myocardial infarction (heart attack) from coronary heart disease. […] The next most common type of DCM (40 to 50%) is called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Idiopathic means cause is unknown. […] Other potential, less common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy should also be excluded. These include certain chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers (toxic cause), problems with heart valves, congenital heart disease, insufficient thyroid hormone levels (metabolic cause), infection, or iron overload in the heart muscle (another inherited problem). […] While the symptoms and age of onset of IDC is not different from other causes of DCM, it is now known that genetics plays a role in IDC. […] IDC can run in families. […] Data published in 1998 from two European studies reported that 35 to 50% of IDC cases were familial. […] There may be genetic causes for the development of PPCM or PACM.

• #66 Dilated and Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/dilated-restrictive-cardiomyopathy/

  Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is the most commonly identified specific cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, accounting for more than 60% of patients with symptomatic heart failure and many more with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. […] The term idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is applied to most patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. With progress in the field of gene analysis, it is likely that many patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy will receive a specific molecular or genetic diagnosis in the future. […] Myocarditis may be a more common prelude to dilated cardiomyopathy than was once believed. […] Hypertensive heart disease can initially manifest as left ventricular hypertrophy with isolated diastolic dysfunction and preserved systolic function, as assessed by conventional echocardiographic techniques.

• #67 Cardiomyopathy | Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cardiomyopathy

  Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium, in which the actual muscle cells and surrounding tissues are sick. […] They can also be secondary, meaning the sickness is a result of another disease or toxin and may also affect other organs within the body, including the heart. […] The cause of cardiomyopathy in most cases is unknown, also referred to as idiopathic. Some causes of cardiomyopathy may include: […] Changes in the genetic code or DNA, where it may run in families […] A viral infection of the heart, or myocarditis, which weakens the heart muscle […] Metabolic disorder as well as inherited muscle disorders […] Problems of the coronary arteries, either present at birth or acquired. […] Although there is a long list of possible causes of cardiomyopathy, few are directly treatable and most therapy is aimed at treating the secondary effects on the heart. […] There are other less common forms of cardiomyopathy that can be caused by hormone deficiencies, chronic medical conditions, and heart rhythm problems. As part of the evaluation for cardiomyopathy, detailed medical and family histories are taken to find the cause of cardiomyopathy.

• #68 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type, occurring mostly in adults younger than 50. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in Black people than in white people. […] Frequently, the disease starts in the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy also can lead to heart valve problems, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and blood clots in the heart. […] The cause of dilated cardiomyopathy often isn’t known. […] Some diseases, conditions and substances also can cause the disease, such as: […] Coronary heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral hepatitis and HIV […] Infections, especially viral infections that inflame the heart muscle […] Alcohol, especially if you also have a poor diet […] Complications during the last month of pregnancy or within five months of birth […] Certain toxins such as cobalt […] Certain drugs (such as cocaine and methamphetamines) and two medicines that treat cancer (doxorubicin and daunorubicin).

• #69 Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilation and impaired contraction of one or both ventricles. Affected patients have impaired systolic function and may or may not develop overt heart failure (HF). The presenting manifestations can include atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death can occur at any stage of the disease. […] DCM is currently responsible for approximately 10,000 deaths and 46,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. Furthermore, idiopathic DCM is the primary indication for cardiac transplantation. […] A diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy requires evidence of dilation and impaired contraction of the left ventricle or both ventricles (eg, left ventricular ejection fraction <40 percent or fractional shortening less than 25 percent). The disease is considered idiopathic if primary and secondary causes of heart disease (eg, myocarditis and coronary artery disease) are excluded by evaluation including history and physical examination, laboratory testing, coronary angiography (to exclude >50 percent obstruction of one or more coronary arteries), echocardiography, and endomyocardial biopsy when indicated.

• #70 Cardiomyopathy: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/medical-journeys/cardiomyopathy/97961

  This type of cardiomyopathy is classified as a mixed genetic and acquired condition, as some 35% of cases are caused by mutations in genes encoding for cytoskeletal, sarcomere, or nuclear envelope proteins that lead to abnormal protein-protein interaction and impaired calcium flux, as well as some of the same genetic mutations that cause HCM, such as Titin, Troponin T, and MYH7. […] Common causes of acquired dilated cardiomyopathy are inflammation (as in the case of viral myocarditis or autoimmune disease), toxicity from substance use or cancer medications, and metabolic disorders. […] This mixed cardiomyopathy can arise from mutations in the sarcomere subunits, such as troponin T, troponin I, α-actin, and MYH7, typically in an autosomal dominant fashion, or be acquired through scleroderma, diabetes, sarcoidosis, use of drugs like ergotamine or anthracyclines, or a number of other causes.

• #71 Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

  https://dcmfoundation.org/about-dilated-cardiomyopathy/dilated-cardiomyopathy-causes/

  About 50 to 60% of all dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the U.S. results from heart muscle damage caused by myocardial infarction (heart attack) from coronary heart disease. […] The next most common type of DCM (40 to 50%) is called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Idiopathic means cause is unknown. […] Other potential, less common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy should also be excluded. These include certain chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers (toxic cause), problems with heart valves, congenital heart disease, insufficient thyroid hormone levels (metabolic cause), infection, or iron overload in the heart muscle (another inherited problem). […] While the symptoms and age of onset of IDC is not different from other causes of DCM, it is now known that genetics plays a role in IDC. […] IDC can run in families. […] Data published in 1998 from two European studies reported that 35 to 50% of IDC cases were familial. […] There may be genetic causes for the development of PPCM or PACM.

• #72 Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy […] Stress-induced cardiomyopathy […] Infectious cardiomyopathy […] – Viral cardiomyopathy […] – HIV infection […] – Chagas disease […] – Lyme disease […] Genetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy […] – Inherited syndromes […] – Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy […] – Left ventricular noncompaction […] Toxic cardiomyopathy […] – Alcohol […] – Cocaine […] – Medications […] – Trace elements […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy […] Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy […] Sarcoidosis […] End-stage kidney disease […] Autoimmunity […] – Evidence of pathogenicity […] – Familial disease […] – Systemic lupus erythematosus […] – Celiac disease […] Endocrine dysfunction […] Nutritional deficiencies […] Obstructive sleep apnea

• #73 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-overview

  In many cases of DCM, the cause remains unexplained. However, some idiopathic cases may result from failure to identify known causes such as infections or toxins. It has been shown that 30-40% of DCM cases have familial inheritance pattern and classified as familial DCM, and efforts have been made to unravel the genetic mechanisms responsible for the DCM in the past couple of decades. […] Toxins are a significant cause. Almost a third of cases may result from severe ethanol abuse (more than 90 grams/day, or 7 to 8 drinks per day) for more than 5 years.

• #74 Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy […] Stress-induced cardiomyopathy […] Infectious cardiomyopathy […] – Viral cardiomyopathy […] – HIV infection […] – Chagas disease […] – Lyme disease […] Genetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy […] – Inherited syndromes […] – Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy […] – Left ventricular noncompaction […] Toxic cardiomyopathy […] – Alcohol […] – Cocaine […] – Medications […] – Trace elements […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy […] Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy […] Sarcoidosis […] End-stage kidney disease […] Autoimmunity […] – Evidence of pathogenicity […] – Familial disease […] – Systemic lupus erythematosus […] – Celiac disease […] Endocrine dysfunction […] Nutritional deficiencies […] Obstructive sleep apnea

• #75 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Family physicians may also encounter peripartum (or postpartum) cardiomyopathy and alcohol-related cardiomyopathy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare dilated cardiomyopathy with onset in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the first five months postpartum. It tends to occur in multiparous women older than 30 years who are obese and have had preeclampsia. Alcoholism may also lead to a dilated cardiomyopathy that is potentially reversible with abstinence from alcohol use.

• #76 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350198

  In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the muscular heart wall called the septum often becomes thicker than usual. But the thickening can happen anywhere in the left lower heart chamber, also called the left ventricle. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is caused by changes in genes that cause the heart muscle to thicken. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy typically affects the wall between the two bottom chambers of the heart. This wall is called the septum. The chambers are called the ventricles. The thickened wall might block blood flow out of the heart. This is called obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. […] If there’s no significant blocking of blood flow, the condition is called nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. But the heart’s main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, might stiffen. This makes it hard for the heart to relax. The stiffness also lessens the amount of blood the ventricle can hold and send to the body with each heartbeat. […] Heart muscle cells also become arranged differently in people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This is called myofiber disarray. It can trigger irregular heartbeats in some people.

• #77 Heart disease: Types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237191

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by the dilation of the heart chambers, leading to a stretching and thinning of the heart muscle. The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are past heart attacks, arrhythmias, and toxins, but genetics can also play a role. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually develops when a genetic problem affects the heart muscle. It tends to be an inherited condition. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the main cause of cardiac death among young people and athletes under 35 years old, according to the AHA.

• #78 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-overview

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease. This disorder is caused by a mutations in genes encoding cardiac sarcomere protein, resulting in variety of phenotypical expression and clinical course. HCM is the most common cause of sudden death in young people. […] Familial HCM occurs as an autosomal dominant Mendelian-inherited disease in approximately 50% of cases. Some, if not all, of the sporadic forms of the disease may be caused by spontaneous mutations. […] At least 6 different genes on at least 4 chromosomes are associated with HCM, with more than 50 different mutations discovered thus far. Familial HCM is a genetically heterogenous disease in that it can be caused by genetic defects at more than 1 locus. […] Other possible causes of HCM include the following: Abnormal sympathetic stimulation – Heightened responsiveness of the heart to the excessive production of catecholamines or the reduced neuronal uptake of norepinephrine might cause HCM

• #79 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17116-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex type of heart disease that affects your heart muscle. It can cause: […] There are several potential causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, including: […] Genetics. You can inherit hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from your parents and pass it on to your children. This means something is wrong with a gene that codes the characteristics of the heart muscle. There are many genes that can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. When a gene defect is present, the type of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that develops varies greatly within the family. Some people who have the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene may never develop the disease. […] High blood pressure. […] Aging. […] Sometimes the cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is unknown.

• #80 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17116-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex type of heart disease that affects your heart muscle. It can cause: […] There are several potential causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, including: […] Genetics. You can inherit hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from your parents and pass it on to your children. This means something is wrong with a gene that codes the characteristics of the heart muscle. There are many genes that can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. When a gene defect is present, the type of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that develops varies greatly within the family. Some people who have the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene may never develop the disease. […] High blood pressure. […] Aging. […] Sometimes the cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is unknown.

• #81 Cardiomyopathy Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  Restrictive cardiomyopathy, the least common type of cardiomyopathy in the US, occurs when the myocardium of the ventricles becomes excessively rigid, and the filling of the ventricles with blood between heart beats is impaired. The condition usually results from another disease, which occurs elsewhere in the body.

• #82 Cardiomyopathy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/cardiomyopathy

  Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a group of disorders. The heart chambers are unable to fill with blood because the heart muscle is stiff. The most common causes of this type of cardiomyopathy are amyloidosis and scarring of the heart from an unknown cause. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs during pregnancy or in the first 5 months afterward.

• #83 Cardiomyopathy Etiologies, Symptoms and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74904

  There are many causes of DCM including idiopathic, stress-induced, myocarditis, infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis), peripartum cardiomyopathy, tachycardia-mediated, infections, drugs (alcohol, cocaine, anthracyclines) as well as others illustrated in the Table 2. […] RCM is significantly less common universally than both DCM and HCM. However, mortality from RCM is high in Africa, South and Central America, and Asia. This is due to a higher incidence of endomyocardial fibrosis, which is one of the major causes of RCM. […] There are several causes of RCM including infiltrative, familial non-infiltrative, storage diseases, other disorders (scleroderma, endomyocardial fibrosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy), secondary causes, and idiopathic RCM. […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is defined by right ventricular (RV) origin arrhythmias and structural abnormalities.

• #84 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by 11 mutant genes with more than 500 individual transmutations. The most common variation involves the beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C. Not all persons with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetic defect are symptomatic. […] Restrictive cardiomyopathy is an uncommon form that occurs when the ventricles become too stiff to contract. This is often the result of an infiltrative process, such as sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, and abnormalities related to desmin (a protein marker found in sarcomeres). […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is an autosomal dominant, inherited disorder of the muscle of the right ventricle. It may lead to syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, heart failure (less common), or sudden death. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue. This causes pathologic changes that lead to cardiac compromise.

• #85 Cardiomyopathy Etiologies, Symptoms and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74904

  There are many causes of DCM including idiopathic, stress-induced, myocarditis, infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis), peripartum cardiomyopathy, tachycardia-mediated, infections, drugs (alcohol, cocaine, anthracyclines) as well as others illustrated in the Table 2. […] RCM is significantly less common universally than both DCM and HCM. However, mortality from RCM is high in Africa, South and Central America, and Asia. This is due to a higher incidence of endomyocardial fibrosis, which is one of the major causes of RCM. […] There are several causes of RCM including infiltrative, familial non-infiltrative, storage diseases, other disorders (scleroderma, endomyocardial fibrosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy), secondary causes, and idiopathic RCM. […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is defined by right ventricular (RV) origin arrhythmias and structural abnormalities.

• #86 Cardiomyopathy Etiologies, Symptoms and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74904

  There are many causes of DCM including idiopathic, stress-induced, myocarditis, infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis), peripartum cardiomyopathy, tachycardia-mediated, infections, drugs (alcohol, cocaine, anthracyclines) as well as others illustrated in the Table 2. […] RCM is significantly less common universally than both DCM and HCM. However, mortality from RCM is high in Africa, South and Central America, and Asia. This is due to a higher incidence of endomyocardial fibrosis, which is one of the major causes of RCM. […] There are several causes of RCM including infiltrative, familial non-infiltrative, storage diseases, other disorders (scleroderma, endomyocardial fibrosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy), secondary causes, and idiopathic RCM. […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is defined by right ventricular (RV) origin arrhythmias and structural abnormalities.

• #87 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by 11 mutant genes with more than 500 individual transmutations. The most common variation involves the beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C. Not all persons with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetic defect are symptomatic. […] Restrictive cardiomyopathy is an uncommon form that occurs when the ventricles become too stiff to contract. This is often the result of an infiltrative process, such as sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, and abnormalities related to desmin (a protein marker found in sarcomeres). […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is an autosomal dominant, inherited disorder of the muscle of the right ventricle. It may lead to syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, heart failure (less common), or sudden death. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue. This causes pathologic changes that lead to cardiac compromise.

• #88 Cardiomyopathy Types, Causes, and Treatment | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cardiovascular/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  This condition may be brought on by diseases, such as connective tissue disorder, or cancer treatments. […] This cardiac disorder occurs when the lower left chamber or ventricle of the heart develops incorrectly, causing the left ventricle to thicken and appear spongy. […] This is a disease where fatty fibrous tissue replaces regular heart muscle, interrupting normal electrical signals in the heart. […] Recognized as an uncommon form of heart failure, this heart condition can occur during the last month of pregnancy or a few months after giving birth.

• #89 Cardiomyopathy | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  ARVC/D is often caused by genetic mutations. […] The cause of cardiomyopathy is often unknown. Some contributing factors include: genetic conditions, congenital heart disease, damage to the heart because of a previous heart attack or infection, chronic fast heart rate, valvular heart disease, long-standing high blood pressure, unhealthy weight, diabetes, too much alcohol, recreational drug use, low intake of essential vitamins and minerals (such as thiamin), connective tissue disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis), thyroid disease, pregnancy complications, some chemotherapy drugs and radiation treatment for cancer.

• #90 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  But for many people, the cause is unknown. […] In many cases the cause is unknown, although sometimes the condition can be inherited. […] Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited condition that affects the left or right ventricles, or both. […] In arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), the proteins that usually hold the heart muscle cells together are abnormal. Muscle cells can die and the dead muscle tissue is replaced with fatty and fibrous scar tissue. […] People with ACM usually have heart rhythm problems. Reduced blood flow from the heart can also lead to symptoms of heart failure. […] There’s increasing evidence that prolonged, strenuous exercise makes the symptoms of ACM worse.

• #91 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  But for many people, the cause is unknown. […] In many cases the cause is unknown, although sometimes the condition can be inherited. […] Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited condition that affects the left or right ventricles, or both. […] In arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), the proteins that usually hold the heart muscle cells together are abnormal. Muscle cells can die and the dead muscle tissue is replaced with fatty and fibrous scar tissue. […] People with ACM usually have heart rhythm problems. Reduced blood flow from the heart can also lead to symptoms of heart failure. […] There’s increasing evidence that prolonged, strenuous exercise makes the symptoms of ACM worse.

• #92 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken-heart syndrome) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/takotsubo-cardiomyopathy-broken-heart-syndrome

  First described in 1990 in Japan, takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] The condition is usually the result of severe emotional or physical stress, such as a sudden illness, the loss of a loved one, a serious accident, or a natural disaster such as an earthquake. That’s why the condition is also called stress-induced cardiomyopathy, or broken-heart syndrome. […] The precise cause of broken heart syndrome isn’t known, but experts think that surging stress hormones (for example, adrenaline) essentially „stun” the heart, triggering changes in heart muscle cells or coronary blood vessels (or both) that prevent the left ventricle from contracting effectively. […] Some causes of broken heart syndrome include: sudden drop in blood pressure, serious illness, surgery, or medical procedure (e.g., cardiac stress test), severe pain, domestic violence, asthma attack, receiving bad news (such as a diagnosis of cancer), car or other accident, unexpected loss, illness, or injury of a close relative, friend, or pet, fierce argument, financial loss, intense fear, public speaking, a surprise party or other sudden surprise.

• #93 Cardiomyopathy Types, Causes, and Treatment | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cardiovascular/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  This condition may be brought on by diseases, such as connective tissue disorder, or cancer treatments. […] This cardiac disorder occurs when the lower left chamber or ventricle of the heart develops incorrectly, causing the left ventricle to thicken and appear spongy. […] This is a disease where fatty fibrous tissue replaces regular heart muscle, interrupting normal electrical signals in the heart. […] Recognized as an uncommon form of heart failure, this heart condition can occur during the last month of pregnancy or a few months after giving birth.

• #94 Cardiomyopathy Etiologies, Symptoms and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74904

  Stress-induced cardiomyopathy, also known as takotsubo cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome, is characterized as brief systolic dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease that is usually brought on by stress. […] Cirrhosis which leads to systolic and/or diastolic myocardial dysfunction independent of alcohol consumption has been termed cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.

• #95 Cardiomyopathy – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiomyopathy/causes

  Extreme stress can raise your risk of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also called broken heart syndrome, especially if you have other risk factors. […] Infections raise the risk of septic cardiomyopathy and other heart injuries that cause heart damage. […] Some types of cardiomyopathy are more common in certain age groups. […] Family history of cardiomyopathy or other heart conditions. […] Other medical conditions: Pregnancy, Diseases that affect how well your muscles work, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Diseases that cause substances to build up in your heart, such as sarcoidosis or amyloidosis, Heart inflammation, Infections, such as viral hepatitis, HIV, and COVID-19, Obesity, diabetes, or other problems with your metabolic system, Sepsis, a life-threatening condition that results when the body’s response to infection injures its own tissues, Thyroid disease and other problems with your hormone levels.

• #96 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count

  https://www.secondscount.org/condition/cardiomyopathy/causes

  Cardiomyopathy may be congenital, present at birth, or acquired, which develops during the persons lifetime. […] Youre more likely to develop cardiomyopathy if you have one or more of the following risk factors: […] A family history of cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or sudden cardiac arrest. […] A virus that damaged your heart. […] Alcoholism.

• #97 Cardiomyopathy – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiomyopathy/causes

  You may be able to prevent acquired cardiomyopathy or help lower your risk of problems. […] There is no way to prevent inherited cardiomyopathy. However, you can take steps to keep it from getting worse and lower your risk of serious health problems. […] Good pre-pregnancy and prenatal care can help pregnant women lower the risk that their babies will be born with congenital cardiomyopathy.

• #98 Types of Cardiomyopathy | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/cardiomyopathy/

  Cardiomyopathy means „disease of the heart muscle.” Cardiomyopathy damages the muscle tone of the heart and reduces its ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. […] In most cases, doctors do not know the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. When the cause is unknown, it is called idiopathic. […] Most often, it is an inherited disease, but sometimes the cause is not clear. […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the loss or weakening of heart muscle tissue caused by ischemia or silent ischemia. The ischemia usually results from coronary artery disease and heart attacks. […] Although cardiomyopathy is one of the less frequent forms of heart disease, it’s still important to be aware of the role heredity plays in the disease and to be familiar with its symptoms. […] Because drinking too much alcohol, eating foods without the proper vitamins, and exposure to toxins can all cause cardiomyopathy, you can lower your risk by living a heart-healthy lifestyle.

• #99 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic condition caused by a change or mutation in one or more genes and is mostly passed on through families. A child of someone with HCM has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the condition. […] Obstructive HCM means the blood flow from your heart is reduced by the thickening of your heart’s muscular wall. This can cause more issues like arrhythmias and valve regurgitation. […] HCM is a mostly inherited heart condition, which means that it can be passed on through families. If your healthcare professional thinks that you have HCM, you may be offered a genetic test to identify a faulty gene. […] There’s currently no cure for HCM, but treatments are available to help control your symptoms and prevent other health issues. Your treatment will depend on how your heart is affected and what symptoms you have. […] Having a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the effects of HCM symptoms and lower your risk of getting other health issues.

• #100 Dilated cardiomyopathy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0084-1

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a clinical diagnosis characterized by left ventricular or biventricular dilation and impaired contraction that is not explained by abnormal loading conditions (for example, hypertension and valvular heart disease) or coronary artery disease. […] Mutations in several genes can cause DCM, including genes encoding structural components of the sarcomere and desmosome. […] Nongenetic forms of DCM can result from different aetiologies, including inflammation of the myocardium due to an infection (mostly viral); exposure to drugs, toxins or allergens; and systemic endocrine or autoimmune diseases. […] The heterogeneous aetiology and clinical presentation of DCM make a correct and timely diagnosis challenging. […] Identifying the probable cause of DCM helps tailor specific therapies to improve prognosis. […] An improved aetiology-driven personalized approach to clinical care will benefit patients with DCM, as will new diagnostic tools, such as serum biomarkers, that enable early diagnosis and treatment.

• #101 Causes of Heart Failure: Understanding Cardiomyopathy Triggers

  https://cvrti.utah.edu/top-causes-of-heart-failure/

  Researchers at the Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI) are studying what causes heart muscle to fail and are developing therapeutic strategies to both stop heart failure progression and recover failing hearts. […] Another involves a promising CVRTI generated gene therapy that rescues failing heart muscle, reverses the damage heart failure does to heart muscle, and improves mortality from heart failure.

• #102 Rare and Ultra-Rare Diseases as Causes of Cardiomyopathy – ABC Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.abcheartfailure.org/article/rare-and-ultra-rare-diseases-as-causes-of-cardiomyopathy/

  Several definitions of rare disease have emphasized the low prevalence of genetic diseases that can affect cardiac tissues and cause high psychosocial suffering due to the challenging diagnostic process and the high costs of complementary tests and specific therapies. […] The first step is to understand their physiopathogenesis, clinical signs and symptoms, and complementary diagnosis tools including genotyping. […] This review aims to present objective and important information to contribute to the investigation of the cardiovascular involvement in some of the rare genetic diseases.

• #103

  https://www.childrenscardiomyopathy.org/pages/about-disease/causes/

  There are multiple causes for cardiomyopathy, but it is not always easy to identify the exact cause in children. […] Cardiomyopathy can be inherited or acquired. In most cases, cardiomyopathy is congenital and caused be genetic mutations that are inherited from one or both parents. […] There are close to 100 genetic mutations that can cause cardiomyopathy in children. […] Genetic mutations may result in either primary cardiomyopathies affecting only the heart muscle or secondary cardiomyopathies that affect different areas of the body along with the heart. […] Cardiomyopathy may be caused by external factors or other non-genetic diseases. The most common cause of acquired cardiomyopathy is myocarditis, a viral infection that weakens the heart muscle. […] Other causes of acquired cardiomyopathy include: cardiovascular conditions (congenital heart defect, Kawasaki), inflammatory or infectious diseases, immunological diseases, toxin reactions (drug, alcohol, metal, radiation exposure), obesity or nutritional deficiencies, connective tissue and autoimmune disease (Ehlers Danlos, scleroderma), endocrine diseases.

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