Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dysarthria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592453/

  Dysarthria is a neuromotor disorder that results from abnormalities in speed, strength, accuracy, range, tone, or duration required for speech control. […] Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder seen with many neurological causes. […] Various neurological disorders can cause dysarthria. Dysarthria can arise from disorders at various locations of the neuroaxis, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, cranial nerve nuclei, or peripheral nerves, and from a primary motor disorder of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx. […] The motor control of speech occurs at multiple levels. The cranial nerve nuclei receive cortical supply through the corticobulbar tract. […] In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine produced in the presynaptic nerve terminal binds to receptors, ultimately creating an endplate potential strong enough to propagate action potential over the surface of the skeletal muscle membrane, resulting in muscle contraction.

• #2 Dysarthria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-141328/

  Dysarthria is a neuromotor disorder that results from abnormalities in speed, strength, accuracy, range, tone, or duration required for speech control. Decreased speech intelligibility characterizes the disorder. The content of the spoken language remains intact, so the patient can write and comprehend spoken and written language. Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder seen with many neurological causes. […] Various neurological disorders can cause dysarthria. Dysarthria can arise from disorders at various locations of the neuroaxis, including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, cranial nerve nuclei, or peripheral nerves, and from a primary motor disorder of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx. […] The motor control of speech occurs at multiple levels. The cranial nerve nuclei receive cortical supply through the corticobulbar tract. All other cranial nerves are innervated bilaterally except for the lower face, which receives contralateral innervation.

• #3 Dysarthria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-141328/

  In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine produced in the presynaptic nerve terminal binds to receptors, ultimately creating an endplate potential strong enough to propagate action potential over the surface of the skeletal muscle membrane, resulting in muscle contraction. In myasthenia gravis, various autoantibodies interrupt these processes resulting in dysarthria and other symptoms.

• #4 Dysarthria in Adults

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/dysarthria-in-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOornkZ8JsMyPpJYTch4KQfEyVCGZxP4mAJwf0pNhG6eFQK3cfWSe

  The primary types of dysarthria identified by perceptual attributes and the associated localization of pathophysiology (Duffy, 2020) are as follows: Flaccid associated with disorders affecting the lower motor neuron pathways and motor units. Spastic associated with bilateral disorders of the upper motor neuron system. Ataxic associated with disorders of the cerebellar control circuit. Hypokinetic associated with disorders of the basal ganglia control circuit. Hyperkinetic associated with disorders of the basal ganglia control circuit. Unilateral upper motor neuron associated with unilateral disorders of the upper motor neuron system. Mixed various combinations of dysarthria types (e.g., spasticataxic, flaccidspastic). Undetermined Perceptual features are consistent with a dysarthria but do not clearly fit into any of the identified dysarthria types.

• #5 Dysarthria: Types, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327362

  Dysarthria is a collective term for a group of speech disorders that occur as a result of muscle weakness. People with dysarthria have neurological damage that weakens the muscles necessary for speech. […] The neurological damage underlying dysarthria may occur as a result of a stroke, brain injury, or neurodegenerative disease. […] Dysarthria occurs when damage to the nervous system weakens the muscles that produce speech sounds. […] The neurological damage that causes dysarthria can occur due to neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson’s disease. […] Spastic dysarthria occurs as a result of damage to the motor neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). […] The hallmark of flaccid dysarthria is difficulty pronouncing consonants. Damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for this type of dysarthria.

• #6 Dysarthria: Types, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327362

  Ataxic dysarthria can occur if a person sustains damage to the cerebellum. […] A malfunction in the brain’s extrapyramidal system causes hypokinetic dysarthria. […] Hyperkinetic dysarthria occurs as a result of damage to parts of the brain that doctors refer to collectively as the basal ganglia. […] Damage to the basal ganglia can develop as a result of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s. […] Dysarthria is a speech disorder that occurs due to weakness in the muscles necessary for speech production. […] People can develop dysarthria after a stroke, brain infection, or brain injury. Certain neurodegenerative diseases can also damage parts of the brain that control the muscles that speech involves.

• #7 Dysarthria – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysarthria/symptoms-causes/syc-20371994

  Dysarthria happens when the muscles used for speech are weak or are hard to control. Dysarthria often causes slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand. […] Common causes of dysarthria include conditions that affect the nervous system or that cause facial paralysis. These conditions may cause tongue or throat muscle weakness. […] Dysarthria can be caused by conditions that make it hard to move the muscles in the mouth, face or upper respiratory system. These muscles control speech. […] Some medicines also can cause dysarthria. These may include certain sedatives and seizure medicines. […] Dysarthria risk factors include having a neurological condition that affects the muscles that control speech.

• #8 Dysarthria

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/dysarthria/?srsltid=AfmBOopVCLie0AH87l5tfcSTT4xb5qQpwIeJF30njtNYTXvIqKIcuQX8

  Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder. This happens when brain or nerve damage changes the way your muscles work. […] Changes in the brain and nerves cause dysarthria. It can happen at birth or after an illness or injury. Anything that causes brain or nerve damage can cause dysarthria, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, brain injury, cerebral palsy, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, tumors.

• #9 speech language therapy

  https://www.speech-language-therapy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90%3Adysarthrias&catid=11%3Aadmin&fbclid=IwAR29erjfc4MavuxbbyzO6DWl9iNeDInxrGph7gywgzKADe7cOc9U0KDBKpw

  ’Dysarthria’ or 'the dysarthrias’ are the terms used to denote speech impairment due to neurological damage, or to conditions that affect the muscles involved in speaking. […] The dysarthrias can affect all motor speech processes: breathing, producing sounds in the larynx, articulation, resonance, and the 'prosody’ or rhythm of speech. […] If bubbles are produced, the client can generate enough subglottal pressure for speech (Hixon, Hawley Wilson, 1982). […] Breathiness may signal a flaccid dysarthria; strained, strangled quality may signal a spastic dysarthria.

• #10 Dysarthria in children and young people

  https://speech-language-therapy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90:dysarthrias&catid=11:admin&Itemid=101

  ’Dysarthria’ or 'the dysarthrias’ are the terms used to denote speech impairment due to neurological damage, or to conditions that affect the muscles involved in speaking. […] The dysarthrias can affect all motor speech processes: breathing, producing sounds in the larynx, articulation, resonance, and the 'prosody’ or rhythm of speech. […] If bubbles are produced, the client can generate enough subglottal pressure for speech (Hixon, Hawley Wilson, 1982). […] Breathiness may signal a flaccid dysarthria; strained, strangled quality may signal a spastic dysarthria. […] SLP/SLT treatment for dysarthria may involve specific activities, to improve speech intelligibility and voice (in terms of pitch, quality or loudness) while helping the child or young person, if necessary, to: […] If an individual’s speech is very impaired, the SLP/SLT may be able to help by teaching the use of an alternative communication system.

• #11 Dysarthria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria

  Dysarthria is a speech sound disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motorspeech system and is characterized by poor articulation of phonemes. It is a condition in which problems effectively occur with the muscles that help produce speech, often making it very difficult to pronounce words. […] Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motorspeech system, producing dysarthria. These effects in turn hinder control over the tongue, throat, lips or lungs; for example, swallowing problems (dysphagia) are also often present in those with dysarthria. […] Various neurological and motor disorders can give rise to dysarthria. The main causes can be classified as genetic, infectious, toxic, traumatic, vascular, neoplastic, demyelinating, degenerative, or other.

• #12 Dysarthria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria

  These result in lesions to key areas of the brain involved in planning, executing, or regulating motor operations in skeletal muscles (i.e. muscles of the limbs), including muscles of the head and neck (dysfunction of which characterises dysarthria). These can result in dysfunction, or failure of: the motor or somatosensory cortex of the brain, corticobulbar pathways, the cerebellum, basal nuclei (consisting of the putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra etc.), brainstem (from which the cranial nerves originate), or the neuromuscular junction (in diseases such as myasthenia gravis) which block the nervous system’s ability to activate motor units and effect correct range and strength of movements.

• #13 Dysarthria and Anarthria: Speech Disorder Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-anarthria-3146173

  This is a haphazard speech pattern caused by damage to the cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination. […] This is a 'weak’ speech pattern caused by damage to the cranial nerves, which are the nerves that directly control the mouth and throat muscles. […] This is a combination of dysarthria types caused by damage to several regions of the nervous system, such as the upper or lower motor neurons. Mixed dysarthria is the most common type of dysarthria.

• #14 Dysarthria and Anarthria: Speech Disorder Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-anarthria-3146173

  Dysarthria (also known as dysarthosis) and the more severe form, anarthria, are caused by brain damage. […] Dysarthria and anarthria may also occur as a result of neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, causing a decline in speaking abilities after a person already had attained the ability to speak clearly. […] Dysarthria may be mild, moderate, or severe. The level of dysarthria depends on the degree of damage to the neurological system. […] This type of dysarthria is caused by damage to the pyramidal tract, which is a pathway in the brain that controls motor function in the face and body. […] This is a pattern of speech caused by lesions of the basal ganglia, which is a region in the brainstem. […] This is a pattern of speech associated with Parkinsons disease.

• #15 Approach to the Patient with Dysarthria | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/approach-to-the-patient-with-dysarthria-2/

  Dysarthria may also result from ischemic insults. […] Isolated or pure dysarthria results mainly from small subcortical infarcts involving the internal capsule or corona radiata. […] Other common causes of spastic dysarthria include tumor, traumatic brain injury, spastic cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and ALS. […] Mixed dysarthria is caused by simultaneous damage to two or more primary motor components of the nervous system, involving both UMNs and LMNs. […] Ataxic dysarthria is caused by damage to the cerebellum, or cerebellar connections to other parts of the brain. […] Hypokinetic dysarthria, most typically seen in parkinsonism, is associated with hypophonia or reduced vocal loudness. […] Hyperkinetic dysarthria also results from secondary to damage to the basal ganglia and is typified by Huntingtons disease.

• #16 The Impact of Hypokinetic Dysarthria on Communication: A Guide

  https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/the-impact-of-hypokinetic-dysarthria-on-communication

  Hypokinetic dysarthria, a motor speech disorder, results from neurological damage that weakens the muscles that produce speech sounds. Conditions like Parkinson’s disease (PD), brain tumors, or exposure to toxic substances can lead to this damage. […] Hypokinetic dysarthria affects speech by reducing vocal loudness and monotone, consonant and vowel imprecision, breathiness, and irregular pauses. It also reduces loudness, rapid speech rate, sound repetitions, and stress. […] Hypokinetic dysarthria results from dysfunction in the basal ganglia motor loop, leading to deficits in regulating movement initiation, amplitude, and velocity. This impairment is commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease, causing difficulties in speaking and communicating effectively. […] Hypokinetic dysarthria is a motor speech disorder caused by nerve damage that weakens the muscles used for speech. It is closely associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and affects 70% to 90% of individuals with PD. In more severe cases, individuals may experience severe dysarthria, where speech intelligibility is greatly reduced, making communication extremely challenging.

• #17 Speech–Language Pathology Evaluation and Management of Hyperkinetic Disorders Affecting Speech and Swallowing Function | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.381

  Hyperkinetic dysarthria is characterized by abnormal involuntary movements affecting respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory structures significantly impacting communication, deglutition, and quality of life. […] The role of the SLP is to contribute to the diagnosis and management of impaired communication and deglutition of this population as part of a multidisciplinary team. […] The characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria vary considerably across patients. […] The hallmark feature of hyperkinetic dysarthria is the presence of involuntary movements. […] Dysphagia in those with HD is associated with disrupted timing, amplitude, and force of structural movements in the upper aerodigestive tract as well as from cognitive impairments. […] The sustained voicing task elucidates minor variations in vocal tract configuration in those with hyperkinetic dysarthria.

• #18 Dysarthria After Stroke: How It Differs from Other Speech Disorders – Neurolutions

  https://www.neurolutions.com/after-stroke/dysarthria-after-stroke-how-it-differs-from-other-speech-disorders/

  Dysarthria is a speech disorder caused by weakened or uncoordinated muscles in the face, jaw, tongue, larynx, or vocal cords. It often occurs after a stroke or brain injury, making speech difficult to understand. […] A stroke can damage the brain’s ability to send movement signals to the muscles. This disruption affects speech production, impacting their ability to form words correctly. […] Since dysarthria affects nerve and muscle function, any condition that interferes with the brain or spinal cord’s ability to send messages to the nerves controlling muscles can result in dysarthria. […] Each side of the face has about 30 muscles that work together to produce speech. These muscles, along with those in the mouth, tongue, larynx, and vocal cords, help form words and control tone. When these muscles do not function properly, speech clarity is affected.

• #19 What is Dysarthria? – Trio Rehabilitation & Wellness Solutions

  https://www.triorehab.com/what-is-dysarthria/

  Dysarthria is a condition in which the strength of the muscles used to speak, including face, mouth, and tongue muscles, become weak; resulting in slurred speech, decreased breath support used for speech, or strained vocal quality. […] Dysarthria can be the result of many health conditions, including: Stroke, Parkinsons Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrigs Disease), Brain Injury or Tumor, Cerebral Palsy, Guillain Barre Syndrome, Huntingtons Disease, Lyme Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis, Wilsons Disease. […] Dysarthric speech can be characterized by a persons speech being slow, slurred, strained, breathy, or monotone. Speech can also be rapid and difficult to understand. Difficulty, or the complete inability, in moving the tongue, lips, and jaw may also be experienced.

• #19

• #20 Dysarthria After Stroke: How It Differs from Other Speech Disorders – Neurolutions

  https://www.neurolutions.com/after-stroke/dysarthria-after-stroke-how-it-differs-from-other-speech-disorders/

  When these muscles don’t work right, it becomes hard to make the correct sounds in words and sentences. […] The main sign of dysarthria in stroke or TBI survivors is that their voice changes and becomes unclear or hard to understand. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. […] It’s important to tell the difference between dysarthria and aphasia because they require different treatments. Aphasia happens as a result of damage to the brain itself, and dysarthria is linked to the nerves that control muscles. […] Dysarthria makes speaking hard because it affects muscle movement in the face, tongue, larynx, or vocal cords. It can also affect swallowing. Strokes or TBIs often cause these muscle problems, and treatment usually combines speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy.

• #21 Approach to the Patient with Dysarthria | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/approach-to-the-patient-with-dysarthria-2/

  A detailed history and thorough neurologic examination are essential to determine the possible etiology of the different types of dysarthria. […] The presenting symptoms, duration, pattern of speech disturbance, and progression of symptoms may help elucidate the mechanism and etiology of dysarthria. […] Neuroimaging studies of the head or neck may be helpful in diagnosing central and peripheral causes. […] Assessment of phonation includes sustained phonation tasks. […] Hypernasality may be evidenced by an excess escape of air into the nasal cavity resulting from reduced velopharyngeal closure or soft palate weakness. […] The underlying etiology of the dysarthria type and overall prognosis for improvement must be taken into careful consideration when devising a treatment plan for the dysarthria. […] Treatment of the underlying condition (i.e., drugs for neuromuscular or extrapyramidal disorders) will often result in improvement in dysarthria. […] Identification of the underlying cause of dysarthria is imperative; treating the cause will often result in improvement of dysarthria.

• #22 The King’s Speech was Dysarthric, Too – Marshalla Speech & Language

  https://pammarshalla.com/the-kings-speech-was-dysarthric-too/

  Classic views of dysarthria usually are associated with severe neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy, Parkinsons disease, cerebellar disorders, stroke, traumatic brain damage, and so forth. But there are clients with mild forms of the disorder with unknown etiologies, and it is my opinion that this was King Georges problem. […] By the 1970s, the term functional articulation disorder was the term used most frequently to describe mildly dysarthric patients. In a classic book that represented the state of the art, Powers described these clients as having general oral inaccuracy. […] Colin Firths excellent portrayal of the king demonstrated all the characteristics associated with mild dysarthria with an unknown etiology. […] We also know from the techniques portrayed in the movie that the king demonstrated the variety of problems in speech motor control that are characteristic of dysarthria: Problems in respiration: Reduced breath support causing breath holding, limited inhalation capacity, poor regulation of exhalation, and an inability to sustain exhalation during speech.

• #23 Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dysarthria/

  Dysarthria is where you have difficulty speaking because the muscles you use for speech are weak. It can be caused by conditions that damage your brain or nerves and some medicines. […] Dysarthria is usually caused by damage to the brain or conditions that affect the nervous system. It can happen at any age. […] Common causes include: stroke, severe head injury and brain tumours, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and motor neurone disease, cerebral palsy and Down’s syndrome. […] If you have dysarthria, you’ll usually be referred to a speech and language therapist. They’ll offer therapy to help your speech and communication. […] The therapy you’re offered will be different depending on the cause of your dysarthria and how severe it is.

• #24 Communication and Dysarthria | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/effects-of-stroke/communication-and-aphasia/dysarthria

  Dysarthria is a speech impairment that sometimes occurs after a stroke. It can affect pronunciation, the loudness of the voice and the ability to speak at a normal rate with normal intonation. The exact speech problems will differ from person to person, depending on the location and severity of the stroke. […] People with dysarthria often benefit from speech therapy. It’s best to work with a speech-language pathologist certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association to develop an individualized treatment program.

• #25 Dysarthria vs. Aphasia Disorders: A Complete Guide

  https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/dysarthria-vs-aphasia-disorders-a-complete-guide

  Dysarthria is a speech disorder that affects a person’s ability to articulate words and communicate effectively due to muscle weakness or difficulty controlling the muscles used for speech. Dysarthria is a speech disorder that affects the muscles used for speech. […] The specific type of dysarthria a person has is contingent on the underlying cause and location of the damage to the nervous system. Dysarthria can impair the muscles used for speech, including those that control breathing, voice production, articulation, and resonance. […] Dysarthria can be caused by various underlying conditions or factors, including: Stroke: A stroke is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage brain cells. When this happens in the areas of the brain that control speech, it can lead to dysarthria.

• #26 What ALS is and How it Affects Speech

  https://www.betterspeech.com/post/what-als-is-and-how-it-affects-speech

  People with ALS often have difficulty speaking because the disease affects their ability to control the muscles used for speech. […] As a result, people with ALS often have difficulty communicating because they are unable to control the muscles necessary for speech. […] Many people with ALS experience difficulty speaking because the disease affects their bulbar muscles. The bulbar muscles are responsible for controlling the muscles used for speech, and when they are affected by ALS, people often have trouble producing sounds, speaking in short phrases, and pronouncing words correctly. […] Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that makes it hard to move the muscles used for speaking. […] Spastic dysarthria is the most common type of dysarthria associated with ALS. It is caused by muscle spasms and results in a slow, slurred, or labored voice.

• #27 ALS Speech Therapy (How ALS Affects Speech) – Target ALS

  https://www.targetals.org/2022/03/28/how-als-affects-speech/

  Dysarthria, characterized by abnormalities of the articulation and intelligibility of speech, is one of the most recognizable symptoms of ALS. It typically starts with a slurring of words and progresses to the point that speech eventually becomes impossible for others to understand. […] Dysarthria is an early symptom of bulbar-onset ALS but not of limb-onset ALS. In fact, speech impairment may begin up to three years prior to diagnosis of bulbar-onset ALS, and research suggests artificial intelligence (AI) may be able to detect early, often imperceptible, changes in speech and voice. […] ALS leads to speech problems when it attacks bulbar neurons, the nerve cells responsible for bringing messages from the lower parts of the brain (bulbar region) to the muscles of the lips, tongue, soft palate, jaw and voice box. Eventually, the muscles become weak and tight, limiting tongue, lip and/or jaw movement. Bulbar motor deterioration also impairs swallowing, which can lead to a buildup of saliva in the mouth. […] Weakening lung muscles have an effect, too: People with ALS often find speaking to be tiring, and they tend to talk less or in shorter sentences.

• #28 Speech Problems in Multiple Sclerosis | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen search

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/understanding-ms/what-is-ms/ms-symptoms/speech-problems

  The inability to express yourself through speech can affect your sense of identity, your self-confidence, your relationships and your sense of safety. […] Changes in speech associated with MS are caused by lesions in the brain. […] The 2 main categories of speech problems are dysarthria and dysphonia. […] Dysarthria is caused by weakness, slowness, changes in muscle tone, or lack of coordination of the tongue, lips, soft palate, throat, vocal cords and diaphragm. […] Up to 70% of individuals with MS experience some degree of change in speech clarity. […] Common speech challenges with MS include scanning speech, slurred speech, nasal speech and difficulties with volume. […] Most speech issues can be managed with interventions such as speech therapy and assistive devices. […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are licensed healthcare providers trained to evaluate, diagnose and treat changes with speech, cognition, language, voice and swallowing associated with MS. […] They can also teach you techniques to improve speech clarity. […] If necessary, they can recommend assistive devices to supplement your expression. […] An SLP may evaluate you, suggest assistive devices and teach you to how use them.

• #29 Dysarthria and Cerebral Palsy Fact Sheet | Cerebral Palsy Resource

  https://cpresource.org/topic/communication/dysarthria-and-cerebral-palsy-fact-sheet

  Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that affects how clear and understandable a persons speech is. […] When control of these muscles is affected by a persons CP, it can result in dysarthria. […] For many children with CP, dysarthria influences how their speech develops; however, speech intelligibility improves with development for most children with CP. […] There are a few speech intervention approaches that have been shown to improve intelligibility for children with CP, including: […] Overall, there is relatively little research on the effectiveness of speech interventions for children with CP, and a lot of variation in how well children respond to different strategies. […] Speech modification strategies are techniques that speech-language pathologists use to help people with dysarthria improve their speech intelligibility. […] By focusing on emphasizing key words in a sentence, speakers can draw attention to and focus their effort on clearly producing the words most important to helping listeners understand their message.

• #30 Guillain-Barre and Communication Difficulties – East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust

  https://www.esht.nhs.uk/service/speech-and-language-therapy/communication-difficulties/guillain-barre-syndrome/guillain-barre-and-communication-difficulties/

  Many patients with GBS begin to have difficulty communicating verbally because the nerves that control the muscles of speech become affected by the syndrome. […] Speech and Language Therapists also assess and treat motor speech disorders (dysarthria) that develop due to neurological damage. Dysarthria is a speech disorder caused by damage to parts of the nervous system that controls the muscles used for speech. […] There are many different types of dysarthria, but in GBS, patients who develop dysarthria typically have the Flaccid dysarthria type. Flaccid dysarthria is caused by the denervation of muscles, which causes weakness and may make them more challenging to understand. […] Ataxic dysarthria is another type of dysarthria a patient with GBS may have, particularly if they have the Miller-Fisher variant. People with Ataxic dysarthria have slurred speech with inconsistent speech errors, also making them more difficult to understand.

• #31 Dysarthria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592453/

  Multiple neurological conditions cause dysarthria, so the natural course and clinical features can differ. […] The prognosis of dysarthria depends on the cause. Proper consultation with specialists and education of family members and friends is required to optimize patient treatment and allow patients to regain their most significant level of independence.

• #32 Dysarthria in Adults

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/dysarthria-in-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOornkZ8JsMyPpJYTch4KQfEyVCGZxP4mAJwf0pNhG6eFQK3cfWSe

  Dysarthria treatment focuses on facilitating the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of communication (Rosenbek LaPointe, 1985; Yorkston et al., 2010) and supporting functional communication between the speaker and their listeners. […] Restorative treatment approaches aim to restore function of the speech subsystems. The restorative treatment techniques below (e.g., Clark, 2014) might also be combined with compensatory treatment approaches. Certain treatment techniques may not be the best fit for every person with dysarthria or in all situations. Choosing the appropriate strategies will depend on the etiology of dysarthria, the differential diagnosis of dysarthria type, and the affected subsystems.

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