Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Crohn Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436021/

  Crohn disease is most commonly seen in North America, Northern Europe, and New Zealand. The condition has a bimodal distribution, with the onset occurring most frequently between ages 15 and 30 and 40 and 60. Crohn disease is more prominent in urban than rural areas. The condition has a high incidence in Northern Europeans and people of Jewish descent (incidence 3.2 per 1000 individuals). Prevalence in Asians, Africans, and South Americans is low. […] However, recent studies have shown a significant increase in incidence in rapidly industrializing areas of Asia, Africa, and Australasia.

• #2 Epidemiology and clinical course of Crohn’s disease: Results from observational studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3332285/

  The authors review the clinical outcome in patients with Crohns disease (CD) based on studies describing the natural course of the disease. Population-based studies have demonstrated that the incidence rates and prevalence rates for CD have increased since the mid-1970s. […] An increasing incidence and prevalence of CD have been found over the last three decades. The disease seems to be most common in northern Europe and North America, but is probably increasing also in Asia and Africa. […] The incidence of CD differs depending on the region studied. The United Kingdom, North America and the northern part of Europe are the areas with the highest incidence. […] The prevalence of CD in Europe varies from less than 10 to about 150 per 100000 inhabitants. […] From the existing data, one can conclude that the incidence and prevalence rates of CD have increased over last decades.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/digestive-diseases-crohns-disease

  Crohn’s disease epidemiology […] The disease is mostly common in North America and Western Europe, where it affects 100-300 out of every 100,000 people. […] In the U.S., more than half a million people have it. Researchers think cases are increasing in the U.S. and some other nations. […] Crohn’s disease seems to affect men and women at similar rates. People of northern European or central European Jewish (Ashkenazi) descent are at highest risk.

• #3 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  A 2023 cross-sectional retrospective study of more than 14 million people in the United States estimated that 1.01 million Americans have Crohns disease. According to this study, the prevalence of Crohns disease is approximately 305 cases per 100,000 people. The prevalence of Crohns disease generally increases with age starting in early adulthood and then decreases after age 80 years. It is higher among individuals who are White compared with those who are Black, Hispanic, or Asian. The prevalence of Crohns disease is equally distributed among men and women. […] Although more than 200 genes related to the risk of developing IBD have been identified, genetics account for less than 25% of the heritability of IBD. An accurate assessment of the genetic risk of Crohns disease remains elusive, although 1.5% to 28% of individuals with Crohns disease have a family history of IBD. Having a first-degree relative with Crohns disease increases an individuals risk 8-fold. However, a large prospective cohort study found that individuals at high genetic risk for Crohns disease who adhere to a lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and not smoking can cut their risk by almost 50%.

• #4 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  The global incidence pattern of IBD is dominated by geographical variation in and between regions with the highest incidence rates reported in Europe, Oceania and North America. However, this reflects the fact that these high-incidence parts of the world have published the majority of studies. It is now evident that the traditional incidence pattern is shifting with a steep increasing incidence reported by recent population-based studies from e.g., Eastern Europe, Asia and South America, as these become industrialised and experience socioeconomic growth and demographic changes, e.g., increasing urbanisation. […] Denmark has one of the highest incidences of IBD. An increasing trend was observed from 1980 to 2013, where the incidence of CD rose from 5.2 to 9.1 per 100,000 person-years and the incidence of UC increased from 10.7 to 18.6 per 100,000 person-years.

• #5 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  In Asia, recent studies have shown an increasing incidence of IBD. In Korea, the incidence of CD rose from nearly 0 to 1.3 per 100,000 in the period 1986 to 2005, and UC rose from 0.3 to 3.1 per 100,000. […] The prevalence of IBD has a varying geographical distribution like the incidence pattern of IBD. IBD is inherently associated with increasing prevalence over time due to chronicity with a lack of cure, the young age of onset, and low mortality and it may rise exponentially due to increasing incidence and population ageing. […] In Europe, the prevalence of CD ranges from 1.5 to 213 cases per 100,000, while that of UC ranges from 2.4 to 294 per 100,000. Overall, 0.3% of the European population is estimated to have been diagnosed with IBD, corresponding to a total of 2.53 million people. In North America, the prevalence of IBD has already reached 0.5% of the population and is projected to affect approximately 4 million persons by 2030. […] In Asia, the prevalence of IBD is much lower compared to the West. However, due to the rising incidence the IBD population in Asia is growing rapidly. Between 2001 and 2015, the prevalence of CD and UC in Taiwan increased from 0.6 and 2.1 to 3.9 and 12.8, respectively, per 100,000.

• #6 Crohn’s Disease (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/crohns-disease-pro

  The incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing worldwide, with a systematic review reporting the highest incidence in Australia (29.3 per 100,000 population), Canada (20.2 per 100,000 population) and northern Europe (10.6 per 100,000). […] The prevalence in the UK is about 145 per 100,000 population. […] Crohn’s disease is more likely in those with a strong family history (first-degree relatives). […] Crohn’s disease affects both sexes equally and is associated with excess mortality compared with the general population, with a standardised mortality ratio of 1.38. […] The onset of Crohn’s disease has two age peaks: the first and largest peak occurs between the ages of 15-30 years; the second smaller peak is between 50-70 years. People over the age of 60 contribute to 10-15% of IBD diagnoses, compared to 5-25% made in children or adolescents. […] However, Crohn’s disease is also rapidly increasingly in children. The vast majority of affected children will need immunosuppressant treatment and around 20% will need treatment with biological agents.

• #7 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  In Asia, recent studies have shown an increasing incidence of IBD. In Korea, the incidence of CD rose from nearly 0 to 1.3 per 100,000 in the period 1986 to 2005, and UC rose from 0.3 to 3.1 per 100,000. […] The prevalence of IBD has a varying geographical distribution like the incidence pattern of IBD. IBD is inherently associated with increasing prevalence over time due to chronicity with a lack of cure, the young age of onset, and low mortality and it may rise exponentially due to increasing incidence and population ageing. […] In Europe, the prevalence of CD ranges from 1.5 to 213 cases per 100,000, while that of UC ranges from 2.4 to 294 per 100,000. Overall, 0.3% of the European population is estimated to have been diagnosed with IBD, corresponding to a total of 2.53 million people. In North America, the prevalence of IBD has already reached 0.5% of the population and is projected to affect approximately 4 million persons by 2030. […] In Asia, the prevalence of IBD is much lower compared to the West. However, due to the rising incidence the IBD population in Asia is growing rapidly. Between 2001 and 2015, the prevalence of CD and UC in Taiwan increased from 0.6 and 2.1 to 3.9 and 12.8, respectively, per 100,000.

• #8 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Japan provides some of the earliest data from a newly industrialized region, spanning 1955 to 2000. The incidence of IBD in Japan before the 1970s was less than 0.25, increasing to over 0.4 by 1980. By 2000, the incidence had increased tenfold reaching 4.77 and 1.27 for UC and CD, respectively. South Korea showed similar patterns, with low incidence in the 1980s increasing steadily into the 2010s. Regions with slower economic development experienced a delayed onset of rapidly rising incidence, as seen in China and Malaysia, where incidence substantially increased after 2000. […] Brazil demonstrates a clear case of rising incidence in Latin America, starting with low rates in the 1980s and increasing in the 2000s and 2010s. Heterogeneity within Brazil highlights higher IBD incidence in more-urbanized, developed areas. The highest prevalence of IBD in newly industrialized regions was observed in areas where incidence increased earlier. Japan’s prevalence increased from 0.067% in 2000 to 0.165% in 2016. Brazil showed a similar trend, with prevalence rising from 0.014% in 2000 to 0.1% by 2020. By contrast, regions in which the incidence surged after 2000 report much lower prevalence.

• #9 Epidemiology and clinical course of Crohn’s disease: Results from observational studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3332285/

  The authors review the clinical outcome in patients with Crohns disease (CD) based on studies describing the natural course of the disease. Population-based studies have demonstrated that the incidence rates and prevalence rates for CD have increased since the mid-1970s. […] An increasing incidence and prevalence of CD have been found over the last three decades. The disease seems to be most common in northern Europe and North America, but is probably increasing also in Asia and Africa. […] The incidence of CD differs depending on the region studied. The United Kingdom, North America and the northern part of Europe are the areas with the highest incidence. […] The prevalence of CD in Europe varies from less than 10 to about 150 per 100000 inhabitants. […] From the existing data, one can conclude that the incidence and prevalence rates of CD have increased over last decades.

• #10 Crohn Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928288-overview

  A systematic review revealed that the highest prevalence for Crohn disease in North America was 319 per 100,000 persons, compared with 322 per 100,000 persons in Europe. […] The highest annual incidence figures were 20.2 per 100,000 person-years in North America, 12.7 per 100,000 person-years in Europe, and 5.0 per 100,000 person-years in Asia and the Middle East. […] In time-trend analyses, 75% of the epidemiologic studies showed statistically significant increases in the incidence of Crohn disease over time. […] The age of onset of Crohn disease has a bimodal distribution. […] The first peak occurs between the ages of 15 and 30 years (late adolescence and early adulthood), and the second occurs mainly in women between the ages of 60 and 70 years. […] However, most cases begin before age 30 years, and approximately 20-30% of all patients with Crohn disease are diagnosed before age 20 years.

• #11 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #12 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The changing epidemiology of IBD is characterized in terms of incidence (new diagnoses reported per 100,000 person-years) and prevalence (total affected individuals per 100,000 persons at a given time). After the Second World War, the incidence of IBD in early industrialized regions increased rapidly. Although the reasons for this increase remain incompletely understood, evidence suggests environmental factors associated with Westernization of society—for example, increased smoking, Western diet and improved hygiene—may have substantially contributed by altering mucosal immune responses to the intestinal microbiome in genetically susceptible individuals. […] During the latter half of the twentieth century, IBD was infrequently diagnosed in regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America that predominantly began industrialization after the Second World War and low-income, developing areas. By the twenty-first century, the incidence stabilized in many early industrialized regions, except in children, in whom it continues to rise, whereas the prevalence of IBD continued to climb steadily across all age groups. Although IBD cases in emerging regions remain sporadic, since 2000, newly industrialized regions have reported a sharp increase in the incidence of UC, followed by CD. Today, IBD affects millions of people worldwide.

• #13 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The observed differences in IBD incidence and prevalence across various geographical areas over the past century suggest that epidemiologic patterns shift through time. To further explore these trends and characterize the epidemiology of IBD independently of geography and time, we developed a machine-learning classifier to determine the epidemiologic stage of global regions. This methodology not only automates the classification of stages across a large, heterogeneous dataset but also establishes benchmarks for incidence and prevalence that can be applied to new data as they become available. […] Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. Data from emerging regions in stage 1 (such as many regions in Africa) remain limited, as data scarcity is a typical characteristic of this stage.

• #14 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The observed differences in IBD incidence and prevalence across various geographical areas over the past century suggest that epidemiologic patterns shift through time. To further explore these trends and characterize the epidemiology of IBD independently of geography and time, we developed a machine-learning classifier to determine the epidemiologic stage of global regions. This methodology not only automates the classification of stages across a large, heterogeneous dataset but also establishes benchmarks for incidence and prevalence that can be applied to new data as they become available. […] Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. Data from emerging regions in stage 1 (such as many regions in Africa) remain limited, as data scarcity is a typical characteristic of this stage.

• #15 Crohn’s Disease (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/crohns-disease-pro

  The incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing worldwide, with a systematic review reporting the highest incidence in Australia (29.3 per 100,000 population), Canada (20.2 per 100,000 population) and northern Europe (10.6 per 100,000). […] The prevalence in the UK is about 145 per 100,000 population. […] Crohn’s disease is more likely in those with a strong family history (first-degree relatives). […] Crohn’s disease affects both sexes equally and is associated with excess mortality compared with the general population, with a standardised mortality ratio of 1.38. […] The onset of Crohn’s disease has two age peaks: the first and largest peak occurs between the ages of 15-30 years; the second smaller peak is between 50-70 years. People over the age of 60 contribute to 10-15% of IBD diagnoses, compared to 5-25% made in children or adolescents. […] However, Crohn’s disease is also rapidly increasingly in children. The vast majority of affected children will need immunosuppressant treatment and around 20% will need treatment with biological agents.

• #16 Crohn Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928288-overview

  A systematic review revealed that the highest prevalence for Crohn disease in North America was 319 per 100,000 persons, compared with 322 per 100,000 persons in Europe. […] The highest annual incidence figures were 20.2 per 100,000 person-years in North America, 12.7 per 100,000 person-years in Europe, and 5.0 per 100,000 person-years in Asia and the Middle East. […] In time-trend analyses, 75% of the epidemiologic studies showed statistically significant increases in the incidence of Crohn disease over time. […] The age of onset of Crohn disease has a bimodal distribution. […] The first peak occurs between the ages of 15 and 30 years (late adolescence and early adulthood), and the second occurs mainly in women between the ages of 60 and 70 years. […] However, most cases begin before age 30 years, and approximately 20-30% of all patients with Crohn disease are diagnosed before age 20 years.

• #17 Crohn’s Disease (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/crohns-disease-pro

  The incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing worldwide, with a systematic review reporting the highest incidence in Australia (29.3 per 100,000 population), Canada (20.2 per 100,000 population) and northern Europe (10.6 per 100,000). […] The prevalence in the UK is about 145 per 100,000 population. […] Crohn’s disease is more likely in those with a strong family history (first-degree relatives). […] Crohn’s disease affects both sexes equally and is associated with excess mortality compared with the general population, with a standardised mortality ratio of 1.38. […] The onset of Crohn’s disease has two age peaks: the first and largest peak occurs between the ages of 15-30 years; the second smaller peak is between 50-70 years. People over the age of 60 contribute to 10-15% of IBD diagnoses, compared to 5-25% made in children or adolescents. […] However, Crohn’s disease is also rapidly increasingly in children. The vast majority of affected children will need immunosuppressant treatment and around 20% will need treatment with biological agents.

• #18 Crohn’s Disease: Who Gets It?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/crohns-disease-who-gets-it

  Scientists havent identified all the many causes of Crohns disease, but theyve found certain groups of people who seem to be at higher risk. […] Over 3 million people in the U.S. have Crohns disease. […] The U.S. and Canada, United Kingdom, Northern and Western Europe as well as Australia and New Zealand, have the highest rates of Crohns disease. […] More and more people in Asia, South America, and Africa are now also developing the condition. […] The high rates of Crohns in industrialized areas may be related to lifestyle factors including diet, lack of sunlight leading to vitamin D deficiency, and environmental toxins from pollution. […] Crohns disease also seems to be concentrated in urban areas. […] Slightly more women than men are diagnosed with Crohns in the industrialized world, while the opposite is true in the developing world.

• #19 Crohns Disease Epidemiology Analysis Size, Trends, Growth and Forecast to 2033

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/crohns-disease-epidemiology-analysis/

  The key age-groups considered in the CD epidemiology report are 0-9, 10-17, 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80 years. In 2022, for the 8MM combined, adults ages 30-39 years contributed the highest proportion of the diagnosed prevalent cases of CD, followed by 18-29 years and 50-59 years respectively. […] In 2022, the number of diagnosed prevalent cases of CD was higher in females than in males in the 8MM combined. […] In 2022, out of the diagnosed prevalent cases of CD in the 8MM, mild cases contributed the highest proportion among the pediatric age group and among the adult age group.

• #20 Crohns Disease Epidemiology Analysis Size, Trends, Growth and Forecast to 2033

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/crohns-disease-epidemiology-analysis/

  The key age-groups considered in the CD epidemiology report are 0-9, 10-17, 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80 years. In 2022, for the 8MM combined, adults ages 30-39 years contributed the highest proportion of the diagnosed prevalent cases of CD, followed by 18-29 years and 50-59 years respectively. […] In 2022, the number of diagnosed prevalent cases of CD was higher in females than in males in the 8MM combined. […] In 2022, out of the diagnosed prevalent cases of CD in the 8MM, mild cases contributed the highest proportion among the pediatric age group and among the adult age group.

• #21 Crohn’s Disease: Who Gets It?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/crohns-disease-who-gets-it

  Crohns disease is more common in white people than African American or Hispanic people, although it can affect all racial and ethnic groups. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) and antibiotic use over long periods of time may also increase the risk of developing Crohns disease, although this is far from certain. […] Having an intestinal infection that causes diarrhea is associated with a later risk of developing IBD. […] Smoking is the most clear-cut environmental risk factor for developing Crohns disease, Lewis says. […] Although less studied than smoking, diet may also be a culprit in developing Crohns disease. […] Research has shown that if you have a parent, sibling, or child who has Crohns disease, youre more likely to develop the condition as well. […] So far, researchers have pinpointed about 200 genes that contribute to a small portion of all Crohns disease cases. […] Genetics at most account for 50% of the risk, so we know that this is a combination of being genetically predisposed and having appropriate exposures in the environment.

• #22 Crohn Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436021/

  Crohn disease is most commonly seen in North America, Northern Europe, and New Zealand. The condition has a bimodal distribution, with the onset occurring most frequently between ages 15 and 30 and 40 and 60. Crohn disease is more prominent in urban than rural areas. The condition has a high incidence in Northern Europeans and people of Jewish descent (incidence 3.2 per 1000 individuals). Prevalence in Asians, Africans, and South Americans is low. […] However, recent studies have shown a significant increase in incidence in rapidly industrializing areas of Asia, Africa, and Australasia.

• #23 Crohn’s disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Crohn%27s_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of Crohn’s disease has been ascertained from population studies in Norway and the United States and is similar at 6 to 7.1:100,000. […] Prevalence estimates for Northern Europe have ranged from 2748 per 100,000. […] Crohn’s disease tends to present initially in the teens and twenties, with another peak incidence in the fifties to seventies, although the disease can occur at any age. Crohn’s disease affects between 400,000 and 600,000 people in North America. […] Crohn’s disease has a bimodal distribution in incidence as a function of age. […] There is no association with gender, social class or occupation. […] The incidence of Crohn’s disease in North America is 6 per 100,000 population and is similar in Europe, but the incidence rates are lower in Asia and Africa. […] Parents, siblings or children of people with Crohn’s disease are 3 to 20 times more likely to develop the disease. […] Twin studies show a concordance of greater than 55% for Crohn’s disease. […] Whites and European Jews accounted for the vast majority of the cases in the United States, and in most industrialized countries.

• #24 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  Environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis and course of Crohns disease. An inappropriate immune response to environmental antigens in genetically susceptible individuals may lead to increased gut permeability that increases the risk of Crohns disease. Environmental factors that are associated with an increased risk of Crohns disease and a worse clinical course include the following: Cigarette smoking; Undergoing an appendectomy or tonsillectomy; Depression or poorly tolerated stress; Poor sleep; Use of antibiotics, particularly in the first year of life; Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) (but not progesterone-only OCPs); Living in an urban environment (likely due to increased pollution exposure); Vitamin D deficiency; and Poliomyelitis vaccine.

• #25 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  Environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis and course of Crohns disease. An inappropriate immune response to environmental antigens in genetically susceptible individuals may lead to increased gut permeability that increases the risk of Crohns disease. Environmental factors that are associated with an increased risk of Crohns disease and a worse clinical course include the following: Cigarette smoking; Undergoing an appendectomy or tonsillectomy; Depression or poorly tolerated stress; Poor sleep; Use of antibiotics, particularly in the first year of life; Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) (but not progesterone-only OCPs); Living in an urban environment (likely due to increased pollution exposure); Vitamin D deficiency; and Poliomyelitis vaccine.

• #26 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  The following environmental factors are associated with a reduced risk of Crohns disease: Living with a dog (likely due to the differences in the microbiome of dog owners); Living in a large family in the first year of life (likely due to higher exposure to infectious agents and different gut microbes); Consuming a dietary high in fiber (particularly from fruits and vegetables), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, zinc, and potassium; Breastfeeding; and Exercise.

• #27 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Correlation of Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors With Incidence of Crohn Disease in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e48682

  The results also suggest that distance from the equator may affect the incidence of CD. A corresponding meta-regression, which included absolute distance from the equator as a moderator, showed that CD incidence increased significantly with increasing distance from the equator. […] The results show that incidence rates decrease with increasing UV exposure. […] The results of the corresponding meta-regression showed that the HDI, health expenditure as a percent of GDP, and the UHC index acted as moderators. Accordingly, the frequency of CD increases with increasing values of each moderator.

• #28 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Correlation of Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors With Incidence of Crohn Disease in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e48682

  The results also suggest that distance from the equator may affect the incidence of CD. A corresponding meta-regression, which included absolute distance from the equator as a moderator, showed that CD incidence increased significantly with increasing distance from the equator. […] The results show that incidence rates decrease with increasing UV exposure. […] The results of the corresponding meta-regression showed that the HDI, health expenditure as a percent of GDP, and the UHC index acted as moderators. Accordingly, the frequency of CD increases with increasing values of each moderator.

• #29 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  A 2023 cross-sectional retrospective study of more than 14 million people in the United States estimated that 1.01 million Americans have Crohns disease. According to this study, the prevalence of Crohns disease is approximately 305 cases per 100,000 people. The prevalence of Crohns disease generally increases with age starting in early adulthood and then decreases after age 80 years. It is higher among individuals who are White compared with those who are Black, Hispanic, or Asian. The prevalence of Crohns disease is equally distributed among men and women. […] Although more than 200 genes related to the risk of developing IBD have been identified, genetics account for less than 25% of the heritability of IBD. An accurate assessment of the genetic risk of Crohns disease remains elusive, although 1.5% to 28% of individuals with Crohns disease have a family history of IBD. Having a first-degree relative with Crohns disease increases an individuals risk 8-fold. However, a large prospective cohort study found that individuals at high genetic risk for Crohns disease who adhere to a lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and not smoking can cut their risk by almost 50%.

• #30 Crohn’s Disease: Who Gets It?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/crohns-disease-who-gets-it

  Crohns disease is more common in white people than African American or Hispanic people, although it can affect all racial and ethnic groups. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) and antibiotic use over long periods of time may also increase the risk of developing Crohns disease, although this is far from certain. […] Having an intestinal infection that causes diarrhea is associated with a later risk of developing IBD. […] Smoking is the most clear-cut environmental risk factor for developing Crohns disease, Lewis says. […] Although less studied than smoking, diet may also be a culprit in developing Crohns disease. […] Research has shown that if you have a parent, sibling, or child who has Crohns disease, youre more likely to develop the condition as well. […] So far, researchers have pinpointed about 200 genes that contribute to a small portion of all Crohns disease cases. […] Genetics at most account for 50% of the risk, so we know that this is a combination of being genetically predisposed and having appropriate exposures in the environment.

• #31 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  A 2023 cross-sectional retrospective study of more than 14 million people in the United States estimated that 1.01 million Americans have Crohns disease. According to this study, the prevalence of Crohns disease is approximately 305 cases per 100,000 people. The prevalence of Crohns disease generally increases with age starting in early adulthood and then decreases after age 80 years. It is higher among individuals who are White compared with those who are Black, Hispanic, or Asian. The prevalence of Crohns disease is equally distributed among men and women. […] Although more than 200 genes related to the risk of developing IBD have been identified, genetics account for less than 25% of the heritability of IBD. An accurate assessment of the genetic risk of Crohns disease remains elusive, although 1.5% to 28% of individuals with Crohns disease have a family history of IBD. Having a first-degree relative with Crohns disease increases an individuals risk 8-fold. However, a large prospective cohort study found that individuals at high genetic risk for Crohns disease who adhere to a lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and not smoking can cut their risk by almost 50%.

• #32 Crohn Disease | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ddi/crohns-disease/

  A 2023 cross-sectional retrospective study of more than 14 million people in the United States estimated that 1.01 million Americans have Crohns disease. According to this study, the prevalence of Crohns disease is approximately 305 cases per 100,000 people. The prevalence of Crohns disease generally increases with age starting in early adulthood and then decreases after age 80 years. It is higher among individuals who are White compared with those who are Black, Hispanic, or Asian. The prevalence of Crohns disease is equally distributed among men and women. […] Although more than 200 genes related to the risk of developing IBD have been identified, genetics account for less than 25% of the heritability of IBD. An accurate assessment of the genetic risk of Crohns disease remains elusive, although 1.5% to 28% of individuals with Crohns disease have a family history of IBD. Having a first-degree relative with Crohns disease increases an individuals risk 8-fold. However, a large prospective cohort study found that individuals at high genetic risk for Crohns disease who adhere to a lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and not smoking can cut their risk by almost 50%.

• #33 Crohn’s disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Crohn%27s_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of Crohn’s disease has been ascertained from population studies in Norway and the United States and is similar at 6 to 7.1:100,000. […] Prevalence estimates for Northern Europe have ranged from 2748 per 100,000. […] Crohn’s disease tends to present initially in the teens and twenties, with another peak incidence in the fifties to seventies, although the disease can occur at any age. Crohn’s disease affects between 400,000 and 600,000 people in North America. […] Crohn’s disease has a bimodal distribution in incidence as a function of age. […] There is no association with gender, social class or occupation. […] The incidence of Crohn’s disease in North America is 6 per 100,000 population and is similar in Europe, but the incidence rates are lower in Asia and Africa. […] Parents, siblings or children of people with Crohn’s disease are 3 to 20 times more likely to develop the disease. […] Twin studies show a concordance of greater than 55% for Crohn’s disease. […] Whites and European Jews accounted for the vast majority of the cases in the United States, and in most industrialized countries.

• #34 Crohn’s disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Crohn%27s_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of Crohn’s disease has been ascertained from population studies in Norway and the United States and is similar at 6 to 7.1:100,000. […] Prevalence estimates for Northern Europe have ranged from 2748 per 100,000. […] Crohn’s disease tends to present initially in the teens and twenties, with another peak incidence in the fifties to seventies, although the disease can occur at any age. Crohn’s disease affects between 400,000 and 600,000 people in North America. […] Crohn’s disease has a bimodal distribution in incidence as a function of age. […] There is no association with gender, social class or occupation. […] The incidence of Crohn’s disease in North America is 6 per 100,000 population and is similar in Europe, but the incidence rates are lower in Asia and Africa. […] Parents, siblings or children of people with Crohn’s disease are 3 to 20 times more likely to develop the disease. […] Twin studies show a concordance of greater than 55% for Crohn’s disease. […] Whites and European Jews accounted for the vast majority of the cases in the United States, and in most industrialized countries.

• #35 Crohn’s Disease: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p661.html

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing in adults and children. In the United States, the prevalence is estimated at 58 per 100,000 children and 119 to 241 per 100,000 adults, and is increasing for both groups. White race and higher education levels are associated with increased prevalence. The estimated annual economic burden to U.S. health care is $6.3 billion. […] Current data suggest an interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors in the development of Crohn’s disease. Genetic loci have been identified that increase risk. For example, homozygosity for the NOD2 gene has shown a 20- to 40-fold increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Environmental factors associated with increased risk include smoking, oral contraceptive use, antibiotic use, regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and urban environment. […] Patients with Crohn’s disease are at increased risk of cancer, osteoporosis, anemia, nutritional deficiencies, depression, infection, and thrombotic events. Maximizing prevention measures is essential in caring for these patients.

• #36 Insights into the genetic epidemiology of Crohn’s and rare diseases in the Ashkenazi Jewish population | PLOS Genetics

  https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007329

  As part of a broader collaborative network of exome sequencing studies, we developed a jointly called data set of 5,685 Ashkenazi Jewish exomes. […] We estimate that 34% of protein-coding alleles present in the Ashkenazi Jewish population at frequencies greater than 0.2% are significantly more frequent (mean 15-fold) than their maximum frequency observed in other reference populations. […] This catalog of enriched alleles can contribute to differences in genetic risk and overall prevalence of diseases between populations. […] We specifically attempt to evaluate whether strong acting rare alleles, particularly protein-truncating or otherwise large effect-size alleles, enriched by the same founder-effect, contribute excess genetic risk to Crohn’s disease in AJ, and find that ten rare genetic risk factors in NOD2 and LRRK2 are enriched in AJ (p 0.005), including several novel contributing alleles, show evidence of association to CD.

• #37 Surveillance and management of dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surveillance-and-management-of-dysplasia-in-patients-with-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Because the risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the goal of surveillance colonoscopy is to detect dysplasia, the precursor of colorectal cancer. We recommend surveillance for dysplasia and colorectal cancer in patients with IBD, and our approach is generally consistent with multiple societies worldwide. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, and pathology of colon cancer in IBD and the evidence supporting a role for surveillance will be reviewed here. Methods for cancer surveillance will also be discussed.

• #38 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Perform a screening colonoscopy 6-8 years after symptom onset in those with Crohns Disease. Thereafter, some national organisations recommend interval surveillance based on the most recent colonoscopy and risk stratification as follows: […] Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so.

• #39 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Perform a screening colonoscopy 6-8 years after symptom onset in those with Crohns Disease. Thereafter, some national organisations recommend interval surveillance based on the most recent colonoscopy and risk stratification as follows: […] Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so.

• #40 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Perform a screening colonoscopy 6-8 years after symptom onset in those with Crohns Disease. Thereafter, some national organisations recommend interval surveillance based on the most recent colonoscopy and risk stratification as follows: […] Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so.

• #41 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Perform a screening colonoscopy 6-8 years after symptom onset in those with Crohns Disease. Thereafter, some national organisations recommend interval surveillance based on the most recent colonoscopy and risk stratification as follows: […] Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so.

• #42 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.4-1.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education. […] The relative risk of CRC incidence in people living with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease affecting the colon is, on average, higher than that of the background population. […] A recent meta-analysis of 20 population studies, and subsequent Scandinavian population-based data, have identified a CRC relative risk of approximately 1.4-1.7.

• #43 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  This higher incidence is despite observations of CRC diagnoses in IBD declining with time, which might reflect better endoscopic surveillance and improved control of inflammation with effective advanced treatments. […] The mortality risk from CRC is higher in those with IBD than the general population when adjusting for tumour stage with a HR of approximately 1.4-1.5. […] This increased incidence and mortality risk has persisted post-2010 in the era of advanced therapies for IBD and technological development in lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. […] Overall, the cumulative risk of CRC in IBD increases with duration of disease, at 0.8% within the first 10 years, 2.2% between 10 and 20 years and 4.5% at 20 years.

• #44 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  This higher incidence is despite observations of CRC diagnoses in IBD declining with time, which might reflect better endoscopic surveillance and improved control of inflammation with effective advanced treatments. […] The mortality risk from CRC is higher in those with IBD than the general population when adjusting for tumour stage with a HR of approximately 1.4-1.5. […] This increased incidence and mortality risk has persisted post-2010 in the era of advanced therapies for IBD and technological development in lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. […] Overall, the cumulative risk of CRC in IBD increases with duration of disease, at 0.8% within the first 10 years, 2.2% between 10 and 20 years and 4.5% at 20 years.

• #45 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Perform a screening colonoscopy 6-8 years after symptom onset in those with Crohns Disease. Thereafter, some national organisations recommend interval surveillance based on the most recent colonoscopy and risk stratification as follows: […] Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so.

• #46 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity. […] Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile.

• #47 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity. […] Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile.

• #48 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Ongoing surveillance should be performed in all patients apart from those with proctitis. Patients with high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 1 year. Patients with intermediate risk factors should have their next surveillance scheduled for 2 to 3 years. Patients with neither intermediate nor high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 5 years. […] Colonoscopic surveillance is best performed when ulcerative colitis is in remission, because it is otherwise difficult to discriminate between dysplasia and inflammation on mucosal biopsies.

• #49 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Ongoing surveillance should be performed in all patients apart from those with proctitis. Patients with high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 1 year. Patients with intermediate risk factors should have their next surveillance scheduled for 2 to 3 years. Patients with neither intermediate nor high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 5 years. […] Colonoscopic surveillance is best performed when ulcerative colitis is in remission, because it is otherwise difficult to discriminate between dysplasia and inflammation on mucosal biopsies.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2021/10001/s966_surveillance_rates_and_modalities_in_post_op.967.aspx

  Despite guidelines, over one-quarter of patients did not undergo endoscopic monitoring for POR within 1 year of ICR. […] Future studies should establish a surveillance protocol to maximize relapse detection and maintain remission.

• #51 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Perform a screening colonoscopy 6-8 years after symptom onset in those with Crohns Disease. Thereafter, some national organisations recommend interval surveillance based on the most recent colonoscopy and risk stratification as follows: […] Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so.

• #52 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity. […] Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile.

• #53 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.4-1.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education. […] The relative risk of CRC incidence in people living with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease affecting the colon is, on average, higher than that of the background population. […] A recent meta-analysis of 20 population studies, and subsequent Scandinavian population-based data, have identified a CRC relative risk of approximately 1.4-1.7.

• #54 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.4-1.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education. […] The relative risk of CRC incidence in people living with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease affecting the colon is, on average, higher than that of the background population. […] A recent meta-analysis of 20 population studies, and subsequent Scandinavian population-based data, have identified a CRC relative risk of approximately 1.4-1.7.

• #55 Establishment of a surveillance program for anal cancer in Crohn’s disease

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i45/4844.htm

  Establishment of a surveillance program for anal cancer in Crohn’s disease. […] Patients with CD have been demonstrated to be at a higher risk of developing small bowel and colorectal cancers than healthy individuals. […] Although CD-associated anal cancer is relatively rare, patients with CD accompanied by anal or perianal lesions are at increased risk of anal cancer. […] Therefore, there is an urgent need for surveillance programs aimed at the early detection of malignant anorectal lesions in patients with CD. […] Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) are at a high risk of developing small and large bowel cancer. […] Although surveillance programs have been established for ulcerative colitis, programs for colorectal cancer, especially anal cancer in CD, are lacking. […] The carcinogenic rate in patients with perianal CD is less than 1%, with cancer primarily arising from perianal fistulas.

• #56 Establishment of a surveillance program for anal cancer in Crohn’s disease

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i45/4844.htm

  The cancer surveillance program is specifically designed for patients who have had CD for 10 years and have ulcers, stenosis, anal fistulas, or other lesions in the rectum, anal canal, or anus, or those who have undergone fecal diversion. […] Therefore, it is imperative to establish a system for CD-related malignancies.

• #57 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179037-overview

  Before 1960, the incidence of ulcerative colitis was several times higher than that of Crohn disease. More recent data suggest that the incidence of Crohn disease is approaching that of ulcerative colitis. […] Annually, an estimated 700,000 physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations are due to IBD. Approximately 1-2 million people in the United States have ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, with an incidence of 70-150 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among Americans of African descent is estimated to be the same as the prevalence among Americans of European descent, with the highest rates in the Jewish populations of middle European extraction. There is a higher prevalence along a north-south axis in the United States and in Europe, although trends show that the gap is narrowing.

• #58 Crohn’s Disease: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p661.html

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing in adults and children. In the United States, the prevalence is estimated at 58 per 100,000 children and 119 to 241 per 100,000 adults, and is increasing for both groups. White race and higher education levels are associated with increased prevalence. The estimated annual economic burden to U.S. health care is $6.3 billion. […] Current data suggest an interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors in the development of Crohn’s disease. Genetic loci have been identified that increase risk. For example, homozygosity for the NOD2 gene has shown a 20- to 40-fold increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Environmental factors associated with increased risk include smoking, oral contraceptive use, antibiotic use, regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and urban environment. […] Patients with Crohn’s disease are at increased risk of cancer, osteoporosis, anemia, nutritional deficiencies, depression, infection, and thrombotic events. Maximizing prevention measures is essential in caring for these patients.

• #59 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] IBD prevalence and health care costs are rising. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States.

• #60 Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2021.00115

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global disease. As IBD is a chronic disease that can result in remarkable morbidity and disability, estimation and understanding the disease burden of IBD is imperative to prepare adequate health care systems. […] However, variations in IBD incidence or prevalence may reflect differences in the distribution, and there are regional disparities in Asia with a large population of approximately 4.6 billion in 2020, which is equivalent to 60% of the total world population. […] Although comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of IBD in Asian countries is difficult, this review includes updated data regarding the incidence and prevalence of IBD and the estimated disease burden in Asia. […] In Asian countries, data on the longitudinal analyses of population-based studies on the incidence and prevalence of IBD have been insufficient.

• #61 Crohn’s Disease: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p661.html

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing in adults and children. In the United States, the prevalence is estimated at 58 per 100,000 children and 119 to 241 per 100,000 adults, and is increasing for both groups. White race and higher education levels are associated with increased prevalence. The estimated annual economic burden to U.S. health care is $6.3 billion. […] Current data suggest an interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors in the development of Crohn’s disease. Genetic loci have been identified that increase risk. For example, homozygosity for the NOD2 gene has shown a 20- to 40-fold increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Environmental factors associated with increased risk include smoking, oral contraceptive use, antibiotic use, regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and urban environment. […] Patients with Crohn’s disease are at increased risk of cancer, osteoporosis, anemia, nutritional deficiencies, depression, infection, and thrombotic events. Maximizing prevention measures is essential in caring for these patients.

• #62 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #63 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  There is a rapid increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in newly industrialized countries, yet epidemiological data is incomplete. […] Global IBD Visualization of Epidemiology Studies in the 21st Century (GIVES-21) is a population-based cohort of newly diagnosed persons with Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to be followed prospectively for 12 months. […] The GIVES-21 consortium offers a unique opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of IBD and explores new clinical research questions on the association between environmental and dietary factors and IBD development in newly industrialized countries. […] In the 21st century, newly industrialized countries in Asia and Latin America are witnessing a rapidly rising incidence mirroring the epidemiology of Crohns disease (CD) seen in the Western world in the latter half of the twentieth century.

• #64 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  The findings from the GIVES-21 consortium will be disseminated in a variety of ways including abstracts, posters and presentations at conferences and published manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals. […] The GIVES-21 consortium represented custodians from 24 regions across Asia, Africa and Latin America. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most diverse and comprehensive epidemiology platform covering more than 20 countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa studying the epidemiology of IBD and environmental and dietary factors associated with development of IBD with a focus in newly industrialized and developing regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

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