Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Crohn’s Disease: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9357-crohns-disease

  Crohns disease is a chronic (lifelong) autoimmune condition that inflames and irritates your digestive tract, most commonly your small and large intestines (colon). […] Theres no known single cause of Crohns disease, but its related to a dysfunctional immune response. […] An autoimmune response happens when your immune system launches into overdrive and attacks your bodys own cells. For example, your immune system may launch an inappropriate attack on bacteria normally found in your gut, causing Crohns-related inflammation in your intestines. […] Crohns sometimes runs in families. Its possible that whatever causes your bodys immune system to attack your bodys healthy cells is hereditary (inherited). Still, many people with Crohns have no family history. […] Risk factors include: Age: You can get Crohns disease at any age, but a large percentage of people are diagnosed in their late teens through early 30s.

• #1 Understanding the Causes of Crohn’s Disease

  https://www.entyvio.com/understanding-crohns-disease

  The true causes of Crohn’s are not completely understood. What we do know is that if you or a close relative have the disease, your family members may be at an increased chance of Crohn’s. Researchers believe that a combination of hereditary, genetic, and/or environmental factors may contribute to the development of Crohn’s. […] Diet and stress may aggravate Crohn’s, but they do not cause the disease on their own. […] Crohn’s is the result of an abnormal immune system response, during which your body mistakes certain bacteria and other materials in the intestine for foreign or invading substances. It then sends white blood cells into the intestines, where they create inflammation. Normally, this would cause a temporary inflammation that would resolve itself. But with Crohn’s, researchers believe that once your immune system is „turned on,” it doesn’t know how to „properly turn off.” As a result, chronic inflammation damages the intestine and causes the symptoms of Crohn’s.

• #1 Crohn’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease

  Although the precise causes of Crohn’s disease (CD) are unknown, it is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental, immune, and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals. […] The thinking is that because Crohn’s disease has strong innate immune system involvement and has NOD2 mutations as a predisposition, Crohn’s disease is more likely an autoinflammatory disease than an autoimmune disease. […] While the exact underlying immune problem is not clear; however, it may be an immunodeficiency state. […] About half of the overall risk is related to genetics, with more than 70 genes involved. […] Crohn’s disease seems to be due to a combination of environmental factors and genetic predisposition. […] Crohn’s has a genetic component. […] The first mutation found to be associated with Crohn’s was a frameshift in the NOD2 gene (also known as the CARD15 gene).

• #1 Clarifying the causes of Crohn’s | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1295-1241

  Human and animal research suggests Crohn’s disease is a heterogeneous group of disorders and implicates commensal bacteria in genetically determined mucosal T-cell dysregulation. […] The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) microsatellite haplotype a2b1c2d4e1 correlates with increased TNF production in Crohn’s disease. […] Increased mucosal TNFmRNA levels and numbers of TNF producing cells are unique to Crohn’s disease.

• #1 What Is Crohn’s Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/crohns-disease/guide/

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic digestive disorder that causes inflammation and damage in the digestive tract. […] The exact causes of Crohn’s disease are unknown. It may be caused by an autoimmune reaction. There’s some evidence that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy bacteria that grow naturally in the human gut. […] Experts believe a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to a person’s risk of the disease. […] While no one gene can be said to cause Crohn’s disease, scientists have identified more than 200 genetic variations that may raise the risk of the disease, notes MedlinePlus. […] Crohn’s disease appears to run in families. About 5 to 20 percent of people with Crohn’s disease have a parent or sibling with it, according to the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.

• #1 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/crohns-disease

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic (long-term) illness in which the intestine (bowel) becomes inflamed and ulcerated (marked with sores). […] The cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. It is believed that many factors cause an abnormal response of the immune system in the gastrointestinal tract. […] Genetics (heredity) has been found to play a role in the disease process. First-degree relatives (mother, father, sister, or brother) of patients with IBD are about three to 20 times more likely to develop the disease than the general population. Having a sibling with Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of having the disease by 30 times compared with the general population. Children who have one parent with Crohn’s disease, and Jewish people of European descent, also have a greater risk of developing the disease.

• #1 What Causes Crohn’s Disease? Genetics, Risk Factors, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/causes

  The exact cause of Crohns disease is still unknown. However, research suggests genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors may all play a role in the development of the disease. […] Diet and stress were once believed to be responsible for Crohns. However, we now understand that the origins of this condition are much more complex and that Crohns does not have a single, direct cause. […] Researchers have so far identified over 200 gene sequences that may play a role in the development of Crohns disease. […] Some gene variations may impact the way your immune system fights bacteria in your digestive tract. This could lead to inflammation and symptoms of Crohns disease. […] A 2016 review suggests theres also an overlap in genetic changes between Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, which is the other type of IBD. Some genes may lead to both types of IBD.

• #1 Crohn Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/172940-overview

  The exact cause of Crohn disease remains unknown. Genetic, microbial, immunologic, environmental, dietary, vascular, and psychosocial factors have been implicated, as have smoking and the use of oral contraceptives and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). […] Interaction between the predisposing genetic factors, environmental factors, host factors, and triggering event is likely necessary for the disease to develop. […] Studies have found compelling evidence for an inheritable risk for the development of Crohn disease. However, classic mendelian inheritance is not seen. Most of the genes thought to be involved in the development of the disease play a role in mucosal immunity, and their products are found on the mucosal barrier epithelium. […] Infectious agents such as Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Pseudomonas species, and Listeria species have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease, suggesting that the inflammation seen with the disease is the result of a dysfunctional, but appropriate, response to an infectious source. […] Environmental influences such as tobacco use seem to have an effect on Crohn disease. Smoking has been shown to double the risk of Crohn disease, whereas the risk of developing ulcerative colitis is lower in people who smoke than in those who have never smoked or in those who stopped smoking before their diagnosis. […] It has been suggested that a diet high in fatty foods may increase the risk of Crohn disease. […] Concerns about the measles vaccine and the development of the disease have proved to be unfounded. […] Although appendectomy has been suggested to be protective in ulcerative colitis, it is not a protective factor in Crohn disease.

• #1 Crohn Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436021/

  Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are distinct clinical entities collectively referred to as „inflammatory bowel disease” (IBD). These gastrointestinal conditions have an unclear etiology, although genetic, environmental, and immunologic influences have been implicated. […] IBD’s exact etiology is unknown. However, substantial evidence suggests that the condition may result from an inappropriate immune response to environmental antigens like drugs, toxins, infections, or intestinal microbes in a genetically susceptible host. Large-scale genome studies have identified over 200 IBD-associated genes and more than 71 Crohn disease susceptibility loci. […] Genetic variants are associated with certain Crohn disease phenotypes. For example, NOD2/CARD15 mutations have been detected in patients with Crohn disease presenting with ileal involvement and increased severity at a younger age. These individuals often require surgical intervention. Genotyping is expected to provide prognostic information on disease severity in the future. Currently, genetic testing remains mostly a research tool.

• #1 Crohn’s disease: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/crohns-disease/

  Crohn’s disease is a complex, long-lasting (chronic) disorder that primarily affects the digestive system. This condition involves an abnormal immune response that causes excess inflammation. […] The causes of Crohn’s disease are complex. This condition results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, many of which are unknown. […] Many of the major genes related to Crohn’s disease, including NOD2, ATG16L1, IL23R, and IRGM, are involved in immune system function. […] Environmental and lifestyle factors likely have a large impact on Crohn’s disease risk. Studies have found that cigarette smoking doubles the likelihood of developing this disease, and it may also play a role in periodic flare-ups of signs and symptoms.

• #1 Crohn’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease

  The genetic data, and direct assessment of immunity, indicates a malfunction in the innate immune system. […] There is an apparent connection between Crohn’s disease, Mycobacterium, other pathogenic bacteria, and genetic markers. […] A number of studies have suggested a causal role for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes a similar disease, Johne’s disease, in cattle. […] It is hypothesized that maintenance of commensal microorganism growth in the GI tract is dysregulated, either as a result or cause of immune dysregulation. […] The increased incidence of Crohn’s disease in the industrialized world indicates an environmental component. […] Smoking increases the risk of the return of active disease (flares). […] The introduction of hormonal contraception in the United States in the 1960s is associated with a dramatic increase in incidence, and one hypothesis is that these drugs work on the digestive system in ways similar to smoking.

• #1 Crohn’s Disease: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9357-crohns-disease

  Genes: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) runs in families in about 20% of Crohns disease diagnoses. If you have a biological parent, sibling or another family member with Crohns, you may be at an increased risk of also having it. Several specific mutations (changes) to your genes can predispose people to developing Crohns disease. […] Smoking: Smoking cigarettes increases your risk of Crohns disease. Studies have found that it doubles your risk. It also leads to more severe disease. […] Appendectomy: Studies suggest that people who have had an appendix surgery may have an increased risk of Crohns. The reasons are unclear, but you still shouldnt avoid this life-saving surgery if you need it. […] Location: People living in developed countries and urban areas have a higher risk than those living in less developed countries and rural areas. […] Stress: Your bodys stress response may contribute to flares.

• #1

  https://www.jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/view/2762

  Additionally, smoking has been shown to have adverse effects on the small intestine since the inhaled chemicals can break down the protective mucosal layer, leaving the epithelial cells in the intestine more susceptible to damage and inflammation. […] Crohns Disease has also been found in patients who have decreased biodiversity in the small intestine. […] Lastly, genetics have been shown to hold a significant link in the prevalence of Crohns Disease.

• #1 Crohn’s Disease | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Support | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/crohns-disease/

  Crohn’s disease affects 1 in every 650 people. The specific cause is unknown, but several factors are linked to the condition. Such factors include gut bacteria, lifestyle and diet. […] Genes play a part in the development of the disease. About one-fifth of people with Crohn’s disease will have a family member also affected. Changes in genes controlling the gut’s immune response to microbes are linked to Crohn’s disease development. […] Environmental factors have a significant impact on the development of Crohn’s disease. A westernised diet has an influence. This diet is low in fibre, fruit and vegetables and high in sugar and saturated fats. High intake of food additives such as emulsifiers may be a factor. Another contributor may be Vitamin D deficiency. This is more common in countries in the northern hemisphere. […] Weakened immune system functioning can contribute to the development of Crohn’s disease. This can be caused by stress. Smoking is another risk factor. The use of oral contraceptives is associated with an increased risk of development. All these possible causes need more research.

• #1 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/crohns-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOorZBPd59OVlDnclSKpUxvqPlNs1e0DAbIYsuEURY1PHGBvN0Xw4

  The cause of Crohns Disease is unknown, but researchers believe it could be due to an autoimmune reaction potentially triggered by gut microbes, and that genes could also play a role. […] In observational studies, a Western dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of developing Crohns disease, while dietary fiber, fruit, vegetable, and fish intake are associated with a reduced risk. […] Smoking may double the chances of developing Crohns disease, while other lifestyle factors such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and certain types of birth control pills may increase the risk, but only slightly.

• #1 Crohn’s Disease | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/crohnsdisease.html

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract. It can affect any part of your digestive tract, which runs from your mouth to your anus. But it usually affects your small intestine and the beginning of your large intestine. […] The cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. Researchers think that an autoimmune reaction may be one cause. An autoimmune reaction happens when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. Genetics may also play a role, since Crohn’s disease can run in families. […] Stress and eating certain foods don’t cause the disease, but they can make your symptoms worse. […] There are certain factors that may raise your risk of Crohn’s disease: Family history of the disease. Having a parent, child, or sibling with the disease puts you at higher risk. Smoking. This may double your risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Certain medicines, such as antibiotics, birth-control pills, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. These may slightly increase your chance of developing Crohn’s. A high-fat diet. This may also slightly increase your risk of Crohn’s.

• #1 Symptoms & Causes of Crohn’s Disease – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/symptoms-causes

  Crohns disease sometimes runs in families. Research has shown that if you have a parent or sibling with Crohns disease, you may be more likely to develop the disease. Experts continue to study the link between genes and Crohns disease. […] The microbes in your digestive tractincluding bacteria, viruses, and fungithat help with digestion are called the microbiome. Studies have found differences between the microbiomes of people who have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and those who dont. Researchers are still studying the relationship between the microbiome and IBD.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Crohns-Disease-Cause.aspx

  The immune system particularly produces a special antibody, known as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to kill all bacteria. These TNF antibodies cause most of the inflammation associated with Crohns disease. […] It has been seen that in some genetically susceptible individuals some previous or childhood infections lead to conditioning of the immune system and makes it react in an overwhelming manner. This leads to symptoms of Crohns disease. […] Those with Crohns disease are seven times more likely to have a previous infection of MAP. […] It has been seen that Crohns disease more commonly affects the westernized nations like UK and USA rather than poorer African countries. This brings to attention the environmental factors that may be responsible for this condition. […] The condition has also been recognized after the Second World War and was rare before that. This also points towards an environmental change that may be responsible for increased prevalence.

• #1 Crohn’s Disease Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis, Diet

  https://www.medicinenet.com/crohns_disease/article.htm

  There also have been studies that show that in the intestines of individuals with Crohn’s disease, there are higher levels of a certain type of bacterium, E. coli, which might play a role in the disease. […] A better understanding of the role of genetics and environmental factors in the cause of Crohn’s disease may lead to improved treatments and prevention of the disease.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Crohns-Disease-Cause.aspx

  Some scientists suggest that one of the reasons for this rise today, especially in the westernized nations, is that children grow up in increasingly germ-free environments making them less resistant or immune to infections. This is called the hygiene hypothesis. […] Another theory is the cold-chain hypothesis. This suggests that the increase in the number of cases of Crohns disease might be linked to the increased use of refrigerators. These theories are not proven. […] Smoking as such does not appear to cause Crohns disease. However, smokers have been found to be twice as likely to develop Crohns disease compared with non-smokers and they also have more severe symptoms compared to non-smokers.

• #1 What Is Crohn’s Disease? – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://guides.clarahealth.com/what-is-crohns/

  One theory, called the hygiene hypothesis, blames the improved sanitation practices of industrialized countries for their increased rates of IBD. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that reduced childhood exposure to pathogens creates a greater likelihood of immune hypersensitivity in later life. This theory is backed by data showing rising incidence rates of Crohns disease and other IBD causes in rapidly-developing countries across Asia, Africa and South America. […] Higher levels of air pollution have also been identified as a possible environmental risk factor for Crohns disease. Some studies suggest that elevated air pollution levels may trigger inflammatory responses, and could even change the composition of microbes in the gut. […] This theory is supported by the fact that higher rates of Crohns diseases (and other types of IBD) are observed in more heavily industrialized regions, where there are also higher levels of air pollution.

• #1 Pediatric Crohn’s Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-crohns-disease

  Crohns disease is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the intestines. It most often affects the end of the small bowel, or ileum, as well as the beginning of the colon. However, it can also affect other portions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The other primary IBD, ulcerative colitis, is found in the large intestine, or colon. […] There is no known cause of IBD, but family history increases the risk a child will develop Crohns or ulcerative colitis. The disease can occur in all ethnic groups, but whites and people of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish descent are at highest risk. […] Crohns is more common in urban, industrialized areas than it is in undeveloped countries. This suggests that a high-fat and refined-food diet may play a role. It is also more common in northern climates.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Crohns-Disease-Cause.aspx

  The exact cause of Crohns disease is unknown. There are, however, a combination of factors that are found to be associated with Crohns disease. […] Crohns disease usually runs in families. Around 3 people in 20 of those affected have a parent or a sibling affected with this condition. […] There are at present 32 identified different specific genetic mutations that are seen more commonly among the sufferers of Crohns disease. […] Some racial and ethnic groups are also more susceptible to this condition than others. For example, people of Jewish heritage have an increased risk of developing Crohns disease and those of African American descent have the lowest risk. This also suggests a genetic association. […] In Crohns disease the immune system goes into an overdrive attacking all microbes and cells in the intestines.

• #1 Crohn disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/crohn-disease

  Scientists are not sure what causes Crohn disease. Theories include a faulty immune system response triggered by bacteria or a virus; genetics (about a quarter of people who have Crohn disease also have a close relative with the disease) and a diet high in saturated fat and processed foods. Most likely, several factors are involved. […] Although diet cannot cause or cure Crohn disease, some studies suggest that people who eat foods high in saturated fat and sugar, or who eat a lot of processed foods may be more likely to develop the disease. Certain foods may also reduce symptoms and make recurrences of the disease less likely. […] Eating fruits and vegetables, lowering fat, and eliminating sugar may reduce the risk of developing Crohn disease. Although a low-fiber diet is one of the risk factors for developing Crohn disease, some people with Crohn disease find that fiber makes symptoms worse. If fiber bothers you, steam or bake your vegetables rather than eating them raw, and avoid high-fiber fruits, such as apples.

• #1

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/crohns-disease-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoqp3_p7o2i_JCxKhYYMPMIQqSPRCg2nvbjSDQ4n90spLOW2R9NI

  The exact cause of Crohn’s disease remains unknown, but research suggests that it results from a combination of factors. These include genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and an abnormal response of the immune system. […] Genetic factors seem to play a significant role in Crohn’s disease. Certain mutations in specific genes have been associated with a higher risk of developing the disease. However, not everyone with these genetic mutations will develop Crohn’s. This suggests that while genetic predisposition can increase the risk, it is not the sole cause of the disease. […] Environmental influences are another significant contributor to Crohn’s disease. Factors such as diet, smoking, stress, and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been linked to an increased risk for developing this condition.

• #2 Crohn Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436021/

  Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are distinct clinical entities collectively referred to as „inflammatory bowel disease” (IBD). These gastrointestinal conditions have an unclear etiology, although genetic, environmental, and immunologic influences have been implicated. […] IBD’s exact etiology is unknown. However, substantial evidence suggests that the condition may result from an inappropriate immune response to environmental antigens like drugs, toxins, infections, or intestinal microbes in a genetically susceptible host. Large-scale genome studies have identified over 200 IBD-associated genes and more than 71 Crohn disease susceptibility loci. […] Genetic variants are associated with certain Crohn disease phenotypes. For example, NOD2/CARD15 mutations have been detected in patients with Crohn disease presenting with ileal involvement and increased severity at a younger age. These individuals often require surgical intervention. Genotyping is expected to provide prognostic information on disease severity in the future. Currently, genetic testing remains mostly a research tool.

• #2 Symptoms & Causes of Crohn’s Disease – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/symptoms-causes

  Doctors arent sure what causes Crohns disease. Experts think the following factors may play a role in causing Crohns disease. […] One cause of Crohns disease may be an abnormal reaction of your bodys immune system, which happens when your immune system attacks bacteria that tend to live in your intestines. This immune system response causes inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to Crohns disease. Abnormal immune reactions can be triggered by the environment, genes, or the microbiome. […] Experts think a persons environmentthe place where someone lives, the conditions in which they live, and factors outside their bodymay play a role in causing Crohns disease. Researchers are still studying how peoples environments interact with genes, the immune system, and the microbiome to affect the chance of developing Crohns disease. For example, research has shown smoking may double your chance of developing Crohns disease.

• #2 Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence | Biology Direct | Full Text

  https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13062-020-00280-5

  Chrons Disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease, first described at the beginning of the last century. […] Pathogenesis results from the interactions of environmental factors, immune system, susceptibility genes and hosts microbiome changes, leading to disruption of the intestinal mucosa. […] The role of inflammatory cells in maintaining an active disease is well known and most of the therapies aim to stop the cascade of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. […] Crohns disease pathogenesis is based on tissue inflammation, caused by an unrestrainable immune response against luminal bacterial antigens. […] Part of the immune-mediated susceptivity to CD resides in some innate mechanisms of defense form infectious diseases and the intestinal mucus secretion is part of those.

• #2 Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence | Biology Direct | Full Text

  https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13062-020-00280-5

  It has been shown that variants of the Muc2 gene reducing mucus production are associated to CD in a mouse model. […] Moreover, molecules that are mediating bacterial adhesion have been correlated to the disease. […] The pathogenesis is also sustained by the interaction of these cells with integrins, adhesion molecules and multiple chemokines, responsible for the production of elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, representing the target of immune and non-immune cells and the promotion of mucosal inflammation. […] The most pronounced alteration is the hyperactivity of T cells with excessive production of cytokines, between which IL-12 and IFN-, promoting a TH1 lymphocytic phenotype, opposed to the TH2 one, correlating to ulcerative colitis. […] The inhibition of the effector cytokines, like TNF-, attenuates the detrimental effects in subsets of CD patients.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/crohns-disease

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic (long-term) illness in which the intestine (bowel) becomes inflamed and ulcerated (marked with sores). […] The cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. It is believed that many factors cause an abnormal response of the immune system in the gastrointestinal tract. […] Genetics (heredity) has been found to play a role in the disease process. First-degree relatives (mother, father, sister, or brother) of patients with IBD are about three to 20 times more likely to develop the disease than the general population. Having a sibling with Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of having the disease by 30 times compared with the general population. Children who have one parent with Crohn’s disease, and Jewish people of European descent, also have a greater risk of developing the disease.

• #2 Crohn’s disease: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/crohns-disease/

  Crohn’s disease is a complex, long-lasting (chronic) disorder that primarily affects the digestive system. This condition involves an abnormal immune response that causes excess inflammation. […] The causes of Crohn’s disease are complex. This condition results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, many of which are unknown. […] Many of the major genes related to Crohn’s disease, including NOD2, ATG16L1, IL23R, and IRGM, are involved in immune system function. […] Environmental and lifestyle factors likely have a large impact on Crohn’s disease risk. Studies have found that cigarette smoking doubles the likelihood of developing this disease, and it may also play a role in periodic flare-ups of signs and symptoms.

• #2 What causes Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)? | UNC Multidisciplinary Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/gi/ibd/what-causes-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/

  Despite numerous studies, the actual cause of the inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. It is likely, however, that these chronically recurring episodes of inflammation in the human bowel are related to a complex interaction between various environmental factors and a hereditary predisposition for these diseases. […] To date, changes in multiple genes (nearly 40) have been discovered that play a greater or lesser role in the development of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. The most important of these changes of the genetic material in patients with Crohns disease was identified by scientists in 2001. They showed that changes (mutations) in the so-called NOD2/CARD15 gene significantly increase the risk of developing Crohns disease. Such changes appear to be at least partially responsible in about 20% of all Crohns patients for the occurrence of this disease.

• #2 What Is Crohn’s Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/crohns-disease/guide/

  Crohn’s disease is more common in developed countries than developing ones. It’s also more common in urban than in rural areas. […] Smokers are about twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop Crohn’s disease, according to the NIDDK. […] Certain drugs such as antibiotics, birth control pills, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may slightly raise your risk of Crohn’s disease.

• #2 What Causes Crohn’s Disease? Genetics, Risk Factors, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/causes

  The main characteristic of Crohns disease is chronic inflammation, which may be due to an overactive immune system attacking the body and failing to shut off. […] The cause of an overactive immune system is unclear, but it may start as a normal immune response to an outside invasion by a foreign body, such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites. […] Another theory is that changes in the gut microbiome or the permeability of the intestine may disrupt the lining of the intestine, leading to inflammation. This inflammation may then lead to additional damage to the lining of the intestine, which would perpetuate the immune response. […] Crohns disease is more common in industrialized nations, urban areas, and Northern climates, according to the Crohns and Colitis Foundation. […] A 2019 literature review suggests the following risk factors have been associated with the development of Crohns disease or causing symptom flare-ups: smoking, having previously had an appendectomy, eating certain foods, such as preserved meats, alcohol, high saturated fats, and refined sugars, having certain dietary deficiencies, such as vitamin D and zinc deficiencies, taking certain medications, such as antibiotics and NSAIDs, having certain mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, living a sedentary lifestyle.

• #2

  https://www.jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/view/2762

  Crohns Disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the small intestine. The causes of Crohns Disease are not fully known, but research has shown that the main causes are an immune response due to the overproduction of signaling molecules, environmental factors and lifestyle, and a persons genetics/microbial environment. […] A hyper-inflammatory immune response causing immune cells to attack intestinal epithelial cells due to the overproduction of cytokines can result in discomfort for the patient and can even cause perforations in the intestinal epithelial layer. […] There has also been work that shows a correlation between a persons diet and the development of Crohns Disease. […] Diets containing high levels of fat and sugar have been shown to negatively affect the small intestine, whereas diets high in fiber have prompted protective effects against Crohns Disease.

• #2 What causes Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)? | UNC Multidisciplinary Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/gi/ibd/what-causes-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/

  On the other hand, it is clear that this hereditary predisposition alone cannot lead to the outbreak of disease: this requires the presence of further, as yet unidentified factors. Changes in the NOD2/CARD15 gene are found in about 4% of individuals, who do not develop this disease. This means that genetic predisposition requires the action of other, still unknown factors in order for an affected individual to actually develop the disease. These factors may include viruses or bacteria, changes in nutritional behavior or the consumption of certain preservatives or other food additives, as well as disturbances of the bodys own immune defense system or the intestinal barrier. […] It is, however, very probable that environmental factors play a role. Crohns disease, for example, is much more common in Western industrial nations than in other regions of the world. […] The role of psychological factors remains controversial. While psychic stress may, under certain circumstances, provoke an acute flare-up of an existing disease, it is not the underlying cause of inflammatory bowel disease.

• #2 Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence | Biology Direct | Full Text

  https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13062-020-00280-5

  Furthermore, the expression of the interleukins, a subgroup of cytokines implicated in the enhanced or inhibition of other cytokines in many different regulatory pathways such as maturation, growth and responsiveness of immune cells population, is to be considered anomalous in CD patients. […] Gut microbiota also plays a recognized role in designing the inflammatory response in IBD and especially in CD. […] The inflammation is generally transmural and, on pathology examination, granulomas may be identified on biopsies, with a discontinuous distribution along the longitudinal axis. […] The same factors that underline the pathogenesis of CD at its first stages are thought to be responsible for post-operative recurrence (POR) setting, being the result of interplay of microbial, environmental, immunological and genetic variables.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/crohns-disease

  Researchers have identified more than 200 genetic variations that affect your risk of developing Crohns. Many of these changes are in genes that control the immune system. Changes in these genes may alter the immune systems response to bacteria in the gut. Combined with other genetic and environmental factors, these changes can lead to ongoing inflammation. […] In Crohns, something goes wrong with the immune system. Research suggests that in Crohns the protective gut barrier is faulty. The gut barrier allows important nutrients into the gut and keeps harmful substances out. Without this layer of protection, the immune system starts attacking certain bacteria or viruses that live in the gut. This causes inflammation. […] The gut microbiome, sometimes called the gut microbiota or gut flora, is the natural bacteria, viruses and fungi that live in your gut. It is thought that in people with Crohns, there may be an imbalance of good and bad bacteria in the bowel. […] A range of factors in the environment may increase the risk of Crohns. These include: Smoking, Viruses, Taking medicines such as some antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, known as NSAIDs. But theres no definite evidence that any one of these factors is the cause of Crohns.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease Symptoms & Treatment | CU Urogynecology | Denver

  https://urogyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/conditions/colon-bowel/crohns-disease.html

  Bacteria linked to Crohns includes Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. This bacteria causes a similar condition in cattle. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. These include naproxen sodium (Aleve), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, etc.), diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and others. While these do not cause the disease, they can lead to inflammation of the bowel making the disease worse.

• #2 What Is Crohn’s Disease? – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://guides.clarahealth.com/what-is-crohns/

  One theory, called the hygiene hypothesis, blames the improved sanitation practices of industrialized countries for their increased rates of IBD. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that reduced childhood exposure to pathogens creates a greater likelihood of immune hypersensitivity in later life. This theory is backed by data showing rising incidence rates of Crohns disease and other IBD causes in rapidly-developing countries across Asia, Africa and South America. […] Higher levels of air pollution have also been identified as a possible environmental risk factor for Crohns disease. Some studies suggest that elevated air pollution levels may trigger inflammatory responses, and could even change the composition of microbes in the gut. […] This theory is supported by the fact that higher rates of Crohns diseases (and other types of IBD) are observed in more heavily industrialized regions, where there are also higher levels of air pollution.

• #2 What Causes Crohn’s Disease? Genetics, Immune System Problems, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/crohns-disease-causes

  Although there are many theories about what causes Crohn’s disease, none of them have been proven. […] Scientists believe that Crohn’s disease is caused by a combination of these factors: Immune system problems, Genetics, Environmental factors, Derangement of the gut microbiome. […] Scientists have linked immune system problems to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s. […] For some reason, though, people with Crohn’s disease have an immune system that reacts inappropriately. […] Brothers, sisters, children, and parents of persons with IBD, including Crohn’s disease, are slightly more likely to develop the disease themselves. […] Scientists have identified a gene associated with Crohn’s disease. […] Environmental factors may help trigger Crohn’s disease. […] Environmental factors may contribute to Crohn’s disease in one of these two ways: They may trigger an immune system response. Once started, the response cannot stop. […] The factors involved in causing Crohn’s disease are complex.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/inflammatory-bowel-disease/crohns-disease

  Age can be a factor as well; although people can develop Crohns at any age, its more common in people age 15-35 and 50-80. […] […] Environmental triggers may also play a role in Crohns disease. Lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, stress, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, depression, and certain foods such as those high in fat or sugar may trigger it. Some people find that alcohol, fried food, hot or spicy foods, caffeinated beverages, and other environmental factors are triggers.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/inflammatory-bowel-disease/crohns-disease

  What Causes Crohns Disease? […] Crohns disease is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the body. There is no known cause of Crohns disease and research is ongoing. […] However, some risk factors may increase the risk of developing Crohns disease as well as trigger flare-ups, including: […] Immune system response to viruses and bacterial infections can cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. This may lead to Crohns disease and trigger flare-ups. […] […] Genetic factors, such as a family medical history of Crohns, appear to make someone more likely to develop the disease. The risk is substantially higher in people whose parents both have Crohns. […] […] Ethnicity can play a role in who is more likely to develop Crohns. People of Eastern European backgrounds, including Jews of European descent, may be more likely to have the disease. In recent years, there have been more reports of African Americans with Crohns. […]

• #2 Crohn’s Disease Symptoms & Treatment | CU Urogynecology | Denver

  https://urogyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/conditions/colon-bowel/crohns-disease.html

  The cause of Crohns disease is unknown. Risk factors for getting it include the following. […] Crohns is more common in people who have family members with the disease. As many as 1 in 5 people who have it also have a close relative with Crohns disease. […] The condition is more likely to develop in adolescents. Most people are diagnosed before they are 30 years old. […] White people are at the highest risk of developing Crohns disease, especially those of Eastern European Jewish descent. Incidents of the disease are increasing among blacks who live in the United Kingdom and North America. […] Smoking is the most important controllable risk factor. Smoking can lead to more severe symptoms. […] People in urban areas or industrialized countries are more likely to develop Crohns disease. This suggests that environmental factors may play a role.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/crohnsdisease.html

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract. It can affect any part of your digestive tract, which runs from your mouth to your anus. But it usually affects your small intestine and the beginning of your large intestine. […] The cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. Researchers think that an autoimmune reaction may be one cause. An autoimmune reaction happens when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body. Genetics may also play a role, since Crohn’s disease can run in families. […] Stress and eating certain foods don’t cause the disease, but they can make your symptoms worse. […] There are certain factors that may raise your risk of Crohn’s disease: Family history of the disease. Having a parent, child, or sibling with the disease puts you at higher risk. Smoking. This may double your risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Certain medicines, such as antibiotics, birth-control pills, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. These may slightly increase your chance of developing Crohn’s. A high-fat diet. This may also slightly increase your risk of Crohn’s.

• #2 Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/crohns-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOorZBPd59OVlDnclSKpUxvqPlNs1e0DAbIYsuEURY1PHGBvN0Xw4

  The cause of Crohns Disease is unknown, but researchers believe it could be due to an autoimmune reaction potentially triggered by gut microbes, and that genes could also play a role. […] In observational studies, a Western dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of developing Crohns disease, while dietary fiber, fruit, vegetable, and fish intake are associated with a reduced risk. […] Smoking may double the chances of developing Crohns disease, while other lifestyle factors such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and certain types of birth control pills may increase the risk, but only slightly.

• #2 Crohn’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease

  The genetic data, and direct assessment of immunity, indicates a malfunction in the innate immune system. […] There is an apparent connection between Crohn’s disease, Mycobacterium, other pathogenic bacteria, and genetic markers. […] A number of studies have suggested a causal role for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes a similar disease, Johne’s disease, in cattle. […] It is hypothesized that maintenance of commensal microorganism growth in the GI tract is dysregulated, either as a result or cause of immune dysregulation. […] The increased incidence of Crohn’s disease in the industrialized world indicates an environmental component. […] Smoking increases the risk of the return of active disease (flares). […] The introduction of hormonal contraception in the United States in the 1960s is associated with a dramatic increase in incidence, and one hypothesis is that these drugs work on the digestive system in ways similar to smoking.

• #2 Understanding the Causes of Crohn’s Disease

  https://www.entyvio.com/understanding-crohns-disease

  The true causes of Crohn’s are not completely understood. What we do know is that if you or a close relative have the disease, your family members may be at an increased chance of Crohn’s. Researchers believe that a combination of hereditary, genetic, and/or environmental factors may contribute to the development of Crohn’s. […] Diet and stress may aggravate Crohn’s, but they do not cause the disease on their own. […] Crohn’s is the result of an abnormal immune system response, during which your body mistakes certain bacteria and other materials in the intestine for foreign or invading substances. It then sends white blood cells into the intestines, where they create inflammation. Normally, this would cause a temporary inflammation that would resolve itself. But with Crohn’s, researchers believe that once your immune system is „turned on,” it doesn’t know how to „properly turn off.” As a result, chronic inflammation damages the intestine and causes the symptoms of Crohn’s.

• #2 What causes Crohns disease? | Action Medical Research

  https://action.org.uk/research/what-causes-crohns-disease

  Overall, it is increasingly clear from this project that Crohns disease occurs due to specific genetic or environmental causes that are likely to be individual to each child, or family, says Dr James Ashton of the University of Southampton. […] A lack of understanding of what causes Crohns disease is hindering efforts to develop better treatments and use the treatments we have effectively, says Dr Ashton. […] No-one knows exactly what causes the condition, but its thought that a combination of genetic and environmental factors are involved. […] Dr Ashton is studying the role the microbiome plays in triggering disease. The microbiome is the community of bacteria that live in the gut. He is also assessing how this community of bacteria might interact with two other factors to cause disease. One is the childrens genetic susceptibility to developing Crohns disease (which depends on which genes they have). The other is the activity of the childrens immune system (which can change if genes are turned on or turned off).

• #3 Crohn’s Disease – Symptoms, Causes, Complications & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/crohn-s-disease-symptoms-types-causes-complications-prevention

  Crohn’s disease, a category of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has a complex genetic and environmental basis, but its precise cause is still idiopathic (unknown). The disease appears to be caused by an inappropriate intestine’s immune system to medications, toxins, infections, or intestinal bacteria in a genetically susceptible host. However, the likelihood of having the disorder may be higher with the following risk factors: […] Over a hundred genes connected to IBD have been found with a genetic link with Crohn’s disease, particularly the NOD2/CARD15 mutations. These mutations are associated with ileal (last part of the small intestine) involvement, greater severity of ileal illness necessitating surgical intervention / reoperation, and diagnosis at a younger age. […] The rising frequency of Crohn’s disease in India may be related to the combination of dietary, genetic and environmental factors. Overall, the incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease in the Asia-Pacific area are reported to be lower than those in North America or Europe.

• #3 Crohn’s Disease Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/crohns-disease/causes-and-diagnoses

  While the exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown, the disease process is well understood. It is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks healthy tissue in response to bacteria that are normally present to aid in digestion. The immune response creates chronic inflammation that leads to ulcers and thickening of the lining of the digestive system. […] Recent research has shown that several factors are involved: […] Crohn’s disease is found more frequently in developed countries, urban areas and cooler climates. […] A family member of someone with Crohn’s disease is significantly more likely to develop the condition. […] Crohn’s disease is most common among people of east European descent, including Ashkenazi Jews. The rate of Crohn’s disease is increasing in African-American populations. […] While not a cause, stress may aggravate Crohn’s symptoms. […] Certain foods may trigger symptoms in some individuals.

• #3 Pediatric Crohn’s Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-crohns-disease

  Crohns disease is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the intestines. It most often affects the end of the small bowel, or ileum, as well as the beginning of the colon. However, it can also affect other portions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The other primary IBD, ulcerative colitis, is found in the large intestine, or colon. […] There is no known cause of IBD, but family history increases the risk a child will develop Crohns or ulcerative colitis. The disease can occur in all ethnic groups, but whites and people of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish descent are at highest risk. […] Crohns is more common in urban, industrialized areas than it is in undeveloped countries. This suggests that a high-fat and refined-food diet may play a role. It is also more common in northern climates.

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