Ból głowy przy kaszlu
Epidemiologia

Ból głowy przy kaszlu (cough headache) występuje z częstością około 1% w populacji ogólnej, stanowiąc 0,4-1,5% wszystkich konsultacji neurologicznych z powodu bólu głowy. W populacji pacjentów z przewlekłym kaszlem częstość ta wzrasta do około 18%. Schorzenie to wykazuje wyraźną przewagę u mężczyzn, najczęściej pojawia się po 31. roku życia, rzadko przed 50. rokiem życia, a u dzieci jest niezwykle rzadkie. Wyróżnia się dwa typy bólu głowy przy kaszlu: pierwotny, bez identyfikowalnej przyczyny organicznej, oraz wtórny, związany z patologiami mózgu lub struktur w okolicy tylnego dołu czaszki, najczęściej malformacją Chiariego typu I. Proporcje pierwotnego do wtórnego bólu głowy przy kaszlu różnią się w badaniach, wahając się od 41,2% do 89,2% dla bólu pierwotnego. Ze względu na brak jednoznacznych cech klinicznych różnicujących oba typy, u każdego pacjenta wskazane są badania neuroobrazowe.

  1. Epidemiologia bólu głowy przy kaszlu
    1. Rozkład demograficzny
    2. Pierwotny vs wtórny ból głowy przy kaszlu
  2. Czynniki ryzyka i rokowanie
    1. Ból głowy przy kaszlu w kontekście COVID-19
  3. Porównanie z innymi bólami głowy o charakterze wysiłkowym
    1. Miejsce bólu głowy przy kaszlu w ogólnej epidemiologii bólów głowy
  4. Znaczenie dla nadzoru i praktyki klinicznej
  5. Podsumowanie danych epidemiologicznych
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia bólu głowy przy kaszlu

Ból głowy przy kaszlu (ang. cough headache) jest stanem, którego częstość występowania w populacji ogólnej waha się w zależności od badanej grupy i zastosowanych kryteriów diagnostycznych. Badania populacyjne wskazują, że pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu ma częstość występowania w ciągu życia na poziomie około 1%12. W kontekście wszystkich bólów głowy, ból głowy przy kaszlu stanowi stosunkowo niewielki odsetek – około 1,5% wszystkich konsultacji neurologicznych z powodu bólu głowy34, a według niektórych źródeł zaledwie 0,4% wszystkich bólów głowy konsultowanych w oddziałach neurologicznych56.

Interesujące jest to, że częstość występowania bólu głowy przy kaszlu znacząco wzrasta w populacji pacjentów z kaszlem. Badanie przeprowadzone w chińskiej klinice chorób układu oddechowego wykazało, że wśród pacjentów z kaszlem częstość występowania bólu głowy związanego z kaszlem wyniosła aż 18%78. Jest to znacznie wyższy wskaźnik niż w ogólnej populacji, co wskazuje na istotną zależność między przewlekłym kaszlem a bólem głowy.

Rozkład demograficzny

Badania epidemiologiczne wykazały, że pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu charakteryzuje się wyraźną przewagą występowania u mężczyzn910, co odróżnia go od wielu innych pierwotnych bólów głowy, takich jak migrena, która częściej dotyka kobiety. W badaniu obejmującym 83 kolejnych pacjentów z bólem głowy przy kaszlu (1,2% spośród 7100 pacjentów w klinice bólu głowy), stosunek mężczyzn do kobiet wynosił 59:24 (średni wiek 61,5 ± 17,7 lat)11.

Jeśli chodzi o wiek, ból głowy przy kaszlu zazwyczaj nie pojawia się przed piątą dekadą życia12, choć badanie z chińskiej kliniki oddechowej wskazało, że wiek między 31 a 50 rokiem życia jest czynnikiem ryzyka tego typu bólu głowy1314. U dzieci bóle głowy związane z kaszlem są niezwykle rzadkie1516.

Pierwotny vs wtórny ból głowy przy kaszlu

W klasyfikacji bólów głowy przy kaszlu wyróżnia się dwa główne typy: pierwotny oraz wtórny ból głowy przy kaszlu17. Pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu nie ma identyfikowalnej przyczyny organicznej, podczas gdy wtórny ból głowy przy kaszlu jest spowodowany problemami z mózgiem lub strukturami w pobliżu mózgu i kręgosłupa, co może wymagać leczenia chirurgicznego18.

Dane dotyczące proporcji pierwotnego do wtórnego bólu głowy przy kaszlu różnią się w zależności od badania. W jednym z badań prospektywnych wykazano, że spośród 68 pacjentów, 28 (41,2%) miało pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu, podczas gdy pozostałych 40 (58,8%) miało wtórny ból głowy przy kaszlu, zazwyczaj związany ze strukturalnymi zmianami w tylnym dole czaszki, najczęściej malformacją Chiariego typu I19. Z kolei inne badanie wykazało, że większość pacjentów nie miała istotnych zmian w mózgu (89,2%, grupa pierwotna), podczas gdy tylko u 10,8% stwierdzono zmiany wtórne20.

Co istotne, cechy kliniczne, badania neurologiczne i odpowiedź na leki nie pozwalają bezpiecznie odróżnić pierwotnego od wtórnego bólu głowy przy kaszlu, dlatego badania neuroobrazowe są wymagane u każdego pacjenta21.

Czynniki ryzyka i rokowanie

Badania wykazały kilka istotnych czynników ryzyka dla rozwoju bólu głowy przy kaszlu. Najważniejszymi z nich są:

  • Wiek między 31 a 50 rokiem życia2223
  • Nasilenie kaszlu – większe nasilenie kaszlu koreluje z większym ryzykiem wystąpienia bólu głowy2425
  • Płeć męska – pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu częściej występuje u mężczyzn2627
  • Ciasnota w tylnym dole czaszki – badania morfometryczne MRI sugerują, że ciasnota w tylnym dole czaszki może być czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do patogenezy tego zespołu bólowego28

Co interesujące, w przypadku bólu głowy przy kaszlu, nasilenie bólu głowy jest związane z nasileniem kaszlu, wiekiem pacjenta oraz czasem trwania bólu głowy29.

W odniesieniu do rokowania, długoterminowa obserwacja pacjentów z pierwotnym bólem głowy przy kaszlu daje stosunkowo optymistyczne wyniki. W jednym z badań, przy średnim okresie obserwacji wynoszącym 51,4 miesiąca, u 83,9% pacjentów z pierwotnym bólem głowy przy kaszlu doszło do całkowitej remisji30. Mimo że dane epidemiologiczne wskazują na częstość występowania na poziomie 1%, opublikowane kohorty pacjentów z bólem głowy przy kaszlu pozostają niewielkie. Przypuszcza się, że wynika to z faktu, że zaburzenie to ma tendencję do samoograniczania się, a remisje są przedłużone31.

Ból głowy przy kaszlu w kontekście COVID-19

W kontekście pandemii COVID-19 zaobserwowano interesujący wzrost częstości bólów głowy, w tym tych związanych z kaszlem. Badania wykazały, że ból głowy występuje u 47,1% (95% CI 35,8-58,6%) pacjentów w ostrej fazie COVID-1932. Częstość bólu głowy różni się w zależności od nasilenia COVID-19, z wyższą częstością występowania u pacjentów ambulatoryjnych w porównaniu do pacjentów hospitalizowanych33.

Szczególnie interesujący jest fakt, że ból głowy wywołany kaszlem obserwowano z częstością 2-16% u pacjentów z COVID-1934. Jest to ważna obserwacja, ponieważ kaszel jest jednym z głównych objawów COVID-19, a mechanizm wyzwalania bólu głowy przez kaszel może odgrywać istotną rolę w patofizjologii bólów głowy związanych z tą chorobą.

Co więcej, ból głowy utrzymuje się poza ostrą fazą u 6-45% pacjentów, choć częstość występowania bólu głowy może zmniejszać się z czasem. Przegląd systematyczny wykazał, że ból głowy utrzymywał się do 60 dni u 16,5%, 90 dni u 10,6% i 180 dni u 8,4% pacjentów po przebytym COVID-1935.

Porównanie z innymi bólami głowy o charakterze wysiłkowym

Ból głowy przy kaszlu należy do szerszej kategorii bólów głowy wywołanych wysiłkiem, które obejmują również pierwotny ból głowy wysiłkowy oraz pierwotny ból głowy związany z aktywnością seksualną. Te trzy typy bólów głowy są ujęte w grupie „Innych pierwotnych bólów głowy” (Grupa 4) w Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Bólów Głowy, wydanie 2 (ICHD-II)36.

Bóle głowy wywołane kaszlem, wysiłkiem i aktywnością seksualną mają różne rozkłady wiekowe, ale dzielą pewne cechy kliniczne i patogenetyczne37. Są to odrębne jednostki, mimo że łączą je pewne cechy: ostry początek, brak strukturalnej choroby mózgu oraz czynniki wysiłkowe jako wydarzenia wyzwalające38.

Jeśli chodzi o częstość występowania, dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że:

  • Pierwotny ból głowy wysiłkowy ma zgłaszaną częstość występowania od 1% do nawet 30,4% w zależności od badanej populacji39. W badaniu epidemiologicznym w Norwegii obejmującym 1838 uczestników, 12,3% zgłosiło ból głowy związany z wysiłkiem; w badaniu 1963 nastolatków w wieku od 13 do 15 lat na Tajwanie częstość występowania bólu głowy wysiłkowego wynosiła aż 30,4%40.
  • Pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu, jak już wspomniano, ma częstość występowania w ciągu życia na poziomie około 1%41.

Wcześniejsze badania dotyczące pierwotnego bólu głowy wysiłkowego sugerowały, że występuje on częściej u mężczyzn, jednak nowsze badania wykazują przeciwne dowody42. Natomiast pierwotny ból głowy przy kaszlu konsekwentnie wykazuje przewagę u mężczyzn43.

Miejsce bólu głowy przy kaszlu w ogólnej epidemiologii bólów głowy

Aby zrozumieć znaczenie bólu głowy przy kaszlu w szerszym kontekście epidemiologicznym, warto spojrzeć na ogólną częstość występowania różnych typów bólów głowy. Przeglądy literatury epidemiologicznej wskazują, że około 64-77% dorosłych doświadczyło bólu głowy w pewnym momencie swojego życia. W ciągu każdego roku średnio 46-53% osób doświadcza bólów głowy44.

Według badań nad częstością występowania bólów głowy w ciągu życia, kolejność od najczęstszych do najrzadszych jest następująca:

  • Pierwotne i wtórne bóle głowy typu napięciowego (najczęstsze – podawane dane zbliżają się do 100% częstości występowania w ciągu życia)
  • Ból głowy wynikający z zakażenia układowego (63%)
  • Migrena (16%)
  • Ból głowy po urazie głowy (4%)
  • Ból głowy wysiłkowy (1%)
  • Zaburzenia naczyniowe (1%)
  • Krwotok podpajęczynówkowy (1%)
  • Guzy mózgu (0,1%)45

Dane te pokazują, że ból głowy przy kaszlu, który ma częstość występowania w ciągu życia na poziomie około 1%, jest stosunkowo rzadkim typem bólu głowy w porównaniu do bólów głowy typu napięciowego czy migren. Ponad 90% bólów głowy to bóle pierwotne, z których większość stanowią bóle głowy typu napięciowego46.

Znaczenie dla nadzoru i praktyki klinicznej

Pomimo stosunkowo niskiej częstości występowania, ból głowy przy kaszlu stanowi istotne wyzwanie diagnostyczne, szczególnie w kontekście rozróżnienia między pierwotnym a wtórnym bólem głowy przy kaszlu. Jest to kluczowe, ponieważ wtórny ból głowy przy kaszlu może być objawem poważnej patologii wewnątrzczaszkowej, takiej jak malformacja Chiariego typu I47.

W praktyce klinicznej istotne jest, że:

  • Bóle głowy wywołane kaszlem są stosunkowo rzadkie w populacji ogólnej, ale częste wśród pacjentów z przewlekłym kaszlem4849
  • Ból głowy wywołany kaszlem powinien być zawsze dokładnie zbadany, szczególnie gdy ma nagły początek, ponieważ może być sygnałem alarmowym wskazującym na wtórne bóle głowy5051
  • Badania neuroobrazowe są bezwzględnie wskazane u każdego pacjenta z bólem głowy przy kaszlu, nawet przy prawidłowym badaniu neurologicznym, w celu wykluczenia wtórnych bólów głowy525354

W kontekście nadzoru epidemiologicznego, ból głowy przy kaszlu może być markerem dla szerszych problemów zdrowotnych. Na przykład, zaobserwowano możliwy związek między bólem głowy przy kaszlu a niewydolnością zastawki żyły szyjnej wewnętrznej, co może być czynnikiem związanym z patogenezą pierwotnego bólu głowy przy kaszlu5556.

Warto również zwrócić uwagę na długie opóźnienie w diagnostyce zgłaszane przez pacjentów z bólami głowy, w tym bólami głowy przy kaszlu. Według badań, tylko 25% pacjentów z bólami głowy klastrowych jest prawidłowo zdiagnozowanych w ciągu jednego roku od wystąpienia objawów, a ponad 40% zgłasza opóźnienie w diagnozie wynoszące pięć lat lub dłużej57. Podobna sytuacja może dotyczyć pacjentów z bólem głowy przy kaszlu, co podkreśla potrzebę zwiększenia świadomości na temat tego stanu wśród lekarzy pierwszego kontaktu i specjalistów.

Podsumowanie danych epidemiologicznych

Podsumowując dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące bólu głowy przy kaszlu:

  • Częstość występowania w ciągu życia: około 1% w populacji ogólnej5859
  • Częstość wśród pacjentów z kaszlem: około 18%6061
  • Odsetek wszystkich konsultacji neurologicznych z powodu bólu głowy: 0,4-1,5%626364
  • Proporcja pierwotnego do wtórnego bólu głowy przy kaszlu: wyniki badań wahają się od 41,2%:58,8%65 do 89,2%:10,8%66
  • Przewaga płci: częściej u mężczyzn6768
  • Główne grupy wiekowe: rzadko przed 50. rokiem życia69, choć wiek 31-50 lat zidentyfikowano jako czynnik ryzyka7071
  • Rokowanie: u 83,9% pacjentów z pierwotnym bólem głowy przy kaszlu dochodzi do całkowitej remisji w ciągu średnio 51,4 miesiąca72

Te dane epidemiologiczne podkreślają, że choć ból głowy przy kaszlu jest stosunkowo rzadkim typem bólu głowy, stanowi istotne wyzwanie diagnostyczne wymagające dokładnej oceny klinicznej i badań neuroobrazowych w celu wykluczenia poważnych patologii wewnątrzczaszkowych.

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #2 Primary Cough Headache Associated with Jugular Insufficiency: Report of Two Cases
    https://ijms.info/IJMS/article/download/1619/2052?inline=1
    Insufficiency of the internal jugular valve is a scarcely found etiology in the literature for the cough headache, which can be associated with other vascular disorders. […] The two case reports help to broaden the discussion on the possible association between primary cough headache and insufficiency of the internal jugular vein system, although the correlation between those two pathologies is still being debated. […] Primary cough headache (PCH) has a prevalence in the general population of 1%, more frequent in males, usually self-limited and with prolonged remissions. […] The association of insufficiency of the internal jugular valve with PCH is rarely described. […] According to some authors, the associated jugular venous insufficiency could be a factor related to the pathogenesis of PCH, although some also have suggested that this entity could be considered a secondary headache when venous insufficiency is demonstrated.
  • #3 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Headaches provoked by cough, prolonged physical exercise and sexual activity have not been studied prospectively, clinically and neuroradiologically. […] A total of 6,412 patients consulted due to headache during the 10 years of the study. The number of patients who had consulted due to any of these headaches is 97 (1.5% of all headaches). […] A total of 28 patients (41.2%) out of 68 were diagnosed of primary cough headache, while the remaining 40 (58.8%) had secondary cough headache, always due to structural lesions in the posterior fossa, which in most cases was a Chiari type I malformation. […] The epidemiology of provoked headaches is unknown. Available data have shown that the prevalence of cough headache and headache related to prolonged physical exercise ranges from 0 to 2% in the general population.
  • #4 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Our data confirm that these headaches are infrequent, accounting for 1.5% of consultations due to headache in a Department of Neurology. […] At least in terms of consultation, cough headache is the most frequent, accounting for 70% of provoked headaches. Sixty percent of cough headache cases were symptomatic to posterior fossa lesions.
  • #5
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-005-0036-1
    Primary cough headache is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting our Neurology Department. […] Primary cough headache is a sudden-onset headache that usually lasts from 1 second to 30 minutes, tends to be bilateral and posterior, does not begin earlier than the fifth decade of life, is more frequent in men, is not accompanied by other neurologic manifestations, and responds to indomethacin. […] These clinical characteristics allow its differential diagnosis from other entities, even though a craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging study is mandatory to rule out posterior fossa lesions, especially Chiari type-I malformation. […] Chen YY, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, et al.: Primary cough headache is associated with posterior fossa crowdedness: a morphometric MRI study. Using MRI, these authors studied 14 cases with primary cough headache showing a crowded posterior cranial fossa, which may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this headache syndrome.
  • #6 Short lasting activity-related headaches with sudden onset in children: a case-based reasoning on classification and diagnosis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1129-2377-14-3
    Short lasting headaches related to activity or cough are rare, particularly in childhood, and can be difficult to diagnose, especially in young children who are not able to describe their symptoms. […] Primary cough headache and primary exertional headache, included respectively in paragraph 4.2 and 4.3 of the current International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II, 2004) are rare in adults, but especially in children. […] Activity-related headaches can be brought on by Valsalva maneuvers (cough headache) or prolonged exercise (exertional headache). These headaches account overall for 1-2% of the consultations due to headache in a general neurological Department for adults, while in children they are very rare. […] Primary cough headache (PCH) is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting a Neurology Department, and predominantly affects male patients older than 40 years of age; its pathophysiology is unknown.
  • #7 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #8 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #9
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #10 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #11 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.
  • #12
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-005-0036-1
    Primary cough headache is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting our Neurology Department. […] Primary cough headache is a sudden-onset headache that usually lasts from 1 second to 30 minutes, tends to be bilateral and posterior, does not begin earlier than the fifth decade of life, is more frequent in men, is not accompanied by other neurologic manifestations, and responds to indomethacin. […] These clinical characteristics allow its differential diagnosis from other entities, even though a craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging study is mandatory to rule out posterior fossa lesions, especially Chiari type-I malformation. […] Chen YY, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, et al.: Primary cough headache is associated with posterior fossa crowdedness: a morphometric MRI study. Using MRI, these authors studied 14 cases with primary cough headache showing a crowded posterior cranial fossa, which may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this headache syndrome.
  • #13 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #14 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #15 Short lasting activity-related headaches with sudden onset in children: a case-based reasoning on classification and diagnosis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1129-2377-14-3
    Short lasting headaches related to activity or cough are rare, particularly in childhood, and can be difficult to diagnose, especially in young children who are not able to describe their symptoms. […] Primary cough headache and primary exertional headache, included respectively in paragraph 4.2 and 4.3 of the current International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II, 2004) are rare in adults, but especially in children. […] Activity-related headaches can be brought on by Valsalva maneuvers (cough headache) or prolonged exercise (exertional headache). These headaches account overall for 1-2% of the consultations due to headache in a general neurological Department for adults, while in children they are very rare. […] Primary cough headache (PCH) is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting a Neurology Department, and predominantly affects male patients older than 40 years of age; its pathophysiology is unknown.
  • #16 Short lasting activity-related headaches with sudden onset in children: a case-based reasoning on classification and diagnosis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1129-2377-14-3
    In adults almost half of cases (42%) with activity-related headaches had intracranial lesions, and symptomatic cases (57%) prevailed among subjects with cough headaches. This also can be applied to children in which the prevalence, not estimated, of primary cough and exertional headaches is likely to be rarer than in adults. […] The association with strain or a cough is therefore an important clinical issue, which should always be investigated and that can be a sign of alarm for secondary headaches, especially in children. […] When headache has a recent onset, it presents suddenly, it is triggered by strain, even with normal neurological examination, neuroimaging is mandatory in order to exclude secondary headaches, particularly in children.
  • #17 Cough headaches – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-cough-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20371200
    Cough headaches are fairly uncommon. There are two types: primary cough headaches and secondary cough headaches. […] A secondary cough headache may be triggered by a cough, but it is caused by problems with the brain or structures near the brain and spine. Secondary cough headaches can be more serious and may require treatment with surgery. […] Risk factors for cough headaches vary widely based on the type and cause of the headache.
  • #18 Cough headaches – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-cough-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20371200
    Cough headaches are fairly uncommon. There are two types: primary cough headaches and secondary cough headaches. […] A secondary cough headache may be triggered by a cough, but it is caused by problems with the brain or structures near the brain and spine. Secondary cough headaches can be more serious and may require treatment with surgery. […] Risk factors for cough headaches vary widely based on the type and cause of the headache.
  • #19 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Headaches provoked by cough, prolonged physical exercise and sexual activity have not been studied prospectively, clinically and neuroradiologically. […] A total of 6,412 patients consulted due to headache during the 10 years of the study. The number of patients who had consulted due to any of these headaches is 97 (1.5% of all headaches). […] A total of 28 patients (41.2%) out of 68 were diagnosed of primary cough headache, while the remaining 40 (58.8%) had secondary cough headache, always due to structural lesions in the posterior fossa, which in most cases was a Chiari type I malformation. […] The epidemiology of provoked headaches is unknown. Available data have shown that the prevalence of cough headache and headache related to prolonged physical exercise ranges from 0 to 2% in the general population.
  • #20 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.
  • #21 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.
  • #22 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #23 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #24 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #25 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #26
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #27 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #28
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-005-0036-1
    Primary cough headache is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting our Neurology Department. […] Primary cough headache is a sudden-onset headache that usually lasts from 1 second to 30 minutes, tends to be bilateral and posterior, does not begin earlier than the fifth decade of life, is more frequent in men, is not accompanied by other neurologic manifestations, and responds to indomethacin. […] These clinical characteristics allow its differential diagnosis from other entities, even though a craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging study is mandatory to rule out posterior fossa lesions, especially Chiari type-I malformation. […] Chen YY, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, et al.: Primary cough headache is associated with posterior fossa crowdedness: a morphometric MRI study. Using MRI, these authors studied 14 cases with primary cough headache showing a crowded posterior cranial fossa, which may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this headache syndrome.
  • #29 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #30 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.
  • #31
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #32 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache triggered by coughing was observed at a frequency of 2-16%. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19.
  • #33 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache triggered by coughing was observed at a frequency of 2-16%. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19.
  • #34 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache triggered by coughing was observed at a frequency of 2-16%. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19.
  • #35 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache triggered by coughing was observed at a frequency of 2-16%. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19.
  • #36 (PDF) The “Other” Headaches: Primary Cough, Exertion, Sex, and Primary Stabbing Headaches
    https://www.academia.edu/27384280/The_Other_Headaches_Primary_Cough_Exertion_Sex_and_Primary_Stabbing_Headaches
    Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache, primary sexual headache, and idiopathic stabbing headache are included in „Other Primary Headaches” (Group 4) in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II). […] Headaches provoked by cough, exertion, and sex have different age distributions, but they do share some clinical and pathogenic characteristics. […] Recent large-scaled studies have revealed that the ICHD-II criteria of these four headache disorders cannot be completely fulfilled. Further revisions for the ICHD-II criteria are required based on these results of the evidence-based studies. […] Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache and primary headache associated with sexual activity are distinct entities, even though they share several features: acute onset, the absence of structural brain disease and exertional factors as precipitating events. […] For primary cough headache, exercise headache, headache associated with sexual activity, thunderclap headache and hypnic headache apart from brain MRI additional tests may be required.
  • #37 (PDF) The “Other” Headaches: Primary Cough, Exertion, Sex, and Primary Stabbing Headaches
    https://www.academia.edu/27384280/The_Other_Headaches_Primary_Cough_Exertion_Sex_and_Primary_Stabbing_Headaches
    Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache, primary sexual headache, and idiopathic stabbing headache are included in „Other Primary Headaches” (Group 4) in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II). […] Headaches provoked by cough, exertion, and sex have different age distributions, but they do share some clinical and pathogenic characteristics. […] Recent large-scaled studies have revealed that the ICHD-II criteria of these four headache disorders cannot be completely fulfilled. Further revisions for the ICHD-II criteria are required based on these results of the evidence-based studies. […] Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache and primary headache associated with sexual activity are distinct entities, even though they share several features: acute onset, the absence of structural brain disease and exertional factors as precipitating events. […] For primary cough headache, exercise headache, headache associated with sexual activity, thunderclap headache and hypnic headache apart from brain MRI additional tests may be required.
  • #38 (PDF) The “Other” Headaches: Primary Cough, Exertion, Sex, and Primary Stabbing Headaches
    https://www.academia.edu/27384280/The_Other_Headaches_Primary_Cough_Exertion_Sex_and_Primary_Stabbing_Headaches
    Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache, primary sexual headache, and idiopathic stabbing headache are included in „Other Primary Headaches” (Group 4) in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II). […] Headaches provoked by cough, exertion, and sex have different age distributions, but they do share some clinical and pathogenic characteristics. […] Recent large-scaled studies have revealed that the ICHD-II criteria of these four headache disorders cannot be completely fulfilled. Further revisions for the ICHD-II criteria are required based on these results of the evidence-based studies. […] Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache and primary headache associated with sexual activity are distinct entities, even though they share several features: acute onset, the absence of structural brain disease and exertional factors as precipitating events. […] For primary cough headache, exercise headache, headache associated with sexual activity, thunderclap headache and hypnic headache apart from brain MRI additional tests may be required.
  • #39 Primary exercise headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-exercise-headache
    Several studies have described the prevalence of primary exercise headache. The reported prevalence ranges from 1% to as high as 30.4%. […] Rasmussen and Olesen have assessed the lifetime prevalence of headache disorders in a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of a representative 25- to 64-year-old general population. They found a lifetime prevalence of 1% for benign exertional headache. In an epidemiological survey in Norway involving 1838 participants, 12.3% referred to exercise headache; in a survey of 1963 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15 in Taiwan, the prevalence of exercise headache was as high as 30.4%. […] Earlier prevalence studies suggest that primary exercise headache appears to be more frequent in men. However, later studies demonstrate contrary evidence. […] Two studies have shown a high rate of comorbidity with migraine. […] A survey of 4000 competitive cyclists revealed a prevalence of 26%, suggesting its burden in athletes may be underestimated.
  • #40 Primary exercise headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-exercise-headache
    Several studies have described the prevalence of primary exercise headache. The reported prevalence ranges from 1% to as high as 30.4%. […] Rasmussen and Olesen have assessed the lifetime prevalence of headache disorders in a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of a representative 25- to 64-year-old general population. They found a lifetime prevalence of 1% for benign exertional headache. In an epidemiological survey in Norway involving 1838 participants, 12.3% referred to exercise headache; in a survey of 1963 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15 in Taiwan, the prevalence of exercise headache was as high as 30.4%. […] Earlier prevalence studies suggest that primary exercise headache appears to be more frequent in men. However, later studies demonstrate contrary evidence. […] Two studies have shown a high rate of comorbidity with migraine. […] A survey of 4000 competitive cyclists revealed a prevalence of 26%, suggesting its burden in athletes may be underestimated.
  • #41
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #42 Primary exercise headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-exercise-headache
    Several studies have described the prevalence of primary exercise headache. The reported prevalence ranges from 1% to as high as 30.4%. […] Rasmussen and Olesen have assessed the lifetime prevalence of headache disorders in a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of a representative 25- to 64-year-old general population. They found a lifetime prevalence of 1% for benign exertional headache. In an epidemiological survey in Norway involving 1838 participants, 12.3% referred to exercise headache; in a survey of 1963 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15 in Taiwan, the prevalence of exercise headache was as high as 30.4%. […] Earlier prevalence studies suggest that primary exercise headache appears to be more frequent in men. However, later studies demonstrate contrary evidence. […] Two studies have shown a high rate of comorbidity with migraine. […] A survey of 4000 competitive cyclists revealed a prevalence of 26%, suggesting its burden in athletes may be underestimated.
  • #43
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #44 Headache – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache
    Epidemiology literature reviews find that approximately 64-77% of adults have had a headache at some point in their lives. During each year, on average, 46-53% of people have headaches. However, the prevalence of headache varies widely depending on how the survey was conducted, with studies finding lifetime prevalence of as low as 8% to as high as 96%. Most of these headaches are not dangerous. Only approximately 15% of people who seek emergency treatment for headaches have a serious underlying cause. […] More than 90% of headaches are primary headaches. Most of these primary headaches are tension headaches. Most people with tension headaches have „episodic” tension headaches that come and go. Only 3.3% of adults have chronic tension headaches, with headaches for more than 15 days in a month.
  • #45 Secondary Headache | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/secondary-headache
    How common is a secondary headache? (Epidemiology)4 […] Headache is the most common new neurological symptom seen by general practitioners and neurologists. […] According to lifetime prevalence studies of headache, the order of frequency (most to least common) is: […] Primary and secondary tension-type headaches (most common – quoted figures run close to 100% lifetime prevalence). […] Headache from systemic infection (63%). […] Migraine (16%). […] Headache after head injury (4%). […] Exertional headache (1%). […] Vascular disorders (1%). […] Subarachnoid haemorrhage (1%). […] Brain tumours (0.1%). […] Figures vary according to a variety of factors, including the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used. […] In one GP study, 77% of headaches were not given a diagnostic label, 24% were diagnosed as primary, and 6% as secondary headaches. It is suggested in this study that GPs experience difficulty in diagnosing headache presentations.5
  • #46 Headache – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache
    Epidemiology literature reviews find that approximately 64-77% of adults have had a headache at some point in their lives. During each year, on average, 46-53% of people have headaches. However, the prevalence of headache varies widely depending on how the survey was conducted, with studies finding lifetime prevalence of as low as 8% to as high as 96%. Most of these headaches are not dangerous. Only approximately 15% of people who seek emergency treatment for headaches have a serious underlying cause. […] More than 90% of headaches are primary headaches. Most of these primary headaches are tension headaches. Most people with tension headaches have „episodic” tension headaches that come and go. Only 3.3% of adults have chronic tension headaches, with headaches for more than 15 days in a month.
  • #47 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Headaches provoked by cough, prolonged physical exercise and sexual activity have not been studied prospectively, clinically and neuroradiologically. […] A total of 6,412 patients consulted due to headache during the 10 years of the study. The number of patients who had consulted due to any of these headaches is 97 (1.5% of all headaches). […] A total of 28 patients (41.2%) out of 68 were diagnosed of primary cough headache, while the remaining 40 (58.8%) had secondary cough headache, always due to structural lesions in the posterior fossa, which in most cases was a Chiari type I malformation. […] The epidemiology of provoked headaches is unknown. Available data have shown that the prevalence of cough headache and headache related to prolonged physical exercise ranges from 0 to 2% in the general population.
  • #48 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #49 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #50 Approach to Acute Headache in Adults | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p682.html
    Approximately one-half of the adult population worldwide is affected by a headache disorder. […] The International Headache Society has published a system of classification and operational diagnostic criteria for headache based on clinical consensus. […] Classifying headaches into primary (tension, migraine, or cluster) and secondary types (e.g., those caused by infection or vascular disease) is also useful to differentiate headaches that, although perhaps recurrent and temporarily disabling, have no dangerous underlying cause from those that may be a sign of significant pathology, because they represent an underlying systemic or neurologic disorder. […] Patients with characteristics of secondary headache should be evaluated to determine whether the headache is dangerous. […] Headache triggered by cough or exertion, or while engaged in sexual intercourse, may indicate a mass lesion or subarachnoid hemorrhage. […] The long delay in diagnosis reported by patients who have cluster headaches is important. […] Only 25 percent of patients with cluster headaches are diagnosed correctly within one year of symptom onset, and more than 40 percent report a delay in diagnosis of five years or longer.
  • #51 Short lasting activity-related headaches with sudden onset in children: a case-based reasoning on classification and diagnosis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1129-2377-14-3
    In adults almost half of cases (42%) with activity-related headaches had intracranial lesions, and symptomatic cases (57%) prevailed among subjects with cough headaches. This also can be applied to children in which the prevalence, not estimated, of primary cough and exertional headaches is likely to be rarer than in adults. […] The association with strain or a cough is therefore an important clinical issue, which should always be investigated and that can be a sign of alarm for secondary headaches, especially in children. […] When headache has a recent onset, it presents suddenly, it is triggered by strain, even with normal neurological examination, neuroimaging is mandatory in order to exclude secondary headaches, particularly in children.
  • #52 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.
  • #53 (PDF) The “Other” Headaches: Primary Cough, Exertion, Sex, and Primary Stabbing Headaches
    https://www.academia.edu/27384280/The_Other_Headaches_Primary_Cough_Exertion_Sex_and_Primary_Stabbing_Headaches
    Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache, primary sexual headache, and idiopathic stabbing headache are included in „Other Primary Headaches” (Group 4) in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II). […] Headaches provoked by cough, exertion, and sex have different age distributions, but they do share some clinical and pathogenic characteristics. […] Recent large-scaled studies have revealed that the ICHD-II criteria of these four headache disorders cannot be completely fulfilled. Further revisions for the ICHD-II criteria are required based on these results of the evidence-based studies. […] Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache and primary headache associated with sexual activity are distinct entities, even though they share several features: acute onset, the absence of structural brain disease and exertional factors as precipitating events. […] For primary cough headache, exercise headache, headache associated with sexual activity, thunderclap headache and hypnic headache apart from brain MRI additional tests may be required.
  • #54 Short lasting activity-related headaches with sudden onset in children: a case-based reasoning on classification and diagnosis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1129-2377-14-3
    In adults almost half of cases (42%) with activity-related headaches had intracranial lesions, and symptomatic cases (57%) prevailed among subjects with cough headaches. This also can be applied to children in which the prevalence, not estimated, of primary cough and exertional headaches is likely to be rarer than in adults. […] The association with strain or a cough is therefore an important clinical issue, which should always be investigated and that can be a sign of alarm for secondary headaches, especially in children. […] When headache has a recent onset, it presents suddenly, it is triggered by strain, even with normal neurological examination, neuroimaging is mandatory in order to exclude secondary headaches, particularly in children.
  • #55 Primary Cough Headache Associated with Jugular Insufficiency: Report of Two Cases
    https://ijms.info/IJMS/article/download/1619/2052?inline=1
    Insufficiency of the internal jugular valve is a scarcely found etiology in the literature for the cough headache, which can be associated with other vascular disorders. […] The two case reports help to broaden the discussion on the possible association between primary cough headache and insufficiency of the internal jugular vein system, although the correlation between those two pathologies is still being debated. […] Primary cough headache (PCH) has a prevalence in the general population of 1%, more frequent in males, usually self-limited and with prolonged remissions. […] The association of insufficiency of the internal jugular valve with PCH is rarely described. […] According to some authors, the associated jugular venous insufficiency could be a factor related to the pathogenesis of PCH, although some also have suggested that this entity could be considered a secondary headache when venous insufficiency is demonstrated.
  • #56 Primary Cough Headache Associated with Jugular Insufficiency: Report of Two Cases
    https://ijms.info/IJMS/article/download/1619/2052?inline=1
    Headache associated with the reflux of the internal jugular vein during diastole can be justified by increased intracranial pressure; cerebral edema; venous infarction, and stimulation of trigeminocervical nociceptors located on the surface of the venous system. […] The VM is a controlled method for a better understanding of how the cough acts in the human body, since both produce similar physiological effects in increasing the venous pressure within the chest and abdomen. […] The occurrence of headache in both reported cases shows a possible causal association between those factors. […] Two patients are described with symptoms consistent with PCH, who also had jugular venous insufficiencies verified in Doppler sonography, which may or may not favor the occurrence of this primary headache.
  • #57 Approach to Acute Headache in Adults | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p682.html
    Approximately one-half of the adult population worldwide is affected by a headache disorder. […] The International Headache Society has published a system of classification and operational diagnostic criteria for headache based on clinical consensus. […] Classifying headaches into primary (tension, migraine, or cluster) and secondary types (e.g., those caused by infection or vascular disease) is also useful to differentiate headaches that, although perhaps recurrent and temporarily disabling, have no dangerous underlying cause from those that may be a sign of significant pathology, because they represent an underlying systemic or neurologic disorder. […] Patients with characteristics of secondary headache should be evaluated to determine whether the headache is dangerous. […] Headache triggered by cough or exertion, or while engaged in sexual intercourse, may indicate a mass lesion or subarachnoid hemorrhage. […] The long delay in diagnosis reported by patients who have cluster headaches is important. […] Only 25 percent of patients with cluster headaches are diagnosed correctly within one year of symptom onset, and more than 40 percent report a delay in diagnosis of five years or longer.
  • #58
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #59 Primary Cough Headache Associated with Jugular Insufficiency: Report of Two Cases
    https://ijms.info/IJMS/article/download/1619/2052?inline=1
    Insufficiency of the internal jugular valve is a scarcely found etiology in the literature for the cough headache, which can be associated with other vascular disorders. […] The two case reports help to broaden the discussion on the possible association between primary cough headache and insufficiency of the internal jugular vein system, although the correlation between those two pathologies is still being debated. […] Primary cough headache (PCH) has a prevalence in the general population of 1%, more frequent in males, usually self-limited and with prolonged remissions. […] The association of insufficiency of the internal jugular valve with PCH is rarely described. […] According to some authors, the associated jugular venous insufficiency could be a factor related to the pathogenesis of PCH, although some also have suggested that this entity could be considered a secondary headache when venous insufficiency is demonstrated.
  • #60 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #61 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #62
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-005-0036-1
    Primary cough headache is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting our Neurology Department. […] Primary cough headache is a sudden-onset headache that usually lasts from 1 second to 30 minutes, tends to be bilateral and posterior, does not begin earlier than the fifth decade of life, is more frequent in men, is not accompanied by other neurologic manifestations, and responds to indomethacin. […] These clinical characteristics allow its differential diagnosis from other entities, even though a craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging study is mandatory to rule out posterior fossa lesions, especially Chiari type-I malformation. […] Chen YY, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, et al.: Primary cough headache is associated with posterior fossa crowdedness: a morphometric MRI study. Using MRI, these authors studied 14 cases with primary cough headache showing a crowded posterior cranial fossa, which may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this headache syndrome.
  • #63 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Headaches provoked by cough, prolonged physical exercise and sexual activity have not been studied prospectively, clinically and neuroradiologically. […] A total of 6,412 patients consulted due to headache during the 10 years of the study. The number of patients who had consulted due to any of these headaches is 97 (1.5% of all headaches). […] A total of 28 patients (41.2%) out of 68 were diagnosed of primary cough headache, while the remaining 40 (58.8%) had secondary cough headache, always due to structural lesions in the posterior fossa, which in most cases was a Chiari type I malformation. […] The epidemiology of provoked headaches is unknown. Available data have shown that the prevalence of cough headache and headache related to prolonged physical exercise ranges from 0 to 2% in the general population.
  • #64 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Our data confirm that these headaches are infrequent, accounting for 1.5% of consultations due to headache in a Department of Neurology. […] At least in terms of consultation, cough headache is the most frequent, accounting for 70% of provoked headaches. Sixty percent of cough headache cases were symptomatic to posterior fossa lesions.
  • #65 Headaches precipitated by cough, prolonged exercise or sexual activity: a prospective etiological and clinical study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s10194-008-0063-5
    Headaches provoked by cough, prolonged physical exercise and sexual activity have not been studied prospectively, clinically and neuroradiologically. […] A total of 6,412 patients consulted due to headache during the 10 years of the study. The number of patients who had consulted due to any of these headaches is 97 (1.5% of all headaches). […] A total of 28 patients (41.2%) out of 68 were diagnosed of primary cough headache, while the remaining 40 (58.8%) had secondary cough headache, always due to structural lesions in the posterior fossa, which in most cases was a Chiari type I malformation. […] The epidemiology of provoked headaches is unknown. Available data have shown that the prevalence of cough headache and headache related to prolonged physical exercise ranges from 0 to 2% in the general population.
  • #66 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.
  • #67
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-09728-0
    Landtblom has provided the only population-based data citing an incidence of 43 per 100,000 persons (18 years) per year of all sudden onset headache (within 10 s) with primary TCH (PTCH) being cited as occurring in 38 per 100,000 persons per year. […] The lifetime prevalence of primary cough headache is reported as 1%. The disorder has a male predominance. […] Despite the prevalence data of 1%, the published cohorts of cough headache remain small. The assumption is that this is because the disorder tends to be self-limiting and remissions prolonged. The primary cases tend to be more common than secondary cases. […] Population-based prevalence of exertional headache has varied from 1% up to 12.7% with more recent studies citing a female preponderance.
  • #68 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #69
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-005-0036-1
    Primary cough headache is considered to be a rare condition, accounting for 0.4% of all headaches consulting our Neurology Department. […] Primary cough headache is a sudden-onset headache that usually lasts from 1 second to 30 minutes, tends to be bilateral and posterior, does not begin earlier than the fifth decade of life, is more frequent in men, is not accompanied by other neurologic manifestations, and responds to indomethacin. […] These clinical characteristics allow its differential diagnosis from other entities, even though a craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging study is mandatory to rule out posterior fossa lesions, especially Chiari type-I malformation. […] Chen YY, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, et al.: Primary cough headache is associated with posterior fossa crowdedness: a morphometric MRI study. Using MRI, these authors studied 14 cases with primary cough headache showing a crowded posterior cranial fossa, which may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this headache syndrome.
  • #70 Prevalence and characteristics of cough headache in a Chinese respiratory clinic – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175591/
    Cough headache is not rare in respiratory clinics and the characteristics are somewhat different from those in headache clinics. […] The prevalence of cough headache was 18.0% in these coughing patients. […] An age of between 31-50 years and cough severity were risk factors for cough headache. […] Headache severity was related to cough severity, age and headache duration.
  • #71 Primary cough headache | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/primary-cough-headache
    In a population-based study, primary cough headache had a lifetime prevalence of around 1%. Studies showed about 0.4% to 1% of patients with headache consulted a medical clinic because of cough headache, and primary cough headache was more prevalent in men. […] A study published in 2021 looked at 679 patients with cough in a respiratory clinic in China; the study showed a prevalence of cough headache of 18%. Risk factors for developing primary cough headache included increased severity of the patients cough and age of 31 to 50.
  • #72 Cough headache: a study of 83 consecutive patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438909/
    To delineate the differences in clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcome between primary and secondary cough headache, 83 consecutive patients (59M/24F, mean age 61.5 +/- 17.7 years) with cough headache (1.2%) out of 7100 patients in a headache clinic were studied. […] Most did not have relevant brain lesions (n = 74, 89.2%, primary group) except for nine patients (10.8%, the secondary group). […] At a mean follow-up of 51.4 months, 83.9% of patients with primary cough headache completely remitted. […] Clinical features, neurological examinations and drug response could not safely differentiate primary from secondary cough headache. […] Neuroimaging studies are required in each patient.

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