Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Burden of Food Allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7883751/

  This review summarizes what is known about the current epidemiology and population-level burden of Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy, including economic burden and the effects on quality of life. […] In the US, a population-based cross-sectional prevalence survey of over 50,000 households published in 2018 estimated that IgE-mediated food allergy is likely to affect approximately 1 in 10 adults and 1 in 12 children. […] Altogether, these data indicate that over 10% of the US population is likely to suffer from at least one IgE-mediated food allergy with even more individuals reporting current food allergy in the absence of convincingly IgE-mediated symptoms. […] Other studies have also concluded that food allergy prevalence has risen substantially in recent decades. […] It is important to acknowledge that, even if repeated cross-sectional prevalence surveys were to use identical criteria at each time point, temporal trends in food allergy prevalence are undoubtedly influenced to some degree by increasing awareness of food allergy among both patients and physicians.

• #1 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America […] Food allergy is growing worldwide at an alarming rate. […] The objective of this review was to analyse the epidemiological studies in Latin America about food allergy and to compare them with the studies in the United States and Europe. […] Currently, the prevalence of food allergies varies widely between studies: in self-report studies higher frequencies are found (10-15%) than when objective methods such as oral provocation are used (1-3%). […] Most studies on food allergy have been conducted in Europe and United States and little is known about food allergy in Latin America, where there is a high cultural diversity which makes dietary habits and food preparation different to European countries and the United States. […] Although several Latin American groups are describing allergenic proteins and trying to produce hypoallergenic foods, little is known about the frequency of sensitization to foods and possible risk factors in Latin America, so the aim of this article is to review the available information on the epidemiology of sensitization and food allergy in Latin America and see if there are important differences with the frequency reported in Europe and the United States, taking into account the main foods involved, the underlying immune mechanism, and the clinical symptoms associated with allergic reactions.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  Results from a 2015-2016 survey of more than 38,000 children indicate that 5.6 million children, or nearly 8 percent of children, have food allergies. […] Food allergy prevalence among children has been increasing for decades, up by 50 percent between 1997 and 2011, and again up by 50 percent between 2007 and 2021. […] In the United States, the prevalence of self-reported peanut or tree nut allergy in children more than tripled between 1997 and 2008. […] An analysis of health insurance claims data found that annual incidence of peanut allergy in one-year-olds tripled between 2001 and 2017. […] The percentage of the U.S. adult population living with peanut allergy has been estimated at 3 percent in 2015-2016, compared to less than 1 percent in 1999. […] Food allergies may trigger or be linked to eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases.

• #1 Food allergy epidemiology and racial and/or ethnic differences: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ocean/jfa/2020/00000002/00000001/art00004

  In recent decades, immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergy has become a growing public health concern. […] Converging evidence from cross-sectional prevalence studies, health care utilization records, and cohort studies indicate that food allergies are increasingly prevalent and often severe. […] Although IgE-mediated food allergy has long been considered a predominantly pediatric concern, analysis of recent self-reported data suggests that food allergies may be more prevalent among adult populations than previously acknowledged, with many reported cases of adult-onset allergies as well as persistent childhood-onset allergies. […] Results of studies also suggest that food allergy-related health care utilization is increasing as more individuals seek emergency treatment for food-induced anaphylaxis.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043

  In a survey of 83 World Allergy Organization member countries and six non-member countries, over half (n = 51) had no data on food allergy prevalence, while a quarter (n = 23) had data based on patient/parent report, and only 10% (n = 9) had food allergy prevalence data based on oral food challenges (OFCs). […] An important consideration when evaluating time trends in food allergy prevalence is that the point prevalence is determined by the combined impact of new incident cases and resolution of existing cases. […] In the absence of an effective cure, and with many food allergies persisting throughout life, it is expected that prevalence will increase even if the incidence remains the same. […] In children less than 5 years of age, prevalence of challenge-proven food allergy has been reported to be 4% in the UK, 3.6% in Denmark, 6.8% in Norway and more than 10% at age 12 months and around 4% at age 4 years in Australia.

• #1 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría

  https://analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071

  In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. Taking into account epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] In recent decades there has been a sharp increase in food allergies, which has been greater in developed countries. The prevalence peaks at age 1 year at 6%8% and then declines through the end of childhood, when it reaches values of 3%4% that remain stable through the years. The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions.

• #1 Prevalence, severity and distribution of childhood food allergies in the United States – The Journalist’s Resource

  https://journalistsresource.org/environment/childhood-food-allergy/

  Previous attempts at quantifying the scope of food allergies among U.S. children have produced a wide range of estimates, from 2% to 8%. From a public health standpoint, getting more details on the main causes of causes of food allergies, and precise demographics of those afflicted, is crucial. […] A 2011 study published in the journal Pediatrics, The Prevalence, Severity and Distribution of Childhood Food Allergy in the United States, analyzed data collected on nearly 40,000 children, as reported by adults in their households. Both unconfirmed cases of allergies that were reported along with convincing evidence and cases confirmed by a medical professional were counted and analyzed. […] The studys findings include: 8% of children had at least one food allergy, a projected total of 5.9 million children across the U.S. population

• #1 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  Studies in the United States and the United Kingdom indicate a rise in peanut allergy among young children in the past decade. […] A report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicated that 5.8% of children nationwide had a food allergy in 2021. The percentage of children with a food allergy increased with age, from 4.4% in children 0-5 years old to 5.8% in children 6-11 years old, and 7.1% in children 12-17 years old. […] Research indicates that racial and socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of food allergy prevalence, access to care, and health outcomes. According to a 2023 study, in the United States, Hispanic, Black, and Asian individuals experience higher rates of allergies across all age groups. Prevalence rate was 10.6% in Hispanic and Black individuals, 10.5% in Asian individuals, and 9.5% in White individuals.

• #1

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/food-allergies/epidemiology-of-food-allergies-overview

  Food allergies represent a significant global health concern, with increasing prevalence and diverse epidemiological patterns observed worldwide. While exact prevalence rates vary across regions and populations, studies consistently highlight a rising trend in the incidence of food allergies over the past few decades. […] The estimated global prevalence of food allergies is approximately 8% in children and 10% in adults. […] In the United States, large-scale population-based surveys have provided insights into the prevalence of food allergies, revealing rates of 7.6% among children and 10.8% among adults. […] Studies in Europe, involving birth cohorts of over 12,000 participants, have revealed country-specific differences in food allergy incidence. […] The development of food allergies is influenced by various risk factors, contributing to the variability in prevalence observed worldwide. Geographic location, ethnicity, age, and genetic factors such as mutations/polymorphisms, epigenetic modifications, and a family history are all important factors in determining an individual’s susceptibility to food allergy. […] Higher prevalence rates are often reported in developed countries compared to developing regions, suggesting that urbanization, changes in dietary habits, and environmental exposures may play a significant role in allergy development.

• #1 Epidemiology and Burden of Food Allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7883751/

  These patterns are somewhat consistent with recent cross-sectional prevalence survey findings in the US, which reported higher food allergy prevalence rates among young adults than among pediatric samples, as well as high rates of adult-onset food allergy. […] Recent data also indicate that White adults have lower rates of food allergy relative to their Black, Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial counterparts and prevalence rates appear similar among adults in the highest and lowest income strata. […] These epidemiological findings of racial differences are mostly consistent with previous literature, such as the random digit dial telephone survey research by Sicherer et al that demonstrated Black respondents reported higher rates of seafood allergy than other racial/ethnic groups. […] Recent national US survey data also indicate that Black adult food allergy patients report higher rates of severe reactions, as well as higher rates of food allergy-related emergency department visits than White adults, even after adjusting for comorbid atopy and a large number of other relevant sociodemographic factors.

• #1 Food allergy epidemiology and racial and/or ethnic differences: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/jfa/2020/00000002/00000001/art00004

  In recent decades, immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergy has become a growing public health concern. […] Converging evidence from cross-sectional prevalence studies, health care utilization records, and cohort studies indicate that food allergies are increasingly prevalent and often severe. […] Results of studies also suggest that food allergy-related health care utilization is increasing as more individuals seek emergency treatment for food-induced anaphylaxis. […] Analysis of epidemiologic data also indicates that the burden of food allergies is unequally distributed. […] Published prevalence rates are highest in Western countries, e.g., the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. […] Within these countries, there also is heterogeneity across racial and/or ethnic groups, with non-White and second-generation immigrant populations disproportionately affected.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043

  A systematic review that included 42 studies published in Europe between 2000 and 2012 reported the point prevalence of challenge-confirmed food allergy to cow’s milk, egg, wheat, soy, peanut, tree nuts, fish and shellfish to be 0.6%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.1%, respectively. […] Most countries have reported an increase in food allergy prevalence over the last decade. […] There have been no reports of decreasing food allergy prevalence in Western countries. […] In other parts of the world, reported prevalence of challenge-proven food allergy has varied widely, and until recently it was perceived that food allergy was uncommon in the developing world. […] Despite the limitations of existing prevalence data, these studies provide valuable information regarding the extent of the problem and risk factors that contribute to rising prevalence. Food allergy, as with most chronic disorders, results from complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors in early life.

• #1 Epidemiology and Burden of Food Allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7883751/

  Numerous studies have reported systematic differences in food allergy burden between urban and rural communities, with higher prevalence rates reported in urban areas than rural areas, even after accounting for differences in racial and socioeconomic composition. […] Previous literature has suggested that as highly populous South and East Asian countries increasingly urbanize and/or adopt lifestyles more akin to those of Western and/or industrialized countries, their burden of allergic disease is likely to increase absent large-scale implementation of effective allergy prevention interventions. […] At the population-level, given the relatively low fatality rates associated with the condition and general lack of symptoms in the absence of allergenic food exposure food allergies impose significant burden on the quality of life of affected patients and their families.

• #1 More Than a Quarter of U.S. Adults and Children Have at Least One Allergy

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220126.htm

  Nearly 1 in 3 U.S. adults and more than 1 in 4 U.S. children reported having a seasonal allergy, eczema, or food allergy in 2021, according to new data from CDCs National Center for Health Statistics. Almost 6% of U.S. adults and children have a food allergy, with Black, Non-Hispanic adults, and children one of the most likely to report this type of allergy. […] Black, Non-Hispanic adults are more likely to have a food allergy (8.5%) compared to Hispanic (4.4%); White, non-Hispanic (6.2%), and Asian, non-Hispanic (4.5%) adults. […] Black, non-Hispanic children are more likely to have a food allergy (7.6%) compared to Hispanic (5%) and White, non-Hispanic (5.3%) children.

• #1 Advancing food allergy through epidemiology: understanding and addressing disparities in food allergy management and outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7938932/

  The first US-based epidemiological studies to estimate national prevalence of specific food allergies by race/ethnicity were conducted by Sicherer et al via random-digit telephone dialing. […] A 2014 meta-regression estimated that overall food allergy prevalence was increasing by 1.2 percentage points per decade among the general population and by 2.1 percentage points per decade among Black Americans. […] The most recent national data indicate that the prevalence of food allergy amongst Black Americans now exceeds that for White Americans, both overall and for the most common allergens except wheat and soy. […] Data indicate that in the US, Black populations are at increased risk of fatal food-induced anaphylaxis relative to their White peers. […] An analysis of US mortality data from 1999-2010 found that annual rates of fatal food-induced anaphylaxis increased from 0.06 deaths per million (1999-2001) to 0.21 deaths per million (2008-2010) in Black males, but were stable among Whites, Hispanics, and Black females over the same period.

• #1 Epidemiology and Burden of Food Allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7883751/

  Taken together, these data highlight the importance of better understanding and addressing root causes of these apparent racial differences in food allergy prevalence, and possibly severity. […] The apparent rise in food allergy prevalence among adolescents and young adults is particularly concerning given that these age groups appear disproportionately affected by food-induced anaphylaxis, including fatal reactions. […] Numerous recent analyses of healthcare utilization data are consistent with European, Australian, and US survey research findings indicating rising food allergy burden. […] Cross-sectional data indicating rising food allergy prevalence in the United States were recently corroborated by a longitudinal analysis of national health insurance claims data, which demonstrated the incidence of peanut allergy increased steadily from 2001 to 2006 and is estimated to continue increasing through 2020.

• #1 Prevalence, severity and distribution of childhood food allergies in the United States – The Journalist’s Resource

  https://journalistsresource.org/environment/childhood-food-allergy/

  The prevalence of severe food allergies among the children studied was 3.1%, or 38.7% of the children with allergies. […] The likelihood of food allergies among Asian and black children was higher than that for white children. The odds of having a food allergy were significantly lower among children in households with annual incomes below $50,000. […] Given the greater specificity provided by this study, the researchers suggest that the impact of food allergy in the United States may be greater than previously reported.

• #1 Epidemiology and Burden of Food Allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7883751/

  In a 2013 study by Gupta et al, the annual economic cost of food allergy was estimated to be $24.8 billion, roughly $4,184 per year per child. […] A follow-up study identified significant socioeconomic disparities in the economic burden of childhood food allergy, with children in the lowest income stratum spending more than twice as much as those in other income groups on food allergy-related emergency department and hospitalization costs. […] In sum, recent data suggest that food allergy affects a growing number of infants, children and adults around the world. While it has traditionally been conceptualized as a largely pediatric condition, recent data indicate that an even greater number of adults are impacted. Overall population-level burden of food allergy is likely to increase in the absence of rapid deployment of effective prevention interventions.

• #1

  https://expertperspectives.com/epidemiological-trends-in-the-prevalence-of-food-allergies/

  Epidemiological research on nonpeanut food allergies and allergies in diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups is growing, and the impact of recommendations for early introduction is being felt in the clinic. […] Our laboratory looks at public health numbers, and we see that approximately 1 in 13 children and approximately 1 in 10 adults have food allergies. […] Food allergies impact every racial and ethnic group. […] We have noticed that the number of certain food allergies is higher in certain racial and ethnic groups. […] The big thing that we have seen is that people in low socioeconomic status (SES) groups are often not getting to allergists. […] When you look at the Medicaid database, for example, the number of patients with food allergies seems really low, but that is most likely because they are not getting diagnosed by their generalist with a food allergy.

• #1 Advancing food allergy through epidemiology: understanding and addressing disparities in food allergy management and outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7938932/

  A different study examining the economic impact of pediatric food allergy found that families earning $50,000 annually incurred 2.5 times the cost of FA-related emergency healthcare than higher-income families. […] On a related note, as evidence for the safety and efficacy of treatments and primary prevention strategies accumulates, it is important to ensure these are accessible to lower-income and racial/ethnic minority patients and avoid exacerbating the current disparities in population-level food allergy burden. […] The greatest change in food allergy management in the last 20 years is the acknowledgment that for many individuals, exposure – rather than avoidance – is likely the best strategy for food-allergic individuals who can tolerate the food when processed. […] Given the importance of earlier introduction as a primary prevention strategy, the impact of racial/ethnic disparities must be considered in guideline development.

• #1 Allergy Statistics

  https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics

  8% have a food allergy o Approximately 6% aged 0-2 years have a food allergy o About 9% aged 3-5 years have a food allergy o Nearly 8% aged 6-10 years have a food allergy o Approximately 8% aged 11-13 years have a food allergy o More than 8.5% aged 14-18 years have a food allergy […] 38.7% of food allergic children have a history of severe reactions2 […] 30.4% of food allergic children have multiple food allergies2 […] Of food allergic children, peanut is the most prevalent allergen, followed by milk and then shellfish2 […] In 2012, 5.6% or 4.1 million children reported food allergies in the past 12 months.6 […] 6.2% of adults reported having a food allergy.8 […] Women are more likely to have food allergies than men (7.8% of Women and 4.6% of Men)8 […] In 2021, 8.5% of Black adults reported having a food allergy compared to only 4.4% of Hispanic adults, 4.5% of Asian adults, and 6.2% of White adults.8

• #1 Food allergy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

  Food allergies affect up to 10% of the worldwide population, and they are currently more prevalent in children (~8%) than adults (~5) in western nations. In several industrialized countries, food allergies affect up to 10% of children. […] Food allergies have become increasingly prevalent in industrialized/westernized nations over the last 2-3 decades. An estimated 15 million people currently have food allergies in the United States. […] In the United States, food allergy affects as many as 5% of infants less than three years of age and 3% to 4% of adults. The prevalence of food allergies is rising. Food allergies cause roughly 30,000 emergency room visits and 150 deaths per year. […] Children of East Asian or African descent who live in westernized countries were reported to be at significantly higher risk of food allergy compared to Caucasian children. Several studies predict that Asia and Africa may experience a growth in food allergy prevalence as the lifestyles there become more westernized.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  Although a severe or fatal reaction can happen at any age, teenagers and young adults with food allergies are at the highest risk of fatal food-induced anaphylaxis. […] Black children are two to three times more likely than White children to suffer a fatal allergic reaction to food. […] Food allergy reactions typically involve foods that are believed to be safe. […] Reports suggest that the majority of fatal food allergy reactions are triggered by food consumed outside the home. […] More than 15 percent of school-aged children with food allergies have had a reaction in school. […] In a 2013-2014 survey of over 600 schools participating in a program to provide undesignated (stock) epinephrine for emergency use, more than 10 percent reported at least one case of anaphylaxis. […] Even trace amounts of a food allergen can cause an allergic reaction.

• #1 National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month: Economic Costs, Threats to Access, and the Impact of Policy Changes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/national-asthma-and-allergy-awareness-month-economic-costs-threats-to-access-and-the-impact-of-policy-changes

  Every year, more than 100 million people in the US experience various types of allergies, including seasonal, eczema, and food allergies, affect nearly 1 in 3 adults and more than 1 in 4 children. […] Estimates suggest that childhood food allergies cost $24.8 billion annually, with direct medical costs accounting for $4.3 billion a year. […] Patients with allergies, asthma, or both experience substantial economic impacts and these challenges could impact access to necessary care and medications. The recent policy shifts regarding environmental regulations and public health infrastructure may have implications for the ongoing management and prevention of both allergy and asthma conditions.

• #1 FOODSENS Study | Food Standards Australia New Zealand

  https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/foodsens-study

  FSANZ recognises that food hypersensitivity (FHS) is an important food-related health issue with a potentially severe and enduring impact on people living with it. FHS includes individuals living with a food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. […] This is the first study of its kind to consider how FHS affects the quality of life of people in Australia and New Zealand. The research involves individuals living with a food allergy, coeliac disease or food intolerance: identifying which impacts of living with food hypersensitivity most affect their quality of life […] identifying how people value reductions in their food hypersensitivities.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  FARE works on behalf of the millions of Americans who have food allergy, including those at risk for life-threatening anaphylaxis. This page includes important facts and statistics that can help you better understand food allergies and anaphylaxis. […] More than 170 foods have been reported to cause food allergy reactions in the U.S. […] In 2004, eight major food allergens—milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish and crustacean shellfish—were identified as responsible for at least 90 percent of the serious food allergy reactions in the U.S. […] In 2021, the U.S. added sesame as the ninth major food allergen. […] Approximately 33 million people in the United States have at least one food allergy. […] Nearly 11 percent of adults aged 18 or older have at least one food allergy. This is more than 27 million adults.

• #1 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  The only Latin American study which evaluated the frequency of AFR was conducted in Cartagena, a city on Colombia’s Caribbean coast. […] Frequency of food sensitization has been reported in some cities from six Latin American countries: Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile and Venezuela. […] The results found in Mexico, show that in general, sensitization to egg and peanuts is less than that reported in the United States and Europe, where these sources account for almost 80% of FA. […] In Brazil, food sensitization is similar among the five regions of Brazil, but varies according to the patient’s age. […] In Colombia, two articles have been published exploring the epidemiology of AFR and FA in the general population. […] The high frequency of sensitization reported in this study indicates the importance of testing native foods of each region.

• #1 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  The case-control studies conducted in Costa Rica show the differences in food sensitization pattern among various allergic diseases. […] In conclusion, this review shows a need for further studies on food allergy in Latin America as their regional characteristics provide a different behaviour and different food sensitization pattern to that observed in Europe and the United States.

• #1 A Methodology of Epidemiologic Study in the General Population Focusing on Food Allergy — China, 2020

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2022.159

  This is the first multi-center, large-scale, epidemiologic study on ARF and FA using standardized methods, including DBPCFC, in the Chinese general population. This study presents an important approach to assessing ARF and FA, provides significant insights about the prevalence of ARF and FA, and facilitates support for updating the list of allergenic food labels: which will be essential for improving ARF prevention and management in China. […] The epidemic characteristics of FA are diverse across different countries and regions. In this study, the prevalence of self-reported ARF and FA was 5.79% and 4.29%, respectively, where shrimp was the most common offending food. Peanuts as a causative food was uncommon, unlike in America or Europe. Animal-derived foods were dominant as causative foods in China, but plant foods were dominant among adults with FA in most other countries.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043

  There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. […] Food allergy is increasingly recognized as a growing public health burden and has been referred to as the “second wave” of the allergy epidemic, following asthma. Current evidence suggests that food allergies are common, affecting up to 10% of infants in some countries, and have been increasing in prevalence in the last few decades. […] Accurate determination of food allergy prevalence confirmed by the gold standard of food challenge is resource intensive, which limits the availability of quality data, as emphasized in a recent international survey.

• #1 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280

  Food allergy is growing worldwide at an alarming rate. A group of eight foods account for over 90% of the reactions in Europe and the United States. However, little is known about the frequency of sensitization to these foods in Latin America, and if other native foods from this region are an important source of sensitization. The objective of this review was to analyse the epidemiological studies in Latin America about food allergy and to compare them with the studies in the United States and Europe. […] Currently, the prevalence of food allergies varies widely between studies: in self-report studies higher frequencies are found (10-15%) than when objective methods such as oral provocation are used (1-3%). In studies that have evaluated food sensitization by skin tests or serum IgE, it was found that 30-40% of the general population is sensitized to at least one food, this being more frequent in children under three years (5-8%) and in people with allergic diseases such as asthma (6-8%) and atopic dermatitis (30-50%).

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2020/01000/recent_surveys_on_food_allergy_prevalence.6.aspx

  A rigorous estimate of the prevalence of food allergy would need to involve several critical features: a study of the general population; clinical demonstration of adverse reactions to a food, preferably by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFCs); and clinical documentation of an IgE-mediated mechanism for the adverse reaction. […] Despite the limitations of telephone surveys based on SR data, the 5 large telephone surveys described below that have been published within the past 8 years provide a basis for drawing conclusions about the prevalence of food allergy among North Americans. […] The prevalence of self-reported food allergy in adults varies greatly from food to food. In all 4 surveys involving adults, soy protein allergy is the least prevalent, whereas milk/dairy and shellfish are the most prevalent.

• #1 IgE-mediated food allergy | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0284-3

  The prognosis of food allergy is complex and dependent on the particular food. […] IgE-mediated food allergy is an important clinical problem of increasing prevalence. Assessment by an allergist is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. […] Diagnosis is based on a careful history and diagnostic tests, such as SPT, food-specific serum IgE testing (where appropriate) and, if indicated, OFCs. […] Current research on treatment is focused on food desensitization. Further insights into the pathophysiology of food allergy and anaphylaxis will lead to the development of improved methods for prevention, diagnosis, and management.

• #1 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  Comprehensive studies that include oral food challenges are few in number. Considering allergy to milk, egg, peanut, and seafood in a meta-analysis of 6 international studies using oral food challenges, estimated rates of 1-10.8% were obtained. […] In a meta-analysis including allergy to fruits and vegetables (excluding peanut), only 6 international studies included oral food challenges, and estimates of allergy varied widely from 0.1-4.3% for fruits and tree nuts to 0.1-1.4% for vegetables to under 1% for wheat, soy, and sesame. […] Among children, males appear to be more affected; among adults, females are more frequently affected. The prevalence of food allergies has been estimated to be up to 8% in infants and children and 3.7% in adults. […] However, variations in prevalence have been reported according to method used (self-report, testing, physician evaluation), geographic region, and foods included in the assessment.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11882-023-01120-y

  Food allergies are immune-mediated, complex disorders, which are the source of increasing health concern worldwide. […] The goal of this review is to present an updated summary of the food allergy (FA) burden among children and adults across different populations, focusing on research from the past 5 years. […] FAs impact a growing number of global residents particularly those residing in higher-income, industrialized regions. […] Moreover, growing epidemiologic evidence suggests that the population health burden of non-IgE-mediated FAs, such as food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, may also be higher than previously reported. […] The population health burden of both IgE- and non-IgE-mediated FAs is likely to grow in the absence of rapid advances and widespread implementation of effective FA prevention and treatment interventions. […] Systematic epidemiological research initiatives are needed, both nationally and globally, to better understand and reduce the burden of these allergic diseases.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/11170/the_epidemiology_of_food_allergy_in_primary_care.43.aspx

  Food allergy (FA) is an increasing global public health concern. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of FA in primary care clinics. Eight-seven percent of primary care physicians counseled a patient with FA within the last 12 months. Most FA patients were children and infants. The mean of primary care physicians correct answers about FA was 58% and only 26% of primary care physicians acquired a sufficient amount of knowledge about FA, scoring above 67%. FA is a common counsel in primary care clinics. The current primary care physicians have insufficient knowledge about counseling FA and long for further training. Collectively, protocols and training for FA counseling should be launched in primary care. The most common FA presentation is a severe allergic reaction in the pediatric population.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2020/01000/recent_surveys_on_food_allergy_prevalence.6.aspx

  The prevalence of soy allergy among children/adolescents was very low in comparison to the other Big 8 food proteins. […] There is a need to better educate both health professionals and the public about the prevalence of food allergy overall as well as the relative prevalence of allergy of specific foods so that consumers, who are demanding greater transparency about the foods they eat, can make more informed choices. […] The FALCPA states that the major food allergens account for 90% of food allergies. But as pointed out by Gendel, it is not clear why 90% is considered an appropriate level of public health concern.

• #1 Food allergy epidemiology and racial and/or ethnic differences: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/jfa/2020/00000002/00000001/art00004

  Importantly, such observations can shed light on the etiology of food allergy and inform improved clinical management, treatment, and prevention efforts. […] Furthermore, there is a growing appreciation for the potential protective effects of diverse microbial exposures, given mounting evidence for the immunomodulatory effects of the human microbiome. […] Also, when considering the geographic variability in the prevalence of certain food and environmental allergies as well as their structural similarities at the molecular level, it is believed that co-sensitization between food and environmental allergens may be a key driver of rising food allergy prevalence.

• #1 Can what you eat during pregnancy and breastfeeding affect whether your child develops food allergies?

  https://theconversation.com/can-what-you-eat-during-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding-affect-whether-your-child-develops-food-allergies-255114

  A babys exposure to food allergens during pregnancy and via breast milk is thought to be important. […] This is thought to help the babys developing immune system to accept food allergens when theyre introduced once the child starts eating solids. […] While there are scientific explanations for how a womans diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding could influence her childs likelihood of developing a food allergy, we dont have conclusive evidence to tell us exactly what the best diet is to prevent allergies. […] Current research is trying to understand this further. […] The science so far suggests that if anything, exposing the baby to allergens could reduce their risk of developing allergies, rather than increase it.

• #1 Adult IgE-mediated food allergy is on the rise: A review of phenotypes, pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, and advances in management – Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology

  https://apjai-journal.org/review-article/ap-101122-1499/

  The prevalence of adult food allergies is increasing worldwide. […] We review the current evidence on adult food allergy regarding the global prevalence, adult phenotypes, cofactors, diagnostic methods, and management. […] A high proportion of severe reactions and unique phenotypes in adults have been characterized. […] An action plan should be devised to add a framework for national policies, thereby lessening the biophysical and health-related quality of life impacts of food allergy. […] Research into novel treatments is ongoing.

• #1 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  Delaying introduction of allergenic foods does not provide protection against food allergy. […] Strict avoidance of relevant food allergens and early recognition and management of allergic reactions to food are important measures to prevent serious health consequences in individuals with food allergies. […] In February 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the injectable biologic medication Xolair (omalizumab) to treat food allergy in certain adults and children 1 year or older to reduce Type I allergic reactions, including reducing the risk of anaphylaxis. […] Some studies have shown that most individuals with peanut and soy allergies can safely eat highly refined oils made from these ingredients.

• #1 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría

  https://analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071

  The main test used to evaluate respiratory function is spirometry. A positive bronchodilator challenge test supports the diagnosis of asthma. Several studies have corroborated that plasma eosinophil counts are higher in patients with asthma, although the use of this parameter as a marker of bronchial inflammation is controversial. On the other hand, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation and can be measured in a single expiration with portable devices. […] The standard of care for food allergy is a strict elimination diet, which carries the potential risk of experiencing accidental reactions requiring safe and effective medical treatment. There have been important advances in the management of anaphylaxis, such as the development of adrenaline auto-injectors in the 1980s, which has facilitated immediate treatment outside the hospital (for example, at school, home or restaurants). […] In 2017, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) published guidelines on AIT for food allergies, recommending its prescription in patients aged at least 45 years for treatment of persistent IgE-mediated allergy to eggs, cows milk or peanuts.

• #2 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  Comprehensive studies that include oral food challenges are few in number. Considering allergy to milk, egg, peanut, and seafood in a meta-analysis of 6 international studies using oral food challenges, estimated rates of 1-10.8% were obtained. […] In a meta-analysis including allergy to fruits and vegetables (excluding peanut), only 6 international studies included oral food challenges, and estimates of allergy varied widely from 0.1-4.3% for fruits and tree nuts to 0.1-1.4% for vegetables to under 1% for wheat, soy, and sesame. […] Among children, males appear to be more affected; among adults, females are more frequently affected. The prevalence of food allergies has been estimated to be up to 8% in infants and children and 3.7% in adults. […] However, variations in prevalence have been reported according to method used (self-report, testing, physician evaluation), geographic region, and foods included in the assessment.

• #2 Facts and Statistics – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics

  FARE works on behalf of the millions of Americans who have food allergy, including those at risk for life-threatening anaphylaxis. This page includes important facts and statistics that can help you better understand food allergies and anaphylaxis. […] More than 170 foods have been reported to cause food allergy reactions in the U.S. […] In 2004, eight major food allergens—milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish and crustacean shellfish—were identified as responsible for at least 90 percent of the serious food allergy reactions in the U.S. […] In 2021, the U.S. added sesame as the ninth major food allergen. […] Approximately 33 million people in the United States have at least one food allergy. […] Nearly 11 percent of adults aged 18 or older have at least one food allergy. This is more than 27 million adults.

• #2 New National Push to Improve Anaphylaxis Response in Childcare Centers, with Alice Hoyt, MD

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/new-national-push-to-improve-anaphylaxis-response-in-childcare-centers-with-alice-hoyt-md

  Last week, a multi-disciplinary group of healthcare providers and childcare professionals met to discuss how to best provide early childcare centers with resources to recognize and respond to severe allergic reactions in young children. […] The Early Childhood Anaphylaxis Collaborative, spearheaded by Kalo, strives to educate people on gaps in recognizing anaphylaxis in children 5 years and provide guidance on stocking epinephrine that is not prescribed to a specific child. […] Approximately 12 million children 5 years attend childcare in the US, and up to one-third of food allergic reactions at these centers or schools occur without a food allergy diagnosis. […] According to Food Allergy Research Education (FARE), the food allergy prevalence has been rising for decades, increasing 50% between 1997 and 2011 and again by 50% between 2007 and 2021.

• #2 Food allergy epidemiology and racial and/or ethnic differences: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ocean/jfa/2020/00000002/00000001/art00004

  Analysis of epidemiologic data also indicates that the burden of food allergies is unequally distributed. […] Published prevalence rates are highest in Western countries, e.g., the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. […] Within these countries, there also is heterogeneity across racial and/or ethnic groups, with non-White and second-generation immigrant populations disproportionately affected. […] Importantly, such observations can shed light on the etiology of food allergy and inform improved clinical management, treatment, and prevention efforts.

• #2 Advancing food allergy through epidemiology: understanding and addressing disparities in food allergy management and outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7938932/

  A different study examining the economic impact of pediatric food allergy found that families earning $50,000 annually incurred 2.5 times the cost of FA-related emergency healthcare than higher-income families. […] On a related note, as evidence for the safety and efficacy of treatments and primary prevention strategies accumulates, it is important to ensure these are accessible to lower-income and racial/ethnic minority patients and avoid exacerbating the current disparities in population-level food allergy burden. […] The greatest change in food allergy management in the last 20 years is the acknowledgment that for many individuals, exposure – rather than avoidance – is likely the best strategy for food-allergic individuals who can tolerate the food when processed. […] Given the importance of earlier introduction as a primary prevention strategy, the impact of racial/ethnic disparities must be considered in guideline development.

• #2 National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month: Economic Costs, Threats to Access, and the Impact of Policy Changes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/national-asthma-and-allergy-awareness-month-economic-costs-threats-to-access-and-the-impact-of-policy-changes

  Every year, more than 100 million people in the US experience various types of allergies, including seasonal, eczema, and food allergies, affect nearly 1 in 3 adults and more than 1 in 4 children. […] Estimates suggest that childhood food allergies cost $24.8 billion annually, with direct medical costs accounting for $4.3 billion a year. […] Patients with allergies, asthma, or both experience substantial economic impacts and these challenges could impact access to necessary care and medications. The recent policy shifts regarding environmental regulations and public health infrastructure may have implications for the ongoing management and prevention of both allergy and asthma conditions.

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