Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Food allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355101

  One way to avoid an allergic reaction is to avoid the foods that cause symptoms. However, despite your best efforts, you may come into contact with a food that causes a reaction. […] For a minor allergic reaction, prescribed antihistamines or those available without a prescription may help reduce symptoms. These drugs can be taken after exposure to an allergy-causing food to help relieve itching or hives. However, antihistamines can’t treat a severe allergic reaction. […] For a severe allergic reaction, you may need an emergency injection of epinephrine and a trip to the emergency room. Many people with allergies carry an epinephrine autoinjector (Adrenaclick, EpiPen). This device is a combined syringe and concealed needle that injects a single dose of medicine when pressed against your thigh.

• #1 New and emerging concepts and therapies for the treatment of food allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9007422/

  Food allergy is an increasingly common disease that often starts in early childhood and lasts throughout life. […] Despite these staggering statistics, as of the time of this writing, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved one treatment for food allergy, which is limited to use in children with peanut allergy. […] Fortunately, a new horizon of therapeutic interventions, in all stages of development, lay ahead and hold promise for the near future. […] Until recently, management of food allergy was limited to strict avoidance and preparation to rapidly treat a severe allergic reaction if accidental ingestion should occur. […] Recently, several approaches have been under investigation for the treatment of food allergy that may soon lead to a paradigm shift in the management of this non-communicable chronic, disease (NCCD).

• #1 Food allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355101

  Additional treatments currently being studied as treatments for food allergy are oral immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy. With these treatments, you are exposed to small doses of your food allergen. You swallow the small doses, or the doses are placed under your tongue. The dose of the allergy-provoking food is gradually increased.

• #1 The Current State of Oral Immunotherapy

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/the-current-state-of-oral-immunotherapy

  Oral immunotherapy (OIT) refers to feeding an allergic individual an increasing amount of an allergen with the goal of increasing the threshold that triggers a reaction. […] The current standard of care for treatment of food allergy is avoidance of the allergen and treatment of anaphylaxis with epinephrine. […] The indication is for treatment to reduce the incidence and severity of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after accidental exposure to peanut in patients aged 4 to 17 years with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy. […] Efficacy in clinical trials has typically been defined by induction of a desensitized state. […] Peanut, egg and milk OIT have been shown to desensitize approximately 60 to 80% of patients studied. […] Sustained unresponsiveness has not been adequately studied to provide definitive data.

• #1 Food allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355101

  There is ongoing research to find better treatments to reduce food allergy symptoms and prevent allergy attacks. However, there is currently no proven treatment that can prevent or completely relieve symptoms. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved omalizumab (Xolair) to help reduce allergic reactions to multiple foods. Omalizumab is a type of drug called a monoclonal antibody. This medicine is approved for certain adults and children 1 year old or older. […] The first oral immunotherapy drug, Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder-dnfp (Palforzia), also has been approved to treat children ages 4 to 17 years old with a confirmed peanut allergy. This medicine isn’t recommended for people with uncontrolled asthma or certain conditions, including eosinophilic esophagitis.

• #1 The Current State of Oral Immunotherapy

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/the-current-state-of-oral-immunotherapy

  Peanut and milk OIT have been reported to induce sustained unresponsiveness in approximately 30 to 70+% of individuals. […] The most common side effects involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] Other commonly reported side effects include oral itching, rash, hives, swelling, wheezing and anaphylaxis. […] OIT involves a long-term commitment with daily dosing during the up-dosing and maintenance phases which occur over several months to years and possibly indefinitely. […] The only FDA approved treatment for food allergy is the aforementioned peanut OIT product, PalforziaTM. […] OIT is a leading investigational and now, marketed treatment, offering the hope of protection from food allergy reactions.

• #1 New and emerging concepts and therapies for the treatment of food allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9007422/

  Due to the increasing incidence of food allergy, renewed interest in this mode of desensitization has led to significant progress in therapeutic development. […] The most extensively studied form of allergen immunotherapy to food is oral immunotherapy (OIT) with most of the work focused on milk, egg, and peanut. […] SLIT is an experimental form of immunotherapy that has shown benefit in food allergy with an improved side effect profile compared to other forms of allergen immunotherapy. […] The final form of allergen immunotherapy discussed in this review is epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT). […] Monoclonal antibody therapy holds promise to be the next advancement in the treatment of food allergies. […] The best-studied monoclonal antibody in the context of food allergy is omalizumab.

• #1 Food Immunotherapy | Anaphylaxis UK

  https://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/fact-sheet/food-immunotherapy/

  Studies have shown that OIT can work well. […] OIT is the most studied immunotherapy treatment for peanut allergy. […] Palforzia is the only oral immunotherapy treatment approved for peanut allergy available on the NHS. […] A type of oral immunotherapy has been used in allergy clinics for many years to help children with mild to moderate allergies to outgrow their allergies more quickly. […] Some specialist NHS allergy clinics now offer oral immunotherapy for more serious or persistent milk and egg allergies. […] The main risk from oral immunotherapy is that it might cause an allergic reaction. Serious reactions, including anaphylaxis, are rare, but they can happen, and will need to be treated with adrenaline. […] Sublingual immunotherapy for food allergies is similar to oral immunotherapy, except you hold the food you’re allergic to under your tongue, rather than swallowing it.

• #1 Food Immunotherapy | Anaphylaxis UK

  https://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/fact-sheet/food-immunotherapy/

  Sublingual immunotherapy has been shown to work well in clinical trials. […] Epicutaneous immunotherapy uses stick-on skin patches to reduce your sensitivity to your food allergen. […] Clinical trials have shown that epicutaneous immunotherapy can work well for peanut allergy. […] Many researchers are looking into new ways to improve immunotherapy for food allergies, mainly for peanut, milk and egg.

• #1 Developing Effective Treatments – Food Allergy Treatments | FARE

  https://www.foodallergy.org/research-innovation/accelerating-innovation/food-allergy-treatments

  Hope is on the horizon. Food allergen immunotherapies expose a patient to increasing doses of their problem food protein(s) to desensitize the immune system, that is, train the immune system to be less reactive and tolerate larger doses of allergen. Biologic drugs, which can be used alone or in combination with food allergen immunotherapy, block key steps in allergy pathways to limit or prevent reaction symptoms. Many biologic drugs approved for other uses are being studied to treat food allergy, including omalizumab, which received FDA approval for use in food allergy treatment in 2024. Additional new approaches are in earlier stages of drug development. […] Oral immunotherapy (OIT) introduces increasing amounts of an allergen, such as peanuts, to allergic individuals with the goal of increasing the threshold triggering a reaction. An increasing number of allergists are offering OIT around the U.S.

• #1 Food Allergy Treatment & Management | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/food-allergy-treatment-and-management/

  There is no cure for food allergy. If you have a food allergy, you need to be prepared to treat a severe allergic reaction should one occur. The treatment for a severe allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis, is epinephrine. […] Your allergist may recommend food allergy oral immunotherapy (OIT). This is a specialized treatment that can help your body build tolerance to your food allergen. This makes it less likely an allergic reaction will occur due to an accidental ingestion. […] A biologic medication is available as a food allergy therapy. FDA has approved omalizumab (Xolair) for people with food allergies. It helps them to tolerate an accidental exposure to a food allergen. It also reduces the risk of an allergic reaction. […] Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for a severe or life-threatening allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis.

• #1 FDA Approves First Medication to Help Reduce Allergic Reactions to Multiple Foods After Accidental Exposure | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-help-reduce-allergic-reactions-multiple-foods-after-accidental

  Xolair is the first FDA-approved medication to reduce allergic reactions to more than one type of food after accidental exposure. […] Xolair treatment is approved for certain patients with one or more IgE-mediated food allergies. […] Xolair is not approved for the immediate emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.

• #1 Treatments and therapies – Food Allergy Canada

  https://www.foodallergycanada.ca/living-with-allergies/allergy-treatments-and-therapies/treatments-and-therapies/

  With oral immunotherapy (OIT), small amounts of a food allergen are given by mouth in gradually increasing doses until the patient is able to eat a certain amount of the food allergen without a reaction so long as they are on this treatment. […] In January 2020, the U.S FDA approved PALFORZIA (AR101) for treatment of patients with peanut allergy. […] With sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), small amounts of a food allergen are placed under the tongue and then swallowed or spit out. […] In epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), a patch containing a food allergen is applied to the skin. […] While OIT, SLIT and EPIT provide hope, they are a potential treatment for some patients with food allergy, but not all. […] Food allergen immunotherapy can potentially result in three outcomes: a need to stop the treatment because of allergic symptoms, desensitization, or tolerance.

• #1 New and emerging concepts and therapies for the treatment of food allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9007422/

  In 2020, almost three decades after the first clinical trial for peanut immunotherapy began, the FDA approved a standardized peanut powder for use in OIT, as the first and only approved therapy for food allergy. […] As a result of this seminal work, interest in advancing the field of food allergy therapeutics has increased and is likely to accelerate in the coming decade. […] As the development of treatments for food allergy evolves so do the goals of treatment. […] Although finding a cure remains a priority for researchers, more immediate goals for treatment include desensitization and remission induction. […] Allergen immunotherapy is currently the best-studied form of treatment for food allergies. […] Four forms of allergen immunotherapy are currently being studied for use in food allergy, subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), oral immunotherapy (OIT), sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT).

• #1 Food Allergy Desensitisation – Children’s Allergy Doctors

  https://childrensallergydoctors.com/food-oral-immunotherapy-uk/

  Food Oral Immunotherapy has become a reality for many children with now a large and ever growing body of research supporting it. […] Food oral immunotherapy offers long term hope for individuals with food allergies to reduce their risk of allergic reactions and increase their quality of life. […] Previously, the only treatment for food allergy was strict avoidance of the offending allergen, dietary advice and provision of an emergency treatment plan and medication. Now, by giving very small, but gradually increasing amounts of the food that the child is allergic to, this new process can reduce their allergic symptoms. […] Oral desensitisation (also known as oral immunotherapy) is a medically supervised process where increasing amounts of the food allergen are introduced daily into the child’s diet, to reduce their allergic symptoms in case of accidental exposure to that food.

• #1 Food Allergy Desensitisation – Children’s Allergy Doctors

  https://childrensallergydoctors.com/food-oral-immunotherapy-uk/

  It is important to note that food allergy desensitisation is not a cure for food allergies and that patients must continue to strictly avoid exposure to the allergenic food and carry emergency treatment even after completing the treatment. […] OIT is not right for all children. […] If your child is suitable for OIT and you wish to progress, we will provide a tailored plan for this treatment. […] An annual follow up, along with a food challenge to check the acquired level of tolerance, may be recommended.

• #1 Peanut Allergy Treatment | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/peanut-allergy-treatment/

  The research suggests that starting peanut OIT at ages 1 to 3 offers a chance of remission. […] Important: do not try peanut OIT with a child at home. There is a risk of a severe allergic reaction. Peanut OIT should only be done under the care of a doctor who specializes in the treatment. […] Most people living with a food allergy simply want protection against accidental exposure. Talk with your allergist about the pros and cons of peanut immunotherapy. Determine whether benefits outweigh the risks. […] For others, peanut OIT may be recommended if accidental exposure to peanut leads to severe allergic reactions; you want to consume peanut as part of your diet.

• #1 Food Allergy Desensitisation – Children’s Allergy Doctors

  https://childrensallergydoctors.com/food-oral-immunotherapy-uk/

  The oral desensitisation treatment has been most studied for milk, egg and peanut but there is an increasing body of evidence on using this for sesame, tree nuts, legumes and wheat. […] This means that exposures to small amounts of the offending allergen must be continued for the long term for the treatment effect to remain. […] Desensitisation is not something that should be done without the close supervision and follow-up by a paediatric allergy specialist, as it can cause severe allergic reactions. […] Numerous studies have been carried out around the world that demonstrate that OIT works well for milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts and sesame. […] The peanut desensitisation process, also known as Peanut Oral Immunotherapy (OIT), involves gradually increasing the patients exposure to peanut protein in a controlled medical setting.

• #1 New and emerging concepts and therapies for the treatment of food allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9007422/

  Food allergy is one of many non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCDs) that have undergone a marked generational increase throughout the industrialized world during the last 30 years. […] Many approaches are under study which range from transplantation of screened intact fecal material to the administration of defined bacterial consortia. […] With improvements in immunotherapy, effective biologics, and novel microbiome-based strategies, the next decade holds promise for many new treatment options for patients with food allergies.

• #1 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis – Food Allergy Treatments – Food Allergy Treatments | FAACT

  https://www.foodallergyawareness.org/food-allergy-and-anaphylaxis/food-allergy-treatments/

  Treatments for food allergies are evolving, and while there isn’t yet a complete cure, several approaches are available to manage and potentially reduce the severity of allergic reactions. […] The primary method of managing food allergies is to avoid the allergenic food completely. […] Individuals with food allergies are advised to carry an epinephrine auto-injector to treat anaphylactic reactions, along with antihistamines for milder reactions. […] OIT involves gradually consuming increasing amounts of the allergenic food under medical supervision to build tolerance. This can potentially raise the threshold at which a reaction occurs, reducing the severity of accidental exposure. […] The FDA has approved an oral immunotherapy treatment for peanut allergies, called Palforzia. Other OITs are used off-label for different allergens.

• #1 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis – Treatment & Management – Navigating Treatment Choices | FAACT

  https://www.foodallergyawareness.org/food-allergy-and-anaphylaxis/treatment-and-management/navigating-treatment-choices/

  Assess anxiety prior to starting treatment. While experiencing anxiety and worry is normal before and during treatment, excessive anxiety prior to the onset may be a factor in deciding when to begin a treatment. […] Before enrolling in a food allergy treatment, its important to gather enough information to help not only make the decision whether or not to pursue it, but also to evaluate the board-certified allergist providing the treatment. […] What are the potential risks and benefits of the treatment, medical or otherwise? Are anaphylactic reactions a potential risk of treatment? What are potential treatment setbacks, their likelihood, and how they are handled? […] Establish open communication with your board-certified allergist and treatment team. Engage in shared decision-making to develop treatment timeline and goals. Understand that treatment is a process rather than just a desired outcome. Prepare for the possibility of setbacks, the need to alter approaches, or stop treatment. Monitor anxiety levels, reaching out for counseling or support services if excessive.

• #2 Food Allergy Treatment & Management | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/food-allergy-treatment-and-management/

  There is no cure for food allergy. If you have a food allergy, you need to be prepared to treat a severe allergic reaction should one occur. The treatment for a severe allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis, is epinephrine. […] Your allergist may recommend food allergy oral immunotherapy (OIT). This is a specialized treatment that can help your body build tolerance to your food allergen. This makes it less likely an allergic reaction will occur due to an accidental ingestion. […] A biologic medication is available as a food allergy therapy. FDA has approved omalizumab (Xolair) for people with food allergies. It helps them to tolerate an accidental exposure to a food allergen. It also reduces the risk of an allergic reaction. […] Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for a severe or life-threatening allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis.

• #2 Food Allergies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet, Emergency Plan

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-treatment

  The primary preventive therapy against a recurrent food allergy is strict elimination of the offending food allergen from the diet and avoidance of any contact with the food by ingestion, skin contact, inhalation, or injection. […] Injectable epinephrine is the drug of choice for the initial management of a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. Ensure that the patient has self-injectable epinephrine readily available at all times. Advanced medical therapy for food allergen-induced anaphylaxis may include antihistamines, bronchodilators, histamine 2 (H2) blockers, corticosteroids, and administration of intravenous fluids, glucagon, and oxygen. In severe anaphylaxis, ventilatory and circulatory support may be needed. […] A properly managed, well-balanced elimination diet (eg, allergen restriction) can lead to resolution of symptoms of food allergy and help to avoid nutritional deficiencies.

• #2 Food Allergy Treatment & Management | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/food-allergy-treatment-and-management/

  The best treatment for a severe food-allergic reaction is epinephrine. This is the only medication that will safely and effectively treat life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis. […] Benadryl is an antihistamine that can treat mild food-allergic reactions. It is not used to treat severe food-allergic-reactions. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for a severe allergic reaction. […] When responding to symptoms of a life-threatening or severe allergic reaction to food, it is critical to use epinephrine immediately. Food allergy research shows that delaying giving epinephrine is the most common cause of death from food allergies.

• #2 New and emerging concepts and therapies for the treatment of food allergy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9007422/

  In 2020, almost three decades after the first clinical trial for peanut immunotherapy began, the FDA approved a standardized peanut powder for use in OIT, as the first and only approved therapy for food allergy. […] As a result of this seminal work, interest in advancing the field of food allergy therapeutics has increased and is likely to accelerate in the coming decade. […] As the development of treatments for food allergy evolves so do the goals of treatment. […] Although finding a cure remains a priority for researchers, more immediate goals for treatment include desensitization and remission induction. […] Allergen immunotherapy is currently the best-studied form of treatment for food allergies. […] Four forms of allergen immunotherapy are currently being studied for use in food allergy, subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), oral immunotherapy (OIT), sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT).

• #2 Oral Immunotherapy (OIT) in Practice – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/oral-immunotherapy-oit-practice

  For many food allergy sufferers, oral immunotherapy (OIT) holds promise as a treatment option that can potentially improve their quality of life beyond the current standard of care based on allergen avoidance, epinephrine to halt severe reaction symptoms, and emergency medical care if epinephrine is used. […] Treating food allergy with OIT involves ingesting the food allergen, starting with a very small amount and progressively increasing the dose, in an effort to retrain the immune system and raise the threshold amount of food protein that results in an allergic reaction. […] Successful immunotherapy can result in desensitization, in which the patient can eat a defined amount of food allergen without a reaction. […] Using OIT to develop desensitization to food allergens may significantly reduce food allergy reactions and the need for emergency medications and treatment.

• #2 Food allergy management: Allergen-specific immunotherapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-allergy-management-allergen-specific-immunotherapy

  The ultimate goal of treatment for food allergy is to induce permanent tolerance to the food, such that there can be periods of abstinence that do not lead to a recurrence of clinical reactivity upon reintroduction of the food. However, because achieving permanent tolerance to the food with OIT has proved elusive in most studies of food allergy treatments, the goal of most available treatments is to increase the amount of food persons with food allergies are able to consume before they experience symptoms. Increasing the allergic threshold may prevent reactions that occur due to accidental exposures to that particular food. […] Oral tolerance is a permanent state of antigen nonresponsiveness, even when exposure is infrequent. However, it is unclear what time period of food allergen elimination followed by subsequent safe reexposure defines permanent tolerance to that food. Thus, the surrogate for permanent tolerance used by many clinical trials is „sustained unresponsiveness” (SU) to the food after an interval of sustained treatment followed by removal of the food from the diet over a defined period of time, typically weeks to months. Desensitization, in contrast, is defined as an increase in reaction threshold to a food allergen while receiving active therapy. The primary outcomes typically measured in OIT studies are desensitization and sometimes SU.

• #2 Food Allergies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Diet, Emergency Plan

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-treatment

  Injectable epinephrine is the drug of choice for the initial management of a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. Ensure that the patient has self-injectable epinephrine readily available at all times. Also ensure that the patient receives proper training regarding when and how to use the injection device. An antihistamine should also be available. Patients with food allergies and asthma should always have access to a rapid-acting bronchodilator. […] There are currently no curative therapies for food allergy. Injection immunotherapy is an accepted treatment for anaphylactic allergy to insect venoms and for environmental allergies, but it poses a high risk for food allergies (anaphylaxis to injected native food proteins). […] The FDA approved the first immunotherapy for peanut allergy in early 2020. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergen oral powder (Palforzia) mitigates allergic reactions that may occur with accidental exposure to peanuts. It is indicated for mitigation of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanut in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy.

• #2 Oral Immunotherapy (OIT) in Practice – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/oral-immunotherapy-oit-practice

  In some cases, OIT results in sustained unresponsiveness, in which a patient can discontinue doses of the allergen for a period of weeks and still remain able to eat the allergen without reacting. […] However, available data indicate that for most patients, OIT does not cure their food allergy. […] Adverse effects associated with OIT treatment can be severe, including anaphylaxis and eosinophilic esophagitis. […] The paper calls for expanded access to OIT and lays the groundwork for shared discussions among doctors and patients to help patients assess whether OIT is a good treatment option for them. […] FARE seeks to create a robust and transparent process for advancing OIT research and establishing safe and effective OIT options for treating food allergy patients. […] OIT should be delivered by a trained allergist experienced in diagnosing and treating food allergy.

• #2 Treatments and therapies – Food Allergy Canada

  https://www.foodallergycanada.ca/living-with-allergies/allergy-treatments-and-therapies/treatments-and-therapies/

  With oral immunotherapy (OIT), small amounts of a food allergen are given by mouth in gradually increasing doses until the patient is able to eat a certain amount of the food allergen without a reaction so long as they are on this treatment. […] In January 2020, the U.S FDA approved PALFORZIA (AR101) for treatment of patients with peanut allergy. […] With sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), small amounts of a food allergen are placed under the tongue and then swallowed or spit out. […] In epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), a patch containing a food allergen is applied to the skin. […] While OIT, SLIT and EPIT provide hope, they are a potential treatment for some patients with food allergy, but not all. […] Food allergen immunotherapy can potentially result in three outcomes: a need to stop the treatment because of allergic symptoms, desensitization, or tolerance.

• #2 Food Immunotherapy | Anaphylaxis UK

  https://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/fact-sheet/food-immunotherapy/

  Sublingual immunotherapy has been shown to work well in clinical trials. […] Epicutaneous immunotherapy uses stick-on skin patches to reduce your sensitivity to your food allergen. […] Clinical trials have shown that epicutaneous immunotherapy can work well for peanut allergy. […] Many researchers are looking into new ways to improve immunotherapy for food allergies, mainly for peanut, milk and egg.

• #2 FDA Approves First Medication to Help Reduce Allergic Reactions to Multiple Foods After Accidental Exposure | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-help-reduce-allergic-reactions-multiple-foods-after-accidental

  Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Xolair (omalizumab) injection for immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy in certain adults and children 1 year or older for the reduction of allergic reactions (Type I), including reducing the risk of anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to one or more foods. […] This newly approved use for Xolair will provide a treatment option to reduce the risk of harmful allergic reactions among certain patients with IgE-mediated food allergies, said Kelly Stone, M.D., Ph.D., associate director of the Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care in the FDAs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. While it will not eliminate food allergies or allow patients to consume food allergens freely, its repeated use will help reduce the health impact if accidental exposure occurs.

• #2 Food Allergy Treatment | XOLAIR® (omalizumab)

  https://www.xolair.com/food-allergies.html

  XOLAIR is here: the only FDA-approved treatment to reduce allergic reactions, including severe reactions such as anaphylaxis, following accidental exposure to one or more foods. […] Taking XOLAIR can help reduce allergic reactions from accidental food exposure. […] XOLAIR (omalizumab) for subcutaneous use is an injectable prescription medicine used to treat food allergy in people 1 year of age and older to reduce allergic reactions that may occur after accidentally eating one or more foods to which you are allergic. […] XOLAIR should not be used for the emergency treatment of any allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. […] Your healthcare provider will monitor you closely for symptoms of an allergic reaction while you are receiving XOLAIR and for a period of time after treatment is initiated.

• #2 Treatments and therapies – Food Allergy Canada

  https://www.foodallergycanada.ca/living-with-allergies/allergy-treatments-and-therapies/treatments-and-therapies/

  With desensitization, a patient can eat more of their food allergen without having a reaction, as long as they are taking routine doses of that food. […] If tolerance is achieved, a patient can stop eating that particular food and then resume eating it, without having a reaction. […] In the National Food Allergy Action Plan, the development and access to therapy options is one of the areas we are advocating for on your behalf.

• #2 Food allergy management: Allergen-specific immunotherapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-allergy-management-allergen-specific-immunotherapy

  Food allergy management: Allergen-specific immunotherapy […] Management of immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergy consists of strict avoidance of the food allergen and treatment of accidental exposures with medications. The ultimate goal of therapeutic approaches to food allergy is to induce permanent tolerance to the food, where allergic reactions will not recur upon reexposure after a period of abstinence. However, none of the available treatments or those under investigation appear to achieve permanent tolerance in a substantial number of treated patients. Rather, they only temporarily desensitize or protect patients, requiring continued treatment to maintain efficacy. […] Oral immunotherapy (OIT), an allergen-specific approach to the treatment of food allergy, is reviewed in this topic. Food oral immunotherapy (OIT) remains the most extensively studied approach for the treatment of food allergy. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first biologic drug for peanut OIT in children 4 to 17 years old in January 2020, with the indication of „the mitigation of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis that may occur with accidental exposure to peanut,” and decreased the lower age limit to one year in 2024. Studies have yet to demonstrate the ability to cure food allergy (and induce true tolerance) with OIT. In addition, allergic reactions to OIT are common and occur at higher rates in patients on OIT than those avoiding the food. Long-term follow-up data are needed to help determine in which patients the benefits may outweigh the risks.

• #2 Food Allergy Desensitisation – Children’s Allergy Doctors

  https://childrensallergydoctors.com/food-oral-immunotherapy-uk/

  The oral desensitisation treatment has been most studied for milk, egg and peanut but there is an increasing body of evidence on using this for sesame, tree nuts, legumes and wheat. […] This means that exposures to small amounts of the offending allergen must be continued for the long term for the treatment effect to remain. […] Desensitisation is not something that should be done without the close supervision and follow-up by a paediatric allergy specialist, as it can cause severe allergic reactions. […] Numerous studies have been carried out around the world that demonstrate that OIT works well for milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts and sesame. […] The peanut desensitisation process, also known as Peanut Oral Immunotherapy (OIT), involves gradually increasing the patients exposure to peanut protein in a controlled medical setting.

• #2 Oral Immunotherapy Allergy Treatment in Atlanta Area – Chacko Allergy

  https://atlantaallergydoctor.com/immunotherapy/oral-immunotherapy-treatment/

  When carefully and successfully implemented, oral immunotherapy can change a patients life for the better. It gives those with severe allergies a sense of security and freedom from constantly worrying about accidental ingestions. For some, it allows them to enjoy the foods they once had been allergic to. Even people who have multiple allergies can be helped, though the allergies are generally treated one at a time. […] While research investigating food allergy desensitization continues, today our allergy doctors use the treatment primarily for the following allergies: Peanuts, Tree nuts, Egg, Milk, Sesame, Wheat. […] Oral immunotherapy does have its limits. It is only effective with IgE-mediated food allergies, not food intolerances. Patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma and those with EOE (eosinophilic esophagitis) are not good candidates for oral immunotherapy. Patients who cannot commit to daily treatments (i.e., taking their daily dose of OIT at home) are not good candidates for OIT.

• #2 Oral Immunotherapy Allergy Treatment in Atlanta Area – Chacko Allergy

  https://atlantaallergydoctor.com/immunotherapy/oral-immunotherapy-treatment/

  For the most part, no. Especially for those past infanthood and who are dealing with severe allergies, currently there are no food allergies cures. However, food allergy desensitization can help patients reach a point where they no longer experience allergic reactions when consuming a type of food. This process will require the ongoing consumption of a maintenance dose to support immune system tolerance. […] For infants with lower allergy numbers, it does appear possible to cure their food allergies by initiating oral immunotherapy and going low and slow with the administration of doses of allergenic foods. […] A patient who has been confirmed to have a food allergy through allergy testing can make a good candidate. In addition, a person must be committed to the treatment schedule over an extended period to realize the benefits of OIT.

• #2 Food Allergen Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Patients with IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/1/121

  OIT studies for food allergy are promising, but treatment is frequently complicated by adverse events (AEs) including severe reactions requiring epinephrine. Although AEs are mainly related to the build-up phase, they also appear in the maintenance phase, sometimes to a previously tolerating dose, usually accompanied by certain risk cofactors like exercise, viral infection, or menses. […] Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for food allergy involves placement of allergen solution under the tongue on a daily basis. The main aim is to achieve allergen-specific desensitization. SLIT can represent a promising method in clinical use because of its simple administration, very low doses of allergen that are used and its overall safety profile. […] Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) is currently under investigation as a new type of immunotherapy for food allergy. EPIT is considered as a simple and safe method which does not interfere with everyday life and activities. Evidence shows that patients easily follow the immunotherapy protocol and tolerate this type of immunotherapy very well.

• #2 Oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-treatments/oral-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy

  Current food OIT methods are not a cure for food allergy. Any potential benefits of food OIT need to be considered against the following issues, to decide if there is likely to be an overall benefit of OIT: […] Where food OIT and other treatments for food allergy are proven to be effective, safe and standardised for routine use, these treatments may be offered in some centres under the supervision of a clinical immunology/allergy specialist who is registered in Australia or New Zealand. […] All patients receiving food OIT (including as part of a clinical research trial) should be advised of the increased likelihood of allergic reactions (including anaphylaxis) and be prepared for these events. They should continue to be managed in conjunction with their clinical immunology/allergy specialist.

• #2 Food Allergen Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Patients with IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/1/121

  There are many novel therapeutic approaches being investigated for the treatment of food allergy such as microbiome modulating drugs and biologicals. Biologicals are promising therapeutics which target the underlying immune response driving food allergy. Among these biological drugs, omalizumab, or anti-IgE antibody, is most commonly used, both in clinical studies and in clinical practice, as monotherapy in patients with severe IgE-mediated food allergy or in combination with FAIT. […] FAIT is the only disease-modifying treatment option for individuals with IgE-mediated food allergy. It has been shown that FAIT is a clinically effective and safe treatment option for patients with clinically relevant food allergy. Although FAIT is generally an effective treatment option, some patients do not respond well. Further research is needed to confirm and interpret these associations with different route, doses, duration, frequency of application and clinical response to FAIT.

• #2 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis – Treatment & Management – Navigating Treatment Choices | FAACT

  https://www.foodallergyawareness.org/food-allergy-and-anaphylaxis/treatment-and-management/navigating-treatment-choices/

  Epicutaneous Immunotherapy (EPIT) – application (not ingestion) of allergen via patch placed on the skin. […] Biologics including omalizumab and dupilumab are currently being investigated for their therapeutic use in food allergies. Results to date are promising, suggesting efficacy and tolerability. […] Interpretation: Initiation of OIT before age 4 was associated with an increase in both desensitization and remission. Development of remission correlated with immunological biomarkers. There is window of opportunity at a young age for intervention to induce remission of peanut allergy. […] Conclusion: many healthcare resources were utilized by patients with PA and there was a loss of productivity associated with PA for patients and caregivers. […] Conclusion: daily treatment with Palforzia beyond 1 year leads to an improved safety/tolerability profile and continued clinical and immunological response.

• #2 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis – Food Allergy Treatments – Food Allergy Treatments | FAACT

  https://www.foodallergyawareness.org/food-allergy-and-anaphylaxis/food-allergy-treatments/

  Although still experimental, gene therapy holds promise as a potential cure for food allergies by correcting the underlying immune system dysfunction. […] Experimental treatments aiming to modify T-cell responses to allergens are also being researched. […] Guidelines now recommend the early introduction of allergenic foods (like peanuts) to infants at high risk of allergies as a preventive measure, based on studies that have shown this can significantly reduce the risk of developing allergies. […] There are numerous clinical trials underway exploring new approaches, combinations of therapies, and better understanding of how to prevent or cure food allergies.

• #2 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis – Food Allergy Treatments – Food Allergy Treatments | FAACT

  https://www.foodallergyawareness.org/food-allergy-and-anaphylaxis/food-allergy-treatments/

  Treatments for food allergies are evolving, and while there isn’t yet a complete cure, several approaches are available to manage and potentially reduce the severity of allergic reactions. […] The primary method of managing food allergies is to avoid the allergenic food completely. […] Individuals with food allergies are advised to carry an epinephrine auto-injector to treat anaphylactic reactions, along with antihistamines for milder reactions. […] OIT involves gradually consuming increasing amounts of the allergenic food under medical supervision to build tolerance. This can potentially raise the threshold at which a reaction occurs, reducing the severity of accidental exposure. […] The FDA has approved an oral immunotherapy treatment for peanut allergies, called Palforzia. Other OITs are used off-label for different allergens.

• #2 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis – Food Allergy Treatments – Food Allergy Treatments | FAACT

  https://www.foodallergyawareness.org/food-allergy-and-anaphylaxis/food-allergy-treatments/

  EPIT involves the application of a patch containing small amounts of the allergen (e.g., peanut) on the skin. The allergen is absorbed through the skin to desensitize the immune system. […] Clinical trials are ongoing, with some promising results, particularly for peanut allergies. […] SLIT involves placing a small amount of the allergen extract under the tongue. Like OIT, it aims to desensitize the immune system but typically involves lower doses. […] It is less common than OIT but is being explored/used as a treatment option for certain food allergies. […] Medications like omalizumab (Xolair) work by targeting and neutralizing IgE antibodies, which are responsible for allergic reactions. This therapy can be used as monotherapy or alongside OIT to reduce the risk of reactions. […] Some research suggests that gut microbiome modulation through probiotics and prebiotics might play a role in reducing the severity of food allergies or aiding in desensitization therapies, though this area is still in early stages.

• #2 Peanut Allergy Treatment | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/food-allergies/peanut-allergy-treatment/

  Omalizumab (Xolair) is the first biologic medication approved as a food allergy therapy. It is available to treat peanut allergy. […] SLIT is another form of peanut allergy treatment. It is not FDA approved. […] Researchers are evaluating Viaskin Peanut (DBV Technologies) is another type of peanut allergy treatment. It is commonly referred to as the peanut patch. […] Peanut allergy OIT is not a cure. Patients must continue to avoid peanut products. […] Important: OIT should only be done under a doctor’s supervision; do NOT try OIT on your own. […] Allergists can work together with you to make sure peanut allergy OIT is a shared decision. Your decision should be evidence-based, not fear-based. […] Talk with a board-certified allergist who specializes in peanut OIT to learn about treatment options for your child.

• #2 Food allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355101

  There is ongoing research to find better treatments to reduce food allergy symptoms and prevent allergy attacks. However, there is currently no proven treatment that can prevent or completely relieve symptoms. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved omalizumab (Xolair) to help reduce allergic reactions to multiple foods. Omalizumab is a type of drug called a monoclonal antibody. This medicine is approved for certain adults and children 1 year old or older. […] The first oral immunotherapy drug, Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder-dnfp (Palforzia), also has been approved to treat children ages 4 to 17 years old with a confirmed peanut allergy. This medicine isn’t recommended for people with uncontrolled asthma or certain conditions, including eosinophilic esophagitis.

• #3 Food Allergy Treatment Research | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/food-allergy-treatment-research

  Researchers aim to improve sublingual immunotherapy to generate strong, long-term tolerance of food allergens. […] In epicutaneous immunotherapy, a wearable patch delivers an allergen to the skins surface. […] Other NIAID-supported studies are testing laboratory-made antibodies to treat food allergy by interrupting the biological process of allergic reactions. […] One of these treatment approaches involves an antibody that blocks a molecule involved in overactive immune responses to otherwise harmless substances. […] Another treatment approach involves a lab-made antibody that targets the naturally occurring, allergy-causing antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE). […] An NIAID-directed and -funded clinical trial showed in 2024 that an antibody medication commonly used to treat asthma increased the amount of peanut, tree nuts, egg, milk and wheat that multi-food allergic children as young as 1 year could consume without an allergic reaction.

• #3 Food allergy management: Allergen-specific immunotherapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-allergy-management-allergen-specific-immunotherapy

  The ultimate goal of treatment for food allergy is to induce permanent tolerance to the food, such that there can be periods of abstinence that do not lead to a recurrence of clinical reactivity upon reintroduction of the food. However, because achieving permanent tolerance to the food with OIT has proved elusive in most studies of food allergy treatments, the goal of most available treatments is to increase the amount of food persons with food allergies are able to consume before they experience symptoms. Increasing the allergic threshold may prevent reactions that occur due to accidental exposures to that particular food. […] Oral tolerance is a permanent state of antigen nonresponsiveness, even when exposure is infrequent. However, it is unclear what time period of food allergen elimination followed by subsequent safe reexposure defines permanent tolerance to that food. Thus, the surrogate for permanent tolerance used by many clinical trials is „sustained unresponsiveness” (SU) to the food after an interval of sustained treatment followed by removal of the food from the diet over a defined period of time, typically weeks to months. Desensitization, in contrast, is defined as an increase in reaction threshold to a food allergen while receiving active therapy. The primary outcomes typically measured in OIT studies are desensitization and sometimes SU.

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