Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Evaluation and Management of Toe Fractures | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/1215/p2413.html

  Fractures of the toe are one of the most common lower extremity fractures diagnosed by family physicians. […] Most toe fractures are caused by an axial force (e.g., a stubbed toe) or a crushing injury (e.g., from a falling object). Joint hyperextension, a less common mechanism, may cause spiral or avulsion fractures. […] The same mechanisms that produce toe fractures may cause a ligament sprain, contusion, dislocation, tendon injury, or other soft tissue injury. […] Most displaced fractures of the lesser toes can be managed by family physicians if there are no indications for referral. […] Displaced fractures of the first toe generally are managed similarly to displaced fractures of the lesser toes. […] A common complication of toe fractures is persistent pain and a decreased tolerance for activity. Pain that persists longer than a few months may indicate malunion, which may limit a patient’s future activities significantly.

• #1 Toe Fractures – Emergency Department

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/fractures/Toe_Fractures_-_Emergency_Department/

  Toe fractures are common in children […] Common mechanisms of injury include: Axial loading (stubbing toe) […] Seymour fractures can result in osteomyelitis particularly where recognition of the injury is delayed […] Displaced Salter Harris fractures of the great toe may cause joint stiffness or growth arrest.

• #1 Broken Toe Treatment, Symptoms, Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/broken_toe/article_em.htm

  The definition of a toe fracture is when one or more of the toe bones of the foot are broken (fractured) after an injury to the foot or toes. […] Treatment of a broken toe depends upon the severity of the fracture. It may be necessary to put the fracture back in place, cast or splint the injured toe, and receive a tetanus shot and/or antibiotics. […] A broken toe usually is caused by trauma or injury to the foot or toe, such as a heavy object dropped on the foot or toe, or stubbing the toe. Stress fractures of the toe are caused by repetitive movements, such as in certain sports. […] Immediate complications of a broken toe include nail injury (subungual hematoma) or open (compound) fracture, in which the broken bone in a toe fracture protrudes through the skin. Delayed complications of a fractured toe that occur after the broken toe has healed include arthritis, pain, stiffness, or deformity. The fractured bone may not heal completely (nonunion), or heals improperly (malunion), requiring surgery to fix the toe.

• #1 Broken Toes | Causes and treatment options — MyFootShop.com

  https://www.myfootshop.com/blogs/articles/broken-toe?srsltid=AfmBOop53jjTXv-i-BTu04lVaQsP8-J135mxYmBhgTAqaSFFaBldbi8g

  A broken toe can happen to any of the toes, but a broken 5th toe is by far the most common. The terms broken toe and fractured toe are used synonymously. Fractures of the lesser toes usually occur in a spiral oblique manner, meaning the bone breaks and spirals through the base of the toe (proximal phalanx.) Fractures can also result from impaction or crushing force. Crush fractures are more common on the great toe. […] The mechanism of injury in a spiral oblique digital fracture is unique. When the fifth toe comes in contact with a fixed object such as the bedpost, the base of the proximal phalanx is held firm by the ligaments of the metatarsal phalangeal joint. Continued force generates a bending to the proximal phalanx. As the bone fatigues, it fractures in a very predictable oblique pattern.

• #1 Broken toe – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_toe

  Toes usually break because they have been stubbed or crushed. Crushing breaks are often caused by dropping something on the toe. More rarely, over-extending a toe joint can break off a portion of the bone, and stress fractures are possible, especially just after a sudden increase in activity. […] Because the big toe is more important for weight-bearing, balance, walking, and running, breaks to the big toe are more likely to be problematic. If the big toe is stubbed and breaks, it usually breaks the distal (outermost) bone. A crushing injury can break both big-toe bones. […] If the joint was bent too far (i.e. either hyperextended or hyperflexed) then spiral fractures and avulsion fractures are common. Spiral fractures with displacement make the toe rotate and shorten. With transverse fractures (i.e. across the toe), the toe may bend abnormally.

• #1 Turf Toe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507810/

  The first MTP is a ginglymi arthrodial joint, which functions as a hinge and a sliding joint. The shallow articulation between the convex metatarsal head and the concave base of the proximal phalanx articular surface results in little bony stability. Therefore, it relies on the complex attachments of the capsule, ligaments, and musculotendinous structures surrounding the joint. The plantar plate is the strongest stabilizer of the first MTP joint and is composed of a thickening of the joint capsule. It attaches to the transverse head of the adductor hallucis, the flexor tendon sheath, and the deep, transverse intermetatarsal ligament. The classification system is composed of the degree of injury to the plantar plate: […] Turf toe is diagnosed based on physical exam and imaging findings. According to the Anderson classification system, it is graded on a scale of 1 to 3.

• #1 Broken Toe (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_toe/article.htm

  Broken Toe Fracture Trauma and the injury to the foot often cause one or more of the toe bones to break (fracture). […] Trauma or injury such as stubbing the toe (jammed toe) or dropping a heavy object on the toe may cause a broken toe. The location of the toes (at the front part of the feet) makes them the most likely part of the foot to be injured. […] Prolonged repetitive movements, as in certain sports activities, can cause a type of broken toe called a stress fracture or hairline fracture. […] People with weakened bones (osteoporosis or other disorders) may develop stress fractures simply from wearing improper shoes. […] A doctor may take an X-ray to evaluate if the toe is broken or fractured. X-rays are not always necessary to diagnose a broken toe, especially if the break is in one of the smaller toes.

• #1 Turf Toe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507810/

  Turf toe is most commonly sustained due to forceful hyperextension of the first MTP joint. Turf toe can occur during many sports, such as basketball, soccer, and gymnastics. Still, it is most commonly described in football, and the prevalence is far greater in athletes who play on an artificial field since it is more rigid than a natural grass field. This injury was prevalent in the past astroturf (short-pile) fields because it had a much less compliant surface and placed more strain on the players’ feet. Modern (high-pile) turf behaves in a way more similar to natural turf, and the prevalence of the injury has decreased.

• #1 Toe and Metatarsal Fractures (Broken Toes) – Podiatrist in Manteno, IL | Elizabeth Hofmeister, DPM

  https://www.prairierockclinic.com/articles/acfas/516638-toe-and-metatarsal-fractures-broken-toes

  Signs and symptoms of a traumatic fracture include: You may hear a sound at the time of the break. Pinpoint pain (pain at the place of impact) at the time the fracture occurs and perhaps for a few hours later, but often the pain goes away after several hours. Crooked or abnormal appearance of the toe. Bruising and swelling the next day. It is not true that if you can walk on it, its not broken. Evaluation by a foot and ankle surgeon is always recommended. […] Stress fractures are tiny, hairline breaks that are usually caused by repetitive stress. Stress fractures often afflict athletes who, for example, too rapidly increase their running mileage. They can also be caused by an abnormal foot structure, deformities, or osteoporosis. Improper footwear may also lead to stress fractures. Stress fractures should not be ignored. They require proper medical attention to heal correctly.

• #1 Knowledge Center: Patient information about orthopedic disorders.

  https://www.iskinstitute.com/kc/feet/broken_toe/broken_toe.html

  Your toes consist of bones called phalanges. Any of the bones in your toes can be fractured. The bone can be damaged in four ways: Compressed fracture Forces press the ends of the bone towards the center. Comminuted fracture The bone cracks into multiple fragments. Displaced fracture The bone dislocates and moves out of its normal position. Non-displaced fracture – The bone is broken but remains in its normal position. […] When you break your toe, the fracture often occurs close to the toes joint with the longer midfoot bones (metatarsals), called the metatarsophalangeal joint. […] When your toe is bent or forced too far in any direction – up, down, or sideways – your bones can break or dislocate. […] The majority of broken toes can be put back in position without surgery using a procedure called closed reduction. Your physician typically tapes the broken toe to the toe next to it to hold the toe in position while it heals. In rare cases, when your toe fracture is unstable – meaning your toe will not maintain proper position in its joint with your foot – your physician may need to make an open incision and fixate your toe with wires. This procedure is called internal fixation. […] Physicians suspect a broken toe when you describe direct contact to your toe followed by pain and limited motion.

• #1 Toe and Forefoot Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/toe-and-forefoot-fractures/

  Fractures of the toes and forefoot are quite common. Fractures can result from a direct blow to the foot such as accidentally kicking something hard or dropping a heavy object on your toes. […] Fractures may either be: Non-displaced, where the bone is cracked but the ends of the bone are together; Displaced, where the ends of the broken bones have partially or completely separated. […] Fractures can also be divided into: Closed fractures, where the skin is not broken; Open fractures, where the skin is broken, and the wound extends down to the bone. Open fractures are particularly serious because, once the skin is broken, bacteria can enter the wound and cause infection in the bone. Immediate treatment is required to prevent infection. […] A fracture that is not treated can lead to chronic foot pain and arthritis and affect your ability to walk.

• #1 Broken Toe vs. Sprained Toe: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.chiropractorsnellville.com/broken-vs-sprained-toe/

  An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, happens when the broken bone pierces through the skin. This type of fracture is considered a medical emergency because it comes with a high risk of infection and other complications. […] An avulsion fracture occurs when a small piece of bone is pulled away because of too much tension with a tendon or ligament. This type of injury often occurs because of sudden twisting motions, sprains, or excessive force applied to the toe. […] While recognizing the distinctive symptoms of a broken vs sprained toe can provide valuable insight, getting a professional medical evaluation is key to an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] Once your doctor lands on a diagnosis, whether it’s a sprained toe vs fractured toe, it’s important that you begin treatment as soon as possible.

• #1 Broken Toe (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_toe/article.htm

  Stress fractures, due to overuse or repetitive movement, may need an MRI to be diagnosed. […] Depending on the location and severity of the toe fracture, the fracture may need to be put back into place (reduced) and splinted or cast. […] Because it has a significant weight-bearing role, fractures of the big toe are often more serious and more likely to require reduction or surgical treatment. […] If there is an open (compound) fracture of the toe, surgery may be necessary in some cases, and antibiotics will be given. […] Other problems may develop as a result of the broken toe. Complications can occur immediately after the injury (minutes to days) or can develop much later (weeks to years). Inadequate treatment of a broken toe may lead to complications including foot deformities and chronic pain.

• #1 Broken toe | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/broken-toe

  A broken toe is a common injury that’s most often caused by dropping something on a foot or stubbing a toe. […] Most broken toes heal well, usually within 4 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, however, a broken toe can get infected. Also, the break might increase the risk of getting osteoarthritis in that toe in the future. […] Complications may include: Infection. If the skin is cut near the injured toe, the risk of getting an infection in the bone increases. […] Osteoarthritis. This wear-and-tear type of arthritis is more likely to occur when the break affects one of the toe joints. […] In some cases, a surgeon may need to use pins, plates or screws to keep the bones in place during healing.

• #1 Broken toe – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-toe/symptoms-causes/syc-20370463

  A broken toe is a common injury that’s most often caused by dropping something on a foot or stubbing a toe. […] Most broken toes heal well, usually within 4 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, however, a broken toe can get infected. Also, the break might increase the risk of getting osteoarthritis in that toe in the future. […] Complications may include: Infection. If the skin is cut near the injured toe, the risk of getting an infection in the bone increases. […] Osteoarthritis. This wear-and-tear type of arthritis is more likely to occur when the break affects one of the toe joints.

• #1 Broken Toe Treatment, Symptoms, Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/broken_toe/article_em.htm

  Treatment for a broken toe depends on the location and severity of the toe fracture. The fracture may need to be put back into place (reduced) and splinted or casted. […] Depending on how the injury occurred, a broken foot (metatarsal fracture), a sprained ankle, a fractured ankle, or a dislocated toe may accompany a broken toe. […] After the toe fracture heals, the person may still be left with arthritis, pain, stiffness, or even a deformity. […] Sometimes, the fractured bone will not heal completely (called a nonunion), or will heal improperly (called a malunion). Rarely, surgery may be necessary to fix this problem. […] Depending on the location and severity of the toe fracture, the fracture may need to be put back into place (reduced) and splinted or casted. If there is an open wound near the injured toe, a tetanus shot and antibiotics also may be necessary.

• #1 Broken Toe: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/broken-toe

  The big toe is more likely than the smaller toes to need surgery in order to heal properly and to be as strong as it was before it was broken. […] If the toe is crooked, particularly if the fracture is through one of the toe joints, the toe may need to be put back into line and held with metal pins. […] Well-healed broken (fractured) toes usually cause no ongoing problems. The possible complications, which are more likely to happen after severe breaks, include: Failed healing of the bones: this can either mean the bones heal in a crooked state or that they don’t heal together at all. […] Bone infection: this is called osteomyelitis and can be very persistent. […] Toe stiffness is a common consequence of a broken toe, particularly if the joint was involved. […] Arthritis: post-traumatic arthritis can develop after a fracture.

• #1 Injuries to the great toe

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5344861/

  Injuries to the great toe are common in athletes. […] The pathoanatomy of turf toe injury involves disruption of the plantar capsuloligamentous structures of the hallux MTP joint including the plantar plate, intersesamoid ligament, phalangeal sesamoid ligaments, and collateral ligaments. […] Turf toe injuries are now known to be caused by a variety of mechanisms. […] Significant injury is suggested by ecchymosis, dorsal or medial joint line tenderness, or even intrinsic minus positioning of the hallux suggesting disruption of FHB or its insertion. […] The typical protocol involves 46 weeks of rigid immobilization with the toe in plantar flexion with an additional period of protected weight bearing and gradual return to normal activity. […] The sesamoid complex acts as a pulley with the sesamoids acting to improve the moment arm of the flexor force on the MTP joint during the toe-off phase of normal walking and running.

• #1 Broken Toe (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_toe/article.htm

  Even when a broken toe is treated promptly, complications may arise including: Nail injury: A collection of blood may develop underneath the toenail called a subungual hematoma. […] If it is large, it may need to be drained. […] To drain a subungual hematoma a doctor will make a small hole in the toenail to drain the blood. […] If the hematoma is very large or painful, the entire toenail may need to be removed. […] Rarely, the broken bone in a toe fracture may stick out through the skin. This is called an open or compound fracture. Emergency medical treatment and surgery may be necessary. […] Sometimes, the fractured bone will not heal completely (called a nonunion) or will heal improperly (called a malunion). Rarely, surgery may be necessary to fix this problem.

• #1 Broken Toe & Metatarsal Treatment | MD West ONE

  https://mdwestone.com/broken-toe-or-metatarsal/

  In instances of significant displacement or angulation of the metatarsal fracture, surgery may be recommended to allow for appropriate alignment and function of the foot. In instances of significant disruption of the joint surface associated with the metatarsal fracture, surgery may be recommended in an effort to help realign the joint surface to help the long-term function of the foot and prevent arthritis. Overall the instance of surgery for a broken metatarsal is very low. […] Bones typically take six weeks to heal. Some metatarsal fractures may be slower to heal than others. Swelling may persist in the foot or the toes after a toe or metatarsal fracture for some time even after pain has resolved and this is a normal finding.

• #1 When a Broken Toe is Cause for Concern: Arlington/Mansfield Foot & Ankle Centers: Podiatrists

  https://www.footanklecenters.com/blog/when-a-broken-toe-is-cause-for-concern

  A broken, or fractured, is a common foot injury that rarely requires emergency care. […] Toes can break like any other bone in your body, as the result of impact, such as when a heavy item lands on your toe or stubbing or bumping it hard. […] Most of the time, broken toes heal on their own without much need for medical intervention. Pain medication, including anti-inflammatory medicines, and immobilization of the toe are the usual treatments, though severe breaks may require additional therapies. […] Some breaks can cause nerve damage and other complications down the line if not properly treated. […] An untreated broken toe or one that resists healing, however, can cause trouble for you and your health. […] One key issue is infection. If the skin of your toe was cut or punctured at the time of the break, you have an increased risk of developing an infection. […] Broken toes that dont heal properly increase your risk of developing osteoarthritis or permanent nerve damage down the line. The right treatment with a foot and toe expert helps ensure your broken toe heals the right way so you can resume your normal activities without worrying about complications.

• #1 Toe and Metatarsal Fractures (Broken Toes) – Podiatrist in Manteno, IL | Elizabeth Hofmeister, DPM

  https://www.prairierockclinic.com/articles/acfas/516638-toe-and-metatarsal-fractures-broken-toes

  Some people say that the doctor cant do anything for a broken bone in the foot. This is usually not true. In fact, if a fractured toe or metatarsal bone is not treated correctly, serious complications may develop. For example: A deformity in the bony architecture which may limit the ability to move the foot or cause difficulty in fitting shoes. Arthritis, which may be caused by a fracture in a joint (the juncture where two bones meet), or may be a result of angular deformities that develop when a displaced fracture is severe or hasnt been properly corrected. Chronic pain and deformity. Non-union, or failure to heal, can lead to subsequent surgery or chronic pain. […] Fractures of the toe bones are almost always traumatic fractures. Treatment for traumatic fractures depends on the break itself and may include these options: Rest. Sometimes rest is all that is needed to treat a traumatic fracture of the toe. Splinting. The toe may be fitted with a splint to keep it in a fixed position. Rigid or stiff-soled shoe. Wearing a stiff-soled shoe protects the toe and helps keep it properly positioned. Buddy taping the fractured toe to another toe is sometimes appropriate, but in other cases it may be harmful. Surgery. If the break is badly displaced or if the joint is affected, surgery may be necessary. Surgery often involves the use of fixation devices, such as pins.

• #1 Broken toe: Treatments, symptoms, pictures, and healing time

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320203

  Different kinds of toe fractures have some common complications: Sesamoid fractures may have difficulty healing, causing long-term pain and negatively impacting athletic performance. […] Hallux fractures can cause deformities of the foot and big toe. […] Surgical interventions to treat toe fractures may cause nerve damage and lead to infection. […] If a fracture enters into a joint, this can injure the cartilage and lead to deformity and traumatic osteoarthritis of the joint.

• #2 Broken toe – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-toe/symptoms-causes/syc-20370463

  A broken toe is a common injury that’s most often caused by dropping something on a foot or stubbing a toe. […] Most broken toes heal well, usually within 4 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, however, a broken toe can get infected. Also, the break might increase the risk of getting osteoarthritis in that toe in the future. […] Complications may include: Infection. If the skin is cut near the injured toe, the risk of getting an infection in the bone increases. […] Osteoarthritis. This wear-and-tear type of arthritis is more likely to occur when the break affects one of the toe joints.

• #2 Toe and Forefoot Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/toe-and-forefoot-fractures/

  Fractures of the toes and forefoot are quite common. Fractures can result from a direct blow to the foot such as accidentally kicking something hard or dropping a heavy object on your toes. […] Fractures may either be: Non-displaced, where the bone is cracked but the ends of the bone are together; Displaced, where the ends of the broken bones have partially or completely separated. […] Fractures can also be divided into: Closed fractures, where the skin is not broken; Open fractures, where the skin is broken, and the wound extends down to the bone. Open fractures are particularly serious because, once the skin is broken, bacteria can enter the wound and cause infection in the bone. Immediate treatment is required to prevent infection. […] A fracture that is not treated can lead to chronic foot pain and arthritis and affect your ability to walk.

• #2 Same day appointment — River Podiatry I The Best Foot and Ankle Care in NY/NJ

  https://www.riverpodiatry.com/toe-fractures

  Few injuries to the foot produce more pain than that of a fractured or broken toe. The mechanism or cause of a toe fracture seems embarrassingly obvious yet seemingly unavoidable. A sudden blow or stubbing of a toe against a heavy non-yielding object, an impact injury involving an object dropping on top of a toe can cause a fracture. […] Fractures of the toe should be seen professionally in order to evaluate the extent of the injury. In other words, not all fractures are the same and some will heal much faster than others. A proper evaluation and management are necessary to ensure the best possible result. […] Proper treatment of a fractured toe should involve some level of immobilization splinting and support. Ignoring the injury and enduring the pain do not create an optimal environment for fracture healing.

• #2 Broken Toe Treatment, Symptoms, Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/broken_toe/article_em.htm

  The definition of a toe fracture is when one or more of the toe bones of the foot are broken (fractured) after an injury to the foot or toes. […] Treatment of a broken toe depends upon the severity of the fracture. It may be necessary to put the fracture back in place, cast or splint the injured toe, and receive a tetanus shot and/or antibiotics. […] A broken toe usually is caused by trauma or injury to the foot or toe, such as a heavy object dropped on the foot or toe, or stubbing the toe. Stress fractures of the toe are caused by repetitive movements, such as in certain sports. […] Immediate complications of a broken toe include nail injury (subungual hematoma) or open (compound) fracture, in which the broken bone in a toe fracture protrudes through the skin. Delayed complications of a fractured toe that occur after the broken toe has healed include arthritis, pain, stiffness, or deformity. The fractured bone may not heal completely (nonunion), or heals improperly (malunion), requiring surgery to fix the toe.

• #2 Broken Toe (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_toe/article.htm

  Broken Toe Fracture Trauma and the injury to the foot often cause one or more of the toe bones to break (fracture). […] Trauma or injury such as stubbing the toe (jammed toe) or dropping a heavy object on the toe may cause a broken toe. The location of the toes (at the front part of the feet) makes them the most likely part of the foot to be injured. […] Prolonged repetitive movements, as in certain sports activities, can cause a type of broken toe called a stress fracture or hairline fracture. […] People with weakened bones (osteoporosis or other disorders) may develop stress fractures simply from wearing improper shoes. […] A doctor may take an X-ray to evaluate if the toe is broken or fractured. X-rays are not always necessary to diagnose a broken toe, especially if the break is in one of the smaller toes.

• #2 Broken toe – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_toe

  Toes usually break because they have been stubbed or crushed. Crushing breaks are often caused by dropping something on the toe. More rarely, over-extending a toe joint can break off a portion of the bone, and stress fractures are possible, especially just after a sudden increase in activity. […] Because the big toe is more important for weight-bearing, balance, walking, and running, breaks to the big toe are more likely to be problematic. If the big toe is stubbed and breaks, it usually breaks the distal (outermost) bone. A crushing injury can break both big-toe bones. […] If the joint was bent too far (i.e. either hyperextended or hyperflexed) then spiral fractures and avulsion fractures are common. Spiral fractures with displacement make the toe rotate and shorten. With transverse fractures (i.e. across the toe), the toe may bend abnormally.

• #2 Broken Toes | Causes and treatment options — MyFootShop.com

  https://www.myfootshop.com/blogs/articles/broken-toe?srsltid=AfmBOop53jjTXv-i-BTu04lVaQsP8-J135mxYmBhgTAqaSFFaBldbi8g

  Fractures that extend into a joint will not only take longer to heal but may cause a higher incidence of arthritis in that joint in years to come. […] Fractured toes may take up to 10 weeks to heal depending on the apposition and alignment, severity of the fracture, and the patient’s overall ability to heal.

• #2 Turf Toe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507810/

  Turf toe is most commonly sustained due to forceful hyperextension of the first MTP joint. Turf toe can occur during many sports, such as basketball, soccer, and gymnastics. Still, it is most commonly described in football, and the prevalence is far greater in athletes who play on an artificial field since it is more rigid than a natural grass field. This injury was prevalent in the past astroturf (short-pile) fields because it had a much less compliant surface and placed more strain on the players’ feet. Modern (high-pile) turf behaves in a way more similar to natural turf, and the prevalence of the injury has decreased.

• #2 Broken Toe (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_toe/article.htm

  Stress fractures, due to overuse or repetitive movement, may need an MRI to be diagnosed. […] Depending on the location and severity of the toe fracture, the fracture may need to be put back into place (reduced) and splinted or cast. […] Because it has a significant weight-bearing role, fractures of the big toe are often more serious and more likely to require reduction or surgical treatment. […] If there is an open (compound) fracture of the toe, surgery may be necessary in some cases, and antibiotics will be given. […] Other problems may develop as a result of the broken toe. Complications can occur immediately after the injury (minutes to days) or can develop much later (weeks to years). Inadequate treatment of a broken toe may lead to complications including foot deformities and chronic pain.

• #2 Knowledge Center: Patient information about orthopedic disorders.

  https://www.iskinstitute.com/kc/feet/broken_toe/broken_toe.html

  Your toes consist of bones called phalanges. Any of the bones in your toes can be fractured. The bone can be damaged in four ways: Compressed fracture Forces press the ends of the bone towards the center. Comminuted fracture The bone cracks into multiple fragments. Displaced fracture The bone dislocates and moves out of its normal position. Non-displaced fracture – The bone is broken but remains in its normal position. […] When you break your toe, the fracture often occurs close to the toes joint with the longer midfoot bones (metatarsals), called the metatarsophalangeal joint. […] When your toe is bent or forced too far in any direction – up, down, or sideways – your bones can break or dislocate. […] The majority of broken toes can be put back in position without surgery using a procedure called closed reduction. Your physician typically tapes the broken toe to the toe next to it to hold the toe in position while it heals. In rare cases, when your toe fracture is unstable – meaning your toe will not maintain proper position in its joint with your foot – your physician may need to make an open incision and fixate your toe with wires. This procedure is called internal fixation. […] Physicians suspect a broken toe when you describe direct contact to your toe followed by pain and limited motion.

• #2 Broken Toe Treatment, Symptoms, Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/broken_toe/article_em.htm

  Treatment for a broken toe depends on the location and severity of the toe fracture. The fracture may need to be put back into place (reduced) and splinted or casted. […] Depending on how the injury occurred, a broken foot (metatarsal fracture), a sprained ankle, a fractured ankle, or a dislocated toe may accompany a broken toe. […] After the toe fracture heals, the person may still be left with arthritis, pain, stiffness, or even a deformity. […] Sometimes, the fractured bone will not heal completely (called a nonunion), or will heal improperly (called a malunion). Rarely, surgery may be necessary to fix this problem. […] Depending on the location and severity of the toe fracture, the fracture may need to be put back into place (reduced) and splinted or casted. If there is an open wound near the injured toe, a tetanus shot and antibiotics also may be necessary.

• #2 Broken Toe Treatment, Symptoms, Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/broken_toe/article_em.htm

  A cast is usually not required for a simple toe fracture. […] A hard-soled, stiff-bottomed, sturdy, and supportive shoe should be worn. […] A cast (or even surgery) may be needed if the big toe is broken, the fracture involves a joint, or a lot of small toe fractures occur at once. […] Broken toes usually take about six weeks to heal. If problems last longer than six weeks, another X-ray may be needed, or the injury should be rechecked by the doctor to see how the bone is healing. […] Simple fractures usually heal well with no problems. However, a very bad fracture or a fracture that goes into a joint is at risk for developing arthritis, pain, stiffness, and possibly even a deformity.

• #2 Have you been told there is nothing you can do for a broken toe? Think again! – Be Podiatry

  https://bepodiatry.com.au/blog/have-you-been-told-there-is-nothing-you-can-do-for-a-broken-toe-think-again/

  Broken toes are injuries we see all the time in clinic. They usually arise as a result of acute trauma to the toe usually when we stub it, drop something heavy on it or fall on the toe. […] Depending on which toe is involved and the mechanism of injury, different types of fractures can occur. When we do injure our toe through trauma the proximal phalanx is usually the bone which will most likely fracture as it is the longest out of three bones the make up our lesser toes. […] Fractures in the toes are considered to be displaced or non-displaced fractures. Displaced fractures occur when there is a break in the bone and this causes a movement in the alignment of the bone. An undisplaced fracture is where there is a break in the bone but no disruption to the alignment of the bone. A spiral fracture can also occur to the bone whereby a twisting motion occurs which leads to a fracture that spirals around the shaft of the bone. These types of fracture are usually displaced and occur from hyperextension or flexion of the digit.

• #2 Toe and Metatarsal Fractures (Broken Toes) – Podiatrist in Manteno, IL | Elizabeth Hofmeister, DPM

  https://www.prairierockclinic.com/articles/acfas/516638-toe-and-metatarsal-fractures-broken-toes

  Signs and symptoms of a traumatic fracture include: You may hear a sound at the time of the break. Pinpoint pain (pain at the place of impact) at the time the fracture occurs and perhaps for a few hours later, but often the pain goes away after several hours. Crooked or abnormal appearance of the toe. Bruising and swelling the next day. It is not true that if you can walk on it, its not broken. Evaluation by a foot and ankle surgeon is always recommended. […] Stress fractures are tiny, hairline breaks that are usually caused by repetitive stress. Stress fractures often afflict athletes who, for example, too rapidly increase their running mileage. They can also be caused by an abnormal foot structure, deformities, or osteoporosis. Improper footwear may also lead to stress fractures. Stress fractures should not be ignored. They require proper medical attention to heal correctly.

• #2 Injuries to the great toe

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5344861/

  Injuries to the great toe are common in athletes. […] The pathoanatomy of turf toe injury involves disruption of the plantar capsuloligamentous structures of the hallux MTP joint including the plantar plate, intersesamoid ligament, phalangeal sesamoid ligaments, and collateral ligaments. […] Turf toe injuries are now known to be caused by a variety of mechanisms. […] Significant injury is suggested by ecchymosis, dorsal or medial joint line tenderness, or even intrinsic minus positioning of the hallux suggesting disruption of FHB or its insertion. […] The typical protocol involves 46 weeks of rigid immobilization with the toe in plantar flexion with an additional period of protected weight bearing and gradual return to normal activity. […] The sesamoid complex acts as a pulley with the sesamoids acting to improve the moment arm of the flexor force on the MTP joint during the toe-off phase of normal walking and running.

• #2 Broken Toe & Metatarsal Treatment | MD West ONE

  https://mdwestone.com/broken-toe-or-metatarsal/

  In instances of significant displacement or angulation of the metatarsal fracture, surgery may be recommended to allow for appropriate alignment and function of the foot. In instances of significant disruption of the joint surface associated with the metatarsal fracture, surgery may be recommended in an effort to help realign the joint surface to help the long-term function of the foot and prevent arthritis. Overall the instance of surgery for a broken metatarsal is very low. […] Bones typically take six weeks to heal. Some metatarsal fractures may be slower to heal than others. Swelling may persist in the foot or the toes after a toe or metatarsal fracture for some time even after pain has resolved and this is a normal finding.

• #2 Broken toe: Treatments, symptoms, pictures, and healing time

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320203

  Treatment for a broken toe typically involves a cast or tape to keep the toe straight and promote healing. […] Untreated broken toes can lead to painful problems later. […] A healthcare professional can often tell a displaced fracture with a visual exam of the toe, but they may still recommend an X-ray to assess the damage and determine what treatment the individual needs. […] For more severe displaced fractures, a healthcare professional may need to put the bones back in their proper place for healing. […] Surgery may be necessary for more serious toe fractures. […] A displaced fracture means the broken bone has moved out of place. […] A displaced fracture in the toe can cause the toe to appear crooked. […] Healing times for broken toes will vary from person to person. […] However, the average healing time for a broken toe ranges from 6 to 8 weeks.

• #2 Toe and Metatarsal Fractures (Broken Toes) – Podiatrist in Manteno, IL | Elizabeth Hofmeister, DPM

  https://www.prairierockclinic.com/articles/acfas/516638-toe-and-metatarsal-fractures-broken-toes

  Some people say that the doctor cant do anything for a broken bone in the foot. This is usually not true. In fact, if a fractured toe or metatarsal bone is not treated correctly, serious complications may develop. For example: A deformity in the bony architecture which may limit the ability to move the foot or cause difficulty in fitting shoes. Arthritis, which may be caused by a fracture in a joint (the juncture where two bones meet), or may be a result of angular deformities that develop when a displaced fracture is severe or hasnt been properly corrected. Chronic pain and deformity. Non-union, or failure to heal, can lead to subsequent surgery or chronic pain. […] Fractures of the toe bones are almost always traumatic fractures. Treatment for traumatic fractures depends on the break itself and may include these options: Rest. Sometimes rest is all that is needed to treat a traumatic fracture of the toe. Splinting. The toe may be fitted with a splint to keep it in a fixed position. Rigid or stiff-soled shoe. Wearing a stiff-soled shoe protects the toe and helps keep it properly positioned. Buddy taping the fractured toe to another toe is sometimes appropriate, but in other cases it may be harmful. Surgery. If the break is badly displaced or if the joint is affected, surgery may be necessary. Surgery often involves the use of fixation devices, such as pins.

• #2 Broken Toe: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/broken-toe

  The big toe is more likely than the smaller toes to need surgery in order to heal properly and to be as strong as it was before it was broken. […] If the toe is crooked, particularly if the fracture is through one of the toe joints, the toe may need to be put back into line and held with metal pins. […] Well-healed broken (fractured) toes usually cause no ongoing problems. The possible complications, which are more likely to happen after severe breaks, include: Failed healing of the bones: this can either mean the bones heal in a crooked state or that they don’t heal together at all. […] Bone infection: this is called osteomyelitis and can be very persistent. […] Toe stiffness is a common consequence of a broken toe, particularly if the joint was involved. […] Arthritis: post-traumatic arthritis can develop after a fracture.

• #2 Turf Toe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507810/

  The first MTP is a ginglymi arthrodial joint, which functions as a hinge and a sliding joint. The shallow articulation between the convex metatarsal head and the concave base of the proximal phalanx articular surface results in little bony stability. Therefore, it relies on the complex attachments of the capsule, ligaments, and musculotendinous structures surrounding the joint. The plantar plate is the strongest stabilizer of the first MTP joint and is composed of a thickening of the joint capsule. It attaches to the transverse head of the adductor hallucis, the flexor tendon sheath, and the deep, transverse intermetatarsal ligament. The classification system is composed of the degree of injury to the plantar plate: […] Turf toe is diagnosed based on physical exam and imaging findings. According to the Anderson classification system, it is graded on a scale of 1 to 3.

• #2 Broken toe | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/broken-toe

  A broken toe is a common injury that’s most often caused by dropping something on a foot or stubbing a toe. […] Most broken toes heal well, usually within 4 to 6 weeks. Sometimes, however, a broken toe can get infected. Also, the break might increase the risk of getting osteoarthritis in that toe in the future. […] Complications may include: Infection. If the skin is cut near the injured toe, the risk of getting an infection in the bone increases. […] Osteoarthritis. This wear-and-tear type of arthritis is more likely to occur when the break affects one of the toe joints. […] In some cases, a surgeon may need to use pins, plates or screws to keep the bones in place during healing.

• #2 The Differences Between a Sprained Toe and a Broken Toe

  https://www.familyfootcarepllc.com/blog/item/96-the-differences-between-a-sprained-toe-and-a-broken-toe.html

  Many people mistake a stubbed toe with a broken toe. This may be a common error because they both produce considerable pain and discomfort. If a toe is broken, its important to obtain proper treatment as quickly as possible. If the toe is left untreated, it may affect walking and running ability in addition to experiencing chronic pain. […] A broken toe occurs when one or more of the toe bones of the foot are broken after an injury. Injuries such as stubbing your toe or dropping a heavy object on it may cause a toe fracture. […] Although the injured toe should be monitored daily, it is especially important to have a podiatrist look at your toe if you have severe symptoms. Some of these symptoms include worsening or new pain that is not relieved with medication, sores, redness, or open wounds near the toe.

• #2 Broken Toe vs. Sprained Toe: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.chiropractorsnellville.com/broken-vs-sprained-toe/

  On the other hand, a broken toe, or toe fracture, can lead to one or more of the small bones in the toe cracking or breaking due to excessive force. This can happen from a direct impact during sports or even repetitive stress over time. Despite their small size, the bones in your toes play a key role in distributing your body weight, helping you balance, and even walking or running. […] Any damage to your toes can significantly impact your mobility and daily activities. […] Understanding the specific type of toe fracture will help you and your doctor determine the best course of treatment. […] A displaced fracture occurs when the broken bone moves out of alignment, either partially or completely. This type of break can cause a deformity that’s obvious to the naked eye, along with swelling and difficulty moving the affected toe.

• #2 Broken toe: Treatments, symptoms, pictures, and healing time

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320203

  Different kinds of toe fractures have some common complications: Sesamoid fractures may have difficulty healing, causing long-term pain and negatively impacting athletic performance. […] Hallux fractures can cause deformities of the foot and big toe. […] Surgical interventions to treat toe fractures may cause nerve damage and lead to infection. […] If a fracture enters into a joint, this can injure the cartilage and lead to deformity and traumatic osteoarthritis of the joint.

• #2 Toe Fractures – The Foot Care Institute of Michigan

  https://www.footcareinstitute.com/resources-toe-fractures.html

  Proper treatment of a fractured toe should involve some level of immobilization splinting and support. Ignoring the injury and enduring the pain do not create an optimal environment for fracture healing. […] In closing, these injuries occur with sudden onset, extreme pain, and obvious shoe wear difficulties. Proper evaluation, management, and periodic monitoring are recommended procedures for this problem.

• #3 Broken toe – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000520.htm

  Each toe is made up of 2 or 3 small bones. These bones are small and fragile. They can break after you stub your toe or drop something heavy on it. […] Broken toes are a common injury. The fracture is most often treated without surgery and can be taken care of at home. […] Injuries that involve the big toe may need a cast or splint to heal. In rare cases, tiny pieces of bone can break off and keep the bone from healing properly. In this case, you may need surgery. […] If your toe is crooked after the injury, the bone may be out of place and may need to be straightened in order to heal properly. This may be done either with or without surgery. […] Most broken toes will heal on their own with proper care at home. It can take 4 to 6 weeks for complete healing. […] More severe injuries that require casting, reduction, or surgery will take time to heal, possibly 6 to 8 weeks.

• #3 Knowledge Center: Patient information about orthopedic disorders.

  https://www.iskinstitute.com/kc/feet/broken_toe/broken_toe.html

  Your toes consist of bones called phalanges. Any of the bones in your toes can be fractured. The bone can be damaged in four ways: Compressed fracture Forces press the ends of the bone towards the center. Comminuted fracture The bone cracks into multiple fragments. Displaced fracture The bone dislocates and moves out of its normal position. Non-displaced fracture – The bone is broken but remains in its normal position. […] When you break your toe, the fracture often occurs close to the toes joint with the longer midfoot bones (metatarsals), called the metatarsophalangeal joint. […] When your toe is bent or forced too far in any direction – up, down, or sideways – your bones can break or dislocate. […] The majority of broken toes can be put back in position without surgery using a procedure called closed reduction. Your physician typically tapes the broken toe to the toe next to it to hold the toe in position while it heals. In rare cases, when your toe fracture is unstable – meaning your toe will not maintain proper position in its joint with your foot – your physician may need to make an open incision and fixate your toe with wires. This procedure is called internal fixation. […] Physicians suspect a broken toe when you describe direct contact to your toe followed by pain and limited motion.

• #3 Mild and Severe Broken Toes

  https://www.sayvillefootcare.com/blog/item/396-mild-and-severe-broken-toes

  Many patients are aware they have broken their toe by the severe pain and discomfort they feel after something heavy is dropped on it. It may also become fractured if it has been stubbed against a piece of furniture. […] Broken toes can occur as a result of a medical condition such as osteoporosis, where the bones may already be fragile. […] A broken toe occurs when one or more of the toe bones of the foot are broken after an injury. Injuries such as stubbing your toe or dropping a heavy object on it may cause a toe fracture. […] Although the injured toe should be monitored daily, it is especially important to have a podiatrist look at your toe if you have severe symptoms. Some of these symptoms include worsening or new pain that is not relieved with medication, sores, redness, or open wounds near the toe.

• #3 Broken toe: Treatments, symptoms, pictures, and healing time

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320203

  Treatment for a broken toe typically involves a cast or tape to keep the toe straight and promote healing. […] Untreated broken toes can lead to painful problems later. […] A healthcare professional can often tell a displaced fracture with a visual exam of the toe, but they may still recommend an X-ray to assess the damage and determine what treatment the individual needs. […] For more severe displaced fractures, a healthcare professional may need to put the bones back in their proper place for healing. […] Surgery may be necessary for more serious toe fractures. […] A displaced fracture means the broken bone has moved out of place. […] A displaced fracture in the toe can cause the toe to appear crooked. […] Healing times for broken toes will vary from person to person. […] However, the average healing time for a broken toe ranges from 6 to 8 weeks.

• #3 Think You Have a Fractured Toe? Here’s What Could Happen If You Don’t Get It Checked Out: Podiatry Hotline Foot & Ankle: Foot and Ankle Specialists

  https://www.podiatryhotline.com/blog/think-you-have-a-fractured-toe-heres-what-could-happen-if-you-dont-get-it-checked-out

  If you stubbed your toe and felt a snap, you may wonder if its broken, and you might think that the wait and see approach is the best course of action. However, a fracture that goes undetected and untreated can lead to complications. […] A fractured toe thats left untreated can lead to infection. When it comes to broken toes, infection risk usually happens if the skin on the affected toe is cut or punctured at the time of the injury. […] Osteoarthritis can develop from an untreated toe fracture. Osteoarthritis typically develops from wear and tear of your joints over time, but walking on a fractured toe can speed up this process although it may still take months, or even years, for arthritis to develop. […] Treatment prevents complications. Once Dr. Rambacher has diagnosed your toe fracture, you have a few treatment options depending on the severity of the injury.

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