Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has high incidence among intensive care unit patients. […] ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum.

• #2 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  Fifty years ago, Ashbaugh and colleagues defined for the first time the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), one among the most challenging clinical condition of the critical care medicine. […] Epidemiologic information about ARDS is limited in the era of the new Berlin definition, and wide differences are reported among countries all over the world. […] Despite decades of study in the field of lung injury, ARDS is still so far under-recognized, with 2 out of 5 cases missed by clinicians. […] Furthermore, although advances of ventilator strategies in the management of ARDS associated with outcome improvements such as protective mechanical ventilation, lower driving pressure, higher PEEP levels and prone positioning, ARDS appears to be undertreated and mortality remains elevated up to 40%.

• #3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS? | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

  The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. […] Among patients admitted to ICU, 1620% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS. […] ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. […] The mortality of ARDS in randomized controlled studies is generally lower than that in observational studies. […] Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. […] Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. […] There is an interaction of factors as risk enhancement in the development of ARDS. […] Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

• #4 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. Moreover, to determine an accurate estimate of its incidence, all cases of ARDS in a given population must be found and included. Although this may be problematic, recent data are available from the United States and international studies that may clarify the true incidence of this condition. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths.

• #5 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. Moreover, to determine an accurate estimate of its incidence, all cases of ARDS in a given population must be found and included. Although this may be problematic, recent data are available from the United States and international studies that may clarify the true incidence of this condition. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths.

• #6 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  In this review, we cover the history that led to the current worldwide accepted Berlin definition of ARDS and we summarize the recent data regarding ARDS epidemiology. […] It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #7 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #8 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  In this review, we cover the history that led to the current worldwide accepted Berlin definition of ARDS and we summarize the recent data regarding ARDS epidemiology. […] It is surprising the huge variability of ARDS incidence, including all ARDS categories, in various population-based studies between different continents such as South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years) and USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years) with a relevant geographic diversity. […] Furthermore, in countries of the same continent such as Europe, ARDS occurrence varies consistently, ranging from 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, to 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, to 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] Recent insights about the epidemiology of ARDS, according to the current Berlin definition, came from the LUNG SAFE study, an International, multicenter, prospective cohort study conducted in Intensive Care Units in 50 countries.

• #9 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Various population-based studies conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed a huge global variation in incidence – eg, South America (10.1 per 100,000 person-years), Europe, (17.9 per 100,000 person-years), Australia (34 per 100,000 person-years), USA (78.9 per 100,000 person-years). Even within Europe, considerable variation exists: 10.6 per 100,000 person-years in Finland, 17.9 per 100,000 person-years in Scandinavia, 25.5 per 100,000 person-years in Spain. […] In the UK, in one prospective six-month study to determine the incidence and outcome of ARDS in a UK adult University Hospital ICU, 344 patients were admitted during the study period, of which 43 (12.5%) were determined to have acute respiratory distress syndrome.

• #10 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. The age distribution reflects the incidence of the underlying causes. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #11 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  The incidence of ARDS varies globally by over 400%. […] For example, where patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure are not routinely intubated (as may occur in certain institutional settings in USA/Europe or in low- and middle-income country settings with limited supplies of ventilators and/or resources and personnel for ICU-level care), ARDS incidence may appear lower than it actually is. […] Likely the highest quality evidence on ARDS incidence and management patterns originates from LUNG-SAFE, a prevalence study conducted during a 4-week period in 459 ICUs in 50 countries. Overall, 10% of all ICU patients and 23% of mechanically ventilated patients met ARDS criteria, yielding an ICU incidence of 5.5 cases per ICU bed per year. […] ARDS remains a common, deadly problem among critically ill patients around the world. […] It is a syndrome of significant heterogeneity, with sub-phenotypes requiring further characterization and tools for prompt clinical identification. […] Further advances in ARDS care will likely require improved understanding of the epidemiology of this syndrome and its subtypes as well as innovative trials of focused therapeutics.

• #12 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Even among severe ARDS, diagnosis was missed in at least one patient out of 5. […] These results are in line with another study that estimated ARDS under-recognition by clinicians in up to 50% of cases, despite the accepted use of AECC definition and staff training. […] In LUNG SAFE, organizational and patient factors were reported to be associated with higher clinician recognition of ARDS in invasively ventilated patients.

• #13 Epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome in the twenty-first century: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-025-00781-3

  We analyzed 93,192 records of patients with a new diagnosis of MV-ARDS during the study period. MV-ARDS incidence ranged from 2.96 to 20.14/100,000 population-years, peaking in 2021. Mortality ranged between 38.0 and 55.0%, showing a declining trend, while the cost per patient increased, stabilizing ~30,000-40,000 after reaching a peak of 42,812 in 2011. […] This is the largest epidemiological study on ARDS in Europe. MV-ARDS incidence has stabilized in recent years, with mortality showing a declining trend. ARDS-related costs have increased nearly fourfold. […] The reported incidence of ARDS varies widely in the literature, ranging between 7.2 and 78.9 cases per 100,000 population/year, with a prevalence between 7.1 and 19.0% among Intensive Care Units (ICU) admissions. […] Since 2010, the reported mortality rates have been 45% for hospital mortality, 38% for ICU mortality, 30% for 28- or 30-day mortality, and 32% for 60-day mortality.

• #14 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  The incidence of ARDS varies globally by over 400%. […] For example, where patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure are not routinely intubated (as may occur in certain institutional settings in USA/Europe or in low- and middle-income country settings with limited supplies of ventilators and/or resources and personnel for ICU-level care), ARDS incidence may appear lower than it actually is. […] Likely the highest quality evidence on ARDS incidence and management patterns originates from LUNG-SAFE, a prevalence study conducted during a 4-week period in 459 ICUs in 50 countries. Overall, 10% of all ICU patients and 23% of mechanically ventilated patients met ARDS criteria, yielding an ICU incidence of 5.5 cases per ICU bed per year. […] ARDS remains a common, deadly problem among critically ill patients around the world. […] It is a syndrome of significant heterogeneity, with sub-phenotypes requiring further characterization and tools for prompt clinical identification. […] Further advances in ARDS care will likely require improved understanding of the epidemiology of this syndrome and its subtypes as well as innovative trials of focused therapeutics.

• #15 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. The age distribution reflects the incidence of the underlying causes. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #16 Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-epidemiology-pathophysiology-pathology-and-etiology-in-adults

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, and etiology in adults […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathologic stages, and etiologies of ARDS will be reviewed here. […] The incidence of acute lung injury was determined in a multicenter, population-based, prospective cohort study in the United States. […] The age-adjusted incidence was 86 per 100,000 person-years for individuals with an arterial oxygen tension to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio ≤300 mmHg and 64 per 100,000 person-years for individuals with a PaO2/FiO2 ≤200 mmHg. […] The incidence increased with patient age from 16 per 100,000 person-years among individuals 15 to 19 years of age to 306 per 100,000 person-years among individuals 75 to 84 years of age.

• #17 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The first study to use the 1994 AECC definitions was performed in Scandinavia, which reported annual rates of 17.9 cases per 100,000 population for ALI and 13.5 cases per 100,000 population for ARDS. […] ARDS may occur in people of any age. Its incidence increases with advancing age, ranging from 16 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15-19 years to 306 cases per 100,000 person-years in those between the ages of 75 and 84 years. The age distribution reflects the incidence of the underlying causes. […] For ARDS associated with sepsis and most other causes, no differences in the incidence between males and females appear to exist. However, in trauma patients only, the incidence of the disease may be slightly higher among females.

• #18 Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02127-9

  In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has shown a gradual upward trend, which is related to the introduction of the Berlin definition and an improved ability to identify ARDS patients. The incidence of ARDS is age dependent, increasing from 16/100,000 person-years for individuals 15-19 years of age to 306/100,000 person-years for individuals 75-84 years of age. In addition, the incidence of ARDS is also gender dependent, and men (62%) are more likely to develop ARDS than women (38%). The incidence of ARDS among ICU patients was investigated in a large-scale study; 10% of ICU patients met the criteria for ARDS, and a quarter of all critically ill patients who required mechanical ventilation developed ARDS. Despite advances in supportive care, ARDS remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, with high mortality rates of 35% (for mild cases), 40% (for moderate cases), and 45% (for severe cases). However, there is no significant difference in overall hospital mortality between men (40.2%) and women (40.2%), although women have been reported to have higher mortality in patients with severe ARDS. In China, comprehensive studies of the prevalence, mortality, and risk factors of ALI/ARDS are lacking. However, a few regional studies have suggested that the epidemiology of ARDS in China is similar to that in Europe and the United States. Of 1814 patients in 20 ICUs in 9 provinces in China, 147 (8.1%) ICU patients met the criteria for ARDS, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 34.0%. However, in another multicentre prospective longitudinal study, the incidence of ARDS was low; of 18,793 ICU patients, only 3.6% met the criteria outlined in the Berlin definition of ARDS, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 244 (46.3%). Moreover, the epidemiology of COVID-19-related ARDS (CARDS) in China has varied among different cohort studies. According to several small sample studies, the probability that a COVID-19 patient will suffer from ARDS is 40-65%, with a mortality rate ranging from 50-75%. However, a large study including 1875 COVID-19 patients suggested that 19.3% of COVID-19 patients will develop CARDS, which is similar to other reported data. The reason for this difference may be related to the sample size or the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

• #19 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS? | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

  The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. […] Among patients admitted to ICU, 1620% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS. […] ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. […] The mortality of ARDS in randomized controlled studies is generally lower than that in observational studies. […] Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. […] Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. […] There is an interaction of factors as risk enhancement in the development of ARDS. […] Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

• #20 Understanding the Major Factors and Trends Driving the ARDS

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/ards-epidemiological-trends-and-risk-factors

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) prevalence is increasing every year; it is estimated that in the United States alone, about 190K Americans are diagnosed with ARDS each year. […] In 2023, the total incident cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the United States were approximately 591 thousand. The United States accounted for the largest share of the ARDS population, representing about 62% of the total cases across the 7MM (United States, EU4, UK, and Japan). […] In 2023, there were 177,000 cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the U.S. classified as mild severity. […] DelveInsight estimates indicate that 210,000 incident cases of ARDS in the U.S. in 2023 were primarily caused by pneumonia, followed by sepsis, aspiration, and other contributing factors. […] Pneumonia, Sepsis, Aspiration, Trauma, Pancreatitis, and others are among the major driving factors for ARDS prevalence. […] The burden of ARDS is high, but the clinical landscape continues to evolve.

• #21 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS? | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

  The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. […] Among patients admitted to ICU, 1620% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS. […] ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. […] The mortality of ARDS in randomized controlled studies is generally lower than that in observational studies. […] Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. […] Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. […] There is an interaction of factors as risk enhancement in the development of ARDS. […] Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

• #22 Global Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201231005113/en/Global-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] The report provides insight into the 7MM historical and forecasted patient pool covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). […] The report provides the segmentation of the disease epidemiology for 7MM by Total Prevalent Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Total Diagnosed and Treated Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

• #23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology 2017-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200713005331/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-2017-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] The estimates show a higher incidence of ARDS in the United States with 495,655 cases in 2017. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase at a CAGR of 1.07%. […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise at a CAGR of 0.92%.

• #24 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Estimates of the incidence of ARDS in the United States range from 64.2 to 78.9 cases/100,000 person-years. […] Approximately 10 to 15% of patients admitted to the intensive care units and up to 23% of mechanically ventilated patients meet the criteria for ARDS. […] A literature review revealed a mortality decrease of 1.1% per year from 1994 through 2006. However, the overall pooled mortality rate for all the studies evaluated was 43%. […] The mortality of ARDS is commensurate with the severity of the disease: 27%, 32%, and 45% for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively.

• #25 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Even among severe ARDS, diagnosis was missed in at least one patient out of 5. […] These results are in line with another study that estimated ARDS under-recognition by clinicians in up to 50% of cases, despite the accepted use of AECC definition and staff training. […] In LUNG SAFE, organizational and patient factors were reported to be associated with higher clinician recognition of ARDS in invasively ventilated patients.

• #26 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/15774

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Even among severe ARDS, diagnosis was missed in at least one patient out of 5. […] These results are in line with another study that estimated ARDS under-recognition by clinicians in up to 50% of cases, despite the accepted use of AECC definition and staff training.

• #27 Definition and epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15694/html

  ARDS occurrence was estimated to be 10.4% in all ICU admissions and in more than double (23.4%) among the mechanically ventilated patients. […] One of the most striking finding of the LUNG SAFE study was that of all ARDS patients, clinicians missed almost 40% of ARDS diagnosis, despite a specific online training on ARDS diagnosis, which was offered to all investigators. […] Even among severe ARDS, diagnosis was missed in at least one patient out of 5. […] These results are in line with another study that estimated ARDS under-recognition by clinicians in up to 50% of cases, despite the accepted use of AECC definition and staff training. […] In LUNG SAFE, organizational and patient factors were reported to be associated with higher clinician recognition of ARDS in invasively ventilated patients.

• #28 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/23/2149996/28124/en/Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2017-2030-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-and-United-Kingdom-and-Japan.html

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] Total Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is estimated to increase during the forecasted period (2020-2030). […] Severity-specific Incident Population of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the 7MM is projected to rise during the study period (2017-2030).

• #29 Global Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201231005113/en/Global-Acute-Respiratory-Distress-Syndrome-ARDS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the 7MM, the total incident population of ARDS is estimated to be 799,872, in 2017. […] Generally, the highest number of incident cases were assessed for ARDS due to Pneumonia, in all the 7MM countries, except the United Kingdom, in which Sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS. […] Due to occurrence of COVID-19, there is a sudden increase in the cases of ARDS in the US, from 495,655 in 2017, to 550,371 in 2020. […] Among the EU-5 countries, Germany had the highest incident population of ARDS with 148,302 cases, followed by Italy, with 44,700 cases, in 2017. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest incident population of 20,839 in 2017. Besides, Japan had 19,137 incident cases of ARDS in 2017. […] The report provides insight into the 7MM historical and forecasted patient pool covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). […] The report provides the segmentation of the disease epidemiology for 7MM by Total Prevalent Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Total Diagnosed and Treated Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

• #30 The Contribution of COVID-19 to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Related Mortality in the United States | Oud | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/4915/25893736

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common severe pulmonary complication of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] It is nevertheless estimated that ARDS is present in 75% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COVID-19 and in 90% of ICU non-survivors. […] The toll of pre-pandemic ARDS-related deaths in the United States was estimated at nearly 10,000/year. […] With over 375,000 COVID-19-related deaths in the USA during the first year of the pandemic, the epidemiology of ARDS was likely transformed substantially. […] Accurate accounting of the ARDS-related mortality burden during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform future preventive and interventional efforts, as well as health resource allocation. […] In 2020, there were 51,184 ARDS-related deaths, 384,536 COVID-19-related deaths, and 41,606 deaths with both in the USA.

• #31 The Contribution of COVID-19 to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Related Mortality in the United States | Oud | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/4915/25893736

  Our study shows that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with nearly five-fold rise in ARDS-related deaths in the USA during 2020, and a diagnosis of COVID-19 was present in over 80% of all ARDS-related deaths that year. […] This magnitude of change is unprecedented in ARDS epidemiology. […] However, this dramatic change is likely a substantial underestimate of the actual contribution of COVID-19 to ARDS-related mortality in 2020. […] Further studies are thus needed in other countries and regions, as well as in coming years in the USA to inform our understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on the ARDS-related mortality burden.

• #32 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has high incidence among intensive care unit patients. […] ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum.

• #33 Epidemiology, ventilation management and outcomes of COVID–19 ARDS patients versus patients with ARDS due to pneumonia in the Pre–COVID era | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-024-02910-2

  Epidemiology and key ventilation characteristics were different in patients with COVIDARDS compared to CLASSICARDS, also P was lower in COVIDARDS patients. […] The high numbers of patients who needed invasive ventilation early in the unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) has led to numerous studies of epidemiology, ventilation management and outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related to an infection with SARSCoV2. […] The number of studies that directly compared ventilation management of COVIDARDS with CLASSICARDS is limited. […] It remains uncertain whether practice of invasive ventilation in COVIDARDS patients really differed from that in CLASSICARDS patients. […] Our findings show important differences in key ventilation parameters and associations thereof with outcomes between COVIDARDS and CLASSICARDS.

• #34 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436002/

  Estimates of the incidence of ARDS in the United States range from 64.2 to 78.9 cases/100,000 person-years. […] Approximately 10 to 15% of patients admitted to the intensive care units and up to 23% of mechanically ventilated patients meet the criteria for ARDS. […] A literature review revealed a mortality decrease of 1.1% per year from 1994 through 2006. However, the overall pooled mortality rate for all the studies evaluated was 43%. […] The mortality of ARDS is commensurate with the severity of the disease: 27%, 32%, and 45% for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively.

• #35 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS? | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

  The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. […] Among patients admitted to ICU, 1620% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS. […] ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. […] The mortality of ARDS in randomized controlled studies is generally lower than that in observational studies. […] Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. […] Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. […] There is an interaction of factors as risk enhancement in the development of ARDS. […] Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

• #36 LUNG-SAFE: Global recognition & treatment of ARDS – ESICM

  https://www.esicm.org/article-review-jama-lung-safe-ards-arulkumaran-2016/

  ARDS is a common pathology seen in intensive care units globally, with associated significant mortality and even long-term morbidity. […] The Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG-SAFE) study is the first large multicentre observational study to 1). Evaluate the epidemiology of ARDS 2). Recognition and management of ARDS 3). Demonstrate the mortality of ARDS patients as stratified by the Berlin Definition of ARDS. […] Overall, unadjusted ICU and hospital mortality from ARDS were 35.3% and 40.0% respectively. […] ARDS remains a significant global challenge in ICUs.

• #37 Epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome in the twenty-first century: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-025-00781-3

  We analyzed 93,192 records of patients with a new diagnosis of MV-ARDS during the study period. MV-ARDS incidence ranged from 2.96 to 20.14/100,000 population-years, peaking in 2021. Mortality ranged between 38.0 and 55.0%, showing a declining trend, while the cost per patient increased, stabilizing ~30,000-40,000 after reaching a peak of 42,812 in 2011. […] This is the largest epidemiological study on ARDS in Europe. MV-ARDS incidence has stabilized in recent years, with mortality showing a declining trend. ARDS-related costs have increased nearly fourfold. […] The reported incidence of ARDS varies widely in the literature, ranging between 7.2 and 78.9 cases per 100,000 population/year, with a prevalence between 7.1 and 19.0% among Intensive Care Units (ICU) admissions. […] Since 2010, the reported mortality rates have been 45% for hospital mortality, 38% for ICU mortality, 30% for 28- or 30-day mortality, and 32% for 60-day mortality.

• #38 Clinical epidemiology and mortality on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in Vietnam | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221114

  The clinical epidemiology and disease prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have not yet been fully elucidated in Vietnam. […] Among 126 eligible patients with ARDS admitted to the central tertiary hospital in Vietnam, we observed high mortality (57.1%). […] Patients with ARDS admitted the central tertiary hospital had severe illness and high mortality. Most patients were transferred from local hospitals. Improvements in human, medical, and sociological resources in local will contribute to reducing the mortality of ARDS in Vietnam. […] The present study revealed that mortality in patients with ARDS in Vietnam was high at 57.1%. Among all patients, 91.3% were transferred from local hospitals with severe pneumonia and diagnosed with ARDS at the central hospital.

• #39 Same but Different? Comparing the Epidemiology, Treatments and Outcomes of COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 ARDS Cases in Germany Using a Sample of Claims Data from 2021 and 2019

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1324

  In Germany, there is only limited evidence on the epidemiology of ARDS during and prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Our study provides a concise overview of the characteristics, comorbidities, and treatments of COVID-19 ARDS patients in Germany in 2021 and compares them to those of non-COVID-19 patients in 2021 and 2019. […] Our data revealed a similar comorbidity pattern for COVID-19 ARDS patients in Germany in 2021, with a lower proportion of cancer (3.84%) and a slightly higher proportion of patients with congestive heart failure (21.97%). […] Although earlier studies indicated similar or higher comorbidities in COVID-19 associated ARDS in 2020 compared to non-COVID-19 cases, our study results demonstrate that COVID-19 patients in 2021 had notably less comorbidities compared to non-COVID-19 ARDS patients in 2021 and 2019, except for diabetes. […] Our study reports an in-hospital mortality rate of 45.9% for COVID-19 ARDS cases in 2021 and 51.2% for non-COVID-19 ARDS cases in 2021, with a rate of 48.6% in 2019 in Germany.

• #40 Clinical epidemiology and mortality on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in Vietnam | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221114

  A unique characteristic of patients with ARDS in Vietnam is that many of these patients are diagnosed with severe pneumonia in local hospitals and are then transferred to a central hospital if their conditions become severe. This leads to delayed diagnosis and delayed initiation of treatment for ARDS, which can in turn lead to high mortality. […] The SOFA score at the time of admission was a predictive factor for the survivability of patients, while the SOFA score on day 3 did not predict patients survival. […] After being admitted to the central hospital, PaO2/FiO2 on day 3 after admission was also considered to be a factor influencing patient survival. […] The etiology of ARDS varies, and some types of ARDS have rapid progression depending on their cause. […] These results will provide important information to physicians and can help to reduce mortality among patients with ARDS in Vietnam and other low- and middle-income countries.

• #41 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p730.html

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is responsible for one in 10 admissions to intensive care units and one in four mechanical ventilations. […] According to a retrospective U.S. study, the estimated incidence of ARDS in 2014 was 193.4 cases per 100,000 people. […] A prospective Canadian study estimated the incidence to be 27.6 cases per 100,000 patient-years. […] Another study found that ARDS was responsible for 10% of ICU admissions and 23% of mechanical ventilations. […] Mild, moderate, and severe cases of ARDS are associated with hospital mortality rates of 27% to 35%, 32% to 40%, and 46% to 60%, respectively, and hospitals with higher ARDS case volume have lower ARDS mortality. […] The estimated incidence in children is 2.0 to 12.8 cases per 100,000 person-years, and the estimated mortality rate is 18% to 27%.

• #42 Acute respiratory distress syndrome readmissions: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of epidemiology and costs of care | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263000

  The mean cost for ARDS index admission and readmission were over $71,004 and $26,971, respectively, for annual total costs over $1.09 billion and $75.6 million, respectively. […] This analysis revealed important information on readmissions within the first two days after discharge, which were associated with significantly higher readmission mortality risk as well as costs. […] It is unclear what effect, if any, readmissions within the first month after discharge have on the overall disease recovery trajectory in ARDS.

• #43 Epidemiological trends of mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome in the twenty-first century: a nationwide, population-based retrospective study | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-025-00781-3

  We analyzed 93,192 records of patients with a new diagnosis of MV-ARDS during the study period. MV-ARDS incidence ranged from 2.96 to 20.14/100,000 population-years, peaking in 2021. Mortality ranged between 38.0 and 55.0%, showing a declining trend, while the cost per patient increased, stabilizing ~30,000-40,000 after reaching a peak of 42,812 in 2011. […] This is the largest epidemiological study on ARDS in Europe. MV-ARDS incidence has stabilized in recent years, with mortality showing a declining trend. ARDS-related costs have increased nearly fourfold. […] The reported incidence of ARDS varies widely in the literature, ranging between 7.2 and 78.9 cases per 100,000 population/year, with a prevalence between 7.1 and 19.0% among Intensive Care Units (ICU) admissions. […] Since 2010, the reported mortality rates have been 45% for hospital mortality, 38% for ICU mortality, 30% for 28- or 30-day mortality, and 32% for 60-day mortality.

• #44 Acute respiratory distress syndrome readmissions: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of epidemiology and costs of care | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263000

  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects approximately 10% of patients admitted to intensive care units internationally, with as many as 40%-52% of patients reporting re-hospitalization within one year. […] The ongoing burden of healthcare utilization for patients with ARDS is high, with 40%-52% of patients requiring re-hospitalization in one year. […] Thirty-day readmission occurred in 18.4% of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in this sample, and early readmission is strongly associated with increased mortality compared to late readmission. […] The national estimate of index admissions with at least one readmission within 30 days is 2,889 (95% CI 2,656-3,122), reflecting 18.4% (95% CI 17.4-19.3) of all eligible index admissions. […] In the largest study of its kind, we demonstrate that 30-day readmission occurs in nearly one fifth of patients admitted with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

• #45 Acute respiratory distress syndrome readmissions: A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of epidemiology and costs of care | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263000

  The mean cost for ARDS index admission and readmission were over $71,004 and $26,971, respectively, for annual total costs over $1.09 billion and $75.6 million, respectively. […] This analysis revealed important information on readmissions within the first two days after discharge, which were associated with significantly higher readmission mortality risk as well as costs. […] It is unclear what effect, if any, readmissions within the first month after discharge have on the overall disease recovery trajectory in ARDS.

• #46 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803573-overview

  The incidence of ARDS is certainly lower in the pediatric population as compared to adults. The adult studies have reported a very wide range of incidence: from 17.9-86.2 per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence in the pediatric population is reported between 2.2 and 12.8 per 100,000 person-years. From the critical care perspective, ALI/ARDS accounts for 2.2% to 2.6% of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions, […] The Pediatric Respiratory Distress Incidence and Epidemiology (PARDIE) study, which involved 27 countries, found that pediatric ARDS occurs in about 3% of patients in PICUs and in about 6% of those who are receiving mechanical ventilation. […] Incidence and severity of ARDS are somewhat similar at different geographical locations. The study from Australia and New Zealand reported an incidence of 2.95 per 100,000 person-years, 2.2% of PICU admissions, and 30% of PICU mortality.

• #47 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803573-overview

  The incidence of ARDS is certainly lower in the pediatric population as compared to adults. The adult studies have reported a very wide range of incidence: from 17.9-86.2 per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence in the pediatric population is reported between 2.2 and 12.8 per 100,000 person-years. From the critical care perspective, ALI/ARDS accounts for 2.2% to 2.6% of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions, […] The Pediatric Respiratory Distress Incidence and Epidemiology (PARDIE) study, which involved 27 countries, found that pediatric ARDS occurs in about 3% of patients in PICUs and in about 6% of those who are receiving mechanical ventilation. […] Incidence and severity of ARDS are somewhat similar at different geographical locations. The study from Australia and New Zealand reported an incidence of 2.95 per 100,000 person-years, 2.2% of PICU admissions, and 30% of PICU mortality.

• #48 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803573-overview

  The incidence of ARDS is certainly lower in the pediatric population as compared to adults. The adult studies have reported a very wide range of incidence: from 17.9-86.2 per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence in the pediatric population is reported between 2.2 and 12.8 per 100,000 person-years. From the critical care perspective, ALI/ARDS accounts for 2.2% to 2.6% of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions, […] The Pediatric Respiratory Distress Incidence and Epidemiology (PARDIE) study, which involved 27 countries, found that pediatric ARDS occurs in about 3% of patients in PICUs and in about 6% of those who are receiving mechanical ventilation. […] Incidence and severity of ARDS are somewhat similar at different geographical locations. The study from Australia and New Zealand reported an incidence of 2.95 per 100,000 person-years, 2.2% of PICU admissions, and 30% of PICU mortality.

• #49 Epidemiology of Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pro…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/pcc/2022/00000023/00000007/art00015

  OBJECTIVES: Age-specific definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are available, including a specific definition for neonates (the Montreux definition). The epidemiology of neonatal ARDS is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical course, treatment, and outcomes of neonatal ARDS. […] A total of 239 neonates met criteria for the diagnosis of neonatal ARDS. The median prevalence was 1.5% of neonatal ICU admissions with male/female ratio of 1.5. […] Prevalence and survival of neonatal ARDS are similar to those of pediatric ARDS. The neonatal ARDS subtypes used in the current definition may be associated with distinct clinical outcomes and a different distribution for term and preterm neonates.

• #50 Epidemiology of Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pro…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/pcc/2022/00000023/00000007/art00015

  OBJECTIVES: Age-specific definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are available, including a specific definition for neonates (the Montreux definition). The epidemiology of neonatal ARDS is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical course, treatment, and outcomes of neonatal ARDS. […] A total of 239 neonates met criteria for the diagnosis of neonatal ARDS. The median prevalence was 1.5% of neonatal ICU admissions with male/female ratio of 1.5. […] Prevalence and survival of neonatal ARDS are similar to those of pediatric ARDS. The neonatal ARDS subtypes used in the current definition may be associated with distinct clinical outcomes and a different distribution for term and preterm neonates.

• #51 Epidemiology of ARDS

  https://uninet.edu/cimc2000/conferencia/conf8/Bertolini.htm

  ARDS occurs following a variety of overwhelming insults or risk factors. […] Recently, Garber et al (18) published the results of a systematic overview of incidence and risk factor of ARDS. […] Due to the fact that different criteria to define ARDS exist, it has always been difficult to estimate the crude incidence and the outcome of the ARDS either in US or outside. […] In summary, all the subsequent studies have reported an incidence of ARDS that was an order of magnitude lower than estimated by the NIH in 1972. […] However, it is likely that, at least in some of these last cases, there is a major unrepresentativness of the true incidence of ARDS due to problems of definitions and study methodology.

• #52 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has high incidence among intensive care unit patients. […] ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-021-06469-0

  One of the most evident weaknesses of scientific and public health strategies in the management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is certainly the scarcity of robust epidemiological data, not limited to the quali-quantitative descriptions of patient populations and their outcomes, specifically in the hardly comparable ICU settings of care […] The substantial absence of this type of epidemiology has suggested a broader question: whether and how far the failure documented in publications relating to the ICU phases of Covid-19 coincides with the state of the art also for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), closely overlapping the severe pulmonary involvement seen in a small but dramatic fraction of the Covid-19-infected population. […] Papers published to celebrate the 50th birthday of ARDS as a specific clinical entity and diagnosis show a clear consensus: ARDS should become a model scenario to test the passage from the classical strictly descriptive estimates of its incidence and mortality (e.g., 10% of all ICU cases, 23% of all mechanically ventilated patients, 5.5 cases/ICU bed/year, 40% in-hospital mortality), to systematic monitoring of unmet clinical and technological needs in different care settings.

• #54 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0069-0

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. […] Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. […] This international study provides major new insights into the challenges in recognizing and diagnosing ARDS, the high prevalence in intensive care units and the shortcomings in applying treatment with lung-protective ventilation to a substantial proportion of patients with ARDS. […] The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. A 50th birthday review. […] Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.

• #55 The Contribution of COVID-19 to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Related Mortality in the United States | Oud | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/4915/25893736

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common severe pulmonary complication of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] It is nevertheless estimated that ARDS is present in 75% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COVID-19 and in 90% of ICU non-survivors. […] The toll of pre-pandemic ARDS-related deaths in the United States was estimated at nearly 10,000/year. […] With over 375,000 COVID-19-related deaths in the USA during the first year of the pandemic, the epidemiology of ARDS was likely transformed substantially. […] Accurate accounting of the ARDS-related mortality burden during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform future preventive and interventional efforts, as well as health resource allocation. […] In 2020, there were 51,184 ARDS-related deaths, 384,536 COVID-19-related deaths, and 41,606 deaths with both in the USA.

• #56 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165139-overview

  The incidence of ARDS varies widely, partly because studies have used different definitions of the disease. Moreover, to determine an accurate estimate of its incidence, all cases of ARDS in a given population must be found and included. Although this may be problematic, recent data are available from the United States and international studies that may clarify the true incidence of this condition. […] The incidence of ARDS increased five-fold in 2020 during the initial spread of COVID-19, and although improved treatments have since decreased the incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19-associated ARDS, the incidence and mortality rates remain high among patients in the ICU. […] On the basis of these statistics, it is estimated that 190,600 cases exist in the United States annually and that these cases are associated with 74,500 deaths.

• #57 Understanding the Major Factors and Trends Driving the ARDS

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/ards-epidemiological-trends-and-risk-factors

  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) prevalence is increasing every year; it is estimated that in the United States alone, about 190K Americans are diagnosed with ARDS each year. […] In 2023, the total incident cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the United States were approximately 591 thousand. The United States accounted for the largest share of the ARDS population, representing about 62% of the total cases across the 7MM (United States, EU4, UK, and Japan). […] In 2023, there were 177,000 cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the U.S. classified as mild severity. […] DelveInsight estimates indicate that 210,000 incident cases of ARDS in the U.S. in 2023 were primarily caused by pneumonia, followed by sepsis, aspiration, and other contributing factors. […] Pneumonia, Sepsis, Aspiration, Trauma, Pancreatitis, and others are among the major driving factors for ARDS prevalence. […] The burden of ARDS is high, but the clinical landscape continues to evolve.

• #58 Epidemiology, ventilation management and outcomes of COVID–19 ARDS patients versus patients with ARDS due to pneumonia in the Pre–COVID era | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-024-02910-2

  Epidemiology and key ventilation characteristics were different in patients with COVIDARDS compared to CLASSICARDS, also P was lower in COVIDARDS patients. […] The high numbers of patients who needed invasive ventilation early in the unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) has led to numerous studies of epidemiology, ventilation management and outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related to an infection with SARSCoV2. […] The number of studies that directly compared ventilation management of COVIDARDS with CLASSICARDS is limited. […] It remains uncertain whether practice of invasive ventilation in COVIDARDS patients really differed from that in CLASSICARDS patients. […] Our findings show important differences in key ventilation parameters and associations thereof with outcomes between COVIDARDS and CLASSICARDS.

• #59 Epidemiology, ventilation management and outcomes of COVID–19 ARDS patients versus patients with ARDS due to pneumonia in the Pre–COVID era | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-024-02910-2

  Our analysis found several associations between ventilation parameters and outcome. The association of higher P with higher 60day mortality and less VFD60 is in line with previous studies. […] The findings of this pooled analysis extend the existing knowledge of the epidemiology, management of invasive ventilation and outcomes in COVIDARDS.

• #60 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5204194/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?srsltid=AfmBOopA008aiRtUeHAB4-uOdLXodXF0yBUmdDGN3HgnXzI35R2wBxfQ

  In 2021, the total incident cases of ARDS were estimated to be 1,088,015 cases in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2032 at a CAGR of 1.5% during the study period (2019-2032). […] Among the 7MM, the United States has the highest number of incident cases of ARDS with approximately 630,584 cases in 2021. […] Assessments as per the analysts show that in terms of severity-specific incidence, a similar trend is observed in all countries, with a majority of the cases pointing to moderate ARDS, except France, where severe cases of ARDS accounted for a maximum patient population. […] Generally, among the 7MM countries, the primary risk factor associated with the highest number of incident cases of ARDS was pneumonia, except for the United Kingdom, where sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS.

• #61 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5204194/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?srsltid=AfmBOopA008aiRtUeHAB4-uOdLXodXF0yBUmdDGN3HgnXzI35R2wBxfQ

  In 2021, the total incident cases of ARDS were estimated to be 1,088,015 cases in the 7MM. These cases are expected to increase by 2032 at a CAGR of 1.5% during the study period (2019-2032). […] Among the 7MM, the United States has the highest number of incident cases of ARDS with approximately 630,584 cases in 2021. […] Assessments as per the analysts show that in terms of severity-specific incidence, a similar trend is observed in all countries, with a majority of the cases pointing to moderate ARDS, except France, where severe cases of ARDS accounted for a maximum patient population. […] Generally, among the 7MM countries, the primary risk factor associated with the highest number of incident cases of ARDS was pneumonia, except for the United Kingdom, where sepsis was the primary risk factor for ARDS.

• #62 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5204194/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?srsltid=AfmBOopA008aiRtUeHAB4-uOdLXodXF0yBUmdDGN3HgnXzI35R2wBxfQ

  In the United States, there were a total of 189,175, 293,852, and 147,557 severity-specific cases of mild, moderate, and severe ARDS respectively, in 2021. Assessments as per the analysts show that the majority of cases of ARDS are of moderate ARDS, followed by mild and severe and this is subject to change due to a rapid increase in the coming years. […] Among the EU-5, Germany had the highest total incident population of ARDS with 193,828 cases, followed by France (73,541 cases), and Italy with 55,522 cases in 2021. On the other hand, Spain (31,286 cases) had the lowest incident population for 2021. […] In 2021, Japan had approximately 69,628 total incident cases of ARDS which are expected to increase by 2032 at a CAGR of 0.5% during the study period (2019-2032).

• #63 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5204194/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?srsltid=AfmBOopA008aiRtUeHAB4-uOdLXodXF0yBUmdDGN3HgnXzI35R2wBxfQ

  In the United States, there were a total of 189,175, 293,852, and 147,557 severity-specific cases of mild, moderate, and severe ARDS respectively, in 2021. Assessments as per the analysts show that the majority of cases of ARDS are of moderate ARDS, followed by mild and severe and this is subject to change due to a rapid increase in the coming years. […] Among the EU-5, Germany had the highest total incident population of ARDS with 193,828 cases, followed by France (73,541 cases), and Italy with 55,522 cases in 2021. On the other hand, Spain (31,286 cases) had the lowest incident population for 2021. […] In 2021, Japan had approximately 69,628 total incident cases of ARDS which are expected to increase by 2032 at a CAGR of 0.5% during the study period (2019-2032).

• #64 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5204194/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?srsltid=AfmBOopA008aiRtUeHAB4-uOdLXodXF0yBUmdDGN3HgnXzI35R2wBxfQ

  In the United States, there were a total of 189,175, 293,852, and 147,557 severity-specific cases of mild, moderate, and severe ARDS respectively, in 2021. Assessments as per the analysts show that the majority of cases of ARDS are of moderate ARDS, followed by mild and severe and this is subject to change due to a rapid increase in the coming years. […] Among the EU-5, Germany had the highest total incident population of ARDS with 193,828 cases, followed by France (73,541 cases), and Italy with 55,522 cases in 2021. On the other hand, Spain (31,286 cases) had the lowest incident population for 2021. […] In 2021, Japan had approximately 69,628 total incident cases of ARDS which are expected to increase by 2032 at a CAGR of 0.5% during the study period (2019-2032).

• #65 The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Before and After Coronavirus Disease 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8449138/

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome of high morbidity and mortality with global impact. Current epidemiologic estimates are imprecise given differences in patient populations, risk factors, resources, and practice styles around the world. […] The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a large number of ARDS cases that, despite less heterogeneity than multietiologic ARDS populations, still exhibit wide variation in physiology and outcomes. […] Intensive care unit rates of death have varied widely in studies to date because of a variety of patient and hospital-level factors. […] Further epidemiologic studies are needed to help characterize the epidemiology of ARDS subphenotypes to facilitate identification of targeted therapies. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has high incidence among intensive care unit patients. […] ARDS has high morbidity and mortality. […] Improved supportive care has decreased ARDS incidence and mortality. […] COVID-19-associated ARDS is a syndrome within the known ARDS spectrum.

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