Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone that can be either acute or chronic. It is an inflammatory process involving the bone and its structures caused by pyogenic organisms that spread through the bloodstream, fractures, or surgery. […] Healthy intact bone is resistant to infection. The bone becomes susceptible to disease with the introduction of a large inoculum of bacteria, from trauma, ischemia, or the presence of foreign bodies because bone sites to which microorganisms can bind are exposed. […] Certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus adhere to the bone by expressing receptors, called adhesins, for some components of the bone matrix, including laminin, collagen, fibronectin, and bone sialoglycoprotein. […] The characteristic of some bacteria to adhere to the bone and surgically implanted devices following which they express phenotypic resistance to antibiotic therapy and their ability to survive intracellularly may explain the persistence of bone infections and high failure rates of shorter courses of antimicrobial treatment.

• #2 Osteomyelitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis means an infection of bone, which can either be acute or chronic. […] Bacteria are the most common infectious agents. […] The two likely access methods include primary blood infection or secondary infection following an infection somewhere else in the body, and a wound or injury that permits bacteria to reach the bone. […] Bones are infected by blood-borne micro-organisms. In most cases, the micro-organisms are bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, but fungi can also cause osteomyelitis. Some of the conditions and events that can lead to osteomyelitis include: Bacteria introduced during bone surgery. Bacteria introduced by trauma to bone. Infection of bone fractures. Infection of prosthetic implants (such as an artificial hip joint). Infections elsewhere in the body that reach the bones via the bloodstream. A primary infection of the blood (septicaemia). […] An acute attack of osteomyelitis can lead to chronic osteomyelitis, characterised by dead areas of bone. This condition can fail to respond to treatment and recur for a long time. In many cases, chronic osteomyelitis is polymicrobial, which means more than one infectious agent is involved.

• #3 Osteomyelitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteomyelitis?lang=us

  Osteomyelitis (plural: osteomyelitides) refers to infection, typically bacterial, of bone involving the medullary cavity. […] In most instances, osteomyelitis results from hematogenous spread, although direct extension from trauma and/or ulcers is relatively common (especially in the feet of diabetic patients). […] Although no organisms are cultured from tissue sampling in ~35% (range 21-50%) of cases, when one is isolated, Staphylococcus aureus is by far the most common pathogen. Different organisms are more common in specific clinical scenarios: Staphylococcus aureus: 80-90% of all infections; includes methicillin-resistant isolates (MRSA). […] Other uncommon infective agents include fungi (see: fungal osteomyelitis).

• #4 Osteomyelitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/osteomyelitis/article.htm

  Osteomyelitis is an infection in the bone. […] There are several different ways to develop bone infection of osteomyelitis. The first is for bacteria to travel through the bloodstream (bacteremia) and spread to the bone, causing an infection (hematogenous osteomyelitis). […] An open wound from a trauma (post-traumatic wound) over a bone can lead to osteomyelitis. […] Recent surgery or injection in or around a bone can also expose the bone to bacteria and lead to periostitis, an infection of the surface membrane of the bone. […] The most common types of bacteria that cause osteomyelitis are Staphylococcus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA), Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae. […] Patients with conditions or taking medications that weaken their immune systems are at a higher risk of developing osteomyelitis. Risk factors include cancer, chronic steroid use, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes, hemodialysis, intravenous drug users, infants, and the elderly.

• #5 Osteomyelitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/osteomyelitis?content_id=CON-20375896

  Bones don’t get infected easily, but a serious injury, bloodstream infection or surgery may lead to a bone infection. […] Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs. […] Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #6 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html/1000

  Acute osteomyelitis is the clinical term for a new infection in bone. This infection occurs predominantly in children and is often seeded hematogenously. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a subacute or chronic infection that develops secondary to an open injury to bone and surrounding soft tissue. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or a common clinical scenario (i.e., trauma or recent surgery). Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. […] The specific microorganism(s) isolated from patients with bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or the clinical scenario. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and is responsible for up to 90 percent of cases in otherwise healthy children. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis.

• #7 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #8 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html/1000

  Acute osteomyelitis is the clinical term for a new infection in bone. This infection occurs predominantly in children and is often seeded hematogenously. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a subacute or chronic infection that develops secondary to an open injury to bone and surrounding soft tissue. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or a common clinical scenario (i.e., trauma or recent surgery). Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. […] The specific microorganism(s) isolated from patients with bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or the clinical scenario. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and is responsible for up to 90 percent of cases in otherwise healthy children. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis.

• #9 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html

  The specific microorganism(s) isolated from patients with bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or the clinical scenario. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and is responsible for up to 90 percent of cases in otherwise healthy children. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis.

• #10 Osteomyelitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is the infectious inflammation of bone marrow. The cause is usually a bacterial infection, but rarely can be a fungal infection. Risks for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes, intravenous drug use, prior removal of the spleen, and trauma to the area. Osteomyelitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In infants, S. aureus, Group B streptococci and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated; in children from one to 16 years of age, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae are common. In some subpopulations, including intravenous drug users and splenectomized patients, Gram-negative bacteria, including enteric bacteria, are significant pathogens. The most common form of the disease in adults is caused by injury exposing the bone to local infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism seen in osteomyelitis, seeded from areas of contiguous infection. But anaerobes and Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and Serratia marcescens, are also common. Mixed infections are the rule rather than the exception. Systemic mycotic infections may also cause osteomyelitis. The two most common are Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis. Osteomyelitis is a secondary complication in 13% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In this case, the bacteria, in general, spread to the bone through the circulatory system, first infecting the synovium (due to its higher oxygen concentration) before spreading to the adjacent bone. In tubercular osteomyelitis, the long bones and vertebrae are the ones that tend to be affected.

• #11 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #12 Osteomyelitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/ID/OstmyltsCs.htm

  Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children […] Staphylococcus Aureus accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Chronic Osteomyelitis […] Diabetes Mellitus is associated with polymicrobial infections in Osteomyelitis […] Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Salmonella […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis […] IV Drug Abuse is associated with a polymicrobial infection in Osteomyelitis.

• #13

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120523/osteomyelitis

  Etiology: Note that infection can be due to bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria. […] Microbiology: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause overall (including pediatric patients). […] Salmonella is a specific cause in sickle cell disease. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is rare. […] Staphylococcus epidermidis can also be seen in prosthetic joint involvement. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also be seen in cases of vertebral involvement (Pott disease). […] Pasteurella multocida is seen in cases caused by cat and dog bites. […] Pseudomonas and Candida can also be seen in cases caused by intravenous drug abuse. […] Pathogenesis: hematogenous seeding of bone; contiguous spread of infection from adjacent structures (e.g., soft tissues and joints); direct inoculation (e.g., penetrating trauma and contaminated surgical tools).

• #14

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120523/osteomyelitis

  Etiology: Note that infection can be due to bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria. […] Microbiology: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause overall (including pediatric patients). […] Salmonella is a specific cause in sickle cell disease. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is rare. […] Staphylococcus epidermidis can also be seen in prosthetic joint involvement. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also be seen in cases of vertebral involvement (Pott disease). […] Pasteurella multocida is seen in cases caused by cat and dog bites. […] Pseudomonas and Candida can also be seen in cases caused by intravenous drug abuse. […] Pathogenesis: hematogenous seeding of bone; contiguous spread of infection from adjacent structures (e.g., soft tissues and joints); direct inoculation (e.g., penetrating trauma and contaminated surgical tools).

• #15 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #16 Osteomyelitis – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is defined as an infection of bone, either acute or chronic. […] Most cases are acute and bacterial in origin, however it can also be chronic and rarely can even be fungal in origin. […] Osteomyelitis can be caused by 3 main routes: Haematogenous spread, Direct inoculation of micro-organisms into the bone (e.g. following an open fracture), Direct spread from nearby infection (e.g. adjacent septic arthritis). […] The most common causative organisms for osteomyelitis include S. aureus (most common), Streptococci, Enterobacteur spp., H. Influnzae, P. aeruginosa (especially in intravenous drug users), and Salmonella spp. (especially in patients with sickle cell disease). […] Risk factors for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (such as long term steroid treatment or AIDS), alcohol excess, or intravenous drug use.

• #17 Osteomyelitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967095-overview

  Osteomyelitis is inflammation of the bone caused by an infecting organism. Although bone is normally resistant to bacterial colonization, it can become infected in multiple ways. The infecting organism may reach bone through blood or as a consequence of events such as trauma, surgery, the presence of foreign bodies, or the placement of prostheses that disrupt bony integrity and predispose to the onset of bone infection. […] The major cause of bone infections is Staphylococcus aureus; however, the causative organism depends on age and underlying conditions, among other factors. […] The major causes of osteomyelitis include the following: Primary – Hematogenous; Secondary – Secondary to trauma, surgery, or sepsis of any etiology. […] Approximately 20% of adult cases of osteomyelitis are hematogenous, which is more common in males for unknown reasons. […] The overall incidence of osteomyelitis is higher in developing countries.

• #18 Osteomyelitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375913

  Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: […] The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #19 Osteomyelitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/osteomyelitis?content_id=CON-20375896

  Bones don’t get infected easily, but a serious injury, bloodstream infection or surgery may lead to a bone infection. […] Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs. […] Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #20 Osteomyelitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/osteomyelitis.html

  Osteomyelitis is the medical term for inflammation in a bone. It’s usually caused by a bacterial infection. It often affects the long bones of the arms and legs but can happen in any bone. […] Bacteria can infect bones in a few ways. For instance: Bacteria can travel into the bone through the bloodstream from other infected areas in the body. This is called hematogenous osteomyelitis. It’s the most common way that kids get bone infections. A direct infection can happen when bacteria enter a wound and travel to the bone (like after an injury or surgery). Open fractures breaks in the bone with the skin also open are the injuries that most often develop osteomyelitis. Sometimes the bacteria can spread from a nearby infection. For example, an untreated infection in skin or a joint can spread to the bone. […] Some children have a higher risk of developing osteomyelitis, such as those with a weak immune system or chronic conditions like sickle cell disease.

• #21 Osteomyelitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/osteomyelitis/article.htm

  Osteomyelitis is an infection in the bone. […] There are several different ways to develop bone infection of osteomyelitis. The first is for bacteria to travel through the bloodstream (bacteremia) and spread to the bone, causing an infection (hematogenous osteomyelitis). […] An open wound from a trauma (post-traumatic wound) over a bone can lead to osteomyelitis. […] Recent surgery or injection in or around a bone can also expose the bone to bacteria and lead to periostitis, an infection of the surface membrane of the bone. […] The most common types of bacteria that cause osteomyelitis are Staphylococcus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA), Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae. […] Patients with conditions or taking medications that weaken their immune systems are at a higher risk of developing osteomyelitis. Risk factors include cancer, chronic steroid use, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes, hemodialysis, intravenous drug users, infants, and the elderly.

• #22 Osteomyelitis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/bone-and-joint-infections/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is a bone infection usually caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi. […] Bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi can infect bones by spreading through the bloodstream or, more often, by spreading from nearby infected tissue or a contaminated open wound. […] Injury, a foreign body (such as an infected artificial joint), and a decrease in the blood supply to organs or tissues (ischemia) may cause osteomyelitis. […] Most osteomyelitis results from direct invasion or infections in nearby soft tissues (such as a foot ulcer caused by poor circulation or diabetes). […] When organisms that cause osteomyelitis spread through the bloodstream, infection usually occurs in the ends of leg and arm bones in children and the spine (vertebrae) in adults, particularly older adults. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the bacteria that most commonly causes osteomyelitis that spreads via the bloodstream.

• #23 Osteomyelitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/osteomyelitis

  Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: […] The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones. […] Conditions that weaken the immune system. This includes diabetes that isn’t well-controlled.

• #24 Osteomyelitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/osteomyelitis?content_id=CON-20375896

  Bones don’t get infected easily, but a serious injury, bloodstream infection or surgery may lead to a bone infection. […] Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs. […] Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #25 Osteomyelitis Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC Infectious Disease

  https://www.upmc.com/services/division-infectious-diseases/conditions/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis forms when an infection from bacteria or fungi spreads to the bone. Most often, the cause is a staph infection. These germs live on the skin of even healthy people. […] Bacteria can enter the bone through: […] Injuries. A traumatic injury (such as a puncture wound) may let germs travel deep into the body. […] IV lines or catheters. Medical tubing can be a pathway for germs to enter your body through the blood and, in time, cause a bone infection. […] Surgery. There’s a chance of infection with joint replacement surgery or any other surgery that involves bones or joints. […] The bloodstream. Germs can sometimes travel through the blood from a place of infection to a weak or compromised part of the bone.

• #26 Osteomyelitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/osteomyelitis

  Peripheral artery disease. This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs. […] Sickle cell disease. This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow. […] Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing. Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don’t work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside. […] Pressure injuries. People who can’t feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected. […] Illicit drugs by needles. People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren’t sterile and if they don’t clean the skin before using the needles.

• #27 Osteomyelitis – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is defined as an infection of bone, either acute or chronic. […] Most cases are acute and bacterial in origin, however it can also be chronic and rarely can even be fungal in origin. […] Osteomyelitis can be caused by 3 main routes: Haematogenous spread, Direct inoculation of micro-organisms into the bone (e.g. following an open fracture), Direct spread from nearby infection (e.g. adjacent septic arthritis). […] The most common causative organisms for osteomyelitis include S. aureus (most common), Streptococci, Enterobacteur spp., H. Influnzae, P. aeruginosa (especially in intravenous drug users), and Salmonella spp. (especially in patients with sickle cell disease). […] Risk factors for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (such as long term steroid treatment or AIDS), alcohol excess, or intravenous drug use.

• #28 Osteomyelitis – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/osteomyelitis/

  Soft tissue infection can therefore increase the risk of osteomyelitis developing. […] Recurrence of infection can occur, often associated with premature cessation of antibiotics. Chronic osteomyelitis can occur in immunocompromised patient, under-treated patients, or virulent or resistant organisms.

• #29 Osteomyelitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteomyelitis?lang=us

  Osteomyelitis (plural: osteomyelitides) refers to infection, typically bacterial, of bone involving the medullary cavity. […] In most instances, osteomyelitis results from hematogenous spread, although direct extension from trauma and/or ulcers is relatively common (especially in the feet of diabetic patients). […] Although no organisms are cultured from tissue sampling in ~35% (range 21-50%) of cases, when one is isolated, Staphylococcus aureus is by far the most common pathogen. Different organisms are more common in specific clinical scenarios: Staphylococcus aureus: 80-90% of all infections; includes methicillin-resistant isolates (MRSA). […] Other uncommon infective agents include fungi (see: fungal osteomyelitis).

• #30 Osteomyelitis – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is defined as an infection of bone, either acute or chronic. […] Most cases are acute and bacterial in origin, however it can also be chronic and rarely can even be fungal in origin. […] Osteomyelitis can be caused by 3 main routes: Haematogenous spread, Direct inoculation of micro-organisms into the bone (e.g. following an open fracture), Direct spread from nearby infection (e.g. adjacent septic arthritis). […] The most common causative organisms for osteomyelitis include S. aureus (most common), Streptococci, Enterobacteur spp., H. Influnzae, P. aeruginosa (especially in intravenous drug users), and Salmonella spp. (especially in patients with sickle cell disease). […] Risk factors for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (such as long term steroid treatment or AIDS), alcohol excess, or intravenous drug use.

• #31 Osteomyelitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/osteomyelitis

  Peripheral artery disease. This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs. […] Sickle cell disease. This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow. […] Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing. Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don’t work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside. […] Pressure injuries. People who can’t feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected. […] Illicit drugs by needles. People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren’t sterile and if they don’t clean the skin before using the needles.

• #32

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1057/osteomyelitis–adult

  Osteomyelitis is the infection of bone characterized by progressive inflammatory destruction and apposition of new bone. […] Diagnosis requires careful assessment of radiographs, MRI and determining the organism via biopsy and cultures. […] Treatment is often a combination of culture-directed antibiotics and surgical debridement of nonviable tissue. […] the exact incidence is unknown […] S. aureus is the most common organism […] most common etiology in children […] vertebrae are the most common hematogenous site in adults […] associated with previous surgery, trauma, wounds, or poor vascularity […] can be bacterial (most common), mycobacterial, or fungal in nature […] may be due to bacterial or viral systemic illness […] biofilm is characterized by bacteria entering a no-growth, or sessile, phase, which makes them even more resistant to antibiotics that depend on replication to carry out their effect […] antibiotics are less effective due to difficulty penetrating the biofilm and bacteria lowering their metabolic rate […] S. aureus is most common in adults.

• #33 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone that can be either acute or chronic. It is an inflammatory process involving the bone and its structures caused by pyogenic organisms that spread through the bloodstream, fractures, or surgery. […] Healthy intact bone is resistant to infection. The bone becomes susceptible to disease with the introduction of a large inoculum of bacteria, from trauma, ischemia, or the presence of foreign bodies because bone sites to which microorganisms can bind are exposed. […] Certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus adhere to the bone by expressing receptors, called adhesins, for some components of the bone matrix, including laminin, collagen, fibronectin, and bone sialoglycoprotein. […] The characteristic of some bacteria to adhere to the bone and surgically implanted devices following which they express phenotypic resistance to antibiotic therapy and their ability to survive intracellularly may explain the persistence of bone infections and high failure rates of shorter courses of antimicrobial treatment.

• #34

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/osteomy.htm

  Most osteomyelitis is of hematogenous origin. In about 25% of patients with osteomyelitis, the predisposing factor is trauma to the bone at or near the site of infection. Osteomyelitis is a purulent inflammation of bone caused most often by bacteria and only occasionally by other microorganisms. In order of frequency of infection the bacterial species are: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides spp. – mandibular infections. […] The host responds to the presence of bacteria in the metaphysis with a local increase in vascular permeability, resulting in edema, increased vascularity and the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. After the vascular supply to the involved area has been interrupted and necrosis has occurred, the chronic phase of osteomyelitis is established. The residual dead bone acts as a foreign body, making the eradication of bacteria impossible until the sequestrum is removed.

• #35 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html

  Acute osteomyelitis is the clinical term for a new infection in bone. This infection occurs predominantly in children and is often seeded hematogenously. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a subacute or chronic infection that develops secondary to an open injury to bone and surrounding soft tissue. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or a common clinical scenario (i.e., trauma or recent surgery). Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. […] Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. Historically, osteomyelitis has been categorized as acute, subacute or chronic, with the presentation of each type based on the time of disease onset (i.e., occurrence of infection or injury). Acute osteomyelitis develops within two weeks after disease onset, subacute osteomyelitis within one to several months and chronic osteomyelitis after a few months.

• #36

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Pseudomonas is associated with direct puncture wounds to the foot. […] H. influenza has become much less common with the advent of the Haemophilus influenza vaccine. […] Mycobacteria tuberculosis children are more likely to have extrapulmonary involvement. […] Salmonella more common in sickle cell patients. […] most cases are hematogenous. […] initial bacteremia may occur from a skin lesion, infection, or even trauma from tooth brushing. […] infection occurs after the local bone defenses have been overwhelmed by bacteria. […] spread through bone occurs via Haversian and Volkmann canal systems. […] purulence develops in conjunction with osteoblast necrosis, osteoclast activation, the release of inflammatory mediators, and blood vessel thrombosis. […] periosteal elevation deprives the underlying cortical bone of blood supply leading to necrotic bone (sequestrum).

• #37

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Pseudomonas is associated with direct puncture wounds to the foot. […] H. influenza has become much less common with the advent of the Haemophilus influenza vaccine. […] Mycobacteria tuberculosis children are more likely to have extrapulmonary involvement. […] Salmonella more common in sickle cell patients. […] most cases are hematogenous. […] initial bacteremia may occur from a skin lesion, infection, or even trauma from tooth brushing. […] infection occurs after the local bone defenses have been overwhelmed by bacteria. […] spread through bone occurs via Haversian and Volkmann canal systems. […] purulence develops in conjunction with osteoblast necrosis, osteoclast activation, the release of inflammatory mediators, and blood vessel thrombosis. […] periosteal elevation deprives the underlying cortical bone of blood supply leading to necrotic bone (sequestrum).

• #38

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Pseudomonas is associated with direct puncture wounds to the foot. […] H. influenza has become much less common with the advent of the Haemophilus influenza vaccine. […] Mycobacteria tuberculosis children are more likely to have extrapulmonary involvement. […] Salmonella more common in sickle cell patients. […] most cases are hematogenous. […] initial bacteremia may occur from a skin lesion, infection, or even trauma from tooth brushing. […] infection occurs after the local bone defenses have been overwhelmed by bacteria. […] spread through bone occurs via Haversian and Volkmann canal systems. […] purulence develops in conjunction with osteoblast necrosis, osteoclast activation, the release of inflammatory mediators, and blood vessel thrombosis. […] periosteal elevation deprives the underlying cortical bone of blood supply leading to necrotic bone (sequestrum).

• #39

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Pseudomonas is associated with direct puncture wounds to the foot. […] H. influenza has become much less common with the advent of the Haemophilus influenza vaccine. […] Mycobacteria tuberculosis children are more likely to have extrapulmonary involvement. […] Salmonella more common in sickle cell patients. […] most cases are hematogenous. […] initial bacteremia may occur from a skin lesion, infection, or even trauma from tooth brushing. […] infection occurs after the local bone defenses have been overwhelmed by bacteria. […] spread through bone occurs via Haversian and Volkmann canal systems. […] purulence develops in conjunction with osteoblast necrosis, osteoclast activation, the release of inflammatory mediators, and blood vessel thrombosis. […] periosteal elevation deprives the underlying cortical bone of blood supply leading to necrotic bone (sequestrum).

• #40

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Pseudomonas is associated with direct puncture wounds to the foot. […] H. influenza has become much less common with the advent of the Haemophilus influenza vaccine. […] Mycobacteria tuberculosis children are more likely to have extrapulmonary involvement. […] Salmonella more common in sickle cell patients. […] most cases are hematogenous. […] initial bacteremia may occur from a skin lesion, infection, or even trauma from tooth brushing. […] infection occurs after the local bone defenses have been overwhelmed by bacteria. […] spread through bone occurs via Haversian and Volkmann canal systems. […] purulence develops in conjunction with osteoblast necrosis, osteoclast activation, the release of inflammatory mediators, and blood vessel thrombosis. […] periosteal elevation deprives the underlying cortical bone of blood supply leading to necrotic bone (sequestrum).

• #41

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/osteomy.htm

  Most osteomyelitis is of hematogenous origin. In about 25% of patients with osteomyelitis, the predisposing factor is trauma to the bone at or near the site of infection. Osteomyelitis is a purulent inflammation of bone caused most often by bacteria and only occasionally by other microorganisms. In order of frequency of infection the bacterial species are: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides spp. – mandibular infections. […] The host responds to the presence of bacteria in the metaphysis with a local increase in vascular permeability, resulting in edema, increased vascularity and the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. After the vascular supply to the involved area has been interrupted and necrosis has occurred, the chronic phase of osteomyelitis is established. The residual dead bone acts as a foreign body, making the eradication of bacteria impossible until the sequestrum is removed.

• #42

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1057/osteomyelitis–adult

  Osteomyelitis is the infection of bone characterized by progressive inflammatory destruction and apposition of new bone. […] Diagnosis requires careful assessment of radiographs, MRI and determining the organism via biopsy and cultures. […] Treatment is often a combination of culture-directed antibiotics and surgical debridement of nonviable tissue. […] the exact incidence is unknown […] S. aureus is the most common organism […] most common etiology in children […] vertebrae are the most common hematogenous site in adults […] associated with previous surgery, trauma, wounds, or poor vascularity […] can be bacterial (most common), mycobacterial, or fungal in nature […] may be due to bacterial or viral systemic illness […] biofilm is characterized by bacteria entering a no-growth, or sessile, phase, which makes them even more resistant to antibiotics that depend on replication to carry out their effect […] antibiotics are less effective due to difficulty penetrating the biofilm and bacteria lowering their metabolic rate […] S. aureus is most common in adults.

• #43

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1057/osteomyelitis–adult

  Osteomyelitis is the infection of bone characterized by progressive inflammatory destruction and apposition of new bone. […] Diagnosis requires careful assessment of radiographs, MRI and determining the organism via biopsy and cultures. […] Treatment is often a combination of culture-directed antibiotics and surgical debridement of nonviable tissue. […] the exact incidence is unknown […] S. aureus is the most common organism […] most common etiology in children […] vertebrae are the most common hematogenous site in adults […] associated with previous surgery, trauma, wounds, or poor vascularity […] can be bacterial (most common), mycobacterial, or fungal in nature […] may be due to bacterial or viral systemic illness […] biofilm is characterized by bacteria entering a no-growth, or sessile, phase, which makes them even more resistant to antibiotics that depend on replication to carry out their effect […] antibiotics are less effective due to difficulty penetrating the biofilm and bacteria lowering their metabolic rate […] S. aureus is most common in adults.

• #44 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone that can be either acute or chronic. It is an inflammatory process involving the bone and its structures caused by pyogenic organisms that spread through the bloodstream, fractures, or surgery. […] Healthy intact bone is resistant to infection. The bone becomes susceptible to disease with the introduction of a large inoculum of bacteria, from trauma, ischemia, or the presence of foreign bodies because bone sites to which microorganisms can bind are exposed. […] Certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus adhere to the bone by expressing receptors, called adhesins, for some components of the bone matrix, including laminin, collagen, fibronectin, and bone sialoglycoprotein. […] The characteristic of some bacteria to adhere to the bone and surgically implanted devices following which they express phenotypic resistance to antibiotic therapy and their ability to survive intracellularly may explain the persistence of bone infections and high failure rates of shorter courses of antimicrobial treatment.

• #45 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #46 Osteomyelitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is a painful bone infection. It usually goes away if treated early with antibiotics. It can cause serious long-term problems if it’s not treated. […] Anyone can develop osteomyelitis, but you’re more at risk of getting it if you have: had osteomyelitis before, diabetes, especially if you also have a foot ulcer, broken (fractured) a bone, been injured and have a wound, had an infection, had surgery, a weakened immune system (for example, because of chemotherapy, or you have a condition such as HIV). […] If it’s not treated quickly, osteomyelitis can cause serious long-term problems, such as infections and permanent damage to your bones. […] Osteomyelitis is treated with antibiotics. You may need treatment in hospital, or you might be able to take antibiotics at home. […] If the infection is treated quickly (within 3 to 5 days of it starting), it often clears up completely. […] If the infection has damaged the bone, you’ll need surgery (known as debridement) to remove the damaged part.

• #47 Osteomyelitis: A Bone-a-fide Overview of Risk Factors, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.afmc.org/blog/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone tissue that can arise from trauma, surgery, compromised blood flow (particularly in diabetes), or infections that spread through the bloodstream. […] Individuals at higher risk include older adults, men, children, and particularly those with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), weakened immune systems, peripheral neuropathy, and vascular diseases. Additionally, trauma, such as motorcycle accidents or penetrating injuries, can significantly increase the risk. […] Several species of Staphylococcus infections are some of the most common causes, but most bacteria that can cause a bloodstream infection can also cause a bone infection. […] By far the most common type of patient I see with osteomyelitis are those with diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), Dr. Novack says. Diabetes can cause nerve and blood vessel damage that weakens the bones, especially in the feet. High blood sugars weaken the immune system and feed the bacteria.

• #48 Osteomyelitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is a painful bone infection. It usually goes away if treated early with antibiotics. It can cause serious long-term problems if it’s not treated. […] Anyone can develop osteomyelitis, but you’re more at risk of getting it if you have: had osteomyelitis before, diabetes, especially if you also have a foot ulcer, broken (fractured) a bone, been injured and have a wound, had an infection, had surgery, a weakened immune system (for example, because of chemotherapy, or you have a condition such as HIV). […] If it’s not treated quickly, osteomyelitis can cause serious long-term problems, such as infections and permanent damage to your bones. […] Osteomyelitis is treated with antibiotics. You may need treatment in hospital, or you might be able to take antibiotics at home. […] If the infection is treated quickly (within 3 to 5 days of it starting), it often clears up completely. […] If the infection has damaged the bone, you’ll need surgery (known as debridement) to remove the damaged part.

• #49 Osteomyelitis – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is defined as an infection of bone, either acute or chronic. […] Most cases are acute and bacterial in origin, however it can also be chronic and rarely can even be fungal in origin. […] Osteomyelitis can be caused by 3 main routes: Haematogenous spread, Direct inoculation of micro-organisms into the bone (e.g. following an open fracture), Direct spread from nearby infection (e.g. adjacent septic arthritis). […] The most common causative organisms for osteomyelitis include S. aureus (most common), Streptococci, Enterobacteur spp., H. Influnzae, P. aeruginosa (especially in intravenous drug users), and Salmonella spp. (especially in patients with sickle cell disease). […] Risk factors for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (such as long term steroid treatment or AIDS), alcohol excess, or intravenous drug use.

• #50 Osteomyelitis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/infections-of-joints-and-bones/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is inflammation and destruction of bone caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi. […] Osteomyelitis is caused by (1) Contiguous spread from infected tissue or an infected prosthetic joint, Bloodborne organisms (hematogenous osteomyelitis), Open wounds (from contaminated open fractures or bone surgery). […] Trauma, ischemia, and foreign bodies predispose to osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis may form under deep pressure ulcers (1). […] Contiguous spread from adjacent infected tissue or open wounds causes approximately 80% of osteomyelitis; it is often polymicrobial. […] Hematogenously spread osteomyelitis usually results from a single organism. […] Risk factors in adults are older age, debilitation, hemodialysis, sickle cell disease, and injection drug use. […] Fungi and mycobacteria can cause hematogenous osteomyelitis, usually in immunocompromised patients or in areas of endemic infection with histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, or coccidioidomycosis. […] Most osteomyelitis results from contiguous spread or open wounds and is often polymicrobial and/or involves S. aureus.

• #51 Osteomyelitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/ID/OstmyltsCs.htm

  Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children […] Staphylococcus Aureus accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Chronic Osteomyelitis […] Diabetes Mellitus is associated with polymicrobial infections in Osteomyelitis […] Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Salmonella […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis […] IV Drug Abuse is associated with a polymicrobial infection in Osteomyelitis.

• #52 Osteomyelitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/osteomyelitis

  Peripheral artery disease. This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs. […] Sickle cell disease. This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow. […] Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing. Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don’t work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside. […] Pressure injuries. People who can’t feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected. […] Illicit drugs by needles. People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren’t sterile and if they don’t clean the skin before using the needles.

• #53 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #54 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #55 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #56 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #57 Osteomyelitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/osteomyelitis?content_id=CON-20375896

  Bones don’t get infected easily, but a serious injury, bloodstream infection or surgery may lead to a bone infection. […] Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs. […] Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #58 Osteomyelitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/osteomyeltis-treatment-diagnosis-symptoms

  Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, a rare but serious condition. Bones can become infected in a number of ways: Infection in one part of the body may spread through the bloodstream into the bone, or an open fracture or surgery may expose the bone to infection. […] In most cases, a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus, a type of staph bacteria, causes osteomyelitis. […] Certain chronic conditions like diabetes may increase your risk for osteomyelitis. […] Certain conditions and behaviors that weaken the immune system increase a person’s risk for osteomyelitis, including: Diabetes (most cases of osteomyelitis stem from diabetes). […] Bone surgery, including hip and knee replacements, also increase the chance of bone infection. […] People with diabetes, HIV, or peripheral vascular disease are more prone to chronic osteomyelitis, which persists or recurs, despite treatment. […] Whether chronic or acute, osteomyelitis often affects an adult’s pelvis or vertebrae of the spine. It can also occur in the feet, especially in a person with diabetes.

• #59 Osteomyelitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/osteomyelitis?content_id=CON-20375896

  Bones don’t get infected easily, but a serious injury, bloodstream infection or surgery may lead to a bone infection. […] Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs. […] Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #60 Osteomyelitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/osteomyelitis?content_id=CON-20375896

  Bones don’t get infected easily, but a serious injury, bloodstream infection or surgery may lead to a bone infection. […] Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs. […] Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people. […] Germs can enter a bone through: The bloodstream. Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder. […] Injuries. Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin. […] Surgery. Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.

• #61 Osteomyelitis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/infections-of-joints-and-bones/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is inflammation and destruction of bone caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi. […] Osteomyelitis is caused by (1) Contiguous spread from infected tissue or an infected prosthetic joint, Bloodborne organisms (hematogenous osteomyelitis), Open wounds (from contaminated open fractures or bone surgery). […] Trauma, ischemia, and foreign bodies predispose to osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis may form under deep pressure ulcers (1). […] Contiguous spread from adjacent infected tissue or open wounds causes approximately 80% of osteomyelitis; it is often polymicrobial. […] Hematogenously spread osteomyelitis usually results from a single organism. […] Risk factors in adults are older age, debilitation, hemodialysis, sickle cell disease, and injection drug use. […] Fungi and mycobacteria can cause hematogenous osteomyelitis, usually in immunocompromised patients or in areas of endemic infection with histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, or coccidioidomycosis. […] Most osteomyelitis results from contiguous spread or open wounds and is often polymicrobial and/or involves S. aureus.

• #62 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #63 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #64 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #65 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #66 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #67 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Causes of systemic host compromise are malnutrition, renal and hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypoxia, neoplasm, and immunodeficiency disease. Local compromising factors of the host health status are chronic lymphedema, venous stasis, major and small vessel disease, arteritis, peripheral neuropathy, and tobacco use.

• #68 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html

  Acute osteomyelitis is the clinical term for a new infection in bone. This infection occurs predominantly in children and is often seeded hematogenously. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a subacute or chronic infection that develops secondary to an open injury to bone and surrounding soft tissue. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or a common clinical scenario (i.e., trauma or recent surgery). Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. […] Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. Historically, osteomyelitis has been categorized as acute, subacute or chronic, with the presentation of each type based on the time of disease onset (i.e., occurrence of infection or injury). Acute osteomyelitis develops within two weeks after disease onset, subacute osteomyelitis within one to several months and chronic osteomyelitis after a few months.

• #69 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html

  Acute osteomyelitis is the clinical term for a new infection in bone. This infection occurs predominantly in children and is often seeded hematogenously. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a subacute or chronic infection that develops secondary to an open injury to bone and surrounding soft tissue. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or a common clinical scenario (i.e., trauma or recent surgery). Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. […] Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. Historically, osteomyelitis has been categorized as acute, subacute or chronic, with the presentation of each type based on the time of disease onset (i.e., occurrence of infection or injury). Acute osteomyelitis develops within two weeks after disease onset, subacute osteomyelitis within one to several months and chronic osteomyelitis after a few months.

• #70 Pathogenesis of osteomyelitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is an infection involving bone. […] Osteomyelitis may be divided into two major categories based upon the pathogenesis of infection: (1) hematogenous osteomyelitis and (2) nonhematogenous osteomyelitis, which develops adjacent to a contiguous focus of infection or via direct inoculation of infection into the bone. […] Either hematogenous or contiguous-focus osteomyelitis can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute osteomyelitis evolves over several days to weeks and can progress to a chronic infection. […] The hallmark of chronic osteomyelitis is the presence of dead bone (sequestrum). Other common features of chronic osteomyelitis include involucrum (reactive bony encasement of the sequestrum), local bone loss, and, if there is extension through cortical bone, sinus tracts.

• #71 Osteomyelitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis means an infection of bone, which can either be acute or chronic. […] Bacteria are the most common infectious agents. […] The two likely access methods include primary blood infection or secondary infection following an infection somewhere else in the body, and a wound or injury that permits bacteria to reach the bone. […] Bones are infected by blood-borne micro-organisms. In most cases, the micro-organisms are bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, but fungi can also cause osteomyelitis. Some of the conditions and events that can lead to osteomyelitis include: Bacteria introduced during bone surgery. Bacteria introduced by trauma to bone. Infection of bone fractures. Infection of prosthetic implants (such as an artificial hip joint). Infections elsewhere in the body that reach the bones via the bloodstream. A primary infection of the blood (septicaemia). […] An acute attack of osteomyelitis can lead to chronic osteomyelitis, characterised by dead areas of bone. This condition can fail to respond to treatment and recur for a long time. In many cases, chronic osteomyelitis is polymicrobial, which means more than one infectious agent is involved.

• #72 Pathogenesis of osteomyelitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is an infection involving bone. […] Osteomyelitis may be divided into two major categories based upon the pathogenesis of infection: (1) hematogenous osteomyelitis and (2) nonhematogenous osteomyelitis, which develops adjacent to a contiguous focus of infection or via direct inoculation of infection into the bone. […] Either hematogenous or contiguous-focus osteomyelitis can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute osteomyelitis evolves over several days to weeks and can progress to a chronic infection. […] The hallmark of chronic osteomyelitis is the presence of dead bone (sequestrum). Other common features of chronic osteomyelitis include involucrum (reactive bony encasement of the sequestrum), local bone loss, and, if there is extension through cortical bone, sinus tracts.

• #73 Pathogenesis of osteomyelitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is an infection involving bone. […] Osteomyelitis may be divided into two major categories based upon the pathogenesis of infection: (1) hematogenous osteomyelitis and (2) nonhematogenous osteomyelitis, which develops adjacent to a contiguous focus of infection or via direct inoculation of infection into the bone. […] Either hematogenous or contiguous-focus osteomyelitis can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute osteomyelitis evolves over several days to weeks and can progress to a chronic infection. […] The hallmark of chronic osteomyelitis is the presence of dead bone (sequestrum). Other common features of chronic osteomyelitis include involucrum (reactive bony encasement of the sequestrum), local bone loss, and, if there is extension through cortical bone, sinus tracts.

• #74 Pathogenesis of osteomyelitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-osteomyelitis

  Brodie abscess is a form of subacute osteomyelitis that is usually hematogenous in origin but can occur as a result of trauma; the classic presentation of Brodie abscess consists of a cavity filled with suppurative and/or granulation in a long bone metaphysis, surrounded by dense fibrous tissue and sclerotic bone.

• #75 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html/1000

  Acute osteomyelitis is the clinical term for a new infection in bone. This infection occurs predominantly in children and is often seeded hematogenously. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a subacute or chronic infection that develops secondary to an open injury to bone and surrounding soft tissue. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or a common clinical scenario (i.e., trauma or recent surgery). Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. […] The specific microorganism(s) isolated from patients with bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or the clinical scenario. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and is responsible for up to 90 percent of cases in otherwise healthy children. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis.

• #76 Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0615/p2413.html

  The specific microorganism(s) isolated from patients with bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient or the clinical scenario. Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in most cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and is responsible for up to 90 percent of cases in otherwise healthy children. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis.

• #77 Osteomyelitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is the infectious inflammation of bone marrow. The cause is usually a bacterial infection, but rarely can be a fungal infection. Risks for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes, intravenous drug use, prior removal of the spleen, and trauma to the area. Osteomyelitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In infants, S. aureus, Group B streptococci and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated; in children from one to 16 years of age, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae are common. In some subpopulations, including intravenous drug users and splenectomized patients, Gram-negative bacteria, including enteric bacteria, are significant pathogens. The most common form of the disease in adults is caused by injury exposing the bone to local infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism seen in osteomyelitis, seeded from areas of contiguous infection. But anaerobes and Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and Serratia marcescens, are also common. Mixed infections are the rule rather than the exception. Systemic mycotic infections may also cause osteomyelitis. The two most common are Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis. Osteomyelitis is a secondary complication in 13% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In this case, the bacteria, in general, spread to the bone through the circulatory system, first infecting the synovium (due to its higher oxygen concentration) before spreading to the adjacent bone. In tubercular osteomyelitis, the long bones and vertebrae are the ones that tend to be affected.

• #78 Osteomyelitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is the infectious inflammation of bone marrow. The cause is usually a bacterial infection, but rarely can be a fungal infection. Risks for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes, intravenous drug use, prior removal of the spleen, and trauma to the area. Osteomyelitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In infants, S. aureus, Group B streptococci and Escherichia coli are commonly isolated; in children from one to 16 years of age, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae are common. In some subpopulations, including intravenous drug users and splenectomized patients, Gram-negative bacteria, including enteric bacteria, are significant pathogens. The most common form of the disease in adults is caused by injury exposing the bone to local infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism seen in osteomyelitis, seeded from areas of contiguous infection. But anaerobes and Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and Serratia marcescens, are also common. Mixed infections are the rule rather than the exception. Systemic mycotic infections may also cause osteomyelitis. The two most common are Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis. Osteomyelitis is a secondary complication in 13% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In this case, the bacteria, in general, spread to the bone through the circulatory system, first infecting the synovium (due to its higher oxygen concentration) before spreading to the adjacent bone. In tubercular osteomyelitis, the long bones and vertebrae are the ones that tend to be affected.

• #79

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Osteomyelitis in the pediatric population is most often the result of hematogenous seeding of bacteria to the metaphyseal region of bone. […] local trauma and bacteremia lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial seeding of the metaphysis. […] history of trauma is reported in 30% of patients. […] Staph aureus is the most common organism in all children. […] strains of community-acquired (CA) MRSA have genes encoding for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) cytotoxin. […] PVL-positive strains are more associated with complex infections, multifocal infections, prolonged fever, abscess, DVT, and sepsis. […] MRSA is associated with increased risk of DVT and septic emboli. […] Group B Strep is most common organism in neonates. […] Kingella kingae becoming more common in younger age groups.

• #80

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4031/osteomyelitis–pediatric

  Osteomyelitis in the pediatric population is most often the result of hematogenous seeding of bacteria to the metaphyseal region of bone. […] local trauma and bacteremia lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial seeding of the metaphysis. […] history of trauma is reported in 30% of patients. […] Staph aureus is the most common organism in all children. […] strains of community-acquired (CA) MRSA have genes encoding for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) cytotoxin. […] PVL-positive strains are more associated with complex infections, multifocal infections, prolonged fever, abscess, DVT, and sepsis. […] MRSA is associated with increased risk of DVT and septic emboli. […] Group B Strep is most common organism in neonates. […] Kingella kingae becoming more common in younger age groups.

• #81 Osteomyelitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/ID/OstmyltsCs.htm

  Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children […] Staphylococcus Aureus accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Chronic Osteomyelitis […] Diabetes Mellitus is associated with polymicrobial infections in Osteomyelitis […] Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Salmonella […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis […] IV Drug Abuse is associated with a polymicrobial infection in Osteomyelitis.

• #82 Osteomyelitis: A Bone-a-fide Overview of Risk Factors, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.afmc.org/blog/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone tissue that can arise from trauma, surgery, compromised blood flow (particularly in diabetes), or infections that spread through the bloodstream. […] Individuals at higher risk include older adults, men, children, and particularly those with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), weakened immune systems, peripheral neuropathy, and vascular diseases. Additionally, trauma, such as motorcycle accidents or penetrating injuries, can significantly increase the risk. […] Several species of Staphylococcus infections are some of the most common causes, but most bacteria that can cause a bloodstream infection can also cause a bone infection. […] By far the most common type of patient I see with osteomyelitis are those with diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), Dr. Novack says. Diabetes can cause nerve and blood vessel damage that weakens the bones, especially in the feet. High blood sugars weaken the immune system and feed the bacteria.

• #83 Osteomyelitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/ID/OstmyltsCs.htm

  Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children […] Staphylococcus Aureus accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Chronic Osteomyelitis […] Diabetes Mellitus is associated with polymicrobial infections in Osteomyelitis […] Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Salmonella […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis […] IV Drug Abuse is associated with a polymicrobial infection in Osteomyelitis.

• #84 Osteomyelitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/osteomyelitis

  Peripheral artery disease. This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs. […] Sickle cell disease. This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow. […] Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing. Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don’t work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside. […] Pressure injuries. People who can’t feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected. […] Illicit drugs by needles. People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren’t sterile and if they don’t clean the skin before using the needles.

• #85 Osteomyelitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/ID/OstmyltsCs.htm

  Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children […] Staphylococcus Aureus accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Chronic Osteomyelitis […] Diabetes Mellitus is associated with polymicrobial infections in Osteomyelitis […] Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Salmonella […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis […] IV Drug Abuse is associated with a polymicrobial infection in Osteomyelitis.

• #86 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #87 Osteomyelitis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/ID/OstmyltsCs.htm

  Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children […] Staphylococcus Aureus accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis […] Staphylococcus Aureus is a common cause of Chronic Osteomyelitis […] Diabetes Mellitus is associated with polymicrobial infections in Osteomyelitis […] Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Salmonella […] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can lead to Osteomyelitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis […] IV Drug Abuse is associated with a polymicrobial infection in Osteomyelitis.

• #88

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120523/osteomyelitis

  Etiology: Note that infection can be due to bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria. […] Microbiology: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause overall (including pediatric patients). […] Salmonella is a specific cause in sickle cell disease. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is rare. […] Staphylococcus epidermidis can also be seen in prosthetic joint involvement. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also be seen in cases of vertebral involvement (Pott disease). […] Pasteurella multocida is seen in cases caused by cat and dog bites. […] Pseudomonas and Candida can also be seen in cases caused by intravenous drug abuse. […] Pathogenesis: hematogenous seeding of bone; contiguous spread of infection from adjacent structures (e.g., soft tissues and joints); direct inoculation (e.g., penetrating trauma and contaminated surgical tools).

• #89 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #90 Osteomyelitis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/bone-and-joint-infections/osteomyelitis

  Osteomyelitis is a bone infection usually caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi. […] Bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi can infect bones by spreading through the bloodstream or, more often, by spreading from nearby infected tissue or a contaminated open wound. […] Injury, a foreign body (such as an infected artificial joint), and a decrease in the blood supply to organs or tissues (ischemia) may cause osteomyelitis. […] Most osteomyelitis results from direct invasion or infections in nearby soft tissues (such as a foot ulcer caused by poor circulation or diabetes). […] When organisms that cause osteomyelitis spread through the bloodstream, infection usually occurs in the ends of leg and arm bones in children and the spine (vertebrae) in adults, particularly older adults. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the bacteria that most commonly causes osteomyelitis that spreads via the bloodstream.

• #91 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #92 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #93 Vertebral Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532256/

  Vertebral osteomyelitis is typically caused by a single pathogen, with S aureus being the most common etiologic agent, especially in cases of hematogenous dissemination. […] Conversely, coagulase-negative staphylococci and P acnes are the most common pathogens in exogenous osteomyelitis following spinal surgery, particularly in patients with spinal fixation devices. […] Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by alternative pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Brucella, may be seen in endemic regions and immunocompromised patients. […] Mycobacterium avium complex is a common pathogen in patients with HIV. […] Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis, although rare, can occur in patients from endemic regions (eg, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis), immunocompromised individuals (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus), IV drug users, and those with indwelling intravenous catheters (eg, Candida and Aspergillus).

• #94 Osteomyelitis – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is defined as an infection of bone, either acute or chronic. […] Most cases are acute and bacterial in origin, however it can also be chronic and rarely can even be fungal in origin. […] Osteomyelitis can be caused by 3 main routes: Haematogenous spread, Direct inoculation of micro-organisms into the bone (e.g. following an open fracture), Direct spread from nearby infection (e.g. adjacent septic arthritis). […] The most common causative organisms for osteomyelitis include S. aureus (most common), Streptococci, Enterobacteur spp., H. Influnzae, P. aeruginosa (especially in intravenous drug users), and Salmonella spp. (especially in patients with sickle cell disease). […] Risk factors for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression (such as long term steroid treatment or AIDS), alcohol excess, or intravenous drug use.

• #95 Osteomyelitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is a painful bone infection. It usually goes away if treated early with antibiotics. It can cause serious long-term problems if it’s not treated. […] Anyone can develop osteomyelitis, but you’re more at risk of getting it if you have: had osteomyelitis before, diabetes, especially if you also have a foot ulcer, broken (fractured) a bone, been injured and have a wound, had an infection, had surgery, a weakened immune system (for example, because of chemotherapy, or you have a condition such as HIV). […] If it’s not treated quickly, osteomyelitis can cause serious long-term problems, such as infections and permanent damage to your bones. […] Osteomyelitis is treated with antibiotics. You may need treatment in hospital, or you might be able to take antibiotics at home. […] If the infection is treated quickly (within 3 to 5 days of it starting), it often clears up completely. […] If the infection has damaged the bone, you’ll need surgery (known as debridement) to remove the damaged part.

• #96 Osteomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532250/

  Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone that can be either acute or chronic. It is an inflammatory process involving the bone and its structures caused by pyogenic organisms that spread through the bloodstream, fractures, or surgery. […] Healthy intact bone is resistant to infection. The bone becomes susceptible to disease with the introduction of a large inoculum of bacteria, from trauma, ischemia, or the presence of foreign bodies because bone sites to which microorganisms can bind are exposed. […] Certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus adhere to the bone by expressing receptors, called adhesins, for some components of the bone matrix, including laminin, collagen, fibronectin, and bone sialoglycoprotein. […] The characteristic of some bacteria to adhere to the bone and surgically implanted devices following which they express phenotypic resistance to antibiotic therapy and their ability to survive intracellularly may explain the persistence of bone infections and high failure rates of shorter courses of antimicrobial treatment.

• #97 Osteomyelitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteomyelitis/

  Osteomyelitis is a painful bone infection. It usually goes away if treated early with antibiotics. It can cause serious long-term problems if it’s not treated. […] Anyone can develop osteomyelitis, but you’re more at risk of getting it if you have: had osteomyelitis before, diabetes, especially if you also have a foot ulcer, broken (fractured) a bone, been injured and have a wound, had an infection, had surgery, a weakened immune system (for example, because of chemotherapy, or you have a condition such as HIV). […] If it’s not treated quickly, osteomyelitis can cause serious long-term problems, such as infections and permanent damage to your bones. […] Osteomyelitis is treated with antibiotics. You may need treatment in hospital, or you might be able to take antibiotics at home. […] If the infection is treated quickly (within 3 to 5 days of it starting), it often clears up completely. […] If the infection has damaged the bone, you’ll need surgery (known as debridement) to remove the damaged part.

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