Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Coma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma

  A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. People in a coma often require extensive medical care to maintain their health and prevent complications such as pneumonia or blood clots. […] Coma patients exhibit a complete absence of wakefulness and are unable to consciously feel, speak or move. […] Treatment for people in a coma will depend on the severity and cause of the comatose state. Upon admittance to an emergency department, coma patients will usually be placed in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) immediately, where maintenance of the patient’s respiration and circulation become a first priority. Stability of their respiration and circulation is sustained through the use of intubation, ventilation, administration of intravenous fluids or blood and other supportive care as needed.

• #2 Coma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/symptoms-causes/syc-20371099

  Coma is a medical emergency. Quick action is needed to preserve life and brain function. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical care for the person in a coma. […] Although many people gradually recover from a coma, others enter a persistent vegetative state or die. Some people who recover from a coma end up with major or minor disabilities. […] During a coma, bedsores, urinary tract infections, blood clots in the legs and other problems may develop.

• #3 Coma: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173655

  A coma can result from complications of conditions such as diabetes or an infection, or from a traumatic incident involving a blow to the head or a lack of oxygen. Doctors sometime induce a coma to protect a person from pain and complications during the healing process. […] A coma is state of deep unconsciousness. It is similar to a deep sleep, but the person cannot wake up or respond in the usual way to their environment. Their levels of consciousness and responsiveness will depend on how much the brain functions. […] A coma can last from a few days to a few weeks. The outcome will depend on the cause and any brain damage that has occurred. […] If a person enters a coma following a medical or traumatic event, it is a medical emergency. Doctors may need to take rapid action to preserve their life and brain function.

• #4

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/brain-skull-base-care/coma

  A coma requires around-the-clock medical care since you are unable to respond to your body’s needs. […] Sometimes important functions such as breathing and blood circulation are impacted during a coma. Medication and medical interventions, like a ventilator, offer support when this happens. […] After a serious medical emergency, a medically induced coma may be recommended to help prevent further brain damage. […] A controlled dose of anesthesia is used to temporarily induce a coma that is carefully monitored. […] Minimizing brain damage is the first priority of your coma treatment plan. […] Once the cause of the brain disruption is identified and you’re stable, your care team will work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan that considers your condition, goals, and personal perspective. […] Treatment options may include: Surgery, Medications, Neuroscience physical therapy. […] Recovering from a coma can be a long process with several phases of recovery.

• #5 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #6 Coma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma

  A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. People in a coma often require extensive medical care to maintain their health and prevent complications such as pneumonia or blood clots. […] Coma patients exhibit a complete absence of wakefulness and are unable to consciously feel, speak or move. […] Treatment for people in a coma will depend on the severity and cause of the comatose state. Upon admittance to an emergency department, coma patients will usually be placed in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) immediately, where maintenance of the patient’s respiration and circulation become a first priority. Stability of their respiration and circulation is sustained through the use of intubation, ventilation, administration of intravenous fluids or blood and other supportive care as needed.

• #7 Coma | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/coma

  Coma is a state of consciousness that is similar to deep sleep, except no amount of external stimuli (such as sounds or sensations) can prompt the brain to become awake and alert. […] A coma is a medical emergency. […] Immediate intensive care for coma includes an intravenous line (IV or drip) to provide fluids and drugs, an oxygen mask, urinary bladder catheterisation, constant monitoring of their vital signs including pulse, breathing and blood pressure, intravenous glucose, pumping of the stomach if it is thought the person ate or drank something poisonous, administration of a narcotic antidote if a drug overdose is suspected, and a respirator if the person is unable to breathe by themselves. […] Treatment of coma depends on the cause and severity, but may include intravenous administration of glucose in the case of hypoglycaemia, intravenous administration of naloxone in the case of a heroin overdose, surgery in the case of haemorrhage, for example, subdural haematoma, and antibiotics in the case of infection.

• #8 Nursing Care Plan For Unconscious Patient – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-unconscious-patient/

  The nursing care plan for unconscious patients also takes into account the significance of communication with the patients family or designated caregivers. Establishing a supportive and informative relationship with the patients support system is crucial in ensuring continuity of care, understanding the patients medical history, and incorporating any preferences or values that may influence the care provided. […] Assessing an unconscious patient requires a systematic and thorough approach to gather pertinent information that will guide appropriate interventions and care. The assessment aims to identify the underlying cause of unconsciousness, monitor vital signs, and prevent potential complications. […] This comprehensive nursing assessment forms the foundation for developing an individualized care plan for the unconscious patient, addressing both the immediate and underlying factors contributing to their altered level of consciousness. Regular reassessment and communication with the healthcare team are essential to adapt the care plan based on the patients evolving condition.

• #9 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): What It Is, Interpretation & Chart

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/24848-glasgow-coma-scale-gcs

  The Glasgow Coma Scale helps medical providers determine how conscious (or how deeply in a coma) you are based on eye, speech and movement responses. […] Healthcare providers can use the GCS as part of a neurological exam. Its also useful for any situation where you might have a decrease in how conscious you are. That includes injury-related conditions like concussions and traumatic brain injuries. […] One of the best uses of the GCS is to track changes in your level of consciousness. Healthcare providers will often repeat a neurological exam at regular intervals to check for and document any changes in your GCS score. […] The highest possible GCS score is 15, and the lowest is 3. A score of 15 means youre fully awake, responsive and have no problems with thinking ability or memory. Generally, having a score of 8 or fewer means youre in a coma. The lower the score, the deeper the coma is. […] The Glasgow Coma Scale is the most common tool healthcare providers use to measure decreases in consciousness and comas. Since its creation almost 50 years ago, experts have studied the scale extensively and found that it continues to be a useful diagnostic tool.

• #10 Nursing care of unconscious Patient | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-care-of-unconscious-patient/168710888

  The document discusses nursing care for unconscious patients. It begins by defining unconsciousness and describing the reticular activating system’s role in consciousness. Potential causes of unconsciousness include trauma, infection, drugs or alcohol. Nursing management aims to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion and function, including careful monitoring, positioning, airway care, and treatment of increased intracranial pressure if present. Assessment tools like the Glasgow Coma Scale are used to evaluate responses and guide care of the unconscious patient. […] Nursing Management GOALS OF NURSING CARE Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion Remain normothermic Be free from pain, discomfort, and infection Attain maximal cognitive, motor and sensory function […] The Glasgow Coma Scale is a neurological scale Gives a reliable, objective record of the level of consciousness (LOC) of a person, for initial as well as continuing assessment.

• #11 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): What It Is, Interpretation & Chart

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/24848-glasgow-coma-scale-gcs

  The Glasgow Coma Scale helps medical providers determine how conscious (or how deeply in a coma) you are based on eye, speech and movement responses. […] Healthcare providers can use the GCS as part of a neurological exam. Its also useful for any situation where you might have a decrease in how conscious you are. That includes injury-related conditions like concussions and traumatic brain injuries. […] One of the best uses of the GCS is to track changes in your level of consciousness. Healthcare providers will often repeat a neurological exam at regular intervals to check for and document any changes in your GCS score. […] The highest possible GCS score is 15, and the lowest is 3. A score of 15 means youre fully awake, responsive and have no problems with thinking ability or memory. Generally, having a score of 8 or fewer means youre in a coma. The lower the score, the deeper the coma is. […] The Glasgow Coma Scale is the most common tool healthcare providers use to measure decreases in consciousness and comas. Since its creation almost 50 years ago, experts have studied the scale extensively and found that it continues to be a useful diagnostic tool.

• #12 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #13 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #14 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #15 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #16 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #17 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #18 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #19 Coma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/coma/

  A patient may be placed into a coma while in the intensive care unit (ICU) as part of their treatment. This might be called an induced coma. […] In the short term, a person in a coma will normally be looked after in an ICU. Their treatment will include: supporting their bodily functions (like breathing) and treating the underlying cause of the coma. […] In the longer term, healthcare staff will give supportive treatment on a hospital ward. This can involve: providing nutrition (things like vitamins, protein and water that everyone needs to survive), trying to prevent infections, preventing bedsores by moving the person, and gently exercising their joints to stop them becoming tight. […] If someone is in a coma for a long time, they may have a tracheostomy put in to keep their airway open. This allows them to receive better mouth care (for example, toothbrushing) and means they can be moved to a long-term ward for supportive care.

• #20

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/brain-skull-base-care/coma

  A coma requires around-the-clock medical care since you are unable to respond to your body’s needs. […] Sometimes important functions such as breathing and blood circulation are impacted during a coma. Medication and medical interventions, like a ventilator, offer support when this happens. […] After a serious medical emergency, a medically induced coma may be recommended to help prevent further brain damage. […] A controlled dose of anesthesia is used to temporarily induce a coma that is carefully monitored. […] Minimizing brain damage is the first priority of your coma treatment plan. […] Once the cause of the brain disruption is identified and you’re stable, your care team will work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan that considers your condition, goals, and personal perspective. […] Treatment options may include: Surgery, Medications, Neuroscience physical therapy. […] Recovering from a coma can be a long process with several phases of recovery.

• #21

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/brain-skull-base-care/coma

  A coma requires around-the-clock medical care since you are unable to respond to your body’s needs. […] Sometimes important functions such as breathing and blood circulation are impacted during a coma. Medication and medical interventions, like a ventilator, offer support when this happens. […] After a serious medical emergency, a medically induced coma may be recommended to help prevent further brain damage. […] A controlled dose of anesthesia is used to temporarily induce a coma that is carefully monitored. […] Minimizing brain damage is the first priority of your coma treatment plan. […] Once the cause of the brain disruption is identified and you’re stable, your care team will work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan that considers your condition, goals, and personal perspective. […] Treatment options may include: Surgery, Medications, Neuroscience physical therapy. […] Recovering from a coma can be a long process with several phases of recovery.

• #22 MEDICALLY INDUCED COMA: WHAT IT IS, HOW IT WORKS, WHO BENEFITS, AND RECOVERY OUTCOMES | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/medically-induced-coma-what-it-is-how-it-works-who-benefits-and-recovery-outcomes

  A medically induced coma is a reversible state of deep unresponsiveness that is brought about by sedative administration in an attempt to protect the brain from traumatic damage. […] Healthcare specialists typically monitor the patient in a medically-induced coma by running a series of simple tests that assess their level of responsivity, including their ability to speak, gesticulate, and exhibit involuntary reflexes, such as automatic reflexes and pupil dilation. […] A medically induced coma is often only used as a last, life-saving resort in the emergency ward of the hospital. […] A medically induced coma is often only used as a last, life-saving resort in the emergency ward of the hospital. […] Recovery from a coma depends on the areas of the brain that are affected and how well the brain manages to prevent secondary injury as a result of prolonged faulty brain energy metabolism. […] Medical experts are trained to monitor the patient throughout the entire process to minimize the risk of complications. […] A medically induced coma renders a person reversibly unconscious on anesthetic sedatives in an attempt to minimize damage, trauma, and pain.

• #23 Nursing Knowledge is Key to Curing Coma | Innovation | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/innovation/blog/nursing-knowledge-is-key-to-curing-coma/

  One person can have an idea, but more often than not, innovation requires teamwork. In 2022, there are no evidence-based interventions proven to wake a patient from coma. By creating a worldwide collaborative, the Curing Coma Campaign aims to change that. […] Nurses dont just wait. As identified by the Cue-Response Theory, nursing care is purposive. Nurses do very precise things at very specific times for very specific reasons. At some point in their career, almost every nurse has been, or will be, asked, Is she (he) in a coma? For those nurses, there is a lot that needs to be done, and none of it involves just waiting. First and foremost, nurses take these questions as an opportunity to educate the family. We teach about the equipment, about monitoring and assessment, we educate them about the primary diagnosis, we tell them what we are doing, and why.

• #24 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness that can be caused by a variety of problems traumatic head injury, stroke, brain tumor, drug or alcohol intoxication, or even an underlying illness, such as diabetes or an infection. […] Nursing management of coma or comatose patient: Nursing Assessment: Evaluation of mental status. Cranial nerve functioning. Reflexes. Motor and sensory functioning. Glasgow coma scale. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective airway clearance related to altered level of consciousness. Risk for injury related to decreased level of consciousness. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility. Impaired urinary elimination related to impairment in sensing and control. Disturbed sensory perception related to neurologic impairment. Interrupted family process related to health crisis. Risk for impaired nutritional status.

• #25 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #26 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #27 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #28 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #29 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #30 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #31 Med-Surg Nursing: Hypothyroidism & Myxedema Coma – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/endocrine-system-14-hypothyroidism-myxedema-coma?srsltid=AfmBOoqqXYwpHKRA9VxxUkFgURSRvoepuNxpkwumnDw2MFUgMadzPQv0

  Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism known as decompensated hypothyroidism. Though this complication contains the word coma, patients may or may not be actually comatose. Either way, this is a medical emergency. […] The most important nursing care priority when responding to a myxedema coma is maintaining a patent airway. Thats always the most important priority, which you know from the ABCs of nursing. […] Monitor the patients cardiac rhythm. Administer large doses of thyroid medications, like the aforementioned levothyroxine, as ordered. And you will need to warm this patient, since they have hypothermia with this condition. […] For patients with hypothyroidism there are some nursing care and patient teaching tactics you can employ. Encourage frequent rest periods (to help with their lethargy). Encourage a low-calorie, high-fiber diet to promote weight loss and prevent constipation. Increase the patient’s room temperature and provide blankets (to help with their cold intolerance).

• #32 Myxedema coma Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/myxedema-coma/

  Myxedema coma is a life-threatening condition in which patients with underlying thyroid dysfunction exhibit exaggerated manifestations of hypothyroidism. […] NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Decreased cardiac output related to bradycardia and decreased stroke volume. […] Patient Monitoring: Continuously monitor ECG for dysrhythmias or profound bradycardia that can adversely affect cardiac output. […] Administer intravenous fluids as ordered to maintain BP 90 mm Hg; carefully monitor for fluid overload and development of heart failure. […] Vasopressor agents may be used if hypotension is refractory to volume administration and if thyroid replacement has not had time to act. Carefully monitor the patient for lethal dysrhythmias.

• #33 Nursing care of unconscious Patient | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-care-of-unconscious-patient/168710888

  The document discusses nursing care for unconscious patients. It begins by defining unconsciousness and describing the reticular activating system’s role in consciousness. Potential causes of unconsciousness include trauma, infection, drugs or alcohol. Nursing management aims to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion and function, including careful monitoring, positioning, airway care, and treatment of increased intracranial pressure if present. Assessment tools like the Glasgow Coma Scale are used to evaluate responses and guide care of the unconscious patient. […] Nursing Management GOALS OF NURSING CARE Maintain adequate cerebral perfusion Remain normothermic Be free from pain, discomfort, and infection Attain maximal cognitive, motor and sensory function […] The Glasgow Coma Scale is a neurological scale Gives a reliable, objective record of the level of consciousness (LOC) of a person, for initial as well as continuing assessment.

• #34 Nursing care of unconscious Patient | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-care-of-unconscious-patient/168710888

  The nurse should provide intervention for all self-care needs including bathing, hair care, skin and nail care. Frequent back care should be given. […] The breath sounds must be assessed every 2 hourly. […] Assess the GCS, SPO2 level and ABG of the patient. Monitor the vital signs of the patients (increased temperature) […] Administer mannitol 25-50 g IV bolus if ICP 20, as prescribed. […] Sensory stimulation Brain needs sensory input Widely believed that hearing is the last sense to go Talk, explain to the patient what is going on

• #35 Nursing care of unconscious Patient | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-care-of-unconscious-patient/168710888

  The nurse should provide intervention for all self-care needs including bathing, hair care, skin and nail care. Frequent back care should be given. […] The breath sounds must be assessed every 2 hourly. […] Assess the GCS, SPO2 level and ABG of the patient. Monitor the vital signs of the patients (increased temperature) […] Administer mannitol 25-50 g IV bolus if ICP 20, as prescribed. […] Sensory stimulation Brain needs sensory input Widely believed that hearing is the last sense to go Talk, explain to the patient what is going on

• #36 Final Care of Comatose Patient (1).pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/final-care-of-comatose-patient-1pptx/260970411

  The document discusses nursing care for patients in comas focuses on maintaining airway, skin integrity, nutrition, and psychological support of families. […] A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person can not be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound; lacks a normal wake sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary action. […] The goal of medical management are to preserve brain function and prevent further damage. […] Nursing management includes maintaining patent airway, elevating head end of the bed, positioning the patient, and suctioning. […] Nutrition includes TPN (Total Parenteral nutrition) and enteral feeding via nasogastric, nasojejunal or PEG tube. […] Psychological support involves encouraging sensory stimulation and providing support to the family.

• #37 Final Care of Comatose Patient (1).pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/final-care-of-comatose-patient-1pptx/260970411

  The document discusses nursing care for patients in comas focuses on maintaining airway, skin integrity, nutrition, and psychological support of families. […] A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person can not be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound; lacks a normal wake sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary action. […] The goal of medical management are to preserve brain function and prevent further damage. […] Nursing management includes maintaining patent airway, elevating head end of the bed, positioning the patient, and suctioning. […] Nutrition includes TPN (Total Parenteral nutrition) and enteral feeding via nasogastric, nasojejunal or PEG tube. […] Psychological support involves encouraging sensory stimulation and providing support to the family.

• #38 Final Care of Comatose Patient (1).pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/final-care-of-comatose-patient-1pptx/260970411

  The document discusses nursing care for patients in comas focuses on maintaining airway, skin integrity, nutrition, and psychological support of families. […] A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person can not be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound; lacks a normal wake sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary action. […] The goal of medical management are to preserve brain function and prevent further damage. […] Nursing management includes maintaining patent airway, elevating head end of the bed, positioning the patient, and suctioning. […] Nutrition includes TPN (Total Parenteral nutrition) and enteral feeding via nasogastric, nasojejunal or PEG tube. […] Psychological support involves encouraging sensory stimulation and providing support to the family.

• #39 Coma: Types, Causes, Treatments, Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/coma-types-causes-treatments-prognosis

  A coma is a prolonged state of unconsciousness. During a coma, a person is unresponsive to their environment. The person is alive and looks like they are sleeping. However, unlike in a deep sleep, the person cannot be awakened by any stimulation, including pain. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Early treatment may limit the amount of damage to the brain and rest of the body. Call 9-1-1 for emergency help if you find someone in a coma or someone who is losing consciousness. […] Supportive care for someone in a coma is meant to keep them as comfortable as possible and to prevent complications. These support measures include: Nutrition. Although the person is in a coma, they still need good nutrition and adequate fluids. This means they will likely need a feeding or gastric tube that will supply the liquid nutrition directly to the stomach.

• #40

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/stories/what-happens-when-a-patient-falls-into-a-coma

  As coma patients cannot feed themselves, dietitians are brought in to manage their nutrition. […] Dietitians prescribe an individualised nutritional plan for each patient, which involves determining the right formula and feeding rate. […] Muscle atrophy may occur due to prolonged immobility. Physiotherapists play a vital role in preventing this in coma patients. […] Most patients, especially those in a medically induced coma, regain consciousness and wake up within a few days or weeks. […] Unfortunately, sometimes patients do not regain consciousness and remain in a permanent coma. […] The good news is these instances tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Most patients wake up from their coma and embark on the journey of rehabilitation.

• #41 How to Prevent Pressure Sores in an Unconscious Patient – Bed Sores in Coma Patients

  https://www.theinjurylawyers.com/preventing-bed-sores-in-coma-patients-pressure-sores-in-an-unconscious-patient/

  When an individual slips into a coma, it can be caused by many different reasons, ranging from traumatic brain injuries to severe illnesses to medically induced comas. […] Typically, they are confined to a bed, without their brain being alert to external stimuli, similar to being in a deep sleep. […] Many believe that bed sores develop as the result of a patient laying in bed for an extended period of time. […] However, while the risk is undeniable, it’s important to recognize that there are procedures that can be exercised to prevent the development of bed sores. […] Hospitals and long-term care facilities have the responsibility of understanding and implementing preventive measures against bed sores, yet regrettably, lapses in this duty can occur, causing the development of severe bedsores that can even cause sepsis.

• #42 Coma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma

  Once a patient is stable and no longer in immediate danger, there may be a shift of priority from stabilizing the patient to maintaining the state of their physical wellbeing. Moving patients every 2-3 hours by turning them side to side is crucial to avoiding bed sores as a result of being confined to a bed. Moving patients through the use of physical therapy also aids in preventing atelectasis, contractures or other orthopedic deformities which would interfere with a coma patient’s recovery. […] Pneumonia is also common in coma patients due to their inability to swallow which can then lead to aspiration. A coma patient’s lack of a gag reflex and use of a feeding tube can result in food, drink or other solid organic matter being lodged within their lower respiratory tract (from the trachea to the lungs). This trapping of matter in their lower respiratory tract can ultimately lead to infection, resulting in aspiration pneumonia.

• #43

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/stories/what-happens-when-a-patient-falls-into-a-coma

  The cause of a coma dictates the treatment method. Each condition requires specific, targeted management to optimise recovery. […] About half of the coma cases are medically induced, meaning patients receive a controlled dose of an anaesthetic drug to place them under temporary sedation. […] Coma patients are wholly dependent on the ICU team for the management of all physical processes, not just bodily waste. […] Nurses handle the lions share of duties, such as regularly emptying urine collection bags and inspecting the patients skin. […] To maintain patients skin health, ICU nurses conduct daily bed baths and moisturising routines. […] Every two hours, they reposition coma patients shifting them to their back or side to prevent bedsores. […] Coma patients often struggle with breathing.

• #44 Overview of Coma and Impaired Consciousness – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/coma-and-impaired-consciousness/overview-of-coma-and-impaired-consciousness

  Special air mattresses may help manage pressure ulcers. […] Topical ointments to prevent desiccation of the eyes are beneficial. […] Passive range-of-motion exercises done by physical therapists and taping or dynamic flexion splitting of the extremities may prevent contractures. […] Initiating physical therapy early can improve functional outcome in patients with polyneuropathy and myopathy. […] Measures are also taken to prevent urinary tract infections and deep venous thrombosis.

• #45

  https://dearzindagicare.com/coma-care

  Coma patients are in a state of unconsciousness and hence, require a specialized care. They require tube feeding and provisions for waste elimination, special kinds of beds and other measures to prevent conditions like bed sores and many other specific care facilities. Additionally, they require regular monitoring. […] All of this constitutes Coma Care. […] Hence, all coma patients to be kept on maintenence therapy require Coma Care and can be enrolled here. […] We provide all necessities to ensure proper care of the patient. All measures to prevent bed sores, which can give way to fatal infections, are taken. We provide specialized Air/ Water beds for the same. Tube feeding and monitoring of patient parameters like pulse rate and urine output are handled by trained staff. […] We have 24/7 nursing staff for any iv fluid and oxygen administration or suction/drain that may need to be used for the patient.

• #46 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #47 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  Nursing Intervention: 1. Maintaining patent airway: Elevating the head end of the bed to 30 degree prevents aspiration, Positioning the patient in lateral or semi prone position, Suctioning, Chest physiotherapy, Auscultate in every hours, Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy. […] 2. Protecting the client: Padded side rails, Restraints, Take care to avoid any injury, Talk with the client in-between the procedures, Speak positively to enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the patient. […] 3. Maintaining fluid balance and managing nutritional needs: Assess the hydration status, More amount of liquid, Start IV line, Liquid diet, NG tube. […] 4. Maintaining skin integrity: Regular changing in position, Passive exercises, Back massage, Use splints or foam boots to prevent foot drop, Special beds to prevent pressure on bony prominences.

• #48

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/stories/what-happens-when-a-patient-falls-into-a-coma

  The cause of a coma dictates the treatment method. Each condition requires specific, targeted management to optimise recovery. […] About half of the coma cases are medically induced, meaning patients receive a controlled dose of an anaesthetic drug to place them under temporary sedation. […] Coma patients are wholly dependent on the ICU team for the management of all physical processes, not just bodily waste. […] Nurses handle the lions share of duties, such as regularly emptying urine collection bags and inspecting the patients skin. […] To maintain patients skin health, ICU nurses conduct daily bed baths and moisturising routines. […] Every two hours, they reposition coma patients shifting them to their back or side to prevent bedsores. […] Coma patients often struggle with breathing.

• #49 How to Prevent Pressure Sores in an Unconscious Patient – Bed Sores in Coma Patients

  https://www.theinjurylawyers.com/preventing-bed-sores-in-coma-patients-pressure-sores-in-an-unconscious-patient/

  Even when a patient is in a coma, it’s imperative that they receive exercise to prevent bed sores. […] Implementing protocols to prevent bed sores is not only a matter of medical necessity, but also a fundamental aspect of providing humane care. […] Preventing bed sores is not just a matter of medical practice. It’s also a testament to their commitment to uphold the dignity and welfare of every individual under their care.

• #50 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #51 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #52 Coma Care – living with dying

  https://livingwithdying.com/coma-care/

  A catheter may be inserted by the nurse if the patient cannot urinate on his own or it is too difficult to change him. […] The lighting should be soft and shades drawn partway if sun is bright. […] Avoid loud conversations (and no arguing!) around the patient. […] These final days and hours are what is called holding vigil. Create an atmosphere of peace: put on soft music, read a favorite poem or scripture, light candlesgently reassure your loved one that you will be alright and she can go.

• #53 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #54 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #55 Overview of Coma and Impaired Consciousness – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/coma-and-impaired-consciousness/overview-of-coma-and-impaired-consciousness

  Coma is unresponsiveness from which the patient cannot be aroused and in which the patient’s eyes remain closed. […] For long-term coma, adjunctive treatment includes passive range-of-motion exercises, enteral feedings, and measures to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require meticulous long-term care. Stimulants, sedatives, and opioids should be avoided. […] Enteral feeding is started with precautions to prevent aspiration (eg, elevation of the head of the bed); a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube is placed if necessary. […] Early, vigilant attention to skin care, including checking for breakdown especially at pressure points, is required to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require frequent turning and position changes to prevent pressure ulcers, but the head should be kept elevated.

• #56 Overview of Coma and Impaired Consciousness – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/coma-and-impaired-consciousness/overview-of-coma-and-impaired-consciousness

  Coma is unresponsiveness from which the patient cannot be aroused and in which the patient’s eyes remain closed. […] For long-term coma, adjunctive treatment includes passive range-of-motion exercises, enteral feedings, and measures to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require meticulous long-term care. Stimulants, sedatives, and opioids should be avoided. […] Enteral feeding is started with precautions to prevent aspiration (eg, elevation of the head of the bed); a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube is placed if necessary. […] Early, vigilant attention to skin care, including checking for breakdown especially at pressure points, is required to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require frequent turning and position changes to prevent pressure ulcers, but the head should be kept elevated.

• #57 Overview of Coma and Impaired Consciousness – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/coma-and-impaired-consciousness/overview-of-coma-and-impaired-consciousness

  Coma is unresponsiveness from which the patient cannot be aroused and in which the patient’s eyes remain closed. […] For long-term coma, adjunctive treatment includes passive range-of-motion exercises, enteral feedings, and measures to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require meticulous long-term care. Stimulants, sedatives, and opioids should be avoided. […] Enteral feeding is started with precautions to prevent aspiration (eg, elevation of the head of the bed); a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube is placed if necessary. […] Early, vigilant attention to skin care, including checking for breakdown especially at pressure points, is required to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require frequent turning and position changes to prevent pressure ulcers, but the head should be kept elevated.

• #58 Overview of Coma and Impaired Consciousness – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/coma-and-impaired-consciousness/overview-of-coma-and-impaired-consciousness

  Coma is unresponsiveness from which the patient cannot be aroused and in which the patient’s eyes remain closed. […] For long-term coma, adjunctive treatment includes passive range-of-motion exercises, enteral feedings, and measures to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require meticulous long-term care. Stimulants, sedatives, and opioids should be avoided. […] Enteral feeding is started with precautions to prevent aspiration (eg, elevation of the head of the bed); a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube is placed if necessary. […] Early, vigilant attention to skin care, including checking for breakdown especially at pressure points, is required to prevent pressure ulcers. […] Patients require frequent turning and position changes to prevent pressure ulcers, but the head should be kept elevated.

• #59

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/stories/what-happens-when-a-patient-falls-into-a-coma

  As coma patients cannot feed themselves, dietitians are brought in to manage their nutrition. […] Dietitians prescribe an individualised nutritional plan for each patient, which involves determining the right formula and feeding rate. […] Muscle atrophy may occur due to prolonged immobility. Physiotherapists play a vital role in preventing this in coma patients. […] Most patients, especially those in a medically induced coma, regain consciousness and wake up within a few days or weeks. […] Unfortunately, sometimes patients do not regain consciousness and remain in a permanent coma. […] The good news is these instances tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Most patients wake up from their coma and embark on the journey of rehabilitation.

• #60 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #61 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #62 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #63 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #64 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #65 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #66 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #67 Causes and Nursing Management of Coma or Comatose Patient

  https://nursingexercise.com/causes-and-nursing-management-of-coma-or-comatose-patient/

  5. Preventing urinary retention: Palpate for a full bladder, Insert an indwelling catheter, Condom catheter for male and absorbent pads for females in case of incontinence, Inducing stimulation to urinate. […] 6. Providing sensory stimulation: Provided at proper time to avoid sensory deprivation. Efforts are made to maintain the sense of daily rhythm by keeping the usual day and night patterns for activity and sleep. Maintain the same schedule each day. Orient the client to the day, date, and time accordingly. Touch and talk. Proper communication. Always address the client by name, and explain the procedure each time.

• #68 Coma: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173655

  During a coma, a person does not react to external stimuli, and they will not show normal reflex responses. […] People in a coma do not have sleep-wake cycles. […] Depending on the cause and the extent of damage, a coma can occur rapidly or gradually, and it can last from several days to months, though most last from days to weeks. […] Sometimes, a doctor will induce a coma using medications. For example, they might do this to protect the person from intense pain during a healing process or to preserve higher brain function following a form of brain trauma. […] A person in a coma cannot respond or make voluntary actions to pain, light, or sound in the usual way. […] However, according to research from 2019, a person in a coma may be able to hear sounds in their environment. […] A 2015 study found evidence that the voices of family members and loved ones could help improve responsiveness in people during a coma.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02116-w

  Families play a significant role in the care of their loved ones in DoC. […] Family understanding of DoC and the needs of their loved one can have a direct impact on the care decisions and bedside interventions. […] Families require a holistic palliative care approach that includes psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, and informational support. […] Individual religious and cultural beliefs can impact decisions about goals of care and interventions provided in DoC. […] Patients with DoC are not widely viewed as requiring tertiary or quaternary care referral. […] Financial and infrastructure resources are needed to address gaps in health care systems and policies to support access to specialized services in both acute and chronic DoC to ensure access to quality care across the continuum.

• #70 Nursing Knowledge is Key to Curing Coma | Innovation | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/innovation/blog/nursing-knowledge-is-key-to-curing-coma/

  One person can have an idea, but more often than not, innovation requires teamwork. In 2022, there are no evidence-based interventions proven to wake a patient from coma. By creating a worldwide collaborative, the Curing Coma Campaign aims to change that. […] Nurses dont just wait. As identified by the Cue-Response Theory, nursing care is purposive. Nurses do very precise things at very specific times for very specific reasons. At some point in their career, almost every nurse has been, or will be, asked, Is she (he) in a coma? For those nurses, there is a lot that needs to be done, and none of it involves just waiting. First and foremost, nurses take these questions as an opportunity to educate the family. We teach about the equipment, about monitoring and assessment, we educate them about the primary diagnosis, we tell them what we are doing, and why.

• #71 Final Care of Comatose Patient (1).pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/final-care-of-comatose-patient-1pptx/260970411

  The document discusses nursing care for patients in comas focuses on maintaining airway, skin integrity, nutrition, and psychological support of families. […] A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person can not be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound; lacks a normal wake sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary action. […] The goal of medical management are to preserve brain function and prevent further damage. […] Nursing management includes maintaining patent airway, elevating head end of the bed, positioning the patient, and suctioning. […] Nutrition includes TPN (Total Parenteral nutrition) and enteral feeding via nasogastric, nasojejunal or PEG tube. […] Psychological support involves encouraging sensory stimulation and providing support to the family.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02116-w

  Families play a significant role in the care of their loved ones in DoC. […] Family understanding of DoC and the needs of their loved one can have a direct impact on the care decisions and bedside interventions. […] Families require a holistic palliative care approach that includes psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, and informational support. […] Individual religious and cultural beliefs can impact decisions about goals of care and interventions provided in DoC. […] Patients with DoC are not widely viewed as requiring tertiary or quaternary care referral. […] Financial and infrastructure resources are needed to address gaps in health care systems and policies to support access to specialized services in both acute and chronic DoC to ensure access to quality care across the continuum.

• #73

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/brain-care-center/conditions-treatments/coma

  A coma requires around-the-clock medical care since you are unable to respond to your body’s needs. […] Medication and medical interventions, like a ventilator, offer support when this happens. […] Your care team’s priority is to minimize brain damage. Once you’re stable, a personalized treatment plan will be created that focuses on treating the underlying condition of the coma. […] Treatment options may include: Surgery, Medications, Occupational therapy, Physical therapy, Speech therapy. […] Coma recovery differs for everyone. Your age, type of brain damage and the severity of your coma all factor into how well you’ll recover. Some people are generally unaffected by the coma, while others have lifelong disabilities.

• #74 What is a Coma? Duration, Recovery, and Brain Damage Risk

  https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/coma/

  Comas can last from days to weeks while some severe cases have lasted several years. Recovery depends, to a considerable extent, on the original cause of the coma and on the severity of any brain damage. Some patients (e.g. patients in a diabetic coma) will make a complete recovery while others, particularly those who have suffered a head trauma, may have some physical, intellectual or psychological impairment that will require further treatment. They may need physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychological assessment and support during a period of rehabilitation and may need care for the rest of their lives.

• #75 Coma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103

  Because people in comas can’t express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. […] A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person’s airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain. […] If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.

• #76 Coma and reduced awareness states | Headway

  https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/effects-of-brain-injury/coma-and-reduced-awareness-states/

  Whether it lasts for a few seconds or a few weeks, the usual immediate effect of brain injury is a loss of consciousness. Coma can be defined as a state of depressed consciousness where a person is unresponsive to the outside world. […] Recovery from coma is a gradual process, starting with the person’s eyes opening, then responding to pain, and then responding to speech. People do not just wake up from a coma, and say, 'Where am I?’ as is sometimes portrayed in films. The length of coma is one of the most accurate predictors of the severity of long-term symptoms. The longer the coma, the greater the likelihood of residual symptoms, particularly physical disabilities, although this is only a guide and some people can make good recoveries after an extended period in a coma. […] If you are caring for someone with a brain injury or have a relative being treated in hospital, this section will help you to meet the challenges ahead and find the support you need.

• #77 Coma and reduced awareness states | Headway

  https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/effects-of-brain-injury/coma-and-reduced-awareness-states/

  Whether it lasts for a few seconds or a few weeks, the usual immediate effect of brain injury is a loss of consciousness. Coma can be defined as a state of depressed consciousness where a person is unresponsive to the outside world. […] Recovery from coma is a gradual process, starting with the person’s eyes opening, then responding to pain, and then responding to speech. People do not just wake up from a coma, and say, 'Where am I?’ as is sometimes portrayed in films. The length of coma is one of the most accurate predictors of the severity of long-term symptoms. The longer the coma, the greater the likelihood of residual symptoms, particularly physical disabilities, although this is only a guide and some people can make good recoveries after an extended period in a coma. […] If you are caring for someone with a brain injury or have a relative being treated in hospital, this section will help you to meet the challenges ahead and find the support you need.

• #78

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/stories/what-happens-when-a-patient-falls-into-a-coma

  As coma patients cannot feed themselves, dietitians are brought in to manage their nutrition. […] Dietitians prescribe an individualised nutritional plan for each patient, which involves determining the right formula and feeding rate. […] Muscle atrophy may occur due to prolonged immobility. Physiotherapists play a vital role in preventing this in coma patients. […] Most patients, especially those in a medically induced coma, regain consciousness and wake up within a few days or weeks. […] Unfortunately, sometimes patients do not regain consciousness and remain in a permanent coma. […] The good news is these instances tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Most patients wake up from their coma and embark on the journey of rehabilitation.

• #79

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/stories/what-happens-when-a-patient-falls-into-a-coma

  As coma patients cannot feed themselves, dietitians are brought in to manage their nutrition. […] Dietitians prescribe an individualised nutritional plan for each patient, which involves determining the right formula and feeding rate. […] Muscle atrophy may occur due to prolonged immobility. Physiotherapists play a vital role in preventing this in coma patients. […] Most patients, especially those in a medically induced coma, regain consciousness and wake up within a few days or weeks. […] Unfortunately, sometimes patients do not regain consciousness and remain in a permanent coma. […] The good news is these instances tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Most patients wake up from their coma and embark on the journey of rehabilitation.

• #80 Coma and reduced awareness states | Headway

  https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/effects-of-brain-injury/coma-and-reduced-awareness-states/

  Whether it lasts for a few seconds or a few weeks, the usual immediate effect of brain injury is a loss of consciousness. Coma can be defined as a state of depressed consciousness where a person is unresponsive to the outside world. […] Recovery from coma is a gradual process, starting with the person’s eyes opening, then responding to pain, and then responding to speech. People do not just wake up from a coma, and say, 'Where am I?’ as is sometimes portrayed in films. The length of coma is one of the most accurate predictors of the severity of long-term symptoms. The longer the coma, the greater the likelihood of residual symptoms, particularly physical disabilities, although this is only a guide and some people can make good recoveries after an extended period in a coma. […] If you are caring for someone with a brain injury or have a relative being treated in hospital, this section will help you to meet the challenges ahead and find the support you need.

• #81 Coma and reduced awareness states | Headway

  https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/effects-of-brain-injury/coma-and-reduced-awareness-states/

  Whether it lasts for a few seconds or a few weeks, the usual immediate effect of brain injury is a loss of consciousness. Coma can be defined as a state of depressed consciousness where a person is unresponsive to the outside world. […] Recovery from coma is a gradual process, starting with the person’s eyes opening, then responding to pain, and then responding to speech. People do not just wake up from a coma, and say, 'Where am I?’ as is sometimes portrayed in films. The length of coma is one of the most accurate predictors of the severity of long-term symptoms. The longer the coma, the greater the likelihood of residual symptoms, particularly physical disabilities, although this is only a guide and some people can make good recoveries after an extended period in a coma. […] If you are caring for someone with a brain injury or have a relative being treated in hospital, this section will help you to meet the challenges ahead and find the support you need.

• #82 A systematic approach to the unconscious patient

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330912/

  A systematic and structured ABCDE (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure) approach should be employed by teams caring for unconscious patients. […] Specific treatment depends on the underlying aetiology of the coma. Coma cocktails should be avoided. […] Prognosis depends on a number of factors. In one systematic review the mortality rate varied from 25-87%. […] The unconscious patient is challenging, in terms of immediate care, diagnosis, specific treatment and predicting prognosis. A systematic and logical approach is required, with an emphasis on teamwork. […] Appropriate measures to resuscitate, stabilise and support an unconscious patient must be performed rapidly. Unless the cause of coma is immediately obvious and reversible, input from senior physicians and critical care colleagues is necessary. Decisions, such as ceiling of care, are required at an early stage in patients with a poor prognosis.

• #83 Coma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/coma/

  Some people will make a full recovery and be completely unaffected by the coma. Others will have disabilities caused by the damage to their brain. They may need physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychological assessment, and support while theyre recovering. They may also need care for the rest of their lives.

• #84 Coma: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173655

  A coma is usually a serious medical emergency. Healthcare professionals will start by ensuring the immediate survival of the individual. They will secure their breathing and circulation to maximize the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain. […] If doctors can successfully treat the cause of the coma, the person may eventually awaken with no permanent damage. They may experience confusion initially, but they will usually remember what happened before the coma and can carry on with their life. Typically, some rehabilitation or physical therapy is necessary. […] If brain damage has occurred, a long-term impairment may result. If the person awakens, they may need to relearn basic skills, and they may not remember what happened. However, with support, such as physical and occupational therapy, many people can improve their quality of life.

• #85 Recovering from a Coma: Steps and Challenges

  https://lonestarneurology.net/blog/coma-recovery/

  A coma is a terrible condition. It is life-threatening for many people and puts relatives under severe stress. And what a joy it is when a person finally recovers from a coma. […] Recovery from a coma requires taking steps to regain consciousness, relearning skills, and understanding how the persons body was affected by this traumatic event. […] While in a coma, patients receive supportive care with regular assessment of vital signs. Patients receive hydration, nutrition, and monitoring for any neurological changes. […] Recovery from a coma is a long and often complex process. Brain damage can range from mild to severe. Thus, it is difficult for us to predict recovery time as well as the severity of the effects. […] During this period, the family must be prepared to provide emotional support. And doctors will guide the necessary medical recovery. The body may also need physical rehabilitation therapy. It will restore the strength and reflexes lost during this time. […] Recovery from a coma can sometimes be discouraging. But with proper care and support, patients can make significant progress. And very soon, patients will be able to return to everyday life. […] With proper care and support, full recovery from a coma is possible.

• #86

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/brain-care-center/conditions-treatments/coma

  A coma requires around-the-clock medical care since you are unable to respond to your body’s needs. […] Medication and medical interventions, like a ventilator, offer support when this happens. […] Your care team’s priority is to minimize brain damage. Once you’re stable, a personalized treatment plan will be created that focuses on treating the underlying condition of the coma. […] Treatment options may include: Surgery, Medications, Occupational therapy, Physical therapy, Speech therapy. […] Coma recovery differs for everyone. Your age, type of brain damage and the severity of your coma all factor into how well you’ll recover. Some people are generally unaffected by the coma, while others have lifelong disabilities.

• #87

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/brain-care-center/conditions-treatments/coma

  A coma requires around-the-clock medical care since you are unable to respond to your body’s needs. […] Medication and medical interventions, like a ventilator, offer support when this happens. […] Your care team’s priority is to minimize brain damage. Once you’re stable, a personalized treatment plan will be created that focuses on treating the underlying condition of the coma. […] Treatment options may include: Surgery, Medications, Occupational therapy, Physical therapy, Speech therapy. […] Coma recovery differs for everyone. Your age, type of brain damage and the severity of your coma all factor into how well you’ll recover. Some people are generally unaffected by the coma, while others have lifelong disabilities.

• #88 Coma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/coma/

  Some people will make a full recovery and be completely unaffected by the coma. Others will have disabilities caused by the damage to their brain. They may need physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychological assessment, and support while theyre recovering. They may also need care for the rest of their lives.

• #89 Recovering from a Coma: Steps and Challenges

  https://lonestarneurology.net/blog/coma-recovery/

  A coma is a terrible condition. It is life-threatening for many people and puts relatives under severe stress. And what a joy it is when a person finally recovers from a coma. […] Recovery from a coma requires taking steps to regain consciousness, relearning skills, and understanding how the persons body was affected by this traumatic event. […] While in a coma, patients receive supportive care with regular assessment of vital signs. Patients receive hydration, nutrition, and monitoring for any neurological changes. […] Recovery from a coma is a long and often complex process. Brain damage can range from mild to severe. Thus, it is difficult for us to predict recovery time as well as the severity of the effects. […] During this period, the family must be prepared to provide emotional support. And doctors will guide the necessary medical recovery. The body may also need physical rehabilitation therapy. It will restore the strength and reflexes lost during this time. […] Recovery from a coma can sometimes be discouraging. But with proper care and support, patients can make significant progress. And very soon, patients will be able to return to everyday life. […] With proper care and support, full recovery from a coma is possible.

• #90 Nursing Knowledge is Key to Curing Coma | Innovation | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/innovation/blog/nursing-knowledge-is-key-to-curing-coma/

  One person can have an idea, but more often than not, innovation requires teamwork. In 2022, there are no evidence-based interventions proven to wake a patient from coma. By creating a worldwide collaborative, the Curing Coma Campaign aims to change that. […] Nurses dont just wait. As identified by the Cue-Response Theory, nursing care is purposive. Nurses do very precise things at very specific times for very specific reasons. At some point in their career, almost every nurse has been, or will be, asked, Is she (he) in a coma? For those nurses, there is a lot that needs to be done, and none of it involves just waiting. First and foremost, nurses take these questions as an opportunity to educate the family. We teach about the equipment, about monitoring and assessment, we educate them about the primary diagnosis, we tell them what we are doing, and why.

• #91 Nursing Knowledge is Key to Curing Coma | Innovation | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/innovation/blog/nursing-knowledge-is-key-to-curing-coma/

  Nurses have spent decades improving our understanding of how to care for the unconscious patient. Nurses have refined nearly every step in care of the unconscious patient from the cranial nerve exam to innovative practices for maintaining joint mobility. Nurses have devised new interventions and revised existing routines to ensure that the comatose patient receives appropriate care that will promote healing. Sadly, until now, we have not focused our attention on how to cure the patient. […] In 2022, there are no evidence-based interventions proven to wake a patient from coma. By creating a worldwide collaborative, the Curing Coma Campaign aims to change that. There are already over 200 healthcare members collaborating on the effort to identify and study exciting new interventions to promote the recovery of consciousness.

• #92 The State of Coma Care: A Call for Action

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/the-state-of-coma-care-a-call-for-action

  This will enable those involved in the acute care of patients in a coma the ability to give a prediction along with a confidence interval around that prediction. […] As such, we must keep in mind that not every patient has the potential for long-term recovery, so developing protocols for treating patients on both ends of the spectrum is something we are hoping to achieve. […] The Curing Coma Campaign is the first global public health initiative to tackle the unifying concept of coma as a treatable medical entity. […] By understanding the biology of coma and involving everyone engaged in the care of coma patientsdoctors, scientists, long-term caregivers, industry, regulatory agencies, patients families, and even recovered patientswe can develop support and collaboration with a unified approach to disorders of consciousness, resulting in improved patient outcomes.

• #93 The State of Coma Care: A Call for Action

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/the-state-of-coma-care-a-call-for-action

  This will enable those involved in the acute care of patients in a coma the ability to give a prediction along with a confidence interval around that prediction. […] As such, we must keep in mind that not every patient has the potential for long-term recovery, so developing protocols for treating patients on both ends of the spectrum is something we are hoping to achieve. […] The Curing Coma Campaign is the first global public health initiative to tackle the unifying concept of coma as a treatable medical entity. […] By understanding the biology of coma and involving everyone engaged in the care of coma patientsdoctors, scientists, long-term caregivers, industry, regulatory agencies, patients families, and even recovered patientswe can develop support and collaboration with a unified approach to disorders of consciousness, resulting in improved patient outcomes.

• #94 Awakening Hope

  https://www.curingcoma.org/

  In 2019 the Neurocritical Care Society launched Curing Coma as its signature clinical, scientific, and public health effort. The goal of Curing Coma is to develop and implement coma treatment strategies that improve human lives. […] The Innovative Treatments in Disorders of Consciousness (ITDC) program provided two $400,000 grants to researchers at Brigham and Womens Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine to spur cutting-edge research and improve treatment options for people with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) who experience disorders of consciousness like coma. […] Curing Coma is the Neurocritical Care Society’s primary area of focus that seeks to bring patients into consciousness and afterward, experience the quality of life they deserve.

• #95 Awakening Hope

  https://www.curingcoma.org/

  In 2019 the Neurocritical Care Society launched Curing Coma as its signature clinical, scientific, and public health effort. The goal of Curing Coma is to develop and implement coma treatment strategies that improve human lives. […] The Innovative Treatments in Disorders of Consciousness (ITDC) program provided two $400,000 grants to researchers at Brigham and Womens Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine to spur cutting-edge research and improve treatment options for people with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) who experience disorders of consciousness like coma. […] Curing Coma is the Neurocritical Care Society’s primary area of focus that seeks to bring patients into consciousness and afterward, experience the quality of life they deserve.

• #96 Top Coma Experts Seek to Improve Patient Outcomes

  http://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/08/18/top-coma-experts-seek-to-improve-patient-outcomes/

  Leading coma experts have created an ambitious plan to help doctors better care for comatose patients and answer that most awful question: Will my loved one wake up? […] The plan was developed by a blue-ribbon scientific advisory council as part of the Neurocritical Care Societys Curing Coma Campaign, a major effort launched in 2019. […] This research endeavor aims to help patients and families dealing with the consequences of brain damage gain clarity about the current chances for improvement and maintain hope that, in the future, there will be treatments to help recover consciousness. […] The plans first recommendation is to better classify and understand different types of coma and their causes. […] The council also urges the development of better indicators of patient prognosis.

• #97 Top Coma Experts Develop Three-Part Plan to Improve Patient Outcomes | UVA Today

  https://news.virginia.edu/content/top-coma-experts-develop-three-part-plan-improve-patient-outcomes

  Leading coma experts have created an ambitious plan to help doctors better care for comatose patients and answer that most awful question: Will my loved one wake up? […] The three-part plan outlines key steps physicians and researchers should take in the coming years to improve patient care and deepen our understanding of coma and other conditions that reduce consciousness. […] This research endeavor aims to help patients and families dealing with the consequences of brain damage gain clarity about the current chances for improvement and maintain hope that, in the future, there will be treatments to help recover consciousness. […] The plans first recommendation is to better classify and understand different types of coma and their causes. […] Better categorization of common coma endotypes will help physicians with their diagnoses and treatment decisions, the council says.

• #98 Top Coma Experts Develop Three-Part Plan to Improve Patient Outcomes | UVA Today

  https://news.virginia.edu/content/top-coma-experts-develop-three-part-plan-improve-patient-outcomes

  Leading coma experts have created an ambitious plan to help doctors better care for comatose patients and answer that most awful question: Will my loved one wake up? […] The three-part plan outlines key steps physicians and researchers should take in the coming years to improve patient care and deepen our understanding of coma and other conditions that reduce consciousness. […] This research endeavor aims to help patients and families dealing with the consequences of brain damage gain clarity about the current chances for improvement and maintain hope that, in the future, there will be treatments to help recover consciousness. […] The plans first recommendation is to better classify and understand different types of coma and their causes. […] Better categorization of common coma endotypes will help physicians with their diagnoses and treatment decisions, the council says.

• #99 Top Coma Experts Seek to Improve Patient Outcomes

  http://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/08/18/top-coma-experts-seek-to-improve-patient-outcomes/

  Leading coma experts have created an ambitious plan to help doctors better care for comatose patients and answer that most awful question: Will my loved one wake up? […] The plan was developed by a blue-ribbon scientific advisory council as part of the Neurocritical Care Societys Curing Coma Campaign, a major effort launched in 2019. […] This research endeavor aims to help patients and families dealing with the consequences of brain damage gain clarity about the current chances for improvement and maintain hope that, in the future, there will be treatments to help recover consciousness. […] The plans first recommendation is to better classify and understand different types of coma and their causes. […] The council also urges the development of better indicators of patient prognosis.

• #100 Top Coma Experts Develop Three-Part Plan to Improve Patient Outcomes | UVA Today

  https://news.virginia.edu/content/top-coma-experts-develop-three-part-plan-improve-patient-outcomes

  Leading coma experts have created an ambitious plan to help doctors better care for comatose patients and answer that most awful question: Will my loved one wake up? […] The three-part plan outlines key steps physicians and researchers should take in the coming years to improve patient care and deepen our understanding of coma and other conditions that reduce consciousness. […] This research endeavor aims to help patients and families dealing with the consequences of brain damage gain clarity about the current chances for improvement and maintain hope that, in the future, there will be treatments to help recover consciousness. […] The plans first recommendation is to better classify and understand different types of coma and their causes. […] Better categorization of common coma endotypes will help physicians with their diagnoses and treatment decisions, the council says.

• #101 Top Coma Experts Seek to Improve Patient Outcomes

  http://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/08/18/top-coma-experts-seek-to-improve-patient-outcomes/

  Finally, the council urges clinical trials of new therapies to promote recovery of consciousness for intensive-care patients who are in comas or suffering from other forms of reduced consciousness. […] With this initiative, we hope to be able to treat patients in a coma the way we treat patients with strokes and heart attacks. […] In the future, having impaired consciousness from brain injury wont be the lifelong medical condition it is now.

• #102 Top Coma Experts Develop Three-Part Plan to Improve Patient Outcomes | UVA Today

  https://news.virginia.edu/content/top-coma-experts-develop-three-part-plan-improve-patient-outcomes

  The council also urges the development of better indicators of patient prognosis. […] This will help doctors guide patients to better outcomes and advise families on how well their loved one will recover. […] Finally, the council urges clinical trials of new therapies to promote recovery of consciousness for intensive-care patients who are in comas or suffering from other forms of reduced consciousness. […] We envision that a principled, mechanistic approach to predicting and measuring responses to new therapies in the ICU could allow clinicians to provide targeted treatments that are personalized to each patient, ensuring that each patient is given the best possible chance to recover consciousness in the ICU and beyond, the council members write in a new paper outlining their recommendations. […] With this initiative, we hope to be able to treat patients in a coma the way we treat patients with strokes and heart attacks. […] In the future, having impaired consciousness from brain injury wont be the lifelong medical condition it is now.

• #103 Top Coma Experts Seek to Improve Patient Outcomes

  http://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/08/18/top-coma-experts-seek-to-improve-patient-outcomes/

  Finally, the council urges clinical trials of new therapies to promote recovery of consciousness for intensive-care patients who are in comas or suffering from other forms of reduced consciousness. […] With this initiative, we hope to be able to treat patients in a coma the way we treat patients with strokes and heart attacks. […] In the future, having impaired consciousness from brain injury wont be the lifelong medical condition it is now.

• #104 Top Coma Experts Develop Three-Part Plan to Improve Patient Outcomes | UVA Today

  https://news.virginia.edu/content/top-coma-experts-develop-three-part-plan-improve-patient-outcomes

  The council also urges the development of better indicators of patient prognosis. […] This will help doctors guide patients to better outcomes and advise families on how well their loved one will recover. […] Finally, the council urges clinical trials of new therapies to promote recovery of consciousness for intensive-care patients who are in comas or suffering from other forms of reduced consciousness. […] We envision that a principled, mechanistic approach to predicting and measuring responses to new therapies in the ICU could allow clinicians to provide targeted treatments that are personalized to each patient, ensuring that each patient is given the best possible chance to recover consciousness in the ICU and beyond, the council members write in a new paper outlining their recommendations. […] With this initiative, we hope to be able to treat patients in a coma the way we treat patients with strokes and heart attacks. […] In the future, having impaired consciousness from brain injury wont be the lifelong medical condition it is now.

• #105 Top Coma Experts Seek to Improve Patient Outcomes

  http://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/08/18/top-coma-experts-seek-to-improve-patient-outcomes/

  Finally, the council urges clinical trials of new therapies to promote recovery of consciousness for intensive-care patients who are in comas or suffering from other forms of reduced consciousness. […] With this initiative, we hope to be able to treat patients in a coma the way we treat patients with strokes and heart attacks. […] In the future, having impaired consciousness from brain injury wont be the lifelong medical condition it is now.

• #106 Top Coma Experts Develop Three-Part Plan to Improve Patient Outcomes | UVA Today

  https://news.virginia.edu/content/top-coma-experts-develop-three-part-plan-improve-patient-outcomes

  The council also urges the development of better indicators of patient prognosis. […] This will help doctors guide patients to better outcomes and advise families on how well their loved one will recover. […] Finally, the council urges clinical trials of new therapies to promote recovery of consciousness for intensive-care patients who are in comas or suffering from other forms of reduced consciousness. […] We envision that a principled, mechanistic approach to predicting and measuring responses to new therapies in the ICU could allow clinicians to provide targeted treatments that are personalized to each patient, ensuring that each patient is given the best possible chance to recover consciousness in the ICU and beyond, the council members write in a new paper outlining their recommendations. […] With this initiative, we hope to be able to treat patients in a coma the way we treat patients with strokes and heart attacks. […] In the future, having impaired consciousness from brain injury wont be the lifelong medical condition it is now.

• #107 Coma: Causes, diagnosis, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173655

  During a coma, a person does not react to external stimuli, and they will not show normal reflex responses. […] People in a coma do not have sleep-wake cycles. […] Depending on the cause and the extent of damage, a coma can occur rapidly or gradually, and it can last from several days to months, though most last from days to weeks. […] Sometimes, a doctor will induce a coma using medications. For example, they might do this to protect the person from intense pain during a healing process or to preserve higher brain function following a form of brain trauma. […] A person in a coma cannot respond or make voluntary actions to pain, light, or sound in the usual way. […] However, according to research from 2019, a person in a coma may be able to hear sounds in their environment. […] A 2015 study found evidence that the voices of family members and loved ones could help improve responsiveness in people during a coma.

• #108

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02116-w

  Access to specialized care and rehabilitation after severe brain injury is a civil rights issue, given the striking discrepancy in access to rehabilitation for this subgroup compared to other populations. […] The successful bedside care of patients with DoC necessitates an interdisciplinary collaboration that integrates the diverse expertise of neurologists, rehabilitation specialists, neuropsychologists, ethicists, health care advocates, policy makers, and funders.

• #109

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02116-w

  The workgroup conceptualizes coma care as interdisciplinary interventions to achieve medical stability, prevent complications, and promote overall health and recovery of function. […] Ensuring sufficient training in the management of DoC, along with neurological and medical comorbidities that frequently complicate DoC presentation, is crucial. […] Comprehensive clinical assessment and monitoring is the first step in caring for the patient with DoC and is imperative to guide subsequent plans for interventions. […] Use of real-time monitoring of neurophysiologic signs and symptoms, referred to as multimodal monitoring, is also part of quality care. […] Unfortunately, routine clinical examination and neuromonitoring fail to differentiate VS/UWS from MCS, which will reduce prognostic accuracy.

• #110

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02116-w

  The workgroup conceptualizes coma care as interdisciplinary interventions to achieve medical stability, prevent complications, and promote overall health and recovery of function. […] Ensuring sufficient training in the management of DoC, along with neurological and medical comorbidities that frequently complicate DoC presentation, is crucial. […] Comprehensive clinical assessment and monitoring is the first step in caring for the patient with DoC and is imperative to guide subsequent plans for interventions. […] Use of real-time monitoring of neurophysiologic signs and symptoms, referred to as multimodal monitoring, is also part of quality care. […] Unfortunately, routine clinical examination and neuromonitoring fail to differentiate VS/UWS from MCS, which will reduce prognostic accuracy.

• #111

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02116-w

  The workgroup conceptualizes coma care as interdisciplinary interventions to achieve medical stability, prevent complications, and promote overall health and recovery of function. […] Ensuring sufficient training in the management of DoC, along with neurological and medical comorbidities that frequently complicate DoC presentation, is crucial. […] Comprehensive clinical assessment and monitoring is the first step in caring for the patient with DoC and is imperative to guide subsequent plans for interventions. […] Use of real-time monitoring of neurophysiologic signs and symptoms, referred to as multimodal monitoring, is also part of quality care. […] Unfortunately, routine clinical examination and neuromonitoring fail to differentiate VS/UWS from MCS, which will reduce prognostic accuracy.

• #112 A systematic approach to the unconscious patient

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330912/

  Unconscious patients are commonly seen by physicians. They are challenging to manage and in a time sensitive condition, a systematic, team approach is required. Early physiological stability and diagnosis are necessary to optimise outcome. This article focuses on unconscious patients where the initial cause appears to be non-traumatic and provides a practical guide for their immediate care. […] Unconsciousness is a time-sensitive medical emergency where early physiological stability and diagnosis are vital in optimising patient outcomes. […] All facets of care, history, examination, investigation and treatment/management should be delivered in parallel by a team working in a systematic way. […] Senior physicians must be involved early in the care of an unconscious patient, to liaise with critical care and speak with the patient’s relatives or advocates, especially when decisions regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation or ceiling of care are required.

• #113 A systematic approach to the unconscious patient

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330912/

  Unconscious patients are commonly seen by physicians. They are challenging to manage and in a time sensitive condition, a systematic, team approach is required. Early physiological stability and diagnosis are necessary to optimise outcome. This article focuses on unconscious patients where the initial cause appears to be non-traumatic and provides a practical guide for their immediate care. […] Unconsciousness is a time-sensitive medical emergency where early physiological stability and diagnosis are vital in optimising patient outcomes. […] All facets of care, history, examination, investigation and treatment/management should be delivered in parallel by a team working in a systematic way. […] Senior physicians must be involved early in the care of an unconscious patient, to liaise with critical care and speak with the patient’s relatives or advocates, especially when decisions regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation or ceiling of care are required.

• #114 A systematic approach to the unconscious patient

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330912/

  A systematic and structured ABCDE (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure) approach should be employed by teams caring for unconscious patients. […] Specific treatment depends on the underlying aetiology of the coma. Coma cocktails should be avoided. […] Prognosis depends on a number of factors. In one systematic review the mortality rate varied from 25-87%. […] The unconscious patient is challenging, in terms of immediate care, diagnosis, specific treatment and predicting prognosis. A systematic and logical approach is required, with an emphasis on teamwork. […] Appropriate measures to resuscitate, stabilise and support an unconscious patient must be performed rapidly. Unless the cause of coma is immediately obvious and reversible, input from senior physicians and critical care colleagues is necessary. Decisions, such as ceiling of care, are required at an early stage in patients with a poor prognosis.

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