Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #2 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed. […] The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly binge drinking. […] Diagnosis is based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. […] Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. […] Globally, one in 10 women drinks alcohol during pregnancy, and the prevalence of having any FASD disorder is estimated to be at least 1 in 20.

• #2 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The global prevalence rates of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and the full spectrum of PAE-related conditions were estimated in a meta-analysis to be 0.15% and 0.77%, respectively. […] High FASD prevalence reflects the high prevalence of alcohol use and PAE: approximately 25% of 18-34 year old men and women binge drink, and 73% of pregnancies are alcohol-exposed. […] FASD is a preventable condition that can be addressed through public health efforts, including supporting timely abstinence from alcohol, alcohol abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and birth control. […] The public health impact of FASD is amplified by significant neuropsychiatric and medical co-occurring / co-morbid conditions. […] Studies of individuals clinically diagnosed with FASD have some inherent bias, because treatment-seeking individuals have more medical, cognitive, and behavioral problems than non-treatment seeking individuals.

• #3 Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52216

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent a range of physical, mental, and behavioral disabilities caused by alcohol use during pregnancy, or prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). FASDs are considered to be one of the leading preventable causes of developmental disability. […] Despite its high prevalence, FASD is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, making interventions more challenging or delayed. Earlier diagnosis yields greater benefits for affected children, which include a reduction in secondary disabilities such as substance use disorders and learning and cognitive disabilities leading to school failure, and improved life outcomes. […] Most importantly, diagnosis provides a context for understanding a child’s behavior. When the environment surrounding a child with an FASD opts to focus on the child’s strengths as a means for intervention, there is a greater likelihood of that child achieving success as an adult. Diagnosis of FASD is further beneficial to the extent that it leads to a reduction of future births of children with FASD.

• #3 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed. […] The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly binge drinking. […] Diagnosis is based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. […] Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. […] Globally, one in 10 women drinks alcohol during pregnancy, and the prevalence of having any FASD disorder is estimated to be at least 1 in 20.

• #3 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Diagnosing FASD in children and adults plays a critical role in identifying co-morbid and co-occurring conditions and accessing vocational support, housing and financial assistance, psychological interventions, and specialized legal counseling. […] FASD represents a global public health problem that remains under-recognized and under-diagnosed despite its high prevalence and cost to society.

• #4 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | Intellectual Disability and Health

  https://www.intellectualdisability.info/conditions-associated-with-intellectual-disability/articles/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is an umbrella term for a set of disorders caused by the consumption of alcohol by a mother whilst pregnant. […] O’Leary recently summarised the epidemiological research into fetal alcohol spectrum disorders concluding that the estimated worldwide prevalence is around 1 per 100 for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, making it the most common cause of intellectual difficulties. […] Knowledge levels about fetal alcohol spectrum disorders by the general public and health professionals in the UK are not accurately known. […] The estimated extra cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in USA in has been estimated at $500,000 per individual over a 20 year period. […] For a condition that can be prevented, increasing awareness, education and UK based research will help to allow access to local provisions and could be expected to reduce the prevalence of the condition as well as the human cost in the future.

• #4 Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: epidemiology | Rivista di Psichiatria

  https://www.rivistadipsichiatria.it/archivio/4360/articoli/43516/

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a prevalent issue worldwide. Prevalence estimates are crucial for various reasons, including setting public health policy priorities, securing funding for public health initiatives, planning healthcare strategies, allocating resources for healthcare and prevention, and planning and delivering healthcare to high-needs populations. Diagnosing the epidemiological aspects of FASD and alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a challenge due to the difficulties of accurate diagnosis. It is crucial to acknowledge that the data currently available on FASD may not always reflect precisely the actual epidemiological situation due to various methodological and behavioral concerns in the studies. […] The estimated global prevalence of FASD is 7.7 cases per 1,000 individuals. FASD prevalence is highest in the WHO European Region (19.8 per 1,000) and lowest in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (0.1 per 1,000), which is consistent with rates of alcohol use during pregnancy.

• #4 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neurobehavioral profiles | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/neurobehavioural-profiles-individuals-fetal

  Prenatal exposure to alcohol is the leading preventable cause of birth defects, developmental disorders, and intellectual disabilities in children. The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is estimated to range between 1.1 and 5.0% in the United States, and has been identified in all racial and ethnic groups. […] The identification of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is impeded by the fact that along the continuum of FASD, only diagnoses on the severe end of the spectrum (i.e. FAS and partial FAS) are characterized by physical facial features. The majority of alcohol-affected children lack some or all of these physical markers and are therefore more difficult to identify, especially if a clear history of alcohol exposure is unavailable. Despite the presence of significant neurobehavioural impairments, many children are missed (80.1%) or misdiagnosed (6.4%).

• #5 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Inadequacy of Care: Importance of Raising Awareness in Clinical Practice

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/1/5

  Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the major avoidable causes of developmental disruption and health abnormalities in children. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), a significant consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure, have gained more attention recently. […] Research shows the prevalence of FASDs in 76 countries is > 1% and is high in individuals living in out-of-home care or engaged in justice and mental health systems. […] High rates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy allow us to suspect a high prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The global prevalence of FASDs in children and youth in the general population is 7.7 per 1000 people. The highest prevalence ratio is in the European Region (19.8 per 1000 people). […] Despite many public education programs regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the percentage of pregnant women consuming alcohol is increasing. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, alcohol consumption in pregnant women increased from 7.6% in 2012 to 10.2% in 2015.

• #5 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: prevention, identification and support need more resources | PolicyBristol | University of Bristol

  https://www.bristol.ac.uk/policybristol/policy-briefings/fasd-uk-prevalence/

  Up to 17 per cent of UK children could have symptoms consistent with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). […] FASD is considered a hidden disability because most individuals with it do not show physical features. […] The UK has the fourth highest level of prenatal alcohol use in the world, yet rates of FASD are unknown. […] Before this study no estimates existed on how many people in the UK may have FASD. […] FASD is likely to remain a significant public health concern in the UK. […] A current UK prevalence study is urgently needed. […] Up to date data is needed for government and service commissioners to plan for and provide appropriate levels of service. […] This study reveals a mismatch between likely prevalence and clinical expectation that FASD is a rare condition. […] Diagnostic capacity must be increased, as people with FASD can benefit from existing specialist services.

• #6 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  The rates of alcohol use, FAS, and FASD are likely to be underestimated because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children and mothers. […] In a recent count, the prevalence of having any FASD disorder was 1 person out of 20, but some people estimate it could be as high as 1 in 7. […] The rates of FAS and FASD are likely to be underestimated, because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children and mothers. […] In the United States, alcohol use at some point during pregnancy is common and appears to be rising in prevalence. […] FASD is estimated to affect between 1-2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. […] FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States.

• #6 The Public Health Considerations of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Alcohol Beverage Control Association

  https://www.nabca.org/public-health-considerations-of-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol use during pregnancy is a major public health problem with 1 in 10 pregnant women reporting alcohol use in the past 30 days and 1 in 5 report binge drinking (defined as four or more drinks on at least one occasion in the past 30 days). Consuming alcohol while pregnant can lead to physical and mental problems known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) for a developing baby. […] The prevalence of FASD in the United States is similar to the rates found in other parts of the world where studies have been conducted. Data suggests FASD in the United States is more common than originally thought, and these conditions are underreported or underdiagnosed. […] More recently, a 2018 study featured in the Journal of the American Medical Association found a significant number of children in the U.S. have FASD, representing a more accurate prevalence estimate than prior research. Researchers collected data from over 6,000 children in four geographic regions of the United States from 2010-2016 and found that up to five percent of American children may have FASD. The study was the first school-based assessment, a method considered to be the gold standard for public health surveillance. […] National and state programs that support millions of Americans dealing with this preventable cause of birth defects are critical partners in the advancement of research, education, and advocacy efforts for the prevention, detection, and treatment of FASD.

• #7 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  Although careful comprehensive studies have not been performed and though passive surveillance systems are inadequate to measure the incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), the incidence of FAS in the United States is estimated to be 6-9 cases per 1000 live births; the incidence of FASD is estimated to range from 24 to 48 cases per 1000. […] The incidence is related to the population studied, with highest incidence reported in areas where heavy drinking during pregnancy is common and where attention to diagnosis is greatest. […] To date, no comprehensive population-based study with careful and standardized diagnostic methods applied to a large, representative sample of children has been performed. […] Likewise, the incidence of the broad spectrum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has not been well studied.

• #7 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  It is estimated that up to 1 in 20 people in the United States may have a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), or the array of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social disorders caused by exposure to alcohol during prenatal development (May et al., JAMA 319:47482, 2018). […] The FASD Prevention and Clinical Guidelines Research initiative supports investigations of the impact of FASD on families, working-age parents, and prospective parents in the military community. […] The overarching goal of the population health assessment is to understand the prevalence burden of alcohol use and disorders prior to and during pregnancy, prenatal alcohol exposure, and FASD-related diagnoses. […] A conservative estimate of the FASD prevalence rate in the United States is 3 to 10%, with the mean at 6.5%.

• #8 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  However, it is estimated that 2% to 5% of schoolchildren in the United States have alcohol-related effects. […] Among the subset of high-risk pregnant drinkers, estimated incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome differ because of variable definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. […] Therefore, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%. […] Estimated rates of fetal alcohol syndrome in international settings are sparse in the literature. […] They are based on variable definitions and methods of ascertainment and range from 1 in 1000 to less than 1 in 10,000 live births. […] In some extremely high-risk areas, such as South Africa, Croatia, and Ireland, rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are estimated at 111.1, 53.3, and 47.5 cases per 1000, respectively. […] Regardless of race or ethnicity, fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder occur in women who drink heavily during pregnancy. […] Rates of fetal alcohol syndrome appear to be highest among groups of low socioeconomic status.

• #8 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #9 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] FASDs include several diagnoses related to exposure of the baby to alcohol during pregnancy. […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #9 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neurobehavioral profiles | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/neurobehavioural-profiles-individuals-fetal

  Recent research has addressed whether children with FASD exhibit a unique neurobehavioural profile. The identification of a syndrome-specific profile would improve the diagnosis of children with FASD and inform interventions for all children affected by heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. […] FASD is associated with a number of neurobehavioural impairments including lower overall intelligence and deficits in executive functioning, learning and memory, language, visual-spatial functioning, and attention. […] Prenatal exposure to alcohol affects 1.1 to 5.0% of the population and leads to a spectrum of neurobehavioural consequences, including decreased overall intelligence and specific deficits in executive functioning, learning, memory, language, visual-spatial skills, and attention. Children with FASD display deficits in daily living skills and are at a higher risk for problem behaviours. […] The identification of a syndrome-specific profile would improve diagnosis of children with heavy prenatal exposure to alcohol, especially for the majority of children with FASD who do not display the facial dysmorphology.

• #10 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Diagnosis | Epidemiology

  https://anchoredtidesrecovery.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-diagnosis-epidemiology-prevention-and-treatment/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is also known as a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs). […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we dont know how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. We use varying approaches to estimate how many people in our population might be living with the condition. […] Using medical records primarily, studies from the CDC show a rate of 0.2 to 1.5 infants with FAS for every 1,000 births in the United States. […] Recently, an epidemiological study by the CDC found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children between 7 and 9. […] According to studies from the National Institutes of Health using physical exams, the actual range of FASDs in the United States and some countries in Western Europe could be as high as 1 to 5 per 100 childrenaround 1% to 5% of the population. […] A study from 2020 published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found patterns of maternal alcohol exposure and binge drinking in pregnant women between 18 and 44 in the U.S. went up from 2011 to 2018.

• #10

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #11 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] FASDs include several diagnoses related to exposure of the baby to alcohol during pregnancy. […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #11

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #12 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  Up to 1 in 20 U.S. school-aged children may have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] We do not know exactly how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] FASDs include several diagnoses related to exposure of the baby to alcohol during pregnancy. […] Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. […] The most recent CDC study analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age. […] Studies using in-person assessment of school-aged children in several U.S. communities report higher estimates of FAS: 6 to 9 out of 1,000 children. […] Based on the National Institutes of Health-funded community studies using physical examinations, experts estimate that the full range of FASDs in the United States and some Western European countries might number as high as 1 to 5 per 100 school-aged children (or 1% to 5% of the population).

• #12 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Professionals’ recommendations and early identification of at-risk women are crucial, as fetal alcohol effects are 100% preventable just suspending consumption during pre-conception time and pregnancy. […] Even if differences may exist in the main description of the syndrome, the following features are commonly recognized in children prenatally exposed to alcohol: specific facial anomalies, growth delay, central nervous system (CNS) problems and intellectual disabilities and behavioral problems. […] The IOM describes the following revised diagnostic criteria: A full syndrome (FAS) that includes, at least, two of the above-mentioned facial features; growth deficiencies and CNS problems, including structural brain anomalies or head circumference equal or below the tenth percentile. […] The term FASD has recently been introduced as a nondiagnostic term to comprehend the whole range of possible alcohol-related damage in children exposed, including also effects like abortion.

• #13 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOor4nxTA-p7M92c-WYlmwxmNIzx6izEsM5Sf24WndXIZv5HGAVhd

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is an umbrella term describing a broad range of adverse developmental effects that can occur in an individual with prenatal exposure to alcohol. […] It is not known how many people in the United States have an FASD. Several initial studies, using active case findings of school-aged children, indicate that 1% to 5% of children in the United States may have an FASD. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data indicate that approximately 12% of pregnancies may have alcohol exposure, which can lead to FASD birth defects. […] The protective effect of early FASD diagnosis can reduce the risk of additional disabilities and mitigate lifelong consequences. […] Ongoing care in a supportive pediatric home is an important component to achieving health and wellbeing for any child with an FASD and their family.

• #13 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Prevalence of women drinking during pregnancy in the US decreased over the last decade, from 20% prior to 2001 to 10.2% in 2011-2013 while in Europe rates range from 25% in Spain to 79% in the United Kingdom and Ireland. […] Thus, the identification of women still drinking during pregnancy has main implications for prevention. […] Early detection of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is essential both for its preventive and therapeutic implications. […] The burden of lifelong disabilities caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy is extreme at individual, familial and societal level. […] Public agencies all over the world underline the crucial importance of prevention through the enactment of laws on labeling alcoholic beverages and the release of health statements recommending total abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy and lactation as the unique way of prevention.

• #14 The Public Health Considerations of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | National Alcohol Beverage Control Association

  https://www.nabca.org/public-health-considerations-of-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Alcohol use during pregnancy is a major public health problem with 1 in 10 pregnant women reporting alcohol use in the past 30 days and 1 in 5 report binge drinking (defined as four or more drinks on at least one occasion in the past 30 days). Consuming alcohol while pregnant can lead to physical and mental problems known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) for a developing baby. […] The prevalence of FASD in the United States is similar to the rates found in other parts of the world where studies have been conducted. Data suggests FASD in the United States is more common than originally thought, and these conditions are underreported or underdiagnosed. […] More recently, a 2018 study featured in the Journal of the American Medical Association found a significant number of children in the U.S. have FASD, representing a more accurate prevalence estimate than prior research. Researchers collected data from over 6,000 children in four geographic regions of the United States from 2010-2016 and found that up to five percent of American children may have FASD. The study was the first school-based assessment, a method considered to be the gold standard for public health surveillance. […] National and state programs that support millions of Americans dealing with this preventable cause of birth defects are critical partners in the advancement of research, education, and advocacy efforts for the prevention, detection, and treatment of FASD.

• #14 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  FASDs are a group of diagnoses that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth. […] The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience lifelong issues. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #15 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  It is estimated that up to 1 in 20 people in the United States may have a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), or the array of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social disorders caused by exposure to alcohol during prenatal development (May et al., JAMA 319:47482, 2018). […] The FASD Prevention and Clinical Guidelines Research initiative supports investigations of the impact of FASD on families, working-age parents, and prospective parents in the military community. […] The overarching goal of the population health assessment is to understand the prevalence burden of alcohol use and disorders prior to and during pregnancy, prenatal alcohol exposure, and FASD-related diagnoses. […] A conservative estimate of the FASD prevalence rate in the United States is 3 to 10%, with the mean at 6.5%.

• #15 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/FASDs.aspx

  Although FASDs last a lifetime and there is no cure, studies show that treatment services in early childhood can help the child’s development. […] Certain protective factors (i.e., factors that may reduce impact of symptoms) can help reduce some of the effects of FASDs. These factors can help people with FASDs reach their full potential. […] It is important to get help as soon as possible if you think your child may have an FASD or other developmental problem. […] It is important to stop drinking alcohol if you are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If you are having a hard time not drinking alcohol, you are not alone and help is available. […] It’s never too late to stop alcohol use during pregnancy and it’s important to ask for help.

• #16

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #16 Diagnostic Issues Affecting the Epidemiology of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/596

  Epidemiological measures of the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) vary greatly in the literature. […] Estimates of the prevalence of FASD primarily depend on the diagnostic criteria currently available. […] To date, the Canadian guidelines represent the only guidelines that have pushed for a uniform diagnostic capacity through harmonizing the IoM and 4-Digit Diagnostic Code criteria. […] There are profound implications of relaxed and strict diagnostic approaches on FAS prevalence reporting in the literature. […] Discrepancies in the criteria pose a danger to the validity of FASD diagnoses with respect to inaccurate estimates of incidence and prevalence. […] In turn, these discrepancies risk compromising the future healthcare of affected individuals with regards to intervention, counselling and treatment.

• #17 FASD prevalence among children and youth: results from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-41-no-9-2021/fasd-prevalence-children-youth-2019.html

  The prevalence of FASD among Canadian children and youth living in private dwellings was 1 per 1000 (0.1%). […] The prevalence was significantly higher among those who identified as Indigenous and lived off reserve (1.2%). […] These findings are in keeping with FASD prevalence studies that used similar passive surveillance methods. […] We need national surveillance of FASD to better understand the prevalence of this condition. […] The lack of national FASD prevalence estimates represents an important knowledge gap in informing the public health response. […] Based on the data from the 2019 CHSCY, the estimated national prevalence of diagnosed FASD among children and youth aged 1 to 17 years is 1 per 1000 or 0.1%. […] Canadian prevalence studies of FASD have employed various methods including clinical examinations and active case ascertainment while focussing on different population groups, jurisdictions and age ranges.

• #18 FASD prevalence among children and youth: results from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-41-no-9-2021/fasd-prevalence-children-youth-2019.html

  Canadian children and youth who identified as Indigenous and who lived off reserve had a significantly higher prevalence of FASD than those who did not (1.2% versus 0.1%). […] National surveillance of FASD is needed to gain a better understanding of the estimated prevalence and provide baseline numbers against which future public health actions can be evaluated.

• #19

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  The first national effort to quantify FASD in the UK was published late 2018. The study found a screening prevalence range in the UK of 6% to 17%. […] A prevalence study in primary schools in Greater Manchester began in 2019, led by the University of Salford. This was the first UK active ascertainment study, which is the most reliable approach to assessing prevalence. […] There are currently no prevalence studies for FASD in the UK. […] The lack of reliable prevalence estimates for England and the UK present a significant barrier to understanding and meeting the needs of those living with the condition, their families and carers. […] There is an immediate need for wider UK population-based estimates of FASD prevalence, using active case ascertainment studies.

• #20 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: prevention, identification and support need more resources | PolicyBristol | University of Bristol

  https://www.bristol.ac.uk/policybristol/policy-briefings/fasd-uk-prevalence/

  Up to 17 per cent of UK children could have symptoms consistent with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). […] FASD is considered a hidden disability because most individuals with it do not show physical features. […] The UK has the fourth highest level of prenatal alcohol use in the world, yet rates of FASD are unknown. […] Before this study no estimates existed on how many people in the UK may have FASD. […] FASD is likely to remain a significant public health concern in the UK. […] A current UK prevalence study is urgently needed. […] Up to date data is needed for government and service commissioners to plan for and provide appropriate levels of service. […] This study reveals a mismatch between likely prevalence and clinical expectation that FASD is a rare condition. […] Diagnostic capacity must be increased, as people with FASD can benefit from existing specialist services.

• #21

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  The first national effort to quantify FASD in the UK was published late 2018. The study found a screening prevalence range in the UK of 6% to 17%. […] A prevalence study in primary schools in Greater Manchester began in 2019, led by the University of Salford. This was the first UK active ascertainment study, which is the most reliable approach to assessing prevalence. […] There are currently no prevalence studies for FASD in the UK. […] The lack of reliable prevalence estimates for England and the UK present a significant barrier to understanding and meeting the needs of those living with the condition, their families and carers. […] There is an immediate need for wider UK population-based estimates of FASD prevalence, using active case ascertainment studies.

• #22 IJPDS International Journal of Population Data Science

  https://ijpds.org/article/view/1703

  National FASD surveillance: Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and FASD Registry. […] Earlier research by CRE members indicated that Australian clinicians were unskilled or unwilling to make a FASD diagnosis and did not know where to refer for assessment or FASD management, leading government to fund diagnostic guidelines. […] Funding was also provided for national prospective surveillance of FASD through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and development of the FASD Australian Registry.

• #23 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  The most influential known risk factor is prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Maternal risk factors for FASD encompass a woman’s general physical and mental health; the type, quantity, frequency, and gestational timing of alcohol use; and social norms and practices. […] Public health surveillance of children with FASD is a priority for the CDC, but just as there is no standard research definition for FASD, there is also no standard surveillance case definition. […] The environmental scan revealed that there are clinical practice guidelines, policies, and interventions to screen for and address alcohol and substance use and disorder in pregnancy and pre-pregnancy, which are largely aligned with national recommendations. […] However, the researchers found that despite these resources, unhealthy alcohol use continues. […] Notably, researchers found that there are no FASD-specific resources. […] Together, findings point to a need for FASD-specific screening, support, and services, along with programs to raise awareness of and change the messaging and culture around alcohol use in the military.

• #24 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed. […] The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly binge drinking. […] Diagnosis is based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. […] Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. […] Globally, one in 10 women drinks alcohol during pregnancy, and the prevalence of having any FASD disorder is estimated to be at least 1 in 20.

• #25 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) result from intrauterine exposure to alcohol and are the most common nonheritable causes of intellectual disability. […] The percentage of women who drink or binge drink during pregnancy has increased since 2012. […] FASD is a broader diagnosis that encompasses patients with FAS and others who are affected by prenatal alcohol exposure but do not meet the full criteria for FAS. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other organizations recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of pregnant women who consume alcohol increased from 7.6% in 2012 to 10.2% in 2015, and the number of pregnant women reporting binge drinking (at least four alcoholic beverages at once) increased from 1.4% to 3.1%.

• #26 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  The global prevalence rates of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and the full spectrum of PAE-related conditions were estimated in a meta-analysis to be 0.15% and 0.77%, respectively. […] High FASD prevalence reflects the high prevalence of alcohol use and PAE: approximately 25% of 18-34 year old men and women binge drink, and 73% of pregnancies are alcohol-exposed. […] FASD is a preventable condition that can be addressed through public health efforts, including supporting timely abstinence from alcohol, alcohol abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and birth control. […] The public health impact of FASD is amplified by significant neuropsychiatric and medical co-occurring / co-morbid conditions. […] Studies of individuals clinically diagnosed with FASD have some inherent bias, because treatment-seeking individuals have more medical, cognitive, and behavioral problems than non-treatment seeking individuals.

• #27 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  The most influential known risk factor is prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Maternal risk factors for FASD encompass a woman’s general physical and mental health; the type, quantity, frequency, and gestational timing of alcohol use; and social norms and practices. […] Public health surveillance of children with FASD is a priority for the CDC, but just as there is no standard research definition for FASD, there is also no standard surveillance case definition. […] The environmental scan revealed that there are clinical practice guidelines, policies, and interventions to screen for and address alcohol and substance use and disorder in pregnancy and pre-pregnancy, which are largely aligned with national recommendations. […] However, the researchers found that despite these resources, unhealthy alcohol use continues. […] Notably, researchers found that there are no FASD-specific resources. […] Together, findings point to a need for FASD-specific screening, support, and services, along with programs to raise awareness of and change the messaging and culture around alcohol use in the military.

• #28 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  The main part of these studies has been performed in South Africa: due to low socioeconomic conditions, they showed very high percentages of FASD occurrence for the extremely poor condition of life in the areas chosen for the studies. […] It has been estimated that the full syndrome occurs in nearly 40% of heavily exposed pregnancies. […] The amount of alcohol consumed represents the most important risk factor for FASD. […] The kind of alcoholic beverage consumed should be taken into consideration as well. […] An Italian survey among 992 pregnant women identified the following risk factors for alcohol-exposed pregnancies: being younger (under 30), having an unplanned pregnancy, being unemployed, having a lower educational qualification and being single. […] The occurring of alcohol problems in the family environment also should be taken into consideration as a risk factor.

• #29 Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: epidemiology | Rivista di Psichiatria

  https://www.rivistadipsichiatria.it/archivio/4360/articoli/43516/

  FASD prevalence can be up to 40 times higher than in the general population in specific subpopulations. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis shows this elevated prevalence in children in out-of-home care, correctional facilities, special education programs, and specialized clinical settings. […] Current methods for detecting FAS and FASD can underreport prevalence and only identify the most severe cases. It is crucial to identify cases of FAS and FASD in children actively. Without active case ascertainment, many children with FAS and FASD may go undetected, leading to a lack of proper diagnosis and care. […] The epidemiological data related to alcohol exposure in utero, including the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and FASD, are often heterogeneous and underestimated. Detecting alcohol consumption is challenging due to social stigma and is particularly sensitive when interviewing pregnant women.

• #30 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] The diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial fetal alcohol syndrome is based on defined clinical characteristics and does not require confirmed alcohol use during pregnancy.

• #31 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates.

• #32 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview

  However, it is estimated that 2% to 5% of schoolchildren in the United States have alcohol-related effects. […] Among the subset of high-risk pregnant drinkers, estimated incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome differ because of variable definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. […] Therefore, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%. […] Estimated rates of fetal alcohol syndrome in international settings are sparse in the literature. […] They are based on variable definitions and methods of ascertainment and range from 1 in 1000 to less than 1 in 10,000 live births. […] In some extremely high-risk areas, such as South Africa, Croatia, and Ireland, rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are estimated at 111.1, 53.3, and 47.5 cases per 1000, respectively. […] Regardless of race or ethnicity, fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder occur in women who drink heavily during pregnancy. […] Rates of fetal alcohol syndrome appear to be highest among groups of low socioeconomic status.

• #33 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed. […] The risk of FASD increases with the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly binge drinking. […] Diagnosis is based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. […] Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. […] Globally, one in 10 women drinks alcohol during pregnancy, and the prevalence of having any FASD disorder is estimated to be at least 1 in 20.

• #34 Prenatal alcohol exposure and associations with physical size, dysmorphology and neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03656-w

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a significant public health concern, yet there is no internationally agreed set of diagnostic criteria or summary of underlying evidence to inform diagnostic decision-making. […] FASD is the leading cause of non-genetic developmental disability in many countries, affecting an estimated 7.7 per 1000 individuals. […] FASD is under-diagnosed globally, in part owing to the current lack of a unified diagnostic approach. […] Due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of FASD, over ten different diagnostic criteria are currently employed internationally. […] Establishing uniform diagnostic criteria is crucial for improving FASD identification and facilitating appropriate services for those affected. […] The key clinical components in diagnostic criteria are physical size (i.e. birth weight, birth length, postnatal weight and/or postnatal height); dysmorphology (i.e. characteristic facial features [small palpebral fissures, smooth philtrum and thin vermilion], other dysmorphic features and birth defects); functional neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g. general intelligence, memory, attention, executive function); structural neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g. head circumference, structural brain abnormalities); and neurological outcomes (e.g. seizures of unknown origin, cerebral palsy, hearing and vision impairment).

• #35 Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52216

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent a range of physical, mental, and behavioral disabilities caused by alcohol use during pregnancy, or prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). FASDs are considered to be one of the leading preventable causes of developmental disability. […] Despite its high prevalence, FASD is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, making interventions more challenging or delayed. Earlier diagnosis yields greater benefits for affected children, which include a reduction in secondary disabilities such as substance use disorders and learning and cognitive disabilities leading to school failure, and improved life outcomes. […] Most importantly, diagnosis provides a context for understanding a child’s behavior. When the environment surrounding a child with an FASD opts to focus on the child’s strengths as a means for intervention, there is a greater likelihood of that child achieving success as an adult. Diagnosis of FASD is further beneficial to the extent that it leads to a reduction of future births of children with FASD.

• #36 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] The diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial fetal alcohol syndrome is based on defined clinical characteristics and does not require confirmed alcohol use during pregnancy.

• #37 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: prevention, identification and support need more resources | PolicyBristol | University of Bristol

  https://www.bristol.ac.uk/policybristol/policy-briefings/fasd-uk-prevalence/

  Up to 17 per cent of UK children could have symptoms consistent with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). […] FASD is considered a hidden disability because most individuals with it do not show physical features. […] The UK has the fourth highest level of prenatal alcohol use in the world, yet rates of FASD are unknown. […] Before this study no estimates existed on how many people in the UK may have FASD. […] FASD is likely to remain a significant public health concern in the UK. […] A current UK prevalence study is urgently needed. […] Up to date data is needed for government and service commissioners to plan for and provide appropriate levels of service. […] This study reveals a mismatch between likely prevalence and clinical expectation that FASD is a rare condition. […] Diagnostic capacity must be increased, as people with FASD can benefit from existing specialist services.

• #38 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neurobehavioral profiles | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/neurobehavioural-profiles-individuals-fetal

  Prenatal exposure to alcohol is the leading preventable cause of birth defects, developmental disorders, and intellectual disabilities in children. The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is estimated to range between 1.1 and 5.0% in the United States, and has been identified in all racial and ethnic groups. […] The identification of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is impeded by the fact that along the continuum of FASD, only diagnoses on the severe end of the spectrum (i.e. FAS and partial FAS) are characterized by physical facial features. The majority of alcohol-affected children lack some or all of these physical markers and are therefore more difficult to identify, especially if a clear history of alcohol exposure is unavailable. Despite the presence of significant neurobehavioural impairments, many children are missed (80.1%) or misdiagnosed (6.4%).

• #39 Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: epidemiology | Rivista di Psichiatria

  https://www.rivistadipsichiatria.it/archivio/4360/articoli/43516/

  FASD prevalence can be up to 40 times higher than in the general population in specific subpopulations. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis shows this elevated prevalence in children in out-of-home care, correctional facilities, special education programs, and specialized clinical settings. […] Current methods for detecting FAS and FASD can underreport prevalence and only identify the most severe cases. It is crucial to identify cases of FAS and FASD in children actively. Without active case ascertainment, many children with FAS and FASD may go undetected, leading to a lack of proper diagnosis and care. […] The epidemiological data related to alcohol exposure in utero, including the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and FASD, are often heterogeneous and underestimated. Detecting alcohol consumption is challenging due to social stigma and is particularly sensitive when interviewing pregnant women.

• #40 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates.

• #41 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The literature on the epidemiology of FAS and ARBD or ARND is extensive and complicated by differences in the definition of outcomes in this evolving field. […] The incidence of FAS has been estimated from data of three main types: information collected passively for another or for many purposes, such as birth defects registries; information gathered either retrospectively or prospectively from hospital or clinic-based populations, including subjects in controlled epidemiologic studies of the effects of maternal substance abuse; and population-based active case ascertainment.

• #42 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The literature on the epidemiology of FAS and ARBD or ARND is extensive and complicated by differences in the definition of outcomes in this evolving field. […] The incidence of FAS has been estimated from data of three main types: information collected passively for another or for many purposes, such as birth defects registries; information gathered either retrospectively or prospectively from hospital or clinic-based populations, including subjects in controlled epidemiologic studies of the effects of maternal substance abuse; and population-based active case ascertainment.

• #43 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The literature on the epidemiology of FAS and ARBD or ARND is extensive and complicated by differences in the definition of outcomes in this evolving field. […] The incidence of FAS has been estimated from data of three main types: information collected passively for another or for many purposes, such as birth defects registries; information gathered either retrospectively or prospectively from hospital or clinic-based populations, including subjects in controlled epidemiologic studies of the effects of maternal substance abuse; and population-based active case ascertainment.

• #44 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The literature on the epidemiology of FAS and ARBD or ARND is extensive and complicated by differences in the definition of outcomes in this evolving field. […] The incidence of FAS has been estimated from data of three main types: information collected passively for another or for many purposes, such as birth defects registries; information gathered either retrospectively or prospectively from hospital or clinic-based populations, including subjects in controlled epidemiologic studies of the effects of maternal substance abuse; and population-based active case ascertainment.

• #45 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates.

• #46 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  Studies that have produced rates, or estimated rates, of the incidence of FAS have been carried out in a number of countries. […] In the United States, incidence rates vary widely depending on study site. […] From the clinic-based studies, one can conclude that the prevalence of FAS varies by the prevalence of the problem in the select population served by the hospital or clinic and by the methodology used for case identification and ascertainment. […] Population-based epidemiologic studies using active case ascertainment can assist in addressing some of the criticisms mentioned above, can provide relevant information on the magnitude of the problem in specific communities, and may be more useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] The overall significance of these population-based studies is that they may provide more accurate prevalence data and could point the way to more valuable information for comprehensive prevention programs.

• #47 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  Studies that have produced rates, or estimated rates, of the incidence of FAS have been carried out in a number of countries. […] In the United States, incidence rates vary widely depending on study site. […] From the clinic-based studies, one can conclude that the prevalence of FAS varies by the prevalence of the problem in the select population served by the hospital or clinic and by the methodology used for case identification and ascertainment. […] Population-based epidemiologic studies using active case ascertainment can assist in addressing some of the criticisms mentioned above, can provide relevant information on the magnitude of the problem in specific communities, and may be more useful for comprehensive community-based prevention efforts. […] The overall significance of these population-based studies is that they may provide more accurate prevalence data and could point the way to more valuable information for comprehensive prevention programs.

• #48 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  These results indicate that, on average, children were identified through multiple clinical record abstractions as having confirmed or probable FAS shortly after their fourth birthday. […] The implication of this research for surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is that a significant amount of time post birth should be allotted for the estimation of true prevalence. […] Methodologically, active surveillance efforts may be best suited for single year birth cohorts with a fixed length of time for case ascertainment or ascertainment at a specific age.

• #49 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  These results indicate that, on average, children were identified through multiple clinical record abstractions as having confirmed or probable FAS shortly after their fourth birthday. […] The implication of this research for surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is that a significant amount of time post birth should be allotted for the estimation of true prevalence. […] Methodologically, active surveillance efforts may be best suited for single year birth cohorts with a fixed length of time for case ascertainment or ascertainment at a specific age.

• #50 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  These results indicate that, on average, children were identified through multiple clinical record abstractions as having confirmed or probable FAS shortly after their fourth birthday. […] The implication of this research for surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is that a significant amount of time post birth should be allotted for the estimation of true prevalence. […] Methodologically, active surveillance efforts may be best suited for single year birth cohorts with a fixed length of time for case ascertainment or ascertainment at a specific age.

• #51 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance: Age of Syndrome Manifestation in Case Ascertainment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4169739/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a leading cause of developmental disability. Active public health surveillance through medical record abstraction has been employed to estimate FAS prevalence rates, typically based on birth cohorts. […] The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance (FASSLink) Project, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), sought to estimate FAS prevalence rates in eight U.S. states. […] FAS surveillance efforts should screen records of children who are much older than is typical in birth defects surveillance. […] The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance (FASSLink) project, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2004 through 2009, sought to determine the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) among births between 2001 and 2006 in eight states.

• #52 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder

  The rates of alcohol use, FAS, and FASD are likely to be underestimated because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children and mothers. […] In a recent count, the prevalence of having any FASD disorder was 1 person out of 20, but some people estimate it could be as high as 1 in 7. […] The rates of FAS and FASD are likely to be underestimated, because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children and mothers. […] In the United States, alcohol use at some point during pregnancy is common and appears to be rising in prevalence. […] FASD is estimated to affect between 1-2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. […] FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States.

• #53 Evaluation of the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Program 2017-18 to 2021-22 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/transparency/corporate-management-reporting/evaluation/evaluation-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-2017-2018-2021-2022.html

  The national FASD prevalence is unknown because reliable national level surveillance data is not available for determining the magnitude of the population affected by FASD. […] The lack of consistency in prevention messaging, the application of diagnostic guidelines across sociodemographic groups, and the absence of a harm reduction lens in screening approaches. […] The national surveillance of FASD is affected by many challenges, for example: An FASD diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary assessment and knowledge of prenatal alcohol exposure. […] The evaluation assessed progress against achievement of outcomes for PHAC’s main activities community-based funding through the NSPF and surveillance.

• #54 Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: epidemiology | Rivista di Psichiatria

  https://www.rivistadipsichiatria.it/archivio/4360/articoli/43516/

  FASD prevalence can be up to 40 times higher than in the general population in specific subpopulations. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis shows this elevated prevalence in children in out-of-home care, correctional facilities, special education programs, and specialized clinical settings. […] Current methods for detecting FAS and FASD can underreport prevalence and only identify the most severe cases. It is crucial to identify cases of FAS and FASD in children actively. Without active case ascertainment, many children with FAS and FASD may go undetected, leading to a lack of proper diagnosis and care. […] The epidemiological data related to alcohol exposure in utero, including the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and FASD, are often heterogeneous and underestimated. Detecting alcohol consumption is challenging due to social stigma and is particularly sensitive when interviewing pregnant women.

• #55 Evaluation of the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Program 2017-18 to 2021-22 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/transparency/corporate-management-reporting/evaluation/evaluation-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-2017-2018-2021-2022.html

  Some funded projects also helped enhance FASD surveillance data while PHAC’s surveillance activities examined various data sources to establish national FASD surveillance. However, the lack of national FASD prevalence data continues to represent a gap, which is further exacerbated by the under-diagnosis and under-reporting of FASD cases. […] Current exploratory activities are necessary precursors to building a national surveillance system. Gathering the necessary data to inform decision making, particularly regarding equity-deserving populations, will require identification of investment in surveillance and collaboration with provinces and territories (P/Ts). […] The evaluation found that some gap areas in FASD could be filled by PHAC given its federal public health role; however, not all activities are integrated.

• #56 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  FASDs are a group of diagnoses that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth. […] The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience lifelong issues. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #57 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  FASDs are a group of diagnoses that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth. […] The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience lifelong issues. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #58 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | Intellectual Disability and Health

  https://www.intellectualdisability.info/conditions-associated-with-intellectual-disability/articles/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is an umbrella term for a set of disorders caused by the consumption of alcohol by a mother whilst pregnant. […] O’Leary recently summarised the epidemiological research into fetal alcohol spectrum disorders concluding that the estimated worldwide prevalence is around 1 per 100 for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, making it the most common cause of intellectual difficulties. […] Knowledge levels about fetal alcohol spectrum disorders by the general public and health professionals in the UK are not accurately known. […] The estimated extra cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in USA in has been estimated at $500,000 per individual over a 20 year period. […] For a condition that can be prevented, increasing awareness, education and UK based research will help to allow access to local provisions and could be expected to reduce the prevalence of the condition as well as the human cost in the future.

• #59 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #60 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  FASDs are a group of diagnoses that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth. […] The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience lifelong issues. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #61 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  FASDs are a group of diagnoses that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth. […] The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience lifelong issues. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #62 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #63 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #64 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #65 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #66 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #67 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #68 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Alcohol exposure causes cognitive and behavioral impairments affecting individuals all their lifelong. […] It has been estimated that during adolescence the following secondary disabilities may occur: mental health problems (90%), trouble with the law (60%), low school proficiency and dropout (60%), inappropriate sexual behavior (49%), alcohol and drug problems (33%). […] Most of the prevalence studies were performed in the United States, mainly registry or clinic based. […] Thus far nearly 15 studies of this kind have been conducted, producing a mean FAS prevalence of 0.85 per 1,000 while information on FASD are not provided. […] In literature, more than 50 clinical studies are reported, showing a mean prevalence rate of 1.8 for FAS and of 6 per 1000 for FASD. […] A minority of studies were performed on nonclinical population, based on an active case ascertainment methodology, where researchers actively evaluate a population in the field to individuate cases.

• #69 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neurobehavioral profiles | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/neurobehavioural-profiles-individuals-fetal

  Recent research has addressed whether children with FASD exhibit a unique neurobehavioural profile. The identification of a syndrome-specific profile would improve the diagnosis of children with FASD and inform interventions for all children affected by heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. […] FASD is associated with a number of neurobehavioural impairments including lower overall intelligence and deficits in executive functioning, learning and memory, language, visual-spatial functioning, and attention. […] Prenatal exposure to alcohol affects 1.1 to 5.0% of the population and leads to a spectrum of neurobehavioural consequences, including decreased overall intelligence and specific deficits in executive functioning, learning, memory, language, visual-spatial skills, and attention. Children with FASD display deficits in daily living skills and are at a higher risk for problem behaviours. […] The identification of a syndrome-specific profile would improve diagnosis of children with heavy prenatal exposure to alcohol, especially for the majority of children with FASD who do not display the facial dysmorphology.

• #70 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neurobehavioral profiles | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/neurobehavioural-profiles-individuals-fetal

  Recent research has addressed whether children with FASD exhibit a unique neurobehavioural profile. The identification of a syndrome-specific profile would improve the diagnosis of children with FASD and inform interventions for all children affected by heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. […] FASD is associated with a number of neurobehavioural impairments including lower overall intelligence and deficits in executive functioning, learning and memory, language, visual-spatial functioning, and attention. […] Prenatal exposure to alcohol affects 1.1 to 5.0% of the population and leads to a spectrum of neurobehavioural consequences, including decreased overall intelligence and specific deficits in executive functioning, learning, memory, language, visual-spatial skills, and attention. Children with FASD display deficits in daily living skills and are at a higher risk for problem behaviours. […] The identification of a syndrome-specific profile would improve diagnosis of children with heavy prenatal exposure to alcohol, especially for the majority of children with FASD who do not display the facial dysmorphology.

• #71 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/FASDs.aspx

  Yes, FASDs are preventable if a baby is not exposed to alcohol before birth. Anyone is at risk of giving birth to a baby with an FASD if they consume alcohol during pregnancy. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol that is considered safe at any stage during pregnancy. […] There is no safe timeframe during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant to drink alcohol. Alcohol can disrupt fetal development at any stage of pregnancy, including before a person knows they’re pregnant since individuals could get pregnant and not know for up to 4 to 6 weeks. […] There is no safe type of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful during pregnancy, including all wines and beer. […] Because there is no safe amount, timeframe, or type of alcohol use during pregnancy, people who are pregnant, think they might be pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant should not drink alcohol.

• #72 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Early intervention is necessary to optimize health outcomes. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence. […] Contraception should be offered to women of child-bearing age who drink; if they desire pregnancy, abstinence from alcohol should be recommended. […] If alcohol use in pregnancy is identified, physicians should recommend cessation and offer group-based interventions such as Alcoholics Anonymous and alcohol rehabilitation centers.

• #73 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/FASDs.aspx

  Yes, FASDs are preventable if a baby is not exposed to alcohol before birth. Anyone is at risk of giving birth to a baby with an FASD if they consume alcohol during pregnancy. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol that is considered safe at any stage during pregnancy. […] There is no safe timeframe during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant to drink alcohol. Alcohol can disrupt fetal development at any stage of pregnancy, including before a person knows they’re pregnant since individuals could get pregnant and not know for up to 4 to 6 weeks. […] There is no safe type of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful during pregnancy, including all wines and beer. […] Because there is no safe amount, timeframe, or type of alcohol use during pregnancy, people who are pregnant, think they might be pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant should not drink alcohol.

• #74 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/FASDs.aspx

  Yes, FASDs are preventable if a baby is not exposed to alcohol before birth. Anyone is at risk of giving birth to a baby with an FASD if they consume alcohol during pregnancy. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol that is considered safe at any stage during pregnancy. […] There is no safe timeframe during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant to drink alcohol. Alcohol can disrupt fetal development at any stage of pregnancy, including before a person knows they’re pregnant since individuals could get pregnant and not know for up to 4 to 6 weeks. […] There is no safe type of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful during pregnancy, including all wines and beer. […] Because there is no safe amount, timeframe, or type of alcohol use during pregnancy, people who are pregnant, think they might be pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant should not drink alcohol.

• #75 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/FASDs.aspx

  Yes, FASDs are preventable if a baby is not exposed to alcohol before birth. Anyone is at risk of giving birth to a baby with an FASD if they consume alcohol during pregnancy. […] There is no safe amount of alcohol that is considered safe at any stage during pregnancy. […] There is no safe timeframe during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant to drink alcohol. Alcohol can disrupt fetal development at any stage of pregnancy, including before a person knows they’re pregnant since individuals could get pregnant and not know for up to 4 to 6 weeks. […] There is no safe type of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful during pregnancy, including all wines and beer. […] Because there is no safe amount, timeframe, or type of alcohol use during pregnancy, people who are pregnant, think they might be pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant should not drink alcohol.

• #76 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Prevalence of women drinking during pregnancy in the US decreased over the last decade, from 20% prior to 2001 to 10.2% in 2011-2013 while in Europe rates range from 25% in Spain to 79% in the United Kingdom and Ireland. […] Thus, the identification of women still drinking during pregnancy has main implications for prevention. […] Early detection of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is essential both for its preventive and therapeutic implications. […] The burden of lifelong disabilities caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy is extreme at individual, familial and societal level. […] Public agencies all over the world underline the crucial importance of prevention through the enactment of laws on labeling alcoholic beverages and the release of health statements recommending total abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy and lactation as the unique way of prevention.

• #77 ClinMed International Library | Investigating Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases – Reviews |

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ogcr/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-cases-reviews-ogcr-3-076.php?jid=ogcr

  Professionals’ recommendations and early identification of at-risk women are crucial, as fetal alcohol effects are 100% preventable just suspending consumption during pre-conception time and pregnancy. […] Even if differences may exist in the main description of the syndrome, the following features are commonly recognized in children prenatally exposed to alcohol: specific facial anomalies, growth delay, central nervous system (CNS) problems and intellectual disabilities and behavioral problems. […] The IOM describes the following revised diagnostic criteria: A full syndrome (FAS) that includes, at least, two of the above-mentioned facial features; growth deficiencies and CNS problems, including structural brain anomalies or head circumference equal or below the tenth percentile. […] The term FASD has recently been introduced as a nondiagnostic term to comprehend the whole range of possible alcohol-related damage in children exposed, including also effects like abortion.

• #78 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates.

• #79 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates.

• #80 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The CDC’s Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based registry that identifies children diagnosed with birth defects during the neonatal and infancy periods. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates.

• #81 FAS Surveillance

  https://depts.washington.edu/fasdpn/htmls/surveillance.htm

  Surveillance Listed below are links to agencies and programs currently engaged in surveillance of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. The FAS DPN tracks the annual prevalence of FAS by birth cohort among all children enrolled in the Foster Care Passport Program FAS Screening Program. This surveillance activity recently documented a statistically significant decline in the prevalence of FAS among the children born from 1993 to 1998. […] PRAMS is a CDC-sponsored, ongoing, population-based surveillance system designed to monitor self-reported maternal behaviors (including alcohol use) that occur before, during and after pregnancy. […] The Washington State Birth Defects Surveillance System was an active surveillance system form 1986 to 1991. Since then, the system has been passive, relying on hospitals to report cases of children with birth defects. The FAS Diagnostic Prevention Network (FAS DPN) reports all cases of FAS to the State Birth Defects Surveillance Program.

• #82 FAS Surveillance

  https://depts.washington.edu/fasdpn/htmls/surveillance.htm

  Surveillance Listed below are links to agencies and programs currently engaged in surveillance of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. The FAS DPN tracks the annual prevalence of FAS by birth cohort among all children enrolled in the Foster Care Passport Program FAS Screening Program. This surveillance activity recently documented a statistically significant decline in the prevalence of FAS among the children born from 1993 to 1998. […] PRAMS is a CDC-sponsored, ongoing, population-based surveillance system designed to monitor self-reported maternal behaviors (including alcohol use) that occur before, during and after pregnancy. […] The Washington State Birth Defects Surveillance System was an active surveillance system form 1986 to 1991. Since then, the system has been passive, relying on hospitals to report cases of children with birth defects. The FAS Diagnostic Prevention Network (FAS DPN) reports all cases of FAS to the State Birth Defects Surveillance Program.

• #83 IJPDS International Journal of Population Data Science

  https://ijpds.org/article/view/1703

  National FASD surveillance: Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and FASD Registry. […] Earlier research by CRE members indicated that Australian clinicians were unskilled or unwilling to make a FASD diagnosis and did not know where to refer for assessment or FASD management, leading government to fund diagnostic guidelines. […] Funding was also provided for national prospective surveillance of FASD through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and development of the FASD Australian Registry.

• #84 Evaluation of the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Program 2017-18 to 2021-22 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/transparency/corporate-management-reporting/evaluation/evaluation-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-2017-2018-2021-2022.html

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a diagnostic term that describes the impact that prenatal alcohol exposure has on the brain and body. The goal of the FASD Program is to provide strategic federal leadership and coordination, to prevent FASD, and to promote positive health and social outcomes for those with FASD. PHAC’s Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research (CSAR), in collaboration with key stakeholders, conducts surveillance and monitoring to progress toward building national FASD surveillance data. […] Despite having ambitious objectives, FASD-dedicated funding is limited. Important gaps remain and some appear to align with the federal public health role in the areas of strengthening surveillance, national strategic planning, stakeholder engagement and collaboration, documenting promising practices, and supporting guideline development and dissemination.

• #85 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #86 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #87 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #88 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #89 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #90 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) frequently causes neurodevelopmental disorder, yet fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often undiagnosed. Global prevalence rates of 0.77% for FASD and European / North American rates of 25% highlight the need for neurologists to engage in identification, assessment, and treatment of this preventable disorder. […] FASD results from PAE and affects 0.77% of the global population and 20-50% in Europe and North America, with variation by country and epidemiological method. […] The high public health burden of FASD includes lifelong physical and cognitive disability, behavioral disturbance, psychiatric and medical comorbidity, diminished productivity, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Recent efforts to improve identification and management of FASD include studies in non-clinically-referred groups, studies of school-based populations, international studies examining high risk populations, advanced 3D imaging of facial characteristics, and new neurobehavioral screening tools.

• #91

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #92

  https://beta.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050021.htm

  This report presents a multiple-source method for FAS surveillance that is more complete than previous methods and that enables comparison of rates between states. […] During 1981-1989, MACDP and MADDSP combined identified 92 children with possible FAS: MACDP uniquely identified 50 (54%) of these possible cases; MADDSP uniquely identified 31 (34%); and both registries identified 11 (12%). […] The observed prevalence of full FAS was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants, and the observed prevalence of both full and partial FAS was 2.5 cases per 10,000. […] The estimated prevalence derived from capture-recapture analysis was 5.1 cases of full and partial FAS per 10,000. […] During 1981-1989, prevalence of full or full and partial FAS remained stable. […] The findings in this report indicate that, based on case confirmations conducted in 1997, the observed prevalence of full FAS among children born in Atlanta during 1981-1989 was 1.0 cases per 10,000 live-born infants and 2.5 per 10,000 for both full and partial FAS. […] The advantages of using existing multiple data sources to calculate the prevalence of FAS are the feasibility of the method and more complete casefinding. […] Surveillance is necessary to monitor patterns of FAS and the impact of prevention efforts.

• #93

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-health-needs-assessment

  The first national effort to quantify FASD in the UK was published late 2018. The study found a screening prevalence range in the UK of 6% to 17%. […] A prevalence study in primary schools in Greater Manchester began in 2019, led by the University of Salford. This was the first UK active ascertainment study, which is the most reliable approach to assessing prevalence. […] There are currently no prevalence studies for FASD in the UK. […] The lack of reliable prevalence estimates for England and the UK present a significant barrier to understanding and meeting the needs of those living with the condition, their families and carers. […] There is an immediate need for wider UK population-based estimates of FASD prevalence, using active case ascertainment studies.

• #94 FASD prevalence among children and youth: results from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-41-no-9-2021/fasd-prevalence-children-youth-2019.html

  The prevalence of FASD among Canadian children and youth living in private dwellings was 1 per 1000 (0.1%). […] The prevalence was significantly higher among those who identified as Indigenous and lived off reserve (1.2%). […] These findings are in keeping with FASD prevalence studies that used similar passive surveillance methods. […] We need national surveillance of FASD to better understand the prevalence of this condition. […] The lack of national FASD prevalence estimates represents an important knowledge gap in informing the public health response. […] Based on the data from the 2019 CHSCY, the estimated national prevalence of diagnosed FASD among children and youth aged 1 to 17 years is 1 per 1000 or 0.1%. […] Canadian prevalence studies of FASD have employed various methods including clinical examinations and active case ascertainment while focussing on different population groups, jurisdictions and age ranges.

• #95 FASD prevalence among children and youth: results from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-41-no-9-2021/fasd-prevalence-children-youth-2019.html

  Canadian children and youth who identified as Indigenous and who lived off reserve had a significantly higher prevalence of FASD than those who did not (1.2% versus 0.1%). […] National surveillance of FASD is needed to gain a better understanding of the estimated prevalence and provide baseline numbers against which future public health actions can be evaluated.

• #96 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/prevention-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Survey results from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) report long-term trends in high rates of alcohol use among women of childbearing age (18-44) in the U.S. […] Between 1991 and 2005, approximately 55% of non-pregnant, and 11% of pregnant women, reported alcohol use in the past month. […] As stated earlier, prenatal alcohol exposure is a common occurrence in the U.S. with 1 in 8 pregnant women self-reporting alcohol use during pregnancy. […] While there is a significant reduction in alcohol use after pregnancy recognition occurs overall, there is evidence that many women continue to drink while trying to get pregnant and after pregnancy recognition. […] Efficient population-based surveillance systems need to be developed to provide information on the full impact of prenatal alcohol exposure providing information for action and to build the public will and support necessary to prevent FASDs.

• #97 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The literature on the epidemiology of FAS and ARBD or ARND is extensive and complicated by differences in the definition of outcomes in this evolving field. […] The incidence of FAS has been estimated from data of three main types: information collected passively for another or for many purposes, such as birth defects registries; information gathered either retrospectively or prospectively from hospital or clinic-based populations, including subjects in controlled epidemiologic studies of the effects of maternal substance abuse; and population-based active case ascertainment.

• #98 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The success of any public health program can be measured by comparing the incidence or prevalence of a particular societal problem before that program was implemented with its incidence or prevalence after implementation. […] Epidemiology and surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) are ongoing but are currently hampered by inconsistent methods and criteria for gathering the appropriate data. […] The literature on the epidemiology of FAS and ARBD or ARND is extensive and complicated by differences in the definition of outcomes in this evolving field. […] The incidence of FAS has been estimated from data of three main types: information collected passively for another or for many purposes, such as birth defects registries; information gathered either retrospectively or prospectively from hospital or clinic-based populations, including subjects in controlled epidemiologic studies of the effects of maternal substance abuse; and population-based active case ascertainment.

• #99 Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: epidemiology | Rivista di Psichiatria

  https://www.rivistadipsichiatria.it/archivio/4360/articoli/43516/

  FASD prevalence can be up to 40 times higher than in the general population in specific subpopulations. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis shows this elevated prevalence in children in out-of-home care, correctional facilities, special education programs, and specialized clinical settings. […] Current methods for detecting FAS and FASD can underreport prevalence and only identify the most severe cases. It is crucial to identify cases of FAS and FASD in children actively. Without active case ascertainment, many children with FAS and FASD may go undetected, leading to a lack of proper diagnosis and care. […] The epidemiological data related to alcohol exposure in utero, including the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and FASD, are often heterogeneous and underestimated. Detecting alcohol consumption is challenging due to social stigma and is particularly sensitive when interviewing pregnant women.

• #100 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention and clinical guidelines research – workshop report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-024-00298-x

  The most influential known risk factor is prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Maternal risk factors for FASD encompass a woman’s general physical and mental health; the type, quantity, frequency, and gestational timing of alcohol use; and social norms and practices. […] Public health surveillance of children with FASD is a priority for the CDC, but just as there is no standard research definition for FASD, there is also no standard surveillance case definition. […] The environmental scan revealed that there are clinical practice guidelines, policies, and interventions to screen for and address alcohol and substance use and disorder in pregnancy and pre-pregnancy, which are largely aligned with national recommendations. […] However, the researchers found that despite these resources, unhealthy alcohol use continues. […] Notably, researchers found that there are no FASD-specific resources. […] Together, findings point to a need for FASD-specific screening, support, and services, along with programs to raise awareness of and change the messaging and culture around alcohol use in the military.

• #101 Diagnostic Issues Affecting the Epidemiology of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/596

  Epidemiological measures of the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) vary greatly in the literature. […] Estimates of the prevalence of FASD primarily depend on the diagnostic criteria currently available. […] To date, the Canadian guidelines represent the only guidelines that have pushed for a uniform diagnostic capacity through harmonizing the IoM and 4-Digit Diagnostic Code criteria. […] There are profound implications of relaxed and strict diagnostic approaches on FAS prevalence reporting in the literature. […] Discrepancies in the criteria pose a danger to the validity of FASD diagnoses with respect to inaccurate estimates of incidence and prevalence. […] In turn, these discrepancies risk compromising the future healthcare of affected individuals with regards to intervention, counselling and treatment.

• #102 Diagnosis, epidemiology, assessment, pathophysiology, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6995665/

  Diagnosing FASD in children and adults plays a critical role in identifying co-morbid and co-occurring conditions and accessing vocational support, housing and financial assistance, psychological interventions, and specialized legal counseling. […] FASD represents a global public health problem that remains under-recognized and under-diagnosed despite its high prevalence and cost to society.

• #103 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Early intervention is necessary to optimize health outcomes. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recognize no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and recommend complete abstinence. […] Contraception should be offered to women of child-bearing age who drink; if they desire pregnancy, abstinence from alcohol should be recommended. […] If alcohol use in pregnancy is identified, physicians should recommend cessation and offer group-based interventions such as Alcoholics Anonymous and alcohol rehabilitation centers.

• #104 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Australia – the future is prevention «

  https://www.phrp.com.au/issues/march-2015-volume-25-issue-2/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-in-australia-the-future-is-prevention/

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are increasingly recognised throughout Australia as important, but preventable, disorders that result in lifelong problems with health and learning, mental health, behaviour and substance misuse. […] A federal parliamentary inquiry into FASD (2011), development of an Australian Government action plan to prevent FASD (2013) and the announcement in June 2014 of government funding to progress the plan and appoint a National FASD Technical Network have focused attention on the need for FASD prevention in Australia. […] Prevention should be evidence based and evaluated, but Australia lacks FASD surveillance and a national register to measure the success of prevention programs. […] Prevention strategies should be evidence based and evaluated; however, Australia lacks FASD surveillance and a national FASD register. […] Although the young brain is adaptable, prenatal brain injury cannot be reversed so, for FASD, the future must be prevention.

• #105 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOor4nxTA-p7M92c-WYlmwxmNIzx6izEsM5Sf24WndXIZv5HGAVhd

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is an umbrella term describing a broad range of adverse developmental effects that can occur in an individual with prenatal exposure to alcohol. […] It is not known how many people in the United States have an FASD. Several initial studies, using active case findings of school-aged children, indicate that 1% to 5% of children in the United States may have an FASD. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data indicate that approximately 12% of pregnancies may have alcohol exposure, which can lead to FASD birth defects. […] The protective effect of early FASD diagnosis can reduce the risk of additional disabilities and mitigate lifelong consequences. […] Ongoing care in a supportive pediatric home is an important component to achieving health and wellbeing for any child with an FASD and their family.

• #106 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOor4nxTA-p7M92c-WYlmwxmNIzx6izEsM5Sf24WndXIZv5HGAVhd

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is an umbrella term describing a broad range of adverse developmental effects that can occur in an individual with prenatal exposure to alcohol. […] It is not known how many people in the United States have an FASD. Several initial studies, using active case findings of school-aged children, indicate that 1% to 5% of children in the United States may have an FASD. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data indicate that approximately 12% of pregnancies may have alcohol exposure, which can lead to FASD birth defects. […] The protective effect of early FASD diagnosis can reduce the risk of additional disabilities and mitigate lifelong consequences. […] Ongoing care in a supportive pediatric home is an important component to achieving health and wellbeing for any child with an FASD and their family.

• #107 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) – Health Care for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

  https://iddtoolkit.vkcsites.org/health-watch-tables/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-fasd/

  Prenatal alcohol exposure The range of deficits in FASD is associated with many factors, including the amount, time and frequency of exposure, as well as the state of health/nutrition of the mother and the genetic makeup of the mother and the fetus. There is no time during pregnancy when it is shown to be safe for mothers to consume alcohol. While binge drinking is especially dangerous, no amount of alcohol has been shown to be safe for all women. […] Most individuals with FASD have an invisible disorder and 50% meet current definitions of developmental/intellectual disability.11 […] However, The diagnosis can lead to a paradigm shift in attitude and perception towards the affected individual from one of a difficult individual or sociopath to that of an individual who is neurologically impaired and who needs appropriate assistance with specific management and treatment.11

• #108 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Although there is wide variation in the estimated prevalence of FAS/FASD, FAS is thought to occur in 0.3 to 0.8 per 1,000 children in the United States and in 2.9 per 1,000 globally. […] The prevalence of FASD is estimated at 33.5 per 1,000 children in the United States and 22.8 per 1,000 globally. […] In the United States, FASD is least prevalent in Hispanic children and most prevalent in Native Americans and Alaska Natives. […] FAS is diagnosed at an average age of 48.3 months; however, it is commonly missed or misdiagnosed, preventing affected children from receiving needed services in a timely fashion. […] FASD carries a significant economic burden. […] The diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial fetal alcohol syndrome is based on defined clinical characteristics and does not require confirmed alcohol use during pregnancy.

• #109 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. […] Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] Treatment consists of providing a medical home for the patient and family, managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, addressing behavioral and emotional problems, arranging referrals for habilitative therapies, coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, and educating parents.

• #110 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. […] Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] Treatment consists of providing a medical home for the patient and family, managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, addressing behavioral and emotional problems, arranging referrals for habilitative therapies, coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, and educating parents.

• #111 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. […] Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] Treatment consists of providing a medical home for the patient and family, managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, addressing behavioral and emotional problems, arranging referrals for habilitative therapies, coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, and educating parents.

• #112 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. […] Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] Treatment consists of providing a medical home for the patient and family, managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, addressing behavioral and emotional problems, arranging referrals for habilitative therapies, coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, and educating parents.

• #113 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. […] Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] Treatment consists of providing a medical home for the patient and family, managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, addressing behavioral and emotional problems, arranging referrals for habilitative therapies, coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, and educating parents.

• #114 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p515.html

  Diagnosis begins with assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure, including quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion, frequency of use, and timing of consumption during pregnancy. […] The diagnostic criteria for FAS or PFAS do not require confirmed alcohol use if characteristic findings are present. […] However, a confirmed absence of alcohol exposure rules out the diagnoses. […] Confirmation of alcohol exposure is required for diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. […] There is no cure for FASD. […] Treatment consists of providing a medical home for the patient and family, managing comorbid conditions, providing nutritional support, addressing behavioral and emotional problems, arranging referrals for habilitative therapies, coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, and educating parents.

• #115 Data and Statistics on FASDs | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/data/index.html

  FASDs are a group of diagnoses that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth. […] The lifetime cost of care for one individual with FAS in 2002 was estimated to be $2 million. […] It is estimated that the cost to the United States for FAS alone is over $4 billion annually. […] People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) can experience lifelong issues. […] FASDs last a lifetime. […] There is no cure for FASDs, but research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development.

• #116 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/FASDs.aspx

  Although FASDs last a lifetime and there is no cure, studies show that treatment services in early childhood can help the child’s development. […] Certain protective factors (i.e., factors that may reduce impact of symptoms) can help reduce some of the effects of FASDs. These factors can help people with FASDs reach their full potential. […] It is important to get help as soon as possible if you think your child may have an FASD or other developmental problem. […] It is important to stop drinking alcohol if you are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If you are having a hard time not drinking alcohol, you are not alone and help is available. […] It’s never too late to stop alcohol use during pregnancy and it’s important to ask for help.

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