Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/about/index.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person exposed to alcohol before birth. These conditions can affect each person in different ways and can range from mild to severe. People with FASDs can have lifelong effects, including problems with behavior and learning as well as physical problems. […] A person with an FASD might have: […] Behavioral issues […] Learning challenges […] Physical problems […] People with FAS can have problems with learning, memory, attention span, communication, vision, or hearing. They might have a mix of these problems. […] People with ARND might have intellectual disabilities and problems with behavior and learning. They might do poorly in school and have difficulties with math, memory, attention, judgment, and poor impulse control.

• #1 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause the child to have disabilities related to behavior, learning and thinking, and physical development. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child but are lifelong. […] The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies. Some children have far greater problems than others do. Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome may include any mix of issues with how the body develops; thinking, learning and behavior; and functioning and coping in daily life. […] Physical development issues may include: Facial features that are typical of fetal alcohol syndrome. These may include small eyes, a very thin upper lip, a flat nose bridge, and a smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip. Slow physical growth before and after birth. Delayed development, including taking longer to reach milestones, such as sitting, talking and walking. Vision or hearing problems. Smaller than average head and brain size. Changes with how the heart, kidneys and bones develop. Poor coordination or balance. Being jittery or hyperactive.

• #1 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814837/

  Individuals with a FASD may struggle with challenges ranging from basic sensory processing to cognitive processing. They may have problems with the organogenesis of multiple organ systems including the heart, kidneys, bones, or morphogenic problems leading to impaired hearing or vision. Cognitive impairments are often associated with speech and language disabilities, motor disabilities, memory impairments, impaired cognitive reasoning, thinking, and functioning, as well as other learning disabilities. Many of these challenges interfere with day-to-day living and can lead to behavioral issues, or academic achievement issues. […] Children with FAS meet the diagnostic criteria in FASD. SPDs are common in FAS due to brain and central nervous system abnormalities. These children may struggle with hyperactivity, behavioral problems, learning and memory problems, social problems, facial abnormalities, and development problems.

• #1 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Learning and thinking may include: Intellectual disability and learning disorders, including trouble with memory, learning new things, focusing and thinking. Not understanding the results of choices made. Poor judgment skills, such as having a hard time thinking through issues, problem-solving, reasoning and making decisions that affect everyday life. Short attention span that affects staying with a task and finishing. Poor concept of time, that impacts following schedules, knowing what time to leave in order to arrive on time and understanding how long a task will take. Trouble with organizing and planning or working toward a goal, including trouble understanding and following directions. […] Functioning in everyday life, coping and interacting with others may include: Challenges in school with attendance, learning, behavior and interacting with others. Trouble getting along with others, including struggling with communication and social skills. Trouble adapting to change or switching from one task to another. Issues with behavior and with controlling emotions and actions. Problems managing life skills, such as telling time, self care, managing money and staying safe. Being easily influenced by others or taken advantage of. Quickly changing moods.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a lifelong disability that affects the brain and body of individuals who were exposed to alcohol in the womb. […] The signs and symptoms of FASD are most commonly broken down into primary and secondary disabilities. […] The primary disabilities of FASD are those that most directly reflect the underlying central nervous system damage caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. This damage manifests in a range of difficulties with adaptive behaviour, attention, cognition, executive functioning and memory. […] Typical brain-based, primary disabilities of FASD include: inconsistent memory and recall, inability to filter out environmental or emotional distractions and sensory stimuli, slow and inconsistent cognitive and auditory processing, decreased mental stamina, difficulty interpreting and applying abstract concepts (for example, managing money and time), impulsivity and poor judgment, inability to predict outcomes (of their own or others’ actions), difficulty shifting from one context to another, resistance to change, inability to see another person’s perspective, and inability to recognize indirect social cues.

• #1 Common behaviours and features of children with FASD of kids with FASD – NOFASD Australia

  https://www.nofasd.org.au/parents-caregivers-family/understanding-fasd/common-behaviours-and-features-children-with-fasd/

  Challenges can be decreased if parents/carers are able to recognise these characteristics and accept them as symptoms that are the result of damage to the brain by alcohol exposure in utero. These may include the following, but can vary from child to child: learning difficulties (dont seem to be learning as well as other children) […] cognitive processing deficits thinking which is slowed (may only pick up some pieces of the information or instruction) […] impulsiveness (acting without thinking) […] disorganised and easily distracted […] ability to repeat instructions, but inability to put them into action (talk the talk) […] inability to predict outcomes or understand consequences (dont learn from mistakes) […] difficulty with social relationships (have trouble making and keeping friends)

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Conditions/COPD/90,P02122

  FASD includes: […] Babies born with FAS have abnormalities of the face. They also have growth and central nervous system (CNS) problems. This includes learning and mental disabilities. […] Children with ARND may have learning and behavior problems. These may include problems with math, memory or attention, and impulse control or judgment. They may also do poorly in school. […] Babies or children with FASD may have: […] Slow fetal growth and low birth weight […] Alcohol withdrawal symptoms in newborns, such as high-pitched cry, jitteriness, and seizures […] Abnormalities of the face, such as small eyes and thin mouth […] Shorter height than other children of the same age […] Poor physical coordination […] Hyperactivity […] Learning or thinking problems or low IQ […] Speech or language delays

• #1 Effectiveness of evidence-based treatments of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/3/e013775

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is diagnostic term comprising a broad range of symptoms and disabilities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Diagnosis requires a neurodevelopmental assessment conducted by a multidisciplinary team and includes a social and medical history, along with complete physical examination. Patients with a diagnosis of FASD must have the confirmation of prenatal alcohol exposure and may have sentinel facial features and/or evidence of impairment in neurodevelopmental domains. FASD has been estimated at 5 in 1000 people in Canada and 15 in 1000 people in the USA and has been recognised as the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in North America, indicating FASD is a significant public health issue. Children diagnosed with FASD may experience a myriad of primary and secondary conditions. Primary disabilities are related to central nervous system dysfunction and vary according to the degree of neurodevelopmental damage that has occurred. These disabilities can include intellectual disability, low IQ, impaired executive functioning, memory process and attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, speech and language difficulties and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Secondary conditions are associated difficulties that patients with FASD may develop throughout their lifespan, including: mental health disorders such as conduct disorder, depressive disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, difficulties in school including withdrawal and suspension, trouble with the justice system, deviant sexual behaviour, substance abuse issues and employment challenges. Due to these complex health effects and range of expression and disability related to prenatal alcohol exposure, FASD is a difficult condition to diagnose and often goes under-reported and untreated. Children are often not diagnosed in infancy but may be diagnosed later at school age when symptoms begin to show. Furthermore, the range and heterogeneity in symptom severity and presentation between patients makes the clinical management of FASD a tremendous challenge. Currently, there is no gold standard of treatment of FASD; treatment is multifaceted and multidisciplinary, with the goal of improving symptoms on a case-per-case basis. Treatments can be categorised into pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Pharmacological interventions are usually required to treat comorbid conditions such as depression and ADHD and include stimulant medications, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Non-pharmacological interventions include educational and learning strategies, cognitive-behavioural therapy, speech, occupational and physiotherapies and psychosocial interventions. Studies have shown up to 94% of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure are diagnosed with ADHD, which is characterised by symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and/or inattention. These patients are frequently prescribed stimulant medications.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder

  Another common characteristic of individuals diagnosed with FASD is dysmaturity. Dysmaturity is a term used to refer to widely varying levels of maturity in different areas of development, such as expressive language and language comprehension, social and self-care skills, and awareness and regulation of emotions. […] Individuals with FASD can also have permanent vision and hearing problems; poorly developed bones, limbs and fingers; and damage to the heart, kidney, liver and other organs. […] Secondary disabilities are those not present at birth, but occur later in life as a result of the primary disabilities associated with FASD. They include: mental health problems, disrupted school experience (suspension, expulsion, and/or drop-out), involvement with the law (trouble with authorities, charged and/or convicted of a crime), confinement (inpatient treatment for mental health and/or alcohol/drug problems, or incarceration for crime), alcohol and/or drug problems, poor academic achievement and school failure, sexually deviant behaviour, problems with employment, and dependent living. […] When combined with individuals primary disabilities, these secondary disabilities increase the complexity of care, and result in significant social and economic costs to society.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that develops in a fetus when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy. A syndrome is a group of symptoms that happen together as the result of a particular disease or abnormal condition. When someone has fetal alcohol syndrome, theyre at the most severe end of what are known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] FAS includes mental and physical challenges. An individual with FAS may have noticeable changes to their face and limbs, as well as delays in the way their body develops over time. There can also be mental and emotional challenges throughout the persons life that can impact their social life, education and work. […] Symptoms that infants with fetal alcohol syndrome could experience include: Abnormal facial features, including a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, a thin upper lip, and small eyes. Low body weight. Short height. Sleep and sucking difficulties. Small head size. Vision or hearing problems.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Symptoms that may develop over time in people with fetal alcohol syndrome include: Delayed speech and language development. Difficulty concentrating and short attention span. Difficulty telling the difference between reality and fantasy. Hyperactivity. Learning disabilities. Low IQ. Poor coordination. Poor reasoning and judgment skills. Poor school performance. Poor short-term memory. […] In some cases, your healthcare provider might be able to diagnose a child with fetal alcohol syndrome at birth based on small size and specific physical appearance. However, diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders can be difficult. FASD may present in childhood or early adulthood with mild social or intellectual concerns, or it can present with birth defects and growth problems during pregnancy. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome isnt curable, and the symptoms will impact your child throughout life. However, early treatment of some symptoms can lessen the severity and improve your childs development.

• #1 Signs and Symptoms – Alaska Center for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://alaskacenterforfasd.org/fasd-basics/signs-and-symptoms/

  What You Might See in Elementary School Children: Distractibility (can be due to sensory issue), Inattention (many kids receive an ADHD diagnosis first-but it is not typical ADHD), Behavioral difficulties in school or at home (often due to poor environmental match for their learning and sensory needs), General difficulty with: Change in routines, Inflexible approaches to problem solving, Organizational skills and task completion, Memory, Social boundaries. […] What You Might See in Adolescents and Adults: Functional intelligence (IQ) can vary, but often they cannot consistently use their abilities, Difficulty with judgment, decision-making, understanding consequences of actions, Difficulty connecting to same-age peers, understanding verbal or nonverbal cues, Common adaptive living problems: School or work failure (often due to bad environmental match for their abilities), Difficulty with self-direction, money management, and independent living skills.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. These are a group of conditions present at birth that can happen when a pregnant person drinks alcohol. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. They can include: Problems with the heart, kidney, and bones; Learning disabilities and low IQ; Trouble with memory, coordination, and attention; Hyperactivity; Problems with sleep and suckling as an infant. […] The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome tend to get worse as a person grows up. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome can have many symptoms, including: Physical differences such as small head and brain size, vision or hearing issues, joint, limb, and finger differences, distinctive facial features such as small eyes, thin upper lip, and a ridge between the nose and upper lip, shorter height and lower body weight, kidney, heart, or bone problems.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders.aspx

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) is an umbrella term used to describe the range of effects that can occur in an individual with prenatal alcohol exposure. These effects can have lifelong implications including physical, mental, behavior, and/or learning issues. […] FAS is on the most severe end of the FASD spectrum. It describes people with the greatest alcohol effects, causing signs and symptoms so distinct that the diagnosis is based on special measurements and findings in each of the 3 following areas: […] People with ARND do not have abnormal facial features or growth problems, but do have problems with how their brain and nervous system were formed as well as how they function. These individuals may have: […] In addition to confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure, these individuals have impairment of neurocognition, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning.

• #1 Australian Guide to Diagnosis of FASD – FASD Hub Australia | FASD Hub

  https://fasdhub.org.au/fasd-information/australian-guide-to-diagnosis-of-fasd/

  A diagnosis of FASD requires evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure and severe impairment in three or more domains of central nervous system structure or function. […] In FASD, 10 domains of neurodevelopment have been identified that reflect areas of brain function known to be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure based on evidence from human and animal research, and clinical experience. The following domains should be assessed as part of the diagnostic evaluation for FASD: Brain structure/Neurology, Motor skills, Cognition, Language, Academic achievement, Memory, Attention, Executive function, including impulse control and hyperactivity, Affect regulation, Adaptive behaviour, social skills or social communication. […] Fetal exposure to alcohol during the first trimester affects the development of the facial features. The areas most affected are the eyes and midface. The three facial features are: Small palpebral fissures, Smooth philtrum, Thin upper lip. Most people with FASD do not have the three sentinel facial features.

• #1 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is caused by drinking alcohol when you’re pregnant. […] FASD affects your child’s brain and causes lifelong problems. […] The symptoms of FASD vary from person to person. This is because the symptoms depend on many things, including: genetics, the amount, frequency and pattern of alcohol drinking during pregnancy, the mother’s age and health. […] FASD might not be easy to see when a baby is born. It’s often not noticed until preschool or school, when behavioural and learning difficulties become more obvious. […] It’s only as your baby gets older that you may see differences in their behaviour and learning. […] FASD can affect how your baby’s face looks. They might have one or more of the following: a small face, narrow eyes, a short, upturned nose, smooth philtrum (the ridges between their nose and upper lip), a thin upper lip.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  No one particular treatment is correct for everyone with fetal alcohol syndrome. FAS exists on a spectrum of disorders and the way each person is impacted by the condition can vary greatly. For some, its best to monitor their child’s progress throughout life, so its important to have a healthcare provider you trust. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome never goes away. The symptoms of this condition will be with the person throughout their entire life. Over time, a number of secondary effects can happen in people with FAS, particularly in those who arent treated for the condition in childhood. These are called secondary effects because theyre not part of FAS itself. Instead, these secondary effects happen as a result of having FAS.

• #1 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814837/

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is commonly misdiagnosed because of the complexity of presentation and multiple diagnostic criteria. FASD includes four categorical entities (fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder, and alcohol related birth defects). The four FASD diagnostic criteria are facial dysmorphology, growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, and prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Clinical features of the FASD phenotype can include facial dysmorphology, growth deficiency, and central nervous system dysfunction. FAS is the most severe and distinct subset of FASD and includes all aspects of the clinical phenotype. […] Sensory processing disorders (SPDs) represent a common comorbidity of FASD that are manifested as inappropriate behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli. SPDs impair an individual’s ability to respond appropriately to his or her surroundings.

• #1 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders describes the range of conditions in children caused when the mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. Symptoms vary greatly among children and can include all or a mix of physical, behavioral, and learning and thinking problems. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome includes problems with behavior, learning and thinking. It also involves physical and growth changes that can affect any part of the body. […] Over time the healthcare professional watches for issues with: Physical growth and development. Thinking, learning and language development. Health. Social interaction and behavior. […] Many features seen with fetal alcohol syndrome also may occur in children with other conditions. […] If one child in a family is diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome, it may be important to evaluate siblings for fetal alcohol syndrome if the mother drank alcohol during these pregnancies. […] Early intervention and a stable, nurturing home are important to protect children with fetal alcohol syndrome from some of the other issues they’re at risk of later in life.

• #1 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Guide for Expecting Parents, Caregivers, and Families | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/blog/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-guide-expecting-parents-caregivers-families

  Early detection of FASDs is critical for providing appropriate interventions and support, which can significantly improve the quality of life for affected individuals. Diagnosing FASDs involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a detailed medical history, physical examination, and neurodevelopmental assessments. It often requires a multidisciplinary approach to ensure accurate diagnosis and support. […] While there is no cure for FASDs, early intervention and comprehensive treatment planning can significantly improve the quality of life for those impacted by symptoms of FASDs. Treatment typically involves a combination of medical care, behavioral therapy, educational support, and family assistance. […] And while there is no medication to treat FASD itself, medications can be prescribed to manage symptoms such as hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, or seizures. Although medication use may be unavoidable in many children with FASDs, it is important to exercise prudence when prescribing. Medications should not be a sole substitute for nonpharmacologic interventions such as parent education, parent-child interaction therapy, self-regulatory supports, school interventions, developmental therapies, social skill interventions, and community supports. Treatment services for people with FASDs are most effective when they are strengths-based and address a person’s specific impairments and needs.

• #1 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Common Signs and Symptoms — Catch Collaborative Therapy for Children

  https://www.catchpsychotherapy.org/allposts/2018/12/12/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-common-signs-amp-symptoms

  Whereas ADHD is mostly genetic, FASD is caused by alcohol use during pregnancy. Children with FASD have symptoms which are similar to and may be included in a diagnosis of ADHD but the core problem is a brain injury, not a brain style. […] A significant percentage of children with FASD are in Foster Care and the stigma associated with learning disabilities and developmental delays is compounded by the stigma of being in Foster Care. […] Foster families, in particular foster mothers, are severely challenged and frequently under assisted in coping with children who have FASD. […] Since we cant cure FASD, we need to put a lot of effort into preventing it and that means providing support for young women and girls.

• #1 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Guide for Expecting Parents, Caregivers, and Families | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/blog/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-guide-expecting-parents-caregivers-families

  FASDs and disabilities are interconnected in many areas of life for individuals who had prenatal substance exposure. Acknowledging and addressing these intersections is crucial for advancing behavioral health equity and enhancing the overall health and well-being of those living with FASDs. […] FASDs are complex conditions that require our collective attention and compassion. We can make a significant difference by spreading awareness, advocating for prevention, and supporting individuals and families affected by FASDs. Every step toward education and understanding is a step toward a healthier future. Let’s commit to a world where every child has the chance to reach their full potential, free from the preventable impact of prenatal alcohol exposure. […] The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services offers a wealth of resources for parents, caregivers, and families:

• #2 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901

  Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause the child to have disabilities related to behavior, learning and thinking, and physical development. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child but are lifelong. […] The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies. Some children have far greater problems than others do. Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome may include any mix of issues with how the body develops; thinking, learning and behavior; and functioning and coping in daily life. […] Physical development issues may include: Facial features that are typical of fetal alcohol syndrome. These may include small eyes, a very thin upper lip, a flat nose bridge, and a smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip. Slow physical growth before and after birth. Delayed development, including taking longer to reach milestones, such as sitting, talking and walking. Vision or hearing problems. Smaller than average head and brain size. Changes with how the heart, kidneys and bones develop. Poor coordination or balance. Being jittery or hyperactive.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that develops in a fetus when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy. A syndrome is a group of symptoms that happen together as the result of a particular disease or abnormal condition. When someone has fetal alcohol syndrome, theyre at the most severe end of what are known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). […] FAS includes mental and physical challenges. An individual with FAS may have noticeable changes to their face and limbs, as well as delays in the way their body develops over time. There can also be mental and emotional challenges throughout the persons life that can impact their social life, education and work. […] Symptoms that infants with fetal alcohol syndrome could experience include: Abnormal facial features, including a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, a thin upper lip, and small eyes. Low body weight. Short height. Sleep and sucking difficulties. Small head size. Vision or hearing problems.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/f/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-fasd.html

  Babies or children with FASD may have: […] Slow fetal growth and low birth weight […] Alcohol withdrawal symptoms in newborns, such as high-pitched cry, jitteriness, and seizures […] Sleep and sucking problems in infancy […] Abnormalities of the face, such as small eyes and thin mouth […] Shorter height than other children of the same age […] Poor physical coordination […] Hyperactivity […] Learning or thinking problems or low IQ […] Speech or language delays […] Problems with daily living, reasoning, and judgment. […] The symptoms of FASD may look like other health conditions or problems. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #2 What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Complete Guide – Indiana Alliance

  https://inalliancepse.org/fasd-guide/

  Infants born with alcohol-related birth defects will have visible symptoms of their disorder, such as improperly formed or functioning: Hearts, Spines, Kidneys, Hearing Capabilities, Bones, Vision. […] Individuals with this disorder have impaired neurocognitive abilities, as well as difficulties with self-regulation and adaptive functioning. […] The symptoms can vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome or other fetal alcohol-related disorders can only be treated, not reversed. […] There are many FASD symptoms that can dramatically impact (and compromise) children’s abilities to navigate everyday life. The severity of the symptoms varies from case to case, with some children and adults experiencing more serious symptoms than others. […] Generally, symptoms are grouped into three different categories. It is not uncommon for an individual with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder to experience: Physical Defects, Brain and Central Nervous System Issues, Social and Behavioral Problems.

• #2 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/1/108

  Individuals with a FASD may struggle with challenges ranging from basic sensory processing to cognitive processing. They may have problems with the organogenesis of multiple organ systems including the heart, kidneys, bones, or morphogenic problems leading to impaired hearing or vision. Cognitive impairments are often associated with speech and language disabilities, motor disabilities, memory impairments, impaired cognitive reasoning, thinking, and functioning, as well as other learning disabilities. Many of these challenges interfere with day-to-day living and can lead to behavioral issues, or academic achievement issues. […] Children with FAS meet the diagnostic criteria in FASD. SPDs are common in FAS due to brain and central nervous system abnormalities. These children may struggle with hyperactivity, behavioral problems, learning and memory problems, social problems, facial abnormalities, and development problems.

• #2 About Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fasd/about/index.html

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person exposed to alcohol before birth. These conditions can affect each person in different ways and can range from mild to severe. People with FASDs can have lifelong effects, including problems with behavior and learning as well as physical problems. […] A person with an FASD might have: […] Behavioral issues […] Learning challenges […] Physical problems […] People with FAS can have problems with learning, memory, attention span, communication, vision, or hearing. They might have a mix of these problems. […] People with ARND might have intellectual disabilities and problems with behavior and learning. They might do poorly in school and have difficulties with math, memory, attention, judgment, and poor impulse control.

• #2 What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Complete Guide – Indiana Alliance

  https://inalliancepse.org/fasd-guide/

  When a child is diagnosed with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, they will likely face a range of challenges and effects for the rest of their life. […] Primary disabilities most directly reflect central nervous system damage, which leads to a range of cognitive disabilities. The most common primary effects of FASD tend to include: Inconsistent memory; Challenges with recalling information; Difficulties filtering out environmental or emotional distractions; Lower levels of mental stamina; Difficulties interpreting and applying abstract concepts; Slow, inconsistent cognitive and auditory processing; Problems with impulse control and judgment; Resistance to changes (big and small); Difficulties understanding other people’s perspectives and social cues. […] Secondary effects of FASD tend to appear in an individual’s teen years or even in early adulthood. Many adults who were exposed to alcohol prenatally face life challenges such as: Mental health problems; Substance use and/or problems with addiction; Disrupted schooling often resulting in suspensions, expulsions, or dropping out; Trouble with the law or other authorities; Confinement (for mental health, substance abuse, or criminal behavior); Sexually deviant behavior; Problems with employment and money; Low levels of maturity. […] The effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are life-long. There is no cure, but that doesn’t mean there is no hope. Research does indicate that early intervention treatment services can improve a child’s development and a chance at a more normal life.

• #2 Education & Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Toolkit, FADU, ADAI, UW

  https://adai.uw.edu/fasdtoolkit/educators.htm

  Frequently described as having „low motivation,” „not paying attention,” or „daydreaming” (distractibility). Often perceived as lazy, defiant, or having low self-esteem. […] May be ultrasensitive to noise, light, texture (auditory, visual or tactile defensiveness), and over- or under-sensitive to pain. May ask questions that seem odd or out of context, seem picky, or avoid eye contact (gaze aversion). […] May require frequent re-teaching or seem to be starting from scratch (memory deficits). May be self-conscious about this and worried about being teased or perceived as „stupid” by peers. […] May master tasks one day, but unable to retrieve same skills a few days later (sporadic mastery): „I know I know it, but I just can’t do it!” (memory deficits). Awareness of deficits may cause distresses.

• #2 Signs & Symptoms Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-symptoms/

  Infants who are born with fetal alcohol syndrome can experience severe physical defects or less recognizable, more mild physical defects. These physical symptoms may include: Abnormal facial features, including a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, a thin upper lip, and small eyes. A low body weight. Vision or hearing problems. Problems with heart, kidneys, or bones. Short height. Small head size. Difficulty sucking as an infant. […] Babies and children with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder often have difficulties communicating or relating to their peers, and these may cause social and behavioral issues. These social and behavioral difficulties may include: Poor social skills and delayed communication skills. Difficulty in school due to learning disabilities and delayed cognitive development. Trouble getting along with others. Difficulty paying attention; issues with staying on task and focusing. Trouble adapting to change and having difficulty switching from one task to another. Poor concept of time. Difficulty planning ahead and working towards a goal.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: How It Impacts Mental Health

  https://www.verywellmind.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-how-it-impacts-mental-health-7500760

  FASD can affect children in profound waysphysically, mentally, and emotionally. A childs overall emotional well-being is often compromised by FASD. […] Emotional challenges often manifest in young children with an FASD as being frequently inconsolable (such as a temper tantrum), high-sensitivity to the emotions of those around them, and often hyperactivity that can be challenging for caregivers and teachers to navigate. […] Much of this emotional upheaval is due to alcohols ability to change the development of the brain and body systems that are important for optimizing emotional regulation later in life. […] Any alcohol consumption can affect a developing fetus, and you dont have to have an alcohol addiction for your drinking to have impacts. […] The signs and symptoms of a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) will differ from one child to another and depend on which type of FASD a child has.

• #2 Signs & Symptoms Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-symptoms/

  Some neurological issues may be recognizable early in children with fetal alcohol syndrome, while others may develop and become more recognizable over time. These symptoms may include: Learning problems include delayed speech and language development, difficulty concentrating, a short attention span, and hyperactivity. Coordination and balance problems. Difficulty reasoning and telling the difference between reality and fantasy. Poor short-term memory. Poor judgment skills. Low intelligence quotient. Rapidly changing moods. […] Symptoms and signs of fetal alcohol syndrome in infants may include: Abnormal facial features, such as a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip and small eyes. A low body weight. Short height. Difficulties sleeping. Difficulties sucking and feeding. A small head size. Vision or hearing problems.

• #2 What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? A Complete Guide – Indiana Alliance

  https://inalliancepse.org/fasd-guide/

  Bodily defects (specifically in FAS cases, only) may include: Distinctive facial features (small eyes, thin upper lip, short upturned nose, etc.); Deformities of joints, limbs, and fingers; Vision or hearing difficulties; Small head circumference and brain size; Heart defects and problems with kidneys and/or bones. […] Problems with the brain and central nervous system can include: Poor coordination or balance; Intellectual disabilities; Delayed cognitive development; Poor memory and learning disorders; Attention problems; Challenges when processing information; Reasoning and problem-solving issues; Poor judgment skills; Hyperactivity; Quick and/or dramatic mood swings. […] Social and behavioral problems associated with FASD may include: Trouble getting along with others; Atypical or poor social skills; Problems switching from one task to another; Difficulties with controlled behavior and impulse control; Poor concept of time; Challenges with staying on task.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: How It Impacts Mental Health

  https://www.verywellmind.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-how-it-impacts-mental-health-7500760

  According to research, about 90% of people with an FASD have at least one comorbid condition. Most of these conditions are psychological in nature and include: Depression, Bipolar disorder, Anxiety disorders, Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Conduct disorder, Attachment disorders, Substance use disorder.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms – Alaska Center for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://alaskacenterforfasd.org/fasd-basics/signs-and-symptoms/

  FASD can be difficult to recognize because it can present in many ways. Current estimates indicate that up to 1 in 20 children in U.S. have an FASD. Below are common symptoms associated with FASD. However, these lists do not include all possible symptoms and there can be other reasons for the symptoms. […] What You Might See in Newborns and Infants: Jitteriness or tremors, Fitful sleep/wake cycle-difficult to soothe, Low muscle tone, Failure to thrive (given adequate opportunity), Weak suck or poor feeding, Irritability, Hyperexcitability. […] What You Might See in Preschool Children: Tantrums that are much worse than those of typically developing children, Hyperactivity or impulsivity, Very distractible especially to environmental noises or visual stimuli, Language development delays- unable to express themselves as peers do, unable to follow directions, miss common social cues, Motor/movement delays, Poor hand-eye coordination and/or balance, Difficulty with age-appropriate dressing or other fine motor issues, Learning and memory problems, Hearing, vision, joint, oral/dental abnormalities (small jaw, crowded teeth, dental caries) are common.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms – Alaska Center for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://alaskacenterforfasd.org/fasd-basics/signs-and-symptoms/

  What You Might See in Elementary School Children: Distractibility (can be due to sensory issue), Inattention (many kids receive an ADHD diagnosis first-but it is not typical ADHD), Behavioral difficulties in school or at home (often due to poor environmental match for their learning and sensory needs), General difficulty with: Change in routines, Inflexible approaches to problem solving, Organizational skills and task completion, Memory, Social boundaries. […] What You Might See in Adolescents and Adults: Functional intelligence (IQ) can vary, but often they cannot consistently use their abilities, Difficulty with judgment, decision-making, understanding consequences of actions, Difficulty connecting to same-age peers, understanding verbal or nonverbal cues, Common adaptive living problems: School or work failure (often due to bad environmental match for their abilities), Difficulty with self-direction, money management, and independent living skills.

• #2 Signs & Symptoms Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-symptoms/

  90% of adults with fetal alcohol syndrome will experience some form of mental health difficulty in their adult lives. These issues include: Attention, distraction, learning, and memory issues. Difficulties with making decisions and planning. Externalizing problems, especially displaying signs of anger and aggression. Internalizing problems, especially issues with anxiety, social anxiety, and OCD-behaviors. 44% of adults with FAS struggle with depression. 40% of adults with FAS have psychotic symptoms. 20% of adults with FAS have anxiety. 20% of adults with FAS have bipolar disorder.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | Children’s of Alabama

  https://www.childrensal.org/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-fasd

  Without appropriate support services, these individuals have a high risk of developing secondary disabilities such as mental health issues, getting into trouble with the law, abusing alcohol and other drugs, and unwanted pregnancies. […] Children and adults with FASD are also quite vulnerable to physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.

• #2 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814837/

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is commonly misdiagnosed because of the complexity of presentation and multiple diagnostic criteria. FASD includes four categorical entities (fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder, and alcohol related birth defects). The four FASD diagnostic criteria are facial dysmorphology, growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, and prenatal alcohol exposure. […] Clinical features of the FASD phenotype can include facial dysmorphology, growth deficiency, and central nervous system dysfunction. FAS is the most severe and distinct subset of FASD and includes all aspects of the clinical phenotype. […] Sensory processing disorders (SPDs) represent a common comorbidity of FASD that are manifested as inappropriate behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli. SPDs impair an individual’s ability to respond appropriately to his or her surroundings.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Alcohol Help

  https://www.alcoholhelp.com/resources/medical-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Each disorder on the fetal alcohol spectrum has specific criteria a child must meet to receive a diagnosis. To obtain a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, a child must meet all of the following: Prenatal or postnatal slower growth, Central nervous system defects, Two of the three following facial features: The inner and outer corners of the eyelids are smaller than average, The upper lip appears thinner than normal, The area between the nose and the upper lip is smooth or without grooves. […] Each child will exhibit symptoms unique to their situation and their mothers alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome treatment plans are based on individual needs.

• #2 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  However, most people with FASD do not have these facial differences. […] Diagnosing FASD early is important in helping your child reach their full potential. […] An FASD diagnosis can help you better understand your child and their behaviour, help older children and adults better understand themselves, find the best support and services, help guide doctors, teachers and families. […] There is no single treatment for FASD. You can help your child to manage their symptoms by getting the medical and social support they need. […] Not drinking alcohol during pregnancy prevents FASD. […] People with FASD are more likely to also have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). […] People with FASD can also have other problems, such as problems with learning and attention, low self-esteem, mental illness including anxiety and depression, drug and alcohol problems.

• #2 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Guide for Expecting Parents, Caregivers, and Families | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/blog/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-guide-expecting-parents-caregivers-families

  Early detection of FASDs is critical for providing appropriate interventions and support, which can significantly improve the quality of life for affected individuals. Diagnosing FASDs involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a detailed medical history, physical examination, and neurodevelopmental assessments. It often requires a multidisciplinary approach to ensure accurate diagnosis and support. […] While there is no cure for FASDs, early intervention and comprehensive treatment planning can significantly improve the quality of life for those impacted by symptoms of FASDs. Treatment typically involves a combination of medical care, behavioral therapy, educational support, and family assistance. […] And while there is no medication to treat FASD itself, medications can be prescribed to manage symptoms such as hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, or seizures. Although medication use may be unavoidable in many children with FASDs, it is important to exercise prudence when prescribing. Medications should not be a sole substitute for nonpharmacologic interventions such as parent education, parent-child interaction therapy, self-regulatory supports, school interventions, developmental therapies, social skill interventions, and community supports. Treatment services for people with FASDs are most effective when they are strengths-based and address a person’s specific impairments and needs.

• #2 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/1/108

  FASD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a high prevalence of comorbid conditions including sensory processing disorders (SPDs). FASD is prevalent in about 5% of school aged children. […] Sensory processing disorders (SPDs) represent a common comorbidity of FASD that are manifested as inappropriate behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli. SPDs impair an individual’s ability to respond appropriately to his or her surroundings. […] Clinical intervention for SPD is in part determined by symptom severity, which can be managed by a variety of interventions. Interventions to assist children with FASD, SPD, or both, emphasize non-pharmaceutical interventions such as sensory integration, counseling (for both child and family), hands-on activities, sleep-based therapies, introduction of structure and routines, and cognitive control therapies.

• #2 Education & Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Toolkit, FADU, ADAI, UW

  https://adai.uw.edu/fasdtoolkit/educators.htm

  Though interested in a project, may not know how to start it (problems with initiation, prioritizing information). […] May have difficulty seeing patterns and trouble understanding cause and effect (information processing deficits). The obvious is not necessarily obvious to them! […] Require external prompts and cues longer than peers (memory deficits), despite efforts to be self-sufficient and show competence. […] Benefit from simple directives; use as few words as possible. Give instructions one at a time. May need some visual cues as prompts.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Conditions/COPD/90,P02122

  Problems with daily living, reasoning, and judgment. […] The symptoms of FASD may look like other health conditions or problems. […] Complications of FASD can range from mild learning disabilities to more severe behavior and mental problems. […] Long-term problems may include: […] Mental health problems […] Poor social skills […] Unemployment […] Not finishing school. […] FASD is a life-long condition. […] Studies have shown that getting help early is best. […] The problems include abnormalities of the face and central nervous system and poor growth. FASD can also cause mental health, behavior, and development problems. […] There is no cure for FASD. But getting help early can help improve a child’s behavior. […] Medicine may help a child’s attention difficulties or hyperactive behaviors.

• #2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Common Signs and Symptoms — Catch Collaborative Therapy for Children

  https://www.catchpsychotherapy.org/allposts/2018/12/12/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-common-signs-amp-symptoms

  Because children with FASD are challenging to raise, parents and teachers struggle to help them. As a consequence, the children struggle with poor self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and are at high risk of developing secondary mental health and social disabilities such as depression and substance abuse, school failure, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Early diagnosis is critical because, although the treatment options are limited, the diagnosis helps parents and teachers understand the childs exasperating behaviours and promotes a more sympathetic environment for the child. […] Presently, the diagnosis of FASD requires a multidisciplinary assessment team including a physician, psychologist, occupational therapist and speech-language pathologist. […] Examples of typical problems in functioning and behaviours include: Mastering a new skill one day but not remembering it the following day.

• #2 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Guide for Expecting Parents, Caregivers, and Families | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/blog/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-guide-expecting-parents-caregivers-families

  Behavioral issues, such as hyperactivity and social challenges, are also common. Individuals with FASDs are also at increased risk for experiencing mental health and substance use conditions. It’s important to note that symptoms can vary widely from person to person and are experienced throughout the lifespan, making early diagnosis and individualized support essential for improving outcomes. […] The safest approach to ensure a healthy pregnancy is to stop using alcohol before getting pregnant. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can disrupt the baby’s brain development, leading to lifelong implications for cognitive function, behavior, and physical health. Understanding these effects is essential for prevention and support. […] Only individuals exposed to alcohol before birth may develop FASD. Given that approximately half of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends that people who are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are planning a pregnancy not drink alcohol at all.

• #3 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders

  However, most people with FASD do not have these facial differences. […] Diagnosing FASD early is important in helping your child reach their full potential. […] An FASD diagnosis can help you better understand your child and their behaviour, help older children and adults better understand themselves, find the best support and services, help guide doctors, teachers and families. […] There is no single treatment for FASD. You can help your child to manage their symptoms by getting the medical and social support they need. […] Not drinking alcohol during pregnancy prevents FASD. […] People with FASD are more likely to also have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). […] People with FASD can also have other problems, such as problems with learning and attention, low self-esteem, mental illness including anxiety and depression, drug and alcohol problems.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in Adults: What To Know | NDFW

  https://www.newdirectionsforwomen.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-adults/

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). It results from alcohol exposure during pregnancy and leads to a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments that persist throughout a persons life. […] Adults with FAS continue to experience many of the symptoms they faced as children, which can impact various aspects of their lives. Understanding these symptoms can help in recognizing the importance of preventing FAS by avoiding alcohol during pregnancy. […] Adults with FAS often exhibit stunted growth, remaining shorter and lighter than their peers throughout their lives. These growth deficiencies can affect their overall health and physical capabilities. […] Characteristic facial features of FAS persist into adulthood. These include a smooth philtrum (the area between the nose and upper lip), a thin upper lip, and small eye openings. These features are not just cosmetic but indicative of the prenatal alcohol exposure that caused the syndrome.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Pregnancy Advice

  https://patient.info/pregnancy/diet-and-lifestyle-during-pregnancy/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  There is no particular treatment. Babies with FAS and FASDs will have the problems for the rest of their lives. However, if the condition is picked up early, they will experience the effects less. […] There is no cure for FAS. Babies born with it will be affected throughout their lives and will have issues with learning and behaviour. They are likely to do less well in school and get into trouble more. They tend to have problems making friends as they have difficulties with social skills. […] If you have a child with FAS, support groups have information about how you can help them. With the right help they will do better in school. They will run into less trouble as adults.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://summitmalibu.com/blog/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms can vary from child to child, though they may include a combination of physical defects, cognitive or intellectual disabilities, and issues of simply dealing with daily life. […] Physical defects of FAS symptoms can include some of the following: An extremely thin upper lip, small eyes, smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip, and a short, upturned nose. […] Issues with the brain and central nervous system as a result of FAS symptoms often include: Learning disorders, intellectual disability, and developmental delays. […] Behavioral and social difficulties related to fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms are typical, such as: Poor social skills or struggling to get along with others. […] The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms can vary from child to child, though they may include a combination of physical defects, cognitive or intellectual disabilities, and issues of simply dealing with daily life.

• #3 Education & Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Toolkit, FADU, ADAI, UW

  https://adai.uw.edu/fasdtoolkit/educators.htm

  Unexpected schedule changes may disorient them (sequencing problems). Rearranging seating or decorations may precipitate anxiety and distress, increase loss of belongings and disorganization (strongly visually / kinesthetically cued). […] Discouraged, demotivated by incentives that work for many other children with same intelligence level (e.g., grades, sticker charts). Variability of performance is related to their central nervous system impairments (poor state regulation, overstimulation), rather than their level of desire to achieve: „I work just as hard on a 'D’ test, as I do on the days I get an 'A,’ so the grades don’t help me.” […] May have trouble changing activities, resist redirection (disregulation, state rigidity), show irritability, stubbornness, or repetitive speech or behavior (perseveration) as signs of distress.

• #3 What is FASD? – FASD Network UK

  https://www.fasdnetwork.org/what-is-fasd.html

  Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a term used to describe the permanent impacts on the brain and body of individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol during pregnancy resulting in a spectrum of physical, neurological, emotional and behavioural regulation characteristics. […] Some of the impacts may include:- Brain structure and neurological differences.- Attention, concentration and hyperactivity difficulties.- Academic achievement challenges.- Speech and language deficits e.g. great expressive but poorer receptive language. – Working memory and processing speed challenges.- Adaptive functioning impairments that become more recognisable with age. – Emotional regulation difficulties- Sociable and vulnerable with difficulty making or sustaining friendships .- Sensory impairments such as vision or hearing or being or sensory sensitivities.- Oppositional or defensive when requests are made.- Inconsistent performance – can do something one day but cannot the next.- Lack of abstract reasoning, cause effect logic, fails to generalise- Identity challenges and issues with theory of mind.

• #3 Understanding FASD – FASD-CAN

  https://www.fasd-can.org.nz/understanding_fasd

  Note that many people with FASD will also have other physical conditions as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure; for example, it’s estimated that up to 80% of those with FASD have co-occurring ADHD. […] FASD is a brain-based condition with behavioural symptoms. […] Memory in those with FASD is almost always severely impacted, so what they learn one day may be completely forgotten the next. Executive function is affected, so the brain function required to do simple things like getting up and getting ready for school can require much more focus and energy than a neurotypical child; it’s exhausting! […] The best prevention of FASD is zero alcohol during pregnancy.

• #3 Common behaviours and features of children with FASD of kids with FASD – NOFASD Australia

  https://www.nofasd.org.au/parents-caregivers-family/understanding-fasd/common-behaviours-and-features-children-with-fasd/

  attention/hyperactivity (may have been diagnosed with ADHD) […] inconsistent performance and memory (know or can do something one day but seem to forget it the next) […] developmental delays (brain development is younger than chronological age and they most likely will not reach developmental milestones on time) […] difficulty with abstract thinking mathematics, money, time […] perseveration (getting stuck in a thought pattern or an action and find it difficult to move on) […] explosive behaviour or running away (fight or flight response to their environment) […] inappropriate sexual behaviour. The maturity and development of children with FASD can be uneven and confusing. Strong abilities in certain areas, such as expressive language (the way they talk), can hide impairment in other areas. For example, a young person of 18 may speak as well as a 20- year-old but only have the understanding and emotional maturity of a six-year-old. Caregivers are encouraged to always think younger when assessing their childs abilities and to accept their immaturity in certain areas as a symptom of FASD.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: How It Impacts Mental Health

  https://www.verywellmind.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-how-it-impacts-mental-health-7500760

  FASD can affect children in profound waysphysically, mentally, and emotionally. A childs overall emotional well-being is often compromised by FASD. […] Emotional challenges often manifest in young children with an FASD as being frequently inconsolable (such as a temper tantrum), high-sensitivity to the emotions of those around them, and often hyperactivity that can be challenging for caregivers and teachers to navigate. […] Much of this emotional upheaval is due to alcohols ability to change the development of the brain and body systems that are important for optimizing emotional regulation later in life. […] Any alcohol consumption can affect a developing fetus, and you dont have to have an alcohol addiction for your drinking to have impacts. […] The signs and symptoms of a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) will differ from one child to another and depend on which type of FASD a child has.

• #3 FASD behavior issues: Explanations and how to handle them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fasd-behavior-issues

  Fetal alcohol syndrome disorders (FASDs) can affect people in several ways, including hyperactive behavior, concentration issues, and difficulty retaining information. […] FASDs can affect each person differently and may lead to both physical and behavioral issues. […] The types of FASDs depend on the symptoms an individual experiences and may include: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): FAS can lead to difficulty learning and retaining information, a short attention span, issues with seeing or hearing, and difficulty with communication and socializing. […] Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND): ARND can affect the way a person learns and retains information. This may lead to behavioral issues such as difficulty controlling impulses, trouble concentrating, and a lack of judgment.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: How It Impacts Mental Health

  https://www.verywellmind.com/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-how-it-impacts-mental-health-7500760

  According to research, about 90% of people with an FASD have at least one comorbid condition. Most of these conditions are psychological in nature and include: Depression, Bipolar disorder, Anxiety disorders, Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Conduct disorder, Attachment disorders, Substance use disorder.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | Children’s of Alabama

  https://www.childrensal.org/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-fasd

  FASD stands for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. This is not a diagnostic term, but is an umbrella term that encompasses all disabilities caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. There are five diagnoses under the FASD umbrella: […] Babies diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) have the following physiological characteristics: […] If the facial characteristics are not visible, the child may not get a diagnosis of FAS, but may have the same neurological symptoms and behavior challenges as children with full FAS. Only about 20% of affected children receive a diagnosis of FAS. The other 80% have partial FAS or Alcohol Related Neurological Disorder (ARND). Together FAS and ARND make up the broad category called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). […] Most infants with FASD are irritable, have trouble eating and sleeping, are sensitive to sensory stimulation, and have a strong startle reflex. They may hyperextend their heads or limbs with hypertonia (too much muscle tone) or hypotonia (too little muscle tone) or both. Some infants may have heart defects or suffer anomalies of the ears, eyes, liver, or joints.

• #3 Signs and Symptoms – Alaska Center for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  https://alaskacenterforfasd.org/fasd-basics/signs-and-symptoms/

  FASD can be difficult to recognize because it can present in many ways. Current estimates indicate that up to 1 in 20 children in U.S. have an FASD. Below are common symptoms associated with FASD. However, these lists do not include all possible symptoms and there can be other reasons for the symptoms. […] What You Might See in Newborns and Infants: Jitteriness or tremors, Fitful sleep/wake cycle-difficult to soothe, Low muscle tone, Failure to thrive (given adequate opportunity), Weak suck or poor feeding, Irritability, Hyperexcitability. […] What You Might See in Preschool Children: Tantrums that are much worse than those of typically developing children, Hyperactivity or impulsivity, Very distractible especially to environmental noises or visual stimuli, Language development delays- unable to express themselves as peers do, unable to follow directions, miss common social cues, Motor/movement delays, Poor hand-eye coordination and/or balance, Difficulty with age-appropriate dressing or other fine motor issues, Learning and memory problems, Hearing, vision, joint, oral/dental abnormalities (small jaw, crowded teeth, dental caries) are common.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in Adults

  https://www.floridarehab.com/alcohol/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-in-adults/

  Because fetal alcohol syndrome affects brain development, there are several neurological symptoms that it can cause. Many of these involve an adults ability to function normally and can cause them to become dependent on others. Some of the neurological symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include: Poor memory, Impaired learning, Particularly poor performance in math, Low IQ, Poor reasoning skills, Vision and hearing problems. […] These symptoms can range in severity from being minorly impairing to making someone completely dependent on others their entire life. […] Unfortunately, the neurological symptoms caused by fetal alcohol syndrome can also lead to behavioral symptoms. These symptoms include: Impulsivity, Hyperactivity, Irritability, Increased sensitivity to stimuli, Mental health problems, like depression. […] Yes, the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome become worse and more obvious as someone ages. By adulthood, most people with fetal alcohol syndrome require help with the basic activities of life and need someone to help keep them safe from impulsive actions.

• #3 FASD behavior issues: Explanations and how to handle them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fasd-behavior-issues

  Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE): ND-PAE can lead to behavior issues in children such as severe tantrums, extreme irritability, and a lack of flexibility. […] Several behavioral issues can occur due to FASD, including: difficulty learning new information, difficulty remembering and recalling information, difficulty switching attention from one task to another, issues with communication and developing social skills, cognitive issues such as understanding and following directions, having severe tantrums, difficulty controlling emotions and impulses, mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder, difficulty with everyday tasks such as eating, bathing, getting dressed, telling the time, and awareness of personal safety. […] FASD behavioral issues can include difficulty concentrating, difficulty learning and recalling new information, hyperactive behavior, trouble controlling emotions and impulses, and challenges with communication and social skills. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), FASD behavioral issues typically worsen as a child gets older. […] A person with FASD may experience difficulty controlling their anger and frustration, which can lead to violent and explosive behavior.

• #3 SYF WEBINAR: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Symptoms and Strategies

  https://adoptionsupport.org/resource/event/syf-webinar-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-symptoms-and-strategies/

  Children who were prenatally exposed to alcohol can exhibit a vast range of behavioral and learning challenges and likely have a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. […] The FASD diagnosis is missed in 86.5% of adoptive and foster children which leads to bigger challenges as traditional parenting strategies are generally ineffective with children with an FASD. […] This session will cover the common symptoms as well as the connected/relational strategies recommended for children and adolescents with an FASD. […] Describe common symptoms & red flags for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.

• #3 Common Diagnostic Approaches in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/diagnosis/common-diagnostic-approaches-in-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOoqNj-LsBSW66tXIa56t4H-hBqug-01siq9D9ZrErMYz8AuCdqrZ

  History of prenatal alcohol or substance exposure […] Developmental, cognitive, or behavioral concerns […] Intrauterine or postnatal growth deficits (e.g. microcephaly) […] Cardinal dysmorphic facial characteristics associated with FAS are present […] The ND-PAE diagnosis requires evidence of more than minimal prenatal alcohol exposure […] The diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach that leads to diagnoses of an FASD with or without cardinal dysmorphic facial features […] Children who have symptoms that are consistent with an FASD may benefit from having a comprehensive assessment for an FASD by a multidisciplinary team.

• #3 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Early intervention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/early-intervention-children-fetal-alcohol

  Despite the early onset of cross-domain challenges, many children may not be referred for screening until relatively late (if ever), thus missing out on the potential benefit of early intervention. […] The importance of early identification is highlighted by findings that an early diagnosis is one of the strongest predictors of more positive outcomes for these individuals. […] PAE can significantly compromise young children’s early development, particularly their capacity for self-regulation, which in turn may place them well on course for negative developmental trajectories. […] Deficits in self-regulation may confer further vulnerability by compromising early parent-child relationships (and potentially jeopardizing stable placements), impairing a child’s ability to manage stressful situations, and interfering with their mastery of developmentally-appropriate tasks. […] Encouragingly, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that early intervention can at least partially remediate some of the primary deficits associated with PAE.

• #3 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/

  FASD can cause problems with: […] The type of FASD symptoms a baby has and how severe they are is different depending on how often, and how much, the mother drank during pregnancy. The greater the amount of alcohol consumed, the more severe the symptoms tend to be. […] If the condition is not diagnosed early and your child does not receive appropriate support, they’re more likely to experience bigger challenges associated with the condition. […] There is no particular treatment for FASD, and the damage to a child’s brain and body cannot be reversed. But an early diagnosis and support can make a big difference.

• #3 Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Sensory Processing Disorder in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814837/

  The performance-oriented category proposes another set of intervention strategies. Cognitive-based therapies aim to facilitate a child’s learning of an activity by teaching them how to use skill-specific strategies. These therapy strategies aim to improve performance for specific skills and participation by focusing on activity performance improvement.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | HeadStart.gov

  https://headstart.gov/publication/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder

  FASD is a lifelong disability, and the sooner intervention begins, the greater the benefits children experience. […] Babies and children with FASD respond well to early intervention that is matched to the child’s strengths and needs and is supported by a team that includes the family. […] Symptoms may overlap with other conditions, making diagnosis sometimes difficult or delayed. […] Comprehensive early intervention and family support can lead to positive outcomes for children.

• #3 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Common Signs and Symptoms — Catch Collaborative Therapy for Children

  https://www.catchpsychotherapy.org/allposts/2018/12/12/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-common-signs-amp-symptoms

  Because children with FASD are challenging to raise, parents and teachers struggle to help them. As a consequence, the children struggle with poor self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and are at high risk of developing secondary mental health and social disabilities such as depression and substance abuse, school failure, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. […] Early diagnosis is critical because, although the treatment options are limited, the diagnosis helps parents and teachers understand the childs exasperating behaviours and promotes a more sympathetic environment for the child. […] Presently, the diagnosis of FASD requires a multidisciplinary assessment team including a physician, psychologist, occupational therapist and speech-language pathologist. […] Examples of typical problems in functioning and behaviours include: Mastering a new skill one day but not remembering it the following day.

• #4 Overt Physical Symptoms of FAS – Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

  https://sites.duke.edu/fasd/chapter-1-physical-neuropsychological-and-behavioral-manifestations-of-children-with-fasd/overt-physical-symptoms-of-fas/

  The physical effects of exposure of the fetus to alcohol have been well-described. Along with evidence that the mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy, the physical effects associated with FAS include growth retardation, musculoskeletal abnormalities, small head circumference (Microcephaly) and a group of distinctive facial dysmorphologies. […] While very evident during childhood, many of these facial abnormalities tend to diminish with age, and adults with FAS may not exhibit the classic facial dysmorphologies characteristic of this disorder in children. Other physical effects that are not quite as obvious include, reduced vision and visual acuity due to retinal malformations, speech pathologies, and awkward motor control.

• #4 Education & Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Toolkit, FADU, ADAI, UW

  https://adai.uw.edu/fasdtoolkit/educators.htm

  Frequently described as having „low motivation,” „not paying attention,” or „daydreaming” (distractibility). Often perceived as lazy, defiant, or having low self-esteem. […] May be ultrasensitive to noise, light, texture (auditory, visual or tactile defensiveness), and over- or under-sensitive to pain. May ask questions that seem odd or out of context, seem picky, or avoid eye contact (gaze aversion). […] May require frequent re-teaching or seem to be starting from scratch (memory deficits). May be self-conscious about this and worried about being teased or perceived as „stupid” by peers. […] May master tasks one day, but unable to retrieve same skills a few days later (sporadic mastery): „I know I know it, but I just can’t do it!” (memory deficits). Awareness of deficits may cause distresses.

• #4 Signs & Symptoms Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

  https://specialolympicsarizona.org/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-symptoms/

  90% of adults with fetal alcohol syndrome will experience some form of mental health difficulty in their adult lives. These issues include: Attention, distraction, learning, and memory issues. Difficulties with making decisions and planning. Externalizing problems, especially displaying signs of anger and aggression. Internalizing problems, especially issues with anxiety, social anxiety, and OCD-behaviors. 44% of adults with FAS struggle with depression. 40% of adults with FAS have psychotic symptoms. 20% of adults with FAS have anxiety. 20% of adults with FAS have bipolar disorder.

• #4 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in Adults

  https://www.floridarehab.com/alcohol/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-in-adults/

  Because fetal alcohol syndrome affects brain development, there are several neurological symptoms that it can cause. Many of these involve an adults ability to function normally and can cause them to become dependent on others. Some of the neurological symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include: Poor memory, Impaired learning, Particularly poor performance in math, Low IQ, Poor reasoning skills, Vision and hearing problems. […] These symptoms can range in severity from being minorly impairing to making someone completely dependent on others their entire life. […] Unfortunately, the neurological symptoms caused by fetal alcohol syndrome can also lead to behavioral symptoms. These symptoms include: Impulsivity, Hyperactivity, Irritability, Increased sensitivity to stimuli, Mental health problems, like depression. […] Yes, the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome become worse and more obvious as someone ages. By adulthood, most people with fetal alcohol syndrome require help with the basic activities of life and need someone to help keep them safe from impulsive actions.

• #4 Fetal alcohol syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders describes the range of conditions in children caused when the mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. Symptoms vary greatly among children and can include all or a mix of physical, behavioral, and learning and thinking problems. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome includes problems with behavior, learning and thinking. It also involves physical and growth changes that can affect any part of the body. […] Over time the healthcare professional watches for issues with: Physical growth and development. Thinking, learning and language development. Health. Social interaction and behavior. […] Many features seen with fetal alcohol syndrome also may occur in children with other conditions. […] If one child in a family is diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome, it may be important to evaluate siblings for fetal alcohol syndrome if the mother drank alcohol during these pregnancies. […] Early intervention and a stable, nurturing home are important to protect children with fetal alcohol syndrome from some of the other issues they’re at risk of later in life.

• #4 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Alcohol Help

  https://www.alcoholhelp.com/resources/medical-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/

  Each disorder on the fetal alcohol spectrum has specific criteria a child must meet to receive a diagnosis. To obtain a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, a child must meet all of the following: Prenatal or postnatal slower growth, Central nervous system defects, Two of the three following facial features: The inner and outer corners of the eyelids are smaller than average, The upper lip appears thinner than normal, The area between the nose and the upper lip is smooth or without grooves. […] Each child will exhibit symptoms unique to their situation and their mothers alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome treatment plans are based on individual needs.

• #4 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Early intervention | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

  https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd/according-experts/early-intervention-children-fetal-alcohol

  Despite the early onset of cross-domain challenges, many children may not be referred for screening until relatively late (if ever), thus missing out on the potential benefit of early intervention. […] The importance of early identification is highlighted by findings that an early diagnosis is one of the strongest predictors of more positive outcomes for these individuals. […] PAE can significantly compromise young children’s early development, particularly their capacity for self-regulation, which in turn may place them well on course for negative developmental trajectories. […] Deficits in self-regulation may confer further vulnerability by compromising early parent-child relationships (and potentially jeopardizing stable placements), impairing a child’s ability to manage stressful situations, and interfering with their mastery of developmentally-appropriate tasks. […] Encouragingly, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that early intervention can at least partially remediate some of the primary deficits associated with PAE.

• #4 Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Guide for Expecting Parents, Caregivers, and Families | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/blog/understanding-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-guide-expecting-parents-caregivers-families

  People living with FASDs can thrive and live successful, self-directed lives with planned and appropriate support from their families, friends, community and health care systems. However, discriminatory practices lead to FASD disparate outcomes. Bias can affect how FAS is documented in medical records, leading to discrepancies across populations. For instance, a study found that FAS was reported more frequently at a large, inner-city hospital serving underserved populations, whereas it was underreported at a large, suburban hospital. […] Although reports indicate that individuals from underserved, historically marginalized, and under-resourced populations experience higher rates of FASDs, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) women and individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely than White women to receive adequate prenatal care and services for their children.

• #5 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in Adults

  https://www.floridarehab.com/alcohol/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-in-adults/

  Fetal alcohol syndrome typically becomes obvious during childhood and is often diagnosed by its symptoms and a history of alcohol use by the persons mother before their birth. […] Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome that may be noticeable during childhood include: Low birth or developmental weight, Poor coordination, Hyperactivity, Short attention span, Poor memory, Problems learning, Developmental delays, Low level of intellect, Problems sleeping or eating after birth, Hearing problems, Vision problems, Facial deformities at birth. […] Fetal alcohol syndrome is often considered a childhood disease because it is detected in children; however, it is permanent, and its effects last throughout someones entire life. […] While fetal alcohol syndrome is commonly recognized during childhood, its effects last long into adulthood. The signs and symptoms of this condition may change as someone reaches adulthood and impact them more as it affects their independence.

• #5 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

  Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in behavioral problems later in life. These include: Depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and other mental health issues; Alcohol or drug abuse; Inappropriate sexual behaviors; Inability to stay in or finish school; Difficulty living independently or staying employed; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Behavioral problems such as aggression, rule or law-breaking, and inappropriate social conduct; Untimely death by suicide, accident, or homicide. […] Yes. As children with FAS get older, they might develop behavioral problems, have problems learning and retaining information, or struggle with attention and hyperactivity, all of which may worsen as they mature. Fetal alcohol syndrome can also cause milestone (developmental) delays.

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