Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  Colon polyps are growths on the inside lining of your colon (large intestine). Theyre a type of tumor, a cluster or mass of abnormal cells. Polyps are tumors that grow out of the mucous lining inside your hollow organs, like your gastrointestinal tract, your nose or female reproductive organs. […] This is why healthcare providers look for polyps in your colon during a colonoscopy, an exam inside your colon. While polyps arent cancer, almost all colorectal cancer starts from a polyp. […] The best way to find and identify colon polyps is with a colonoscopy. This is an exam that looks inside your colon with a lighted camera. While other types of imaging tests can find colon polyps, a colonoscopy allows a healthcare provider to find and remove polyps during the same procedure. […] Your healthcare provider can pass tools through the colonoscope to remove polyps or take tissue samples during your colonoscopy. They send these samples to a lab for further study. A pathologist examines the polyp samples under a microscope to identify the type and check for cancer cells.

• #2 Colon polyps – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20352875

  Colon polyps don’t usually cause symptoms. It’s important to have regular screening tests because colon polyps found early can usually be removed safely and completely. The best prevention for colorectal cancer is regular screening. […] Most people with colon polyps do not have any symptoms. Colon polyps are often found as a part of routine colorectal cancer screening. […] You should be screened regularly for colorectal cancer if: You’re age 45 or older. You may need to start screening sooner than age 45 depending upon your medical conditions and family history. […] Some colon polyps may become cancerous. The earlier polyps are removed, the less likely it is that they will become cancerous. […] The risk of colon polyps and colorectal cancer may be greatly reduced by having regular screenings.

• #3 Screening Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/screening-fact-sheet

  Most colorectal cancers begin as an abnormal growth, or lesion, in the tissue that lines the inner surface of the colon or rectum. […] Colorectal polyps are common in people older than 50 years of age, and most do not become cancer. However, a certain type of polyp known as an adenoma is more likely to become a cancer. […] Expert medical groups, including the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), strongly recommend screening for colorectal cancer. […] People who are at increased risk of colorectal cancer because of certain inherited conditions (such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis), a family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of advanced polyps, or because they have inflammatory bowel disease may be advised to start screening earlier and/or have more frequent screening.

• #4 Colon polyps – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352881

  Screening tests are important in finding polyps before they become cancerous. These tests also can help find colorectal cancer in its early stages, when you have a good chance of recovery. […] Screening methods include: […] Colonoscopy, in which a small tube with a light and camera is inserted into the rectum to look at the colon. If polyps are found, a healthcare professional may remove them right away or take tissue samples to send to a lab for analysis. […] Virtual colonoscopy, a test that uses a CT scan to view the colon. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy. Like a colonoscopy, this uses a small tube with a light and camera but examines just the last third of the colon. […] Stool-based tests. There are a few of these tests available. One of these checks for blood in the stool and needs to be repeated every year.

• #5 Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878826/

  Colorectal (CR) screening for polyp diagnosis and removal can decrease the incidence of, and reduce mortality from, CRC. […] Given the benefits and effectiveness of screening, guidelines exist from multiple organizations. These guidelines risk-stratify patients based on several factors, including age, family history, and other comorbidities and can provide an approach for initiation of screening and continued surveillance. […] The majority of CRCs are diagnosed in patients with no hereditary component and are considered sporadic cancers. […] The ACS, MSTF, ACR, and the USPSTF currently recommend initial screening for asymptomatic, average-risk patients starting at the age of 50. […] Average-risk individuals have several CR screening options including colonoscopy every 10 years, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, double-contrast barium enema every 5 years, computed tomographic (CT) colonography every 5 years, or annual fecal occult blood testing.

• #6 Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/colorectal-cancer/diagnosis

  Colorectal cancer may be diagnosed during a screening test, which is done before symptoms occur, or as a result of diagnostic testing, which is performed to determine the cause of symptoms. […] Screening guidelines recommend testing starting at age 45 for men and women at average risk. Routine screening can help detect colorectal cancer early or help prevent it altogether. […] Depending on your symptoms, medical history, and physical examination, our specialists may use a number of tests to help diagnose colorectal cancer or another gastrointestinal condition. […] They may include blood tests to check for conditions such as anemia or vitamin deficiency; colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy to examine the colon or rectum; or imaging tests to view the colon, rectum, and abdomen. […] Colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, as well as other screening tests, may be performed to check for colon polyps and cancer in people age 45 and older who are at average risk and have no symptoms.

• #7 Colon Polyp: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-colorectal-polyp-5080136

  Colon polyps are the precursors of colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Because the risk of any particular polyp becoming malignant increases with size, regular screening and early removal is important. […] The American College of Gastroenterology currently recommends that adults age 45 to 75 be screened for colon cancer. This updates previous guidelines, which recommended that screening start at age 50. The decision to be screened after age 75 should be made on an individual basis in consultation with your healthcare provider. […] Several screening tests can be used to find polyps or colorectal cancer, including stool tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and virtual colonoscopy. […] The American College of Gastroenterology recommends colonoscopy and FIT as the primary screening tools for colorectal cancer.

• #8 Screening Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/screening-fact-sheet

  Most colorectal cancers begin as an abnormal growth, or lesion, in the tissue that lines the inner surface of the colon or rectum. […] Colorectal polyps are common in people older than 50 years of age, and most do not become cancer. However, a certain type of polyp known as an adenoma is more likely to become a cancer. […] Expert medical groups, including the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), strongly recommend screening for colorectal cancer. […] People who are at increased risk of colorectal cancer because of certain inherited conditions (such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis), a family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of advanced polyps, or because they have inflammatory bowel disease may be advised to start screening earlier and/or have more frequent screening.

• #9 Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878826/

  The interval of repeat screening is dependent on the initial screening method used and any findings at that time but generally should be repeated every 5 to 10 years. […] If during screening examinations an individual is diagnosed with a premalignant polyp, recommendations for interval surveillance will depend on number and size of polyps that were diagnosed. […] Patients with increased risk should initiate screening earlier and undergo surveillance at shorter intervals than average-risk individuals. […] High-risk individuals include patients with a significant family history of CRC or polyps, those with likely or confirmed hereditary CR cancer syndromes, and those with high-risk medical conditions. […] Patients with hereditary syndromes should initiate screening at a younger age and repeat CR screening at shorter intervals.

• #10 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  Colon polyps are growths on the inside lining of your colon (large intestine). Theyre a type of tumor, a cluster or mass of abnormal cells. Polyps are tumors that grow out of the mucous lining inside your hollow organs, like your gastrointestinal tract, your nose or female reproductive organs. […] This is why healthcare providers look for polyps in your colon during a colonoscopy, an exam inside your colon. While polyps arent cancer, almost all colorectal cancer starts from a polyp. […] The best way to find and identify colon polyps is with a colonoscopy. This is an exam that looks inside your colon with a lighted camera. While other types of imaging tests can find colon polyps, a colonoscopy allows a healthcare provider to find and remove polyps during the same procedure. […] Your healthcare provider can pass tools through the colonoscope to remove polyps or take tissue samples during your colonoscopy. They send these samples to a lab for further study. A pathologist examines the polyp samples under a microscope to identify the type and check for cancer cells.

• #11 Colorectal Polyps: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/colorectal-diseases/colorectal-polyps/treatment

  How Are Colorectal Polyps Diagnosed? […] Colorectal polyps are found through screening tests. These tests play a crucial role in detecting precancerous polyps and preventing colon cancer. […] There are several types of screening tests for colorectal polyps, including: […] During a colonoscopy, a trained specialist (gastroenterologist or colorectal surgeon) will insert a long, thin tube with a light and camera on the end into your rectum and colon. The doctor will look for colorectal polyps and, if found, remove them or a tissue sample to be examined at a laboratory. […] A sample of your feces is examined for traces of blood, and a stool DNA test checks for abnormal genetic changes. If irregularities are found, a colonoscopy will be necessary. […] Once detected, most colorectal polyps are removed during a colonoscopy. […] Removing colorectal polyps is the best way to prevent colon cancer. The leading gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons at NewYork-Presbyterian can recognize the signs and symptoms of colon polyps and provide an expert diagnosis and individualized treatment plan.

• #12 Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878826/

  Colonoscopy is widely considered the gold standard for CR screening, as it allows for both detection and excision of premalignant lesions from the entire colon and rectum. […] Colonoscopy has been rapidly adopted as a preferred screening tool for CRC. […] Colonoscopy remains a procedure with rare but serious complications, and therefore informed consent is imperative. […] If the initial method for CR screening for an average-risk patient was a colonoscopy, ongoing screening and surveillance depends on findings at initial colonoscopy and any applicable histopathology. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) may be a better tolerated alternative to complete colonoscopy. […] Current recommendations for average-risk patients include FS every 5 years with or without fecal occult blood testing annually.

• #13 Colon polyps – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352881

  Screening tests are important in finding polyps before they become cancerous. These tests also can help find colorectal cancer in its early stages, when you have a good chance of recovery. […] Screening methods include: […] Colonoscopy, in which a small tube with a light and camera is inserted into the rectum to look at the colon. If polyps are found, a healthcare professional may remove them right away or take tissue samples to send to a lab for analysis. […] Virtual colonoscopy, a test that uses a CT scan to view the colon. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy. Like a colonoscopy, this uses a small tube with a light and camera but examines just the last third of the colon. […] Stool-based tests. There are a few of these tests available. One of these checks for blood in the stool and needs to be repeated every year.

• #14 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  How Are Colon Polyps Diagnosed? […] Its important to spot polyps early to prevent colorectal cancer. There are several kinds of screening tests. Your doctor can take out polyps during some of them. […] Screening tests for colon polyps include: […] Colonoscopy. About 1-3 days before the test, youll go on a clear liquid diet and take a laxative to clear out your colon. Your doctor will give you medicine so youre not awake during the procedure. They use a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end to look at the inside of your colon. They can also remove most polyps and send them to a lab to check for cancer. This test takes about 30 minutes. […] CT colonography. Also known as a virtual colonoscopy, this uses X-rays and a computer to take pictures of your colon from outside your body. Your doctor cant take polyps out during this test. If they spot any, youll need to have a regular colonoscopy.

• #15 Colon polyps – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352881

  If you have had an adenomatous polyp or a serrated lesion, you are at increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] A healthcare professional is likely to recommend a colonoscopy: […] It’s very important to fully clean out your colon before a colonoscopy. […] If stool remains in the colon and blocks the view of the colon wall, you will likely need another colonoscopy sooner than usual to make sure all polyps are found.

• #16 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  How Are Colon Polyps Diagnosed? […] Its important to spot polyps early to prevent colorectal cancer. There are several kinds of screening tests. Your doctor can take out polyps during some of them. […] Screening tests for colon polyps include: […] Colonoscopy. About 1-3 days before the test, youll go on a clear liquid diet and take a laxative to clear out your colon. Your doctor will give you medicine so youre not awake during the procedure. They use a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end to look at the inside of your colon. They can also remove most polyps and send them to a lab to check for cancer. This test takes about 30 minutes. […] CT colonography. Also known as a virtual colonoscopy, this uses X-rays and a computer to take pictures of your colon from outside your body. Your doctor cant take polyps out during this test. If they spot any, youll need to have a regular colonoscopy.

• #17 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  Are all colon polyps seen on a CT scan? […] Screening CT colonography, sometimes called virtual colonoscopy, uses CT technology to take hundreds of images of your colorectal area. Together, these images give your doctor a detailed view inside your colon and rectum. CT colonography can detect cancer and large polyps at about the same rate as traditional colonoscopy, though it may not be as likely to find smaller polyps. […] You don’t need to be sedated before a virtual colonoscopy. Before you get one, you’ll do the same type of bowel-cleaning prep as you would with a colonoscopy. If your doctor finds polyps that need to be removed, you’ll have that done during a traditional colonoscopy.

• #18 Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878826/

  Current recommendations are to initiate average-risk CR screening with CTC at 50 years of age. […] Recommendations include initiation of CR screening with DCBE at the age of 50 years in average-risk individuals with repeat exam every 5 years if no abnormalities noted. […] gFOBT is recommended for CR screening in average-risk patients starting at the age of 50 years and should be repeated annually. […] iFOBT is recommended for CR screening in average-risk patients starting at the age of 50 years and should be repeated annually. […] Overall, CR screening programs are an effective means for decreasing the incidence of and mortality from CRC.

• #19 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  Flexible sigmoidoscopy. This test is similar to a colonoscopy, but you dont have to do as much bowel prep. You might take medicine that helps you relax during the procedure. Your doctor puts a thin tube with a light into your bottom to look only at the lower part of your colon. If you have a polyp, they can remove it during the test. It takes about 20 minutes. […] Stool tests. A FOBT (fecal occult blood test) and a FIT (fecal immunochemical test) look for tiny traces of blood in your poop. Stool DNA tests check for gene changes. For any of these tests, you collect a poop sample at home and take it to your doctors office or send it to a lab. If the tests find problems, youll need to have a colonoscopy. […] Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema). Before this test, the radiologist will fill your large intestine with a chalky liquid called barium. This makes your colon easier to see during an X-ray.

• #20 Diagnosis of Colon Polyps – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/colon-polyps/diagnosis

  Doctors can find colon polyps only by using certain tests or procedures, such as a colonoscopy or imaging study. […] Your doctor can find colon polyps only by using certain tests or procedures. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy can show irritated or swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer. […] Colonoscopy can show irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers, polyps, and cancer. […] Virtual colonoscopy can show ulcers, polyps, and cancer. […] A lower GI series is also called a barium enema.

• #21 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  Flexible sigmoidoscopy. This test is similar to a colonoscopy, but you dont have to do as much bowel prep. You might take medicine that helps you relax during the procedure. Your doctor puts a thin tube with a light into your bottom to look only at the lower part of your colon. If you have a polyp, they can remove it during the test. It takes about 20 minutes. […] Stool tests. A FOBT (fecal occult blood test) and a FIT (fecal immunochemical test) look for tiny traces of blood in your poop. Stool DNA tests check for gene changes. For any of these tests, you collect a poop sample at home and take it to your doctors office or send it to a lab. If the tests find problems, youll need to have a colonoscopy. […] Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema). Before this test, the radiologist will fill your large intestine with a chalky liquid called barium. This makes your colon easier to see during an X-ray.

• #22 Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests | Sigmoidoscopy & Colonoscopy | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests-used.html

  The most important thing is to get screened, no matter which test you choose. Colonoscopy, a screening test, can even prevent colorectal cancer by finding polyps before they turn into cancer. […] If you choose to be screened with a test other than colonoscopy, any abnormal test result should be followed up with a timely colonoscopy. […] These tests look at the stool (feces) for possible signs of colorectal cancer or polyps, such as small amounts of blood or changes in the DNA or RNA from cells in the stool. […] If the result from a stool-based test is abnormal, you will still need a colonoscopy to see if you have colorectal cancer. […] If the test result is positive (that is, if hidden blood is found), a colonoscopy will be needed to investigate further. […] If a pre-cancerous polyp (an adenoma) or colorectal cancer is found, you’ll need to have a colonoscopy later to look for polyps or cancer in the rest of the colon.

• #23 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  Flexible sigmoidoscopy. This test is similar to a colonoscopy, but you dont have to do as much bowel prep. You might take medicine that helps you relax during the procedure. Your doctor puts a thin tube with a light into your bottom to look only at the lower part of your colon. If you have a polyp, they can remove it during the test. It takes about 20 minutes. […] Stool tests. A FOBT (fecal occult blood test) and a FIT (fecal immunochemical test) look for tiny traces of blood in your poop. Stool DNA tests check for gene changes. For any of these tests, you collect a poop sample at home and take it to your doctors office or send it to a lab. If the tests find problems, youll need to have a colonoscopy. […] Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema). Before this test, the radiologist will fill your large intestine with a chalky liquid called barium. This makes your colon easier to see during an X-ray.

• #24 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  The standard treatment is to remove colon polyps, unless you only have non-neoplastic types. Sometimes, a pathologist must examine them under a microscope before identifying them as neoplastic or non-neoplastic. It may take a week or two for your biopsy results and diagnosis to come back to you. […] Removing neoplastic polyps reduces your risk of developing colorectal cancer by 80%. But once youve had polyps, youre likely to have them again. Your healthcare provider will judge your risk of future polyps based on the polyps youve had before. Theyll schedule your next screening based on that risk.

• #25 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics

  COLON POLYP REMOVAL […] Colorectal cancer is preventable if precancerous polyps (ie, adenomas) are detected and removed before they become malignant (cancerous). Over time, small polyps can change their structure and become cancerous. Polyps are usually removed when they are found on colonoscopy, which reduces the chance for that polyp to become cancerous. […] Procedure — The medical term for removing polyps is polypectomy. Most polypectomies can be performed through a colonoscope. Small polyps can be removed with an instrument that is inserted through the colonoscope. Larger polyps are usually removed by placing a noose, or snare, around the polyp base and burning through it with electric cautery. The cautery also helps to stop bleeding after the polyp is removed. […] Polyp removal is not painful because the lining of the colon does not have the ability to feel pain. In addition, a sedative medication given before the colonoscopy can prevent pain caused by stretching of the colon. Rarely, a polyp will be too large to remove during colonoscopy, which means that a surgical procedure will be needed at a later time.

• #26 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  The standard treatment is to remove colon polyps, unless you only have non-neoplastic types. Sometimes, a pathologist must examine them under a microscope before identifying them as neoplastic or non-neoplastic. It may take a week or two for your biopsy results and diagnosis to come back to you. […] Removing neoplastic polyps reduces your risk of developing colorectal cancer by 80%. But once youve had polyps, youre likely to have them again. Your healthcare provider will judge your risk of future polyps based on the polyps youve had before. Theyll schedule your next screening based on that risk.

• #27 Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/42026

  Adenomatous polyps are non-invasive tumours of epithelial cells arising from the mucosa with the potential to become malignant. […] The probability of high grade dysplasia and carcinomatous transformation increases with polyp size, a villous component, when there are many polyps or the age at diagnosis is more than 60 years. […] The neoplasia is considered to be advanced when polyp size is 1 cm or more, there is a villous component or a high degree of dysplasia. […] The prevalence of cancerous polyps in series of endoscopically removed polyps is between 0.2% and 11%. […] Currently, screening programs allow the detection and treatment of a great number of adenomas and malignant polyps, and this contributes to a reduction of the mortality by colorectal cancer (CRC). […] During screening programmes, adenocarcinomas have been detected in between 3% – 4.6% of those who undergo colonoscopy following a positive immunological faecal occult blood test result.

• #28 Colorectal polyp – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_polyp

  Colorectal polyps can be detected using a faecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, digital rectal examination, barium enema or a pill camera. […] Malignant potential is associated with degree of dysplasia […] Type of polyp (e.g. villous adenoma): Tubular adenoma: 5% risk of cancer, Tubulovillous adenoma: 20% risk of cancer, Villous adenoma: 40% risk of cancer. […] Size of polyp: 1 cm = 1% risk of cancer, 1.2 cm = 10% risk of cancer, 2 cm = 50% risk of cancer. […] Normally an adenoma that is greater than 0.5 cm is treated.

• #29 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=search&uid=1344&vmd=Full

  The NICE classification has shown to be useful in assessing the most clinically relevant approaches: leave hyperplastic diminutive polyps of the rectal and sigmoid colon, remove adenomas/superficial adenocarcinomas and proximal hyperplastic polyps, and biopsy and refer to surgery lesions with deep submucosal invasion. […] Clinical interest in serrated polyps has increased in recent years, as up to 30% of all colorectal cancers have been shown to arise from these polyps. […] The introduction of a systematic approach in order to transfer the research findings into patient care is the next important step. […] The ASGE PIVI working group established a priori diagnostic thresholds for real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. […] The endoscopists level of confidence is a crucial factor in optical diagnosis.

• #30 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl17137

  The NICE classification has shown to be useful in assessing the most clinically relevant approaches: leave hyperplastic diminutive polyps of the rectal and sigmoid colon, remove adenomas/superficial adenocarcinomas and proximal hyperplastic polyps, and biopsy and refer to surgery lesions with deep submucosal invasion. […] Clinical interest in serrated polyps has increased in recent years, as up to 30% of all colorectal cancers have been shown to arise from these polyps. […] The introduction of a systematic approach in order to transfer the research findings into patient care is the next important step. […] The ASGE PIVI working group established a priori diagnostic thresholds for real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. […] The endoscopists level of confidence is a crucial factor in optical diagnosis.

• #31 Colorectal polyp – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_polyp

  Colorectal polyps can be detected using a faecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, digital rectal examination, barium enema or a pill camera. […] Malignant potential is associated with degree of dysplasia […] Type of polyp (e.g. villous adenoma): Tubular adenoma: 5% risk of cancer, Tubulovillous adenoma: 20% risk of cancer, Villous adenoma: 40% risk of cancer. […] Size of polyp: 1 cm = 1% risk of cancer, 1.2 cm = 10% risk of cancer, 2 cm = 50% risk of cancer. […] Normally an adenoma that is greater than 0.5 cm is treated.

• #32 Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/42026

  Adenomatous polyps are non-invasive tumours of epithelial cells arising from the mucosa with the potential to become malignant. […] The probability of high grade dysplasia and carcinomatous transformation increases with polyp size, a villous component, when there are many polyps or the age at diagnosis is more than 60 years. […] The neoplasia is considered to be advanced when polyp size is 1 cm or more, there is a villous component or a high degree of dysplasia. […] The prevalence of cancerous polyps in series of endoscopically removed polyps is between 0.2% and 11%. […] Currently, screening programs allow the detection and treatment of a great number of adenomas and malignant polyps, and this contributes to a reduction of the mortality by colorectal cancer (CRC). […] During screening programmes, adenocarcinomas have been detected in between 3% – 4.6% of those who undergo colonoscopy following a positive immunological faecal occult blood test result.

• #33 Should You Be Concerned About Colon Polyps?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2023/01/when-to-worry-about-colon-polyps

  Not all polyps pose a higher risk for colorectal cancer. But some colon cancers may start as polyps. So, the more polyps you have, the higher your cancer risk. […] Size matters when it comes to colon polyps and cancer risk. A polyp bigger than 10 millimeters3/8ths of an inchis considered more concerning than anything smaller. […] Not all polyps become cancers, but certain types are more likely to turn cancerous. […] Doctors snip off polyps during the colonoscopy in a surgical procedure called a polypectomy, using a with a scraping tool attached to the end of a colonoscope. […] But some colon polyps may grow back. Nearly one in three people whove had polyps removed develop new ones. […] At City of Hope, we understand that no two patients are alike and that diagnosing and treating colorectal cancer requires personalized options that are very specific that need to be individualized to each patients disease. […] GI Genius essentially gives doctors a high-tech second opinion to better identify suspicious polyps, and as well as potential adenomas and cancerous or precancerous lesions in the colon.

• #34 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=search&uid=1344&vmd=Full

  In the last few years, interest in the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps has increased among gastroenterologists. Several studies have shown that the optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps is safe and feasible in routine clinical practice and is comparable to histopathology. […] The replacement of routine postpolypectomy pathological analysis of diminutive polyps with real time endoscopic optical diagnosis, also known as the predict-resect-and-discard strategy, is an attractive, cost-effective approach to colorectal cancer screening which reduces the time associated with post-polypectomy specimen retrieval and the cost of histopathology. […] A number of studies, including several meta-analyses, have shown that optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps is safe and feasible in routine clinical practice and comparable to the current reference standard, histopathology.

• #35 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl17137

  In the last few years, interest in the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps has increased among gastroenterologists. Several studies have shown that the optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps is safe and feasible in routine clinical practice and is comparable to histopathology. […] The Narrow-band Imaging International Colorectal Endoscopic Classification provides a validated criterion for the classification of neoplastic and nonneoplastic polyps as well as polyps with deep submucosal invasion using narrow band imaging during real-time colonoscopy. […] A number of studies, including several meta-analyses, have shown that optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps is safe and feasible in routine clinical practice and comparable to the current reference standard, histopathology.

• #36 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=search&uid=1344&vmd=Full

  The NICE classification is the only validated criterion for NBI with and without magnification that describes real-time differentiation of nonneoplastic and neoplastic colorectal polyps, as well as lesions with deep submucosal invasion. […] Several studies in the literature have convincingly shown that white light alone is not sufficient for optical diagnosis, since the diagnostic accuracy achieved is significantly lower than with histopathology. […] Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps can improve the cost-effectiveness of screening colonoscopy. It avoids the cost of a pathology examination, improves efficiency related to the follow-up care, and reduces patients anxiety, as they no longer have to wait for the pathology results.

• #37 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl17137

  The NICE classification is the only validated criterion for NBI with and without magnification that describes real-time differentiation of nonneoplastic and neoplastic colorectal polyps, as well as lesions with deep submucosal invasion. […] It is important to use standardized diagnostic criteria for colorectal polyp histopathology. […] Several studies in the literature have convincingly shown that white light alone is not sufficient for optical diagnosis, since the diagnostic accuracy achieved is significantly lower than with histopathology. […] The implementation of optical diagnosis requires participants to recognize that learning is experiential: a cyclic process of doing, noticing, questioning, reflecting, exploring concepts and models, and then doing again only doing it better the next time. […] Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps can improve the cost-effectiveness of screening colonoscopy. It avoids the cost of a pathology examination, improves efficiency related to the follow-up care, and reduces patients anxiety, as they no longer have to wait for the pathology results.

• #38 Polyp Classification: NICE – Endoscopy Campus

  https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/classifications/polyp-classification-nice/

  The NICE (NBI International Colorectal Endoscopic) Classification is based on narrow-band images of colon polyps. The classification uses staining, vascular patterns, and surface patterns to distinguish between hyperplastic and adenomatous colon polyps. Clinically, the classification is used for small polyps ( 5 mm or 10 mm). […] This classification can be applied using colonoscopes both with or without optical (zoom) magnification. […] The presence of high grade dysplasia or superficial submucosal carcinoma may be suggested by an irregular vessel or surface pattern, and is often associated with atypical morphology (e.g., depressed area).

• #39 Computer-aided diagnosis of colorectal polyps using linked color imaging colonoscopy to predict histology | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39416-7

  We developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on linked color imaging (LCI) images to predict the histological results of polyps by analyzing the colors of the lesions. […] The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of this novel CAD system for the training set were 87.0%, 87.1%, 87.0%, 93.1%, and 76.9%, respectively. […] The CAD system identified adenomatous or non-adenomatous polyps in the test set with an accuracy of 78.4%, a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 70.1%, a PPV of 82.6%, and an NPV of 71.2%. […] A novel CAD system based on LCI could be a rapid and powerful decision-making tool for endoscopists. […] Therefore, the accurate differentiation between adenomatous polyps and non-adenomatous lesions in vivo during colonoscopy is of significant clinical meaning.

• #40 Computer-aided diagnosis of colorectal polyps using linked color imaging colonoscopy to predict histology | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39416-7

  This study demonstrated that the LCI-CAD system has a promising diagnostic potential to predict the histopathology of colorectal polyps based on color analysis, with comparable accuracy to the eyes of human experts. […] The sensitivity of the CAD was 83.3%; the 17.4% of adenomas that were inaccurately differentiated using the CAD may be explained by the observational distance when we evaluated the lesions under the LCI model as well as yellow intestinal fluid covering the lesion due to inadequate bowel preparation, thus generating a false-negative analysis. […] The CAD system achieved an accuracy of 87.0% during the training process and 78.4% for the test set of polyps. […] The area under the curve was quite large with sensitivity and specificity, which may be associated with the fact that a novel CAD system based on LCI could be a rapid and powerful decision-making tool for endoscopists.

• #41 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment planning for colorectal polyps using a deep-learning model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56697-0

  We aimed to develop a computer-aided diagnostic system (CAD) for predicting colorectal polyp histology using deep-learning technology and to validate its performance. […] The overall kappa value measuring the agreement between the true polyp histology and the expected histology by the CAD was 0.6140.642, which was higher than that of trainees (n=6, endoscopists with experience of 100 NBI colonoscopies in 6 months; 0.3680.401) and almost comparable with that of the experts (n=3, endoscopists with experience of 2,500 NBI colonoscopies in 5 years) (0.6490.735). […] The overall diagnostic accuracy of the CAD was 81.382.4%, which was significantly higher than that of the trainees (63.871.8%, P0.01) and comparable with that of experts (82.487.3%). […] CAD using a deep-learning model can accurately assess polyp histology and may facilitate the diagnosis of colorectal polyps by endoscopists.

• #42 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment planning for colorectal polyps using a deep-learning model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56697-0

  The CAD correctly classified 148 images (81.3%). […] The overall Cohens kappa value for the CAD was 0.614 (95% CI, 0.4880.730), implying substantial agreement between the actual and predicted histological diagnoses. […] The CAD showed a better performance compared to trainees and a slightly inferior or comparable performance to that of experts. […] The diagnostic performance of the CAD was comparable to that of expert endoscopists and better than that of trainees. […] Real-time histological assessment of colorectal polyps by the CAD may enhance endoscopists decision-making and confidence in the selection of appropriate treatment plans.

• #43 Computer-aided diagnosis of colorectal polyps using linked color imaging colonoscopy to predict histology | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39416-7

  We developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on linked color imaging (LCI) images to predict the histological results of polyps by analyzing the colors of the lesions. […] The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of this novel CAD system for the training set were 87.0%, 87.1%, 87.0%, 93.1%, and 76.9%, respectively. […] The CAD system identified adenomatous or non-adenomatous polyps in the test set with an accuracy of 78.4%, a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 70.1%, a PPV of 82.6%, and an NPV of 71.2%. […] A novel CAD system based on LCI could be a rapid and powerful decision-making tool for endoscopists. […] Therefore, the accurate differentiation between adenomatous polyps and non-adenomatous lesions in vivo during colonoscopy is of significant clinical meaning.

• #44 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment planning for colorectal polyps using a deep-learning model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56697-0

  We aimed to develop a computer-aided diagnostic system (CAD) for predicting colorectal polyp histology using deep-learning technology and to validate its performance. […] The overall kappa value measuring the agreement between the true polyp histology and the expected histology by the CAD was 0.6140.642, which was higher than that of trainees (n=6, endoscopists with experience of 100 NBI colonoscopies in 6 months; 0.3680.401) and almost comparable with that of the experts (n=3, endoscopists with experience of 2,500 NBI colonoscopies in 5 years) (0.6490.735). […] The overall diagnostic accuracy of the CAD was 81.382.4%, which was significantly higher than that of the trainees (63.871.8%, P0.01) and comparable with that of experts (82.487.3%). […] CAD using a deep-learning model can accurately assess polyp histology and may facilitate the diagnosis of colorectal polyps by endoscopists.

• #45 Computer-aided diagnosis of colorectal polyps using linked color imaging colonoscopy to predict histology | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39416-7

  We developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on linked color imaging (LCI) images to predict the histological results of polyps by analyzing the colors of the lesions. […] The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of this novel CAD system for the training set were 87.0%, 87.1%, 87.0%, 93.1%, and 76.9%, respectively. […] The CAD system identified adenomatous or non-adenomatous polyps in the test set with an accuracy of 78.4%, a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 70.1%, a PPV of 82.6%, and an NPV of 71.2%. […] A novel CAD system based on LCI could be a rapid and powerful decision-making tool for endoscopists. […] Therefore, the accurate differentiation between adenomatous polyps and non-adenomatous lesions in vivo during colonoscopy is of significant clinical meaning.

• #46 Computer-aided diagnosis of colorectal polyps using linked color imaging colonoscopy to predict histology | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39416-7

  This study demonstrated that the LCI-CAD system has a promising diagnostic potential to predict the histopathology of colorectal polyps based on color analysis, with comparable accuracy to the eyes of human experts. […] The sensitivity of the CAD was 83.3%; the 17.4% of adenomas that were inaccurately differentiated using the CAD may be explained by the observational distance when we evaluated the lesions under the LCI model as well as yellow intestinal fluid covering the lesion due to inadequate bowel preparation, thus generating a false-negative analysis. […] The CAD system achieved an accuracy of 87.0% during the training process and 78.4% for the test set of polyps. […] The area under the curve was quite large with sensitivity and specificity, which may be associated with the fact that a novel CAD system based on LCI could be a rapid and powerful decision-making tool for endoscopists.

• #47 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment planning for colorectal polyps using a deep-learning model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56697-0

  The CAD correctly classified 148 images (81.3%). […] The overall Cohens kappa value for the CAD was 0.614 (95% CI, 0.4880.730), implying substantial agreement between the actual and predicted histological diagnoses. […] The CAD showed a better performance compared to trainees and a slightly inferior or comparable performance to that of experts. […] The diagnostic performance of the CAD was comparable to that of expert endoscopists and better than that of trainees. […] Real-time histological assessment of colorectal polyps by the CAD may enhance endoscopists decision-making and confidence in the selection of appropriate treatment plans.

• #48 Colon Capsule Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Colon Polyps: Who Needs a Colonoscopy?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2093

  Colon screening programs have reduced colon cancer mortality. […] A number of carefully controlled studies concur that second-generation capsule endoscopy has excellent sensitivity for polyp detection and a high negative predictive value. […] Colon capsules fulfill the screening expectation of safety, high sensitivity for polyp detection, and patient acceptance, and appear to straddle the divide between occult blood testing and colonoscopy. […] Overall, colon capsules are an invaluable tool in polyp detection and colon screening and offer a filter that determines “who needs a colonoscopy?”. […] The procedure is the recognized gold standard for the diagnosis of colon polyps and early-stage cancer but fails the criteria for acceptable and widespread population screening. […] In 2006, the first-generation of colon capsule CCE-1 was introduced.

• #49 Colon Capsule Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Colon Polyps: Who Needs a Colonoscopy?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2093

  Rokkas et al. reported a meta-analysis of polyp detection with CCE-1 in detecting colonic polyps. […] The pooled data showed per-patient CCE sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 89%. […] In 2009, Eliakim et al. reported the first controlled CCE-2 study, which comprised 98 patients. […] The per-patient CCE-2 sensitivity for polyps ≥6 mm was 89% and for ≥10 mm it was 88%. […] In 2016, Spada et al. conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the accuracy of first- and second-generation CCE in the detection of colorectal polyps. […] CCE-2 detected polyps ≥6 mm with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 88.1%. […] These studies assessing the accuracy of CCE in diagnosing colonic polypoid lesions clearly demonstrate that CCE-2 has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for its use to be considered for colon polyp screening and surveillance and determining who needs an interventional colonoscopy.

• #50 Colon Capsule Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Colon Polyps: Who Needs a Colonoscopy?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/9/2093

  Colon screening programs have reduced colon cancer mortality. […] A number of carefully controlled studies concur that second-generation capsule endoscopy has excellent sensitivity for polyp detection and a high negative predictive value. […] Colon capsules fulfill the screening expectation of safety, high sensitivity for polyp detection, and patient acceptance, and appear to straddle the divide between occult blood testing and colonoscopy. […] Overall, colon capsules are an invaluable tool in polyp detection and colon screening and offer a filter that determines “who needs a colonoscopy?”. […] The procedure is the recognized gold standard for the diagnosis of colon polyps and early-stage cancer but fails the criteria for acceptable and widespread population screening. […] In 2006, the first-generation of colon capsule CCE-1 was introduced.

• #51 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics

  COLON POLYP REMOVAL […] Colorectal cancer is preventable if precancerous polyps (ie, adenomas) are detected and removed before they become malignant (cancerous). Over time, small polyps can change their structure and become cancerous. Polyps are usually removed when they are found on colonoscopy, which reduces the chance for that polyp to become cancerous. […] Procedure — The medical term for removing polyps is polypectomy. Most polypectomies can be performed through a colonoscope. Small polyps can be removed with an instrument that is inserted through the colonoscope. Larger polyps are usually removed by placing a noose, or snare, around the polyp base and burning through it with electric cautery. The cautery also helps to stop bleeding after the polyp is removed. […] Polyp removal is not painful because the lining of the colon does not have the ability to feel pain. In addition, a sedative medication given before the colonoscopy can prevent pain caused by stretching of the colon. Rarely, a polyp will be too large to remove during colonoscopy, which means that a surgical procedure will be needed at a later time.

• #52 Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/42026

  The type of polyp and its morphology can guide the endoscopist towards its potential malignancy. […] In such suspicious lesions, as well as in flat or depressed lesions, diagnosis can be carried out using chromoendoscopy and magnification techniques that can highlight abnormalities of glandular cytoarchitecture and reveal information concerning the extent of submucosal invasion. […] The success of treatment of a malignant polyp depends on the complete resection by polypectomy or surgical intervention. […] When en-bloc removal of a polyp is performed, it is possible to assess the depth of infiltration of the tumour cells and whether the margin is affected. […] In a meta-analysis it was found that ESD en-bloc resection is achieved in 84.9% of lesions, and clear vertical and lateral margins are achieved in 75.3% of cases.

• #53 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics

  COLON POLYP REMOVAL […] Colorectal cancer is preventable if precancerous polyps (ie, adenomas) are detected and removed before they become malignant (cancerous). Over time, small polyps can change their structure and become cancerous. Polyps are usually removed when they are found on colonoscopy, which reduces the chance for that polyp to become cancerous. […] Procedure — The medical term for removing polyps is polypectomy. Most polypectomies can be performed through a colonoscope. Small polyps can be removed with an instrument that is inserted through the colonoscope. Larger polyps are usually removed by placing a noose, or snare, around the polyp base and burning through it with electric cautery. The cautery also helps to stop bleeding after the polyp is removed. […] Polyp removal is not painful because the lining of the colon does not have the ability to feel pain. In addition, a sedative medication given before the colonoscopy can prevent pain caused by stretching of the colon. Rarely, a polyp will be too large to remove during colonoscopy, which means that a surgical procedure will be needed at a later time.

• #54 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  The standard treatment is to remove colon polyps, unless you only have non-neoplastic types. Sometimes, a pathologist must examine them under a microscope before identifying them as neoplastic or non-neoplastic. It may take a week or two for your biopsy results and diagnosis to come back to you. […] Removing neoplastic polyps reduces your risk of developing colorectal cancer by 80%. But once youve had polyps, youre likely to have them again. Your healthcare provider will judge your risk of future polyps based on the polyps youve had before. Theyll schedule your next screening based on that risk.

• #55 Colon Polyps Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/colon-polyps/diagnosis.html

  Most doctors agree that if you’ve had one or more adenomatous polyps removed, you probably need regular follow-up colonoscopy exams every few years. This type of polyp is more likely to turn into cancer. But that risk is still very low. […] How often you need a colonoscopy may depend on the number and size of the polyps, your age, your health, and other risk factors that you may have for polyps. Talk with your doctor about the follow-up testing schedule that is right for you.

• #56 Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878826/

  The interval of repeat screening is dependent on the initial screening method used and any findings at that time but generally should be repeated every 5 to 10 years. […] If during screening examinations an individual is diagnosed with a premalignant polyp, recommendations for interval surveillance will depend on number and size of polyps that were diagnosed. […] Patients with increased risk should initiate screening earlier and undergo surveillance at shorter intervals than average-risk individuals. […] High-risk individuals include patients with a significant family history of CRC or polyps, those with likely or confirmed hereditary CR cancer syndromes, and those with high-risk medical conditions. […] Patients with hereditary syndromes should initiate screening at a younger age and repeat CR screening at shorter intervals.

• #57 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics/print

  People with adenomatous polyps have an increased risk of developing more polyps. […] There is a 25 to 30 percent chance that adenomas will be present on a repeat colonoscopy done three years after the initial polypectomy. […] After polyps are removed, repeat colonoscopy is recommended. […] The exact time interval for follow-up varies depending upon several factors: […] Microscopic characteristics of the polyp. […] Number and size of the polyps. […] Whether it was possible to examine the entire colon. […] Ability to see the colon during the colonoscopy. […] Screening saves lives. […] Persons who undergo regular screening for colon cancer are much less likely to die from colon cancer. […] Following the screening guidelines can also prevent people from developing colon cancer.

• #58 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics/print

  People with adenomatous polyps have an increased risk of developing more polyps. […] There is a 25 to 30 percent chance that adenomas will be present on a repeat colonoscopy done three years after the initial polypectomy. […] After polyps are removed, repeat colonoscopy is recommended. […] The exact time interval for follow-up varies depending upon several factors: […] Microscopic characteristics of the polyp. […] Number and size of the polyps. […] Whether it was possible to examine the entire colon. […] Ability to see the colon during the colonoscopy. […] Screening saves lives. […] Persons who undergo regular screening for colon cancer are much less likely to die from colon cancer. […] Following the screening guidelines can also prevent people from developing colon cancer.

• #59 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics

  Complications — Polypectomy is safe although it has a few potential risks and complications. The most common complications are bleeding and perforation (creating a hole in the colon). Fortunately, this occurs infrequently (one in 1000 patients having colonoscopy). Bleeding can usually be controlled during colonoscopy by cauterizing (applying heat) to the bleeding site; surgery is sometimes required for perforation.

• #60 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics

  Complications — Polypectomy is safe although it has a few potential risks and complications. The most common complications are bleeding and perforation (creating a hole in the colon). Fortunately, this occurs infrequently (one in 1000 patients having colonoscopy). Bleeding can usually be controlled during colonoscopy by cauterizing (applying heat) to the bleeding site; surgery is sometimes required for perforation.

• #61 Hidden polyps could provide earlier diagnosis of colon cancer

  https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/30816/hidden-polyps-colon-cancer/

  New findings may help explain why patients with clean colonoscopies go on to develop colon cancer. […] The most common method of screening is a colonoscopy, where doctors use a flexible scope to examine the colon. However, certain cancer-causing polyps can be easily missed during these examinations. […] Now it is clear that these hidden polyps might be responsible for up to 30 to 40 percent of colon cancers that develop later, he said. […] Because of these telltale markers identifying the polyps, Dr Jones said, it would be possible to create a diagnostic test to analyse faecal samples to look for these changes prior to a colonoscopy. If changes are present, it would be a way for the doctors to know to look for a hiding polyp, said Jones. […] The next phase is to look at how the changes in BRAF cause this cascade leading to cancer, he said. This was a huge step in the right direction that could have clinical relevance for patients in a meaningful way.

• #62 Hidden polyps could provide earlier diagnosis of colon cancer

  https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/30816/hidden-polyps-colon-cancer/

  New findings may help explain why patients with clean colonoscopies go on to develop colon cancer. […] The most common method of screening is a colonoscopy, where doctors use a flexible scope to examine the colon. However, certain cancer-causing polyps can be easily missed during these examinations. […] Now it is clear that these hidden polyps might be responsible for up to 30 to 40 percent of colon cancers that develop later, he said. […] Because of these telltale markers identifying the polyps, Dr Jones said, it would be possible to create a diagnostic test to analyse faecal samples to look for these changes prior to a colonoscopy. If changes are present, it would be a way for the doctors to know to look for a hiding polyp, said Jones. […] The next phase is to look at how the changes in BRAF cause this cascade leading to cancer, he said. This was a huge step in the right direction that could have clinical relevance for patients in a meaningful way.

• #63 Screening Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/screening-fact-sheet

  Several different screening tests are available that can help doctors find colorectal cancer before symptoms begin, when it may be more treatable. Some of these tests also allow adenomas and polyps to be found and removed before they become cancer. […] If an abnormality is found during a standard colonoscopy it will be removed (polypectomy) or a biopsy performed, and the cells will be examined to see if cancer is present. […] Researchers are continuing to improve the sensitivity of stool-based screening for detecting advanced adenomatous polyps, which can potentially become colorectal cancer, by testing for the presence of other (non-DNA) types of biomarkers.

• #64 Colon Polyp Guide: Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention – Blog

  https://communityclinicaltrials.com/blogs/from-diagnosis-to-treatment-a-comprehensive-guide-to-managing-colon-polyps

  The timing of these follow-up exams depends on factors such as the number, size, and type of polyps found, as well as the patient’s individual risk factors for colorectal cancer. […] For patients with polyps that are found to be cancerous, additional treatment may be necessary. […] Clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing the understanding, prevention, and treatment of colon polyps and colorectal cancer. […] By participating in clinical trials, patients with colon polyps or colorectal cancer can gain access to innovative treatments that are not yet widely available, while also contributing to the advancement of medical knowledge.

• #65 Colon Polyp Guide: Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention – Blog

  https://communityclinicaltrials.com/blogs/from-diagnosis-to-treatment-a-comprehensive-guide-to-managing-colon-polyps

  The timing of these follow-up exams depends on factors such as the number, size, and type of polyps found, as well as the patient’s individual risk factors for colorectal cancer. […] For patients with polyps that are found to be cancerous, additional treatment may be necessary. […] Clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing the understanding, prevention, and treatment of colon polyps and colorectal cancer. […] By participating in clinical trials, patients with colon polyps or colorectal cancer can gain access to innovative treatments that are not yet widely available, while also contributing to the advancement of medical knowledge.

• #66 Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6878826/

  Colonoscopy is widely considered the gold standard for CR screening, as it allows for both detection and excision of premalignant lesions from the entire colon and rectum. […] Colonoscopy has been rapidly adopted as a preferred screening tool for CRC. […] Colonoscopy remains a procedure with rare but serious complications, and therefore informed consent is imperative. […] If the initial method for CR screening for an average-risk patient was a colonoscopy, ongoing screening and surveillance depends on findings at initial colonoscopy and any applicable histopathology. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) may be a better tolerated alternative to complete colonoscopy. […] Current recommendations for average-risk patients include FS every 5 years with or without fecal occult blood testing annually.

• #67 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  Colon polyps are growths on the inside lining of your colon (large intestine). Theyre a type of tumor, a cluster or mass of abnormal cells. Polyps are tumors that grow out of the mucous lining inside your hollow organs, like your gastrointestinal tract, your nose or female reproductive organs. […] This is why healthcare providers look for polyps in your colon during a colonoscopy, an exam inside your colon. While polyps arent cancer, almost all colorectal cancer starts from a polyp. […] The best way to find and identify colon polyps is with a colonoscopy. This is an exam that looks inside your colon with a lighted camera. While other types of imaging tests can find colon polyps, a colonoscopy allows a healthcare provider to find and remove polyps during the same procedure. […] Your healthcare provider can pass tools through the colonoscope to remove polyps or take tissue samples during your colonoscopy. They send these samples to a lab for further study. A pathologist examines the polyp samples under a microscope to identify the type and check for cancer cells.

• #68 Optical Diagnosis for Colorectal Polyps: A Useful Technique Now or in the Future?

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=search&uid=1344&vmd=Full

  In the last few years, interest in the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps has increased among gastroenterologists. Several studies have shown that the optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps is safe and feasible in routine clinical practice and is comparable to histopathology. […] The replacement of routine postpolypectomy pathological analysis of diminutive polyps with real time endoscopic optical diagnosis, also known as the predict-resect-and-discard strategy, is an attractive, cost-effective approach to colorectal cancer screening which reduces the time associated with post-polypectomy specimen retrieval and the cost of histopathology. […] A number of studies, including several meta-analyses, have shown that optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps is safe and feasible in routine clinical practice and comparable to the current reference standard, histopathology.

• #69 Optical Diagnosis of Small Colorectal Polyp Histology with High-Definition Colonoscopy Using Narrow Band Imaging

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5946/ce.2013.46.2.120

  The most favorable aspect of NBI compared to other technologies in optical diagnosis like chromoendoscopy, confocal endomicroscopy, and spectroscopy is that it is easy to use, hassle free and does not require excessive capital investment as it is already incorporated into the current generation of colonoscopes. […] The major obstacle will be the perceived medicolegal liability by the gastroenterologists as they bear the responsibility of characterizing the polyp histology instead of the pathologists. […] In conclusion, optical diagnosis of colon polyps with NBI has been studied extensively over the last decade.

• #70 Colon polyps – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20352875

  Colon polyps don’t usually cause symptoms. It’s important to have regular screening tests because colon polyps found early can usually be removed safely and completely. The best prevention for colorectal cancer is regular screening. […] Most people with colon polyps do not have any symptoms. Colon polyps are often found as a part of routine colorectal cancer screening. […] You should be screened regularly for colorectal cancer if: You’re age 45 or older. You may need to start screening sooner than age 45 depending upon your medical conditions and family history. […] Some colon polyps may become cancerous. The earlier polyps are removed, the less likely it is that they will become cancerous. […] The risk of colon polyps and colorectal cancer may be greatly reduced by having regular screenings.

• #71 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics/print

  People with adenomatous polyps have an increased risk of developing more polyps. […] There is a 25 to 30 percent chance that adenomas will be present on a repeat colonoscopy done three years after the initial polypectomy. […] After polyps are removed, repeat colonoscopy is recommended. […] The exact time interval for follow-up varies depending upon several factors: […] Microscopic characteristics of the polyp. […] Number and size of the polyps. […] Whether it was possible to examine the entire colon. […] Ability to see the colon during the colonoscopy. […] Screening saves lives. […] Persons who undergo regular screening for colon cancer are much less likely to die from colon cancer. […] Following the screening guidelines can also prevent people from developing colon cancer.

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