Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prescription drug abuse – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20376813

  Prescription drug abuse is the use of a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. […] Early identification of prescription drug abuse and early intervention may prevent the problem from turning into an addiction. […] Talk with your health care provider if you think you may have a problem with prescription drug use. […] Prescription drug abuse is highest among teens and young adults. […] Prescription drug abuse in older adults is a growing problem, especially when they combine drugs with alcohol. […] Because commonly abused prescription drugs activate the brain’s reward center, it’s possible to develop physical dependence and addiction. […] People who are addicted to a drug can have physical dependence, but they also compulsively seek a drug and continue to use it even when that drug causes major problems in their lives.

• #2 Prescription drug abuse | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse?content_id=CON-20376792

  Prescription drug abuse is the use of a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. […] Early identification of prescription drug abuse and early intervention may prevent the problem from turning into an addiction. […] Doctors generally base a diagnosis of prescription drug abuse on medical history and answers to other questions. In some cases, certain signs and symptoms also provide clues. […] Blood or urine tests can detect many types of drugs. These tests can also help track the progress of a person who’s getting treatment.

• #3 Prescription drug abuse | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse?content_id=CON-20376792

  Prescription drug abuse is the use of a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. […] Early identification of prescription drug abuse and early intervention may prevent the problem from turning into an addiction. […] Doctors generally base a diagnosis of prescription drug abuse on medical history and answers to other questions. In some cases, certain signs and symptoms also provide clues. […] Blood or urine tests can detect many types of drugs. These tests can also help track the progress of a person who’s getting treatment.

• #4 How To Recognize and Overcome Prescription Medication Addiction

  https://www.lotusbh.org/post/prescription-medication-addiction

  Diagnosing prescription medication abuse generally involves a thorough assessment of the patient’s medical history, along with responses to specific questions regarding their drug use habits. […] In some instances, certain signs and symptoms can provide additional clues to confirming a diagnosis. For instance, drastic changes in behavior, mood swings, or significant weight loss could indicate a potential problem. […] Doctors often employ various tests to detect drug use. Blood or urine tests can detect many types of drugs and can be particularly useful in tracking the progress of someone undergoing treatment for prescription drug addiction. […] Withdrawal from prescription drugs, depending on the type and usage, may be necessary as part of treatment. […] The process can be difficult and potentially dangerous, and should therefore be conducted under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

• #5 Prescription drug addiction: In depth | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/prescription-drug-addiction-depth

  Prescription drug addiction arises when individuals misuse medications that are often prescribed to alleviate pain, anxiety, or attention disorders. […] Symptoms of prescription drug addiction will depend on the type of drug to which the person is addicted. However, symptoms that are common to all prescription drug addictions include taking a higher dose of the medication than what the doctor prescribed or taking the medication more frequently than called for by the prescription. […] Diagnosis of prescription drug addiction is usually based on the patients symptoms and medical history. […] Health care providers may screen patients by asking about past or present substance use or abuse, and by asking about current medication use, including the dosage, frequency, reason for use, and for what period of time the person has been taking the medication. […] Pharmacists can help screen patients for prescription drug addiction by checking prescriptions closely to see if they may have been forged or modified and by watching for multiple prescriptions from different doctors.

• #6 How To Recognize and Overcome Prescription Medication Addiction

  https://www.lotusbh.org/post/prescription-medication-addiction

  Diagnosing prescription medication abuse generally involves a thorough assessment of the patient’s medical history, along with responses to specific questions regarding their drug use habits. […] In some instances, certain signs and symptoms can provide additional clues to confirming a diagnosis. For instance, drastic changes in behavior, mood swings, or significant weight loss could indicate a potential problem. […] Doctors often employ various tests to detect drug use. Blood or urine tests can detect many types of drugs and can be particularly useful in tracking the progress of someone undergoing treatment for prescription drug addiction. […] Withdrawal from prescription drugs, depending on the type and usage, may be necessary as part of treatment. […] The process can be difficult and potentially dangerous, and should therefore be conducted under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

• #7 What Does Prescription Drug Abuse Look Like? | Laguna Treatment

  https://lagunatreatment.com/addiction-research/prescription-medication/abuse/

  People who abuse prescription drugs will often not demonstrate all of the above symptoms. The formal diagnostic specifications indicate that an individual who displays two or more of the specific diagnostic criteria outlined by APA within a 12-month period has a diagnosable substance use disorder. […] It should be understood that individuals who only display physical dependence on prescription medications (the development of both tolerance and withdrawal) are not considered to have a substance use disorder if they are using the medication under the supervision of a physician and use it for its prescribed purposes. […] The persons substance of abuse must result in negative ramifications for them, be associated with significant distress or impairment, and involve nonmedicinal use of prescription medications.

• #8 Recommendation: Unhealthy Drug Use: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/drug-use-illicit-screening

  Screening refers to asking 1 or more questions about drug use or drug-related risks in face-to-face, print, or audiovisual format. It does not refer to testing urine, saliva, blood, or other biological specimens for the presence of drugs. […] Screening tools are not meant to diagnose drug dependence, abuse, addiction, or drug use disorders. Patients with positive screening results may, therefore, need to be offered or referred for diagnostic assessment. […] The USPSTF identified 30 different screening tools that were evaluated in adults, pregnant or postpartum persons, or adolescents. Many tools had sensitivity of 75% or more for detecting unhealthy drug use, drug abuse or dependence, or drug use disorders. […] The evidence on accuracy of screening tools in adolescents is limited. Most studies focus on the detection of cannabis use; no studies provide information specifically on opioid use or other drug classes.

• #9 Recommendation: Unhealthy Drug Use: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/drug-use-illicit-screening

  Screening refers to asking 1 or more questions about drug use or drug-related risks in face-to-face, print, or audiovisual format. It does not refer to testing urine, saliva, blood, or other biological specimens for the presence of drugs. […] Screening tools are not meant to diagnose drug dependence, abuse, addiction, or drug use disorders. Patients with positive screening results may, therefore, need to be offered or referred for diagnostic assessment. […] The USPSTF identified 30 different screening tools that were evaluated in adults, pregnant or postpartum persons, or adolescents. Many tools had sensitivity of 75% or more for detecting unhealthy drug use, drug abuse or dependence, or drug use disorders. […] The evidence on accuracy of screening tools in adolescents is limited. Most studies focus on the detection of cannabis use; no studies provide information specifically on opioid use or other drug classes.

• #10 Prescription drug addiction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug_addiction

  Prescription drug addiction is the chronic, repeated use of a prescription drug in ways other than prescribed for, including using someone else’s prescription. […] Since then, multiple public health organizations have emphasized the importance of prevention, early diagnosis and treatments of prescription drug addiction to address this public health issue. […] The signs and symptoms of opioids addiction include decreased body temperature and blood pressure, constipation, decreased sex drive, euphoria and others. Conversely, people with addiction to stimulants often have increased blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, decreased sleep and appetite. […] Screening tools with high validity are available to assess patients risk for opioid misuse, which include rapid opioid dependence screen (RODS), Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) and OWLS. […] There is a standardized list of diagnostic criteria provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for patients with positive screening results.

• #11 Prescription drug abuse | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse?content_id=CON-20376792

  Prescription drug abuse is the use of a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. […] Early identification of prescription drug abuse and early intervention may prevent the problem from turning into an addiction. […] Doctors generally base a diagnosis of prescription drug abuse on medical history and answers to other questions. In some cases, certain signs and symptoms also provide clues. […] Blood or urine tests can detect many types of drugs. These tests can also help track the progress of a person who’s getting treatment.

• #12 Prescription Medication and Illicit Drug Testing in the Outpatient Setting

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/prescription-medication-and-illicit-drug-testing-in-the-outpatient-setting/

  The following IS reimbursed for: Presumptive drug screening based upon appropriate clinical criteria; Definitive drug testing for up to seven drug classes when the presumptive drug screening meets one of the following criteria: The test was negative for prescribed medications, or Positive for a prescription drug with abuse potential which was not prescribed, or Positive for an illegal drug. […] The following IS NOT REIMBURSED: Any AMA definitive drug class codes; Same-day testing of the same drug or metabolites from two different samples; Blanket orders or routine standing orders for all patients in the physicians practice. […] Urine drug tests are the most common method of drug testing for several reasons. […] A disadvantage of urine testing is a high risk of adulteration of the sample by the patient to avoid detection of non-compliance with the therapeutic regimen.

• #13 Prescription Medication and Illicit Drug Testing in the Outpatient Setting

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/prescription-medication-and-illicit-drug-testing-in-the-outpatient-setting/

  Presumptive urine drug testing (UDT) typically uses an immunoassay where antibodies detect the drug or drug metabolite. […] Definitive drug testing typically uses chromatographic and spectroscopic methodologies, including gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS). […] Opioids are the standard of care for moderate to severe pain, and primarily work by stimulating the opioid receptors in the central nervous system and throughout the body. […] However, due to their mechanism of action, opioids and other pain relievers can cause addiction and are widely abused. […] Immunoassay-based screening tests for opioids typically detect morphine, a common metabolite in natural opioids and heroin; however, synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, methadone, and tramadol, and semisynthetic opioids, including hydrocodone and oxycodone, are not detected using routine opioid screening.

• #14 Clinical drug monitoring | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/drug-testing

  Periodic urine drug testing (UDT) or oral fluid drug testing can help you to: […] One step you can take is proactive drug monitoring with urine drug testing (UDT) or oral fluid drug testing, which helps to: […] Our latest Quest Diagnostics Health Trends report found that approximately 13.1% of remnant specimens tested were positive for at least 1 Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS), highlighting the importance of utilizing clinical drug monitoring to identify potential misuse or noncompliance.

• #15

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=136790

  The Quest Diagnostics Health Trends report, A Report on Marijuana and Prescription Drug Misuse in America, is based on an analysis of 227,402 de-identified urine lab-test results of patients, age 10 years and older, of both genders in 49 states and the District of Columbia performed by the company’s clinical laboratories in 2011 and 2012. […] Consistent results indicate that only the drug or drugs prescribed for the patient were detected. Inconsistent results suggest a patient has misused one or more drugs. […] The study’s key findings: Drug misuse continues to be highly prevalent, with three in five patients tested still misusing drugs. Sixty percent of patients tested in 2012 misused their medications, a slight improvement over the 63% inconsistency rate of 2011. […] Marijuana was the most commonly abused drug, followed closely by opioids.

• #16

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=136790

  The Quest Diagnostics Health Trends report, A Report on Marijuana and Prescription Drug Misuse in America, is based on an analysis of 227,402 de-identified urine lab-test results of patients, age 10 years and older, of both genders in 49 states and the District of Columbia performed by the company’s clinical laboratories in 2011 and 2012. […] Consistent results indicate that only the drug or drugs prescribed for the patient were detected. Inconsistent results suggest a patient has misused one or more drugs. […] The study’s key findings: Drug misuse continues to be highly prevalent, with three in five patients tested still misusing drugs. Sixty percent of patients tested in 2012 misused their medications, a slight improvement over the 63% inconsistency rate of 2011. […] Marijuana was the most commonly abused drug, followed closely by opioids.

• #17 Quest Diagnostics Report Reveals That Prescription Drug Misuse Remains Widespread – Lexology

  https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3e2decbb-c3aa-41f9-bf25-dc04f0685514

  A new Quest Diagnostics report released on September 6, 2017 reveals that over 50% of drug test results showed evidence of misuse of prescription drugs. The report found that the rate of inconsistency in 2016 was 52%. Inconsistent results are potential indicators that patients are misusing one or more drugs. Quest also reported that 22% of all specimens tested showed non-prescribed or illicit drugs in addition to the patients prescribed drugs, reflecting the potential for dangerous drug combinations. […] Additionally, the Quest Diagnostics report found that, amongst the specimens tested, more than 20% were positive for both opioids and benzodiazepines, more than 10% were positive for both opioid and alcohol and 3% percent were positive for all three. Among all specimens positive for heroin, 19% were also positive for non-prescribed fentanyl. In addition, 12% of all specimens positive for prescribed opioids were also positive for prescribed benzodiazepines, suggesting one or more healthcare providers had prescribed these drugs for the patient. […] While there was an 11% decline in prescription inconsistency ratings from 2011, misuse remains high suggesting that employers are likely to encounter misuse of prescription medications in the workplace.

• #18 Drugs of Abuse Home Use Test | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/drugs-abuse-tests/drugs-abuse-home-use-test

  These tests indicate if one or more prescription or illegal drugs are present in urine. […] Drugs of abuse are illegal or prescription medicines (for example, Oxycodone or Valium) that are taken for a non-medical purpose. […] You should use these tests when you think someone might be abusing prescription or illegal drugs. […] The at-home testing part of this test is fairly sensitive to the presence of drugs in the urine. […] It is very important to send the urine sample to the laboratory to confirm a positive at-home result because certain foods, food supplements, beverages, or medicines can affect the results of at-home tests. […] Remember that a positive test for a prescription drug does not mean that a person is abusing the drug, because there is no way for the test to indicate acceptable levels compared to abusive levels of prescribed drugs.

• #19 Drugs of Abuse Home Use Test | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/drugs-abuse-tests/drugs-abuse-home-use-test

  These tests indicate if one or more prescription or illegal drugs are present in urine. […] Drugs of abuse are illegal or prescription medicines (for example, Oxycodone or Valium) that are taken for a non-medical purpose. […] You should use these tests when you think someone might be abusing prescription or illegal drugs. […] The at-home testing part of this test is fairly sensitive to the presence of drugs in the urine. […] It is very important to send the urine sample to the laboratory to confirm a positive at-home result because certain foods, food supplements, beverages, or medicines can affect the results of at-home tests. […] Remember that a positive test for a prescription drug does not mean that a person is abusing the drug, because there is no way for the test to indicate acceptable levels compared to abusive levels of prescribed drugs.

• #20 Drugs of Abuse Home Use Test | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/drugs-abuse-tests/drugs-abuse-home-use-test

  No drug test of this type is 100% accurate. […] If you get a negative test result, but still suspect that someone is abusing drugs, you can test again at a later time. […] The drug clearance rate tells how soon a person may have a positive test after taking a particular drug. […] If the test indicates the preliminary presence of one or more drugs, the sample should be sent to a laboratory where a more specific chemical test will be used order to obtain a final result.

• #21 DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders

  https://www.verywellmind.com/dsm-5-criteria-for-substance-use-disorders-21926

  Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by 11 criteria, including drug cravings, unsuccessful attempts to cut back, taking more of a substance than intended, and continued use despite negative consequences. […] If you think you or someone you love has a substance use disorder, getting an official diagnosis is important and can ensure that you receive the appropriate treatment. […] To diagnose a substance use disorder, a healthcare practitioner will evaluate the individual by completing a physical exam and taking a medical history. They will also ask questions about current and past substance use, including its frequency, amount, and duration.

• #22 Prescription drug addiction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug_addiction

  Prescription drug addiction is the chronic, repeated use of a prescription drug in ways other than prescribed for, including using someone else’s prescription. […] Since then, multiple public health organizations have emphasized the importance of prevention, early diagnosis and treatments of prescription drug addiction to address this public health issue. […] The signs and symptoms of opioids addiction include decreased body temperature and blood pressure, constipation, decreased sex drive, euphoria and others. Conversely, people with addiction to stimulants often have increased blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, decreased sleep and appetite. […] Screening tools with high validity are available to assess patients risk for opioid misuse, which include rapid opioid dependence screen (RODS), Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) and OWLS. […] There is a standardized list of diagnostic criteria provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for patients with positive screening results.

• #23 Opioid Use Disorder: Diagnosis | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-care/opioid-use-disorder-diagnosis.html

  Identification of opioid use disorder (OUD) is an opportunity for clinicians to initiate potentially life-saving interventions. […] Clinicians should assess for the presence of OUD using the following checklist based on the DSM-5 criteria. […] OUD is demonstrated by at least 2 out of the 11 criteria below occurring within a year. […] Severity of OUD is determined based on the number of criteria met. […] Taking opioids in larger amounts or over a longer period of time than intended. […] Having a persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to reduce or control opioid use. […] Spending excess time obtaining, using, or recovering from opioids. […] Craving opioids. […] Continued opioid use causing inability to fulfill work, home, or school responsibilities. […] Continuing opioid use despite having persistent social or interpersonal problems.

• #24 What Does Prescription Drug Abuse Look Like? | Laguna Treatment

  https://lagunatreatment.com/addiction-research/prescription-medication/abuse/

  People who abuse prescription drugs will often not demonstrate all of the above symptoms. The formal diagnostic specifications indicate that an individual who displays two or more of the specific diagnostic criteria outlined by APA within a 12-month period has a diagnosable substance use disorder. […] It should be understood that individuals who only display physical dependence on prescription medications (the development of both tolerance and withdrawal) are not considered to have a substance use disorder if they are using the medication under the supervision of a physician and use it for its prescribed purposes. […] The persons substance of abuse must result in negative ramifications for them, be associated with significant distress or impairment, and involve nonmedicinal use of prescription medications.

• #25 Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/prescription-drug-monitoring-programs.html

  A prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) is an electronic database that tracks controlled substance prescriptions. Information from PDMPs can help clinicians identify patients who may be at risk for overdose and provide potentially lifesaving information and interventions. PDMP data also can be helpful when patient medication history is unavailable and when care transitions to a new clinician. […] Checking the PDMP is an important step to improve opioid prescribing practices. […] Clinicians who are prescribing initial opioid therapy should first review a patient’s history of controlled substance prescriptions using a state PDMP. […] PDMPs can help inform point-of-care clinical decision-making to improve patient care and safety. Clinicians should check PDMP data for prescription opioids and other controlled medications patients have received from other clinicians to determine whether a patient is receiving opioid dosages or combinations that put the patient at high risk for overdose.

• #26 Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/prescription-drug-monitoring-programs.html

  A prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) is an electronic database that tracks controlled substance prescriptions. Information from PDMPs can help clinicians identify patients who may be at risk for overdose and provide potentially lifesaving information and interventions. PDMP data also can be helpful when patient medication history is unavailable and when care transitions to a new clinician. […] Checking the PDMP is an important step to improve opioid prescribing practices. […] Clinicians who are prescribing initial opioid therapy should first review a patient’s history of controlled substance prescriptions using a state PDMP. […] PDMPs can help inform point-of-care clinical decision-making to improve patient care and safety. Clinicians should check PDMP data for prescription opioids and other controlled medications patients have received from other clinicians to determine whether a patient is receiving opioid dosages or combinations that put the patient at high risk for overdose.

• #27 Prescription Medication and Illicit Drug Testing in the Outpatient Setting

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/prescription-medication-and-illicit-drug-testing-in-the-outpatient-setting/

  Presumptive drug screening using urine samples qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative) is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in any of the following situations: […] To assess an individual being treated for chronic, non-cancer pain when clinical evaluation of the individual suggests the use of non-prescribed medications or illegal substances. […] To verify an individuals compliance with treatment or identify undisclosed drug abuse as part of routine monitoring for individuals who are receiving treatment for noncancer chronic pain with prescription opioid pain medication. […] Monitoring of low risk individuals on chronic opioid therapy, up to one (1) time per year after initiation of therapy. […] Monitoring of moderate risk individuals on chronic opioid therapy, up to two (2) times per year after initiation of therapy.

• #28 Prescription Medication and Illicit Drug Testing in the Outpatient Setting

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/prescription-medication-and-illicit-drug-testing-in-the-outpatient-setting/

  Monitoring of high risk individuals on chronic opioid therapy, up to four (4) times per year after initiation of therapy. […] For individuals with aberrant behavior (lost prescriptions, multiple requests for early refills, and opioids from multiple providers, unauthorized dose escalation, apparent intoxication, etc.), testing at the time of visit meets coverage criteria. […] Confirmatory/definitive qualitative or quantitative drug testing (up to seven drug classes) is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY when laboratory-based definitive drug testing is specifically requested, the rationale is documented by the patients treating physician, and any of the following conditions are met: […] The result of the presumptive drug screen is different than that suggested by the patients medical history, their clinical presentation, or patients own statement.

• #29 Drug Abuse and Mental Illness Fast Facts

  https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs7/7343/index.htm

  Many chronic drug abusers–the individuals we commonly regard as addicts–often simultaneously suffer from a serious mental disorder. Drug treatment and medical professionals call this condition a co-occurring disorder or a dual diagnosis. […] Chronic drug abuse may occur in conjunction with any mental illness identified in the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV). Some common serious mental disorders associated with chronic drug abuse include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, manic depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. […] Co-occurring disorders are very common. In 2002 an estimated 4.0 million adults met the criteria for both serious mental illness and substance dependence or abuse in the past year.

• #30 Drug Abuse and Mental Illness Fast Facts

  https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs7/7343/index.htm

  Many chronic drug abusers–the individuals we commonly regard as addicts–often simultaneously suffer from a serious mental disorder. Drug treatment and medical professionals call this condition a co-occurring disorder or a dual diagnosis. […] Chronic drug abuse may occur in conjunction with any mental illness identified in the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV). Some common serious mental disorders associated with chronic drug abuse include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, manic depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. […] Co-occurring disorders are very common. In 2002 an estimated 4.0 million adults met the criteria for both serious mental illness and substance dependence or abuse in the past year.

• #31 Prescription Drug Addiction | Stillwater Treatment Center

  https://stillwatertreatment.com/prescription-drug-addiction/

  Prescription drug addiction is serious and can negatively affect someone’s life in many ways. […] Fortunately, addiction to prescription drugs is treatable and there are resources available that can help those who are struggling. […] Prescription drug misuse can cause an addiction to develop. When someone is addicted to a prescription drug, they will likely continue to use it even though it is having negative consequences in their life. […] When receiving treatment, it’s important to pay attention to the possibility of a dual diagnosis so that all conditions can be treated at the same time. […] In treatment for prescription drug addiction, it’s important to determine if a patient may be struggling with mental health issues as well. Treating both the addiction and mental illness at the same time is important in order to get patients the best results. […] If someone struggles with addiction, a dual diagnosis drug rehab facility can help. […] Dual diagnosis drug rehab centers specialize in treating not only the addiction, but also any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the addiction as well.

• #32 Prescription Drug Addiction | Stillwater Treatment Center

  https://stillwatertreatment.com/prescription-drug-addiction/

  Prescription drug addiction is serious and can negatively affect someone’s life in many ways. […] Fortunately, addiction to prescription drugs is treatable and there are resources available that can help those who are struggling. […] Prescription drug misuse can cause an addiction to develop. When someone is addicted to a prescription drug, they will likely continue to use it even though it is having negative consequences in their life. […] When receiving treatment, it’s important to pay attention to the possibility of a dual diagnosis so that all conditions can be treated at the same time. […] In treatment for prescription drug addiction, it’s important to determine if a patient may be struggling with mental health issues as well. Treating both the addiction and mental illness at the same time is important in order to get patients the best results. […] If someone struggles with addiction, a dual diagnosis drug rehab facility can help. […] Dual diagnosis drug rehab centers specialize in treating not only the addiction, but also any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the addiction as well.

• #33 Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/prescription-drug-monitoring-programs.html

  Use PDMP data in the context of other clinical information including patient history, physical findings, and relevant testing and screening to help with patient communication and to improve patient safety. […] PDMP-generated risk scores are created by algorithms in software applied to patient information. Such scores have not been validated against clinical outcomes such as overdose and should not take the place of clinical judgment. […] Confirm PDMP information with your patient. […] Provide potentially life-saving information and interventions. […] Talk with your patient about the findings and any safety concerns, including increased risk for respiratory depression and overdose if they are receiving overlapping prescription opioids from multiple clinicians who are not coordinating the patient’s care, or receiving medications that increase risk when combined with opioids.

• #34 Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/prescription-drug-monitoring-programs.html

  Do not dismiss patients from care based on PDMP information. Doing so can adversely affect patient safety and could result in missed opportunities to provide potentially lifesaving information and interventions. […] PDMP information can be most helpful when results are unexpected, and clinicians should minimize bias in application. Clinicians should apply the practice of checking PDMP data when feasible to all patients rather than differentially based on assumptions about what they will learn about different patients.

• #35 Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/prescription-drug-monitoring-programs.html

  Do not dismiss patients from care based on PDMP information. Doing so can adversely affect patient safety and could result in missed opportunities to provide potentially lifesaving information and interventions. […] PDMP information can be most helpful when results are unexpected, and clinicians should minimize bias in application. Clinicians should apply the practice of checking PDMP data when feasible to all patients rather than differentially based on assumptions about what they will learn about different patients.

• #36 Prescription drug addiction: In depth | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/prescription-drug-addiction-depth

  Prescription drug addiction arises when individuals misuse medications that are often prescribed to alleviate pain, anxiety, or attention disorders. […] Symptoms of prescription drug addiction will depend on the type of drug to which the person is addicted. However, symptoms that are common to all prescription drug addictions include taking a higher dose of the medication than what the doctor prescribed or taking the medication more frequently than called for by the prescription. […] Diagnosis of prescription drug addiction is usually based on the patients symptoms and medical history. […] Health care providers may screen patients by asking about past or present substance use or abuse, and by asking about current medication use, including the dosage, frequency, reason for use, and for what period of time the person has been taking the medication. […] Pharmacists can help screen patients for prescription drug addiction by checking prescriptions closely to see if they may have been forged or modified and by watching for multiple prescriptions from different doctors.

• #37 Prescription Drug Abuse Treatment in Mobile, Al | Prestige Medical

  https://presmed.org/drug-addiction-treatment/prescription-drugs/

  Signs that someone may need treatment for prescription drug addiction include: Taking higher doses than prescribed, running out of medication early or seeking multiple prescriptions, experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using, neglecting responsibilities due to drug use, failed attempts to stop or reduce use. […] Prescription drug addiction treatment typically includes: Medical Detox Safely managing withdrawal symptoms under medical supervision, Behavioral Therapy Addressing the underlying causes of addiction through counseling, Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) Using FDA-approved medications to reduce cravings (when applicable), Aftercare Support Ongoing therapy, support groups, and relapse prevention.

• #38 Prescription Drug Addiction Treatment | Discover RecoveryPhone icon solidPhone icon solidArrowFullPhone icon solid

  https://discoverrecovery.com/blog/prescription-drug-addiction

  The clinical team at Discover Recovery prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington sees many patients with opioid addiction. The most common signs and symptoms of opioid abuse include euphoria, nausea, constipation, confusion, drowsiness, and poor coordination. Also, people who misuse opioid pain relievers to self-manage their pain often need an increasing dose for pain relief. They may also experience hyperalgesia (increased pain sensitivity) at high doses. These are all symptoms that can be treated at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington. […] The two main ways in which opioid abuse is treated at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington are medications and behavioral therapies. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are used at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington to relieve cravings and withdrawal symptoms or to prevent opioids from affecting the brain. These medications are usually administered in combination with behavioral counseling. Behavioral therapies at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington help the patients change unhealthy behavior and thinking patterns and thereby reduce or stop drug use. During therapy, patients also learn coping strategies to manage triggers and cravings that can lead to relapse. Some types of therapies provide incentives to patients to stay abstinent.

• #39 Prescription Drug Addiction Treatment | Discover RecoveryPhone icon solidPhone icon solidArrowFullPhone icon solid

  https://discoverrecovery.com/blog/prescription-drug-addiction

  Certain sedatives and tranquilizers have the potential for abuse and addiction. These medications are CNS (central nervous system) depressants, meaning they slow down brain activity. Examples include Xanax (alprazolam) and Valium (diazepam) as well as hypnotic drugs like Ambien (zolpidem). Some of these medications are commonly prescribed to treat sleep problems and anxiety. However, people can develop a dependence on them and require help at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington to quit. […] The signs and symptoms of anxiety medication abuse that are often noted at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington include drowsiness, dizziness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, unsteady gait, memory problems, and problems concentrating. […] If a person has become dependent on anti-anxiety sedative-hypnotics, it’s important to seek care at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington promptly. Attempting to quit taking the drugs at home can be dangerous. The withdrawal symptoms can be severe and potentially life-threatening. A medically supervised detox at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington will ensure that the dose is reduced gradually and safely. At the same time, counseling can help patients modify their thinking and behavior and develop skills to cope with life stressors without drugs.

• #40 Prescription Drug Addiction Treatment | Discover RecoveryPhone icon solidPhone icon solidArrowFullPhone icon solid

  https://discoverrecovery.com/blog/prescription-drug-addiction

  Prescription stimulants include drugs like Concerta, Ritalin, and Adderall. These medications are prescribed to treat medical conditions such as narcolepsy (a sleep disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). However, a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington often treats patients who have developed a dependence on these drugs. […] Signs and symptoms of stimulant abuse and addiction include euphoria, increased alertness, increased body temperature and blood pressure, decreased appetite, agitation, anxiety, and insomnia. These are all symptoms that can be treated at a prescription drug addiction treatment center Washington. The important thing is to get help as soon as possible. […] To treat opioid addiction, there are medications available that help control it without putting you at risk of getting addicted. One such medication is buprenorphine, which is often combined with naloxone (called Bunavail, Suboxone, or Zubsolv) to manage opiate withdrawal and prevent relapse. There’s another form of buprenorphine called Probuphine, which is implanted under the skin to provide the body with a steady dose for six months. One more option of a monthly shot is also available called Sublocade.

• #41

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=136790

  Drug combinations are a common form of misuse. Of patients with an inconsistent test result in 2012, about one in three, or 33%, tested positive for the prescribed drug and at least one additional drug. […] Substantial numbers of patients did not take their medications. Among patients with inconsistent results, about 42% did not use their prescribed medication, possibly due to forgetfulness, financial constraints or illegal sales. […] „While we had hoped for a noteworthy decline in misuse rates in 2012 compared to 2011, this was not the case,” said Harvey W. Kaufman, M.D., senior medical director, Quest Diagnostics. […] Not only is prescription drug misuse potentially dangerous for patients, it also contributes to healthcare waste and illegal activity. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention attributes 22,134 deaths in 2010 to prescription drug overdoses, a four-fold increase from 1999. […] Study limitations include geographic disparities; inability to confirm drug misuse through access to medical records or clinical evaluation; and technological factors and patient variations, such as drug metabolism and hydration state, that may affect the reliability of a minority of results.

• #42

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=136790

  Prescription Drug Misuse Remains at Alarming Levels, According to National Study by Quest Diagnostics […] Despite increased public attention on the epidemic of prescription medication abuse, about three in five Americans tested misused their prescription drugs in 2012, virtually the same as in 2011, according to a national study issued today by Quest Diagnostics (NYSE: DGX), the world’s leading provider of diagnostic information services. […] The new study, believed to be one of the largest to examine trends in the use of commonly abused drugs such as opioid pain killers based on objective laboratory data, suggests a substantial number of patients continue to use their prescribed medications in ways that put their health at risk. […] „Despite public education and publicity surrounding the dangers of prescription drug abuse, our study shows that misuse rates continue to be alarmingly high for opioids and other powerful medications,” said F. Leland McClure, Ph.D., director, pain management, mass spectrometry operations, Quest Diagnostics.

• #43

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=136790

  Prescription Drug Misuse Remains at Alarming Levels, According to National Study by Quest Diagnostics […] Despite increased public attention on the epidemic of prescription medication abuse, about three in five Americans tested misused their prescription drugs in 2012, virtually the same as in 2011, according to a national study issued today by Quest Diagnostics (NYSE: DGX), the world’s leading provider of diagnostic information services. […] The new study, believed to be one of the largest to examine trends in the use of commonly abused drugs such as opioid pain killers based on objective laboratory data, suggests a substantial number of patients continue to use their prescribed medications in ways that put their health at risk. […] „Despite public education and publicity surrounding the dangers of prescription drug abuse, our study shows that misuse rates continue to be alarmingly high for opioids and other powerful medications,” said F. Leland McClure, Ph.D., director, pain management, mass spectrometry operations, Quest Diagnostics.

• #44

  https://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/press-releases?item=136790

  Drug combinations are a common form of misuse. Of patients with an inconsistent test result in 2012, about one in three, or 33%, tested positive for the prescribed drug and at least one additional drug. […] Substantial numbers of patients did not take their medications. Among patients with inconsistent results, about 42% did not use their prescribed medication, possibly due to forgetfulness, financial constraints or illegal sales. […] „While we had hoped for a noteworthy decline in misuse rates in 2012 compared to 2011, this was not the case,” said Harvey W. Kaufman, M.D., senior medical director, Quest Diagnostics. […] Not only is prescription drug misuse potentially dangerous for patients, it also contributes to healthcare waste and illegal activity. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention attributes 22,134 deaths in 2010 to prescription drug overdoses, a four-fold increase from 1999. […] Study limitations include geographic disparities; inability to confirm drug misuse through access to medical records or clinical evaluation; and technological factors and patient variations, such as drug metabolism and hydration state, that may affect the reliability of a minority of results.

• #45 Prevention and Intervention Strategies to Decrease Misuse of Prescription Pain Medication

  https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2015/12/08/15/11/prevention-and-intervention-strategies-to-decrease-misuse-of-prescription-pain-medication

  According to a report released in 2013 by the Trust for Americas Health, prescription drug abuse has quickly become a top public health concern, as the number of drug overdose deaths—a majority of which are from prescription drugs—has doubled in 29 states since 1999. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), prescription drug abuse was the fastest growing drug problem in the United States as of 2012. […] One major contributing factor to this growing drug problem in the United States is the increased use and prescribing of opioid analgesics, which, over the past decade, have caused more overdose deaths than heroin and cocaine combined. […] The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has grouped the most commonly used addictive drugs into 13 different categories, one of which is prescription and over-the-counter medications.

• #46 Prevention and Intervention Strategies to Decrease Misuse of Prescription Pain Medication

  https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2015/12/08/15/11/prevention-and-intervention-strategies-to-decrease-misuse-of-prescription-pain-medication

  According to a report released in 2013 by the Trust for Americas Health, prescription drug abuse has quickly become a top public health concern, as the number of drug overdose deaths—a majority of which are from prescription drugs—has doubled in 29 states since 1999. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), prescription drug abuse was the fastest growing drug problem in the United States as of 2012. […] One major contributing factor to this growing drug problem in the United States is the increased use and prescribing of opioid analgesics, which, over the past decade, have caused more overdose deaths than heroin and cocaine combined. […] The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has grouped the most commonly used addictive drugs into 13 different categories, one of which is prescription and over-the-counter medications.

• #47 Prevention and Intervention Strategies to Decrease Misuse of Prescription Pain Medication

  https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2015/12/08/15/11/prevention-and-intervention-strategies-to-decrease-misuse-of-prescription-pain-medication

  Intervention strategies that aim to curb the prescription drug abuse epidemic must (1) improve legislation and enforcement of existing laws, (2) improve medical practice with respect to prescribing opioids, (3) educate prescribers regarding the underappreciated risks and benefits of high-dose opioid therapy, and (4) include secondary and tertiary prevention measures to improve access to substance abuse services and overdose harm reduction programs. […] The prescription drug abuse injury policy report published by the Trust for Americas Health in 2013 described several strategic interventions considered to be the most promising to fight prescription drug abuse. […] The first category includes strategies aimed at prevention of drug misuse and abuse, such as implementation and mandatory use of PDMP initiatives, adoption of doctor shopping laws and medical provider education laws, and implementation of physical exam requirements.

• #48 Majority of Physicians Fear Another Prescription Drug Crisis, Finds New Quest Diagnostics Health Trends™ Report

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majority-of-physicians-fear-another-prescription-drug-crisis-finds-new-quest-diagnostics-health-trends-report-300938906.html

  Most primary care physicians (62%) fear the opioid drug crisis will be traded for a new prescription drug crisis and nearly three quarters (72%) worry that chronic pain patients will turn to illicit drugs if they do not have access to prescription opioids, according to a new Health Trends report from Quest Diagnostics. […] The new report, „Drug Misuse in America 2019: Physician Perspectives and Diagnostics Insights on the Evolving Drug Crisis,” provides novel insights into physicians’ concerns about patient misuse of prescription and other drugs, as compared with results of objective lab data: half of test results of patients prescribed an opioid or other controlled medication (51%) show signs of drug misuse and one in four (24%) show signs of potentially dangerous drug mixing. […] One in two patient test results (51%) showed misuse of a controlled medication or other drugs in 2018, a rate that is virtually unchanged from a misuse rate of 52% in 2017 and 2016. Yet, 72% of physicians trust their patients to take their controlled substances as prescribed.

• #49 Majority of Physicians Fear Another Prescription Drug Crisis, Finds New Quest Diagnostics Health Trends™ Report

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majority-of-physicians-fear-another-prescription-drug-crisis-finds-new-quest-diagnostics-health-trends-report-300938906.html

  Many physicians have called for additional training and education regarding substance use disorders. At least 7 out of 10 physicians would like more information on how to monitor for prescription drug addiction (76%), wish they had more training on what to do if a patient shows signs of addiction (75%) or wish they had more training on how to taper their patients off opioids (70%). A full 88% say prescription drug monitoring (involving laboratory testing) is critical to helping identify patients who may be misusing prescription drugs and 92% believe prescription drug monitoring will increasingly become the standard of care when prescribing controlled substances, although some worry about offending patients (33%). […] „The results of this national survey, combined with Quest’s data, confirm the need to ensure physicians are equipped to recognize and treat addiction among their patients. Given the frequency of misuse, this issue is clearly more widespread than people think,” said Creighton Drury, Chief Executive Officer, Center on Addiction.

• #50 Majority of Physicians Fear Another Prescription Drug Crisis, Finds New Quest Diagnostics Health Trends™ Report

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majority-of-physicians-fear-another-prescription-drug-crisis-finds-new-quest-diagnostics-health-trends-report-300938906.html

  Many physicians have called for additional training and education regarding substance use disorders. At least 7 out of 10 physicians would like more information on how to monitor for prescription drug addiction (76%), wish they had more training on what to do if a patient shows signs of addiction (75%) or wish they had more training on how to taper their patients off opioids (70%). A full 88% say prescription drug monitoring (involving laboratory testing) is critical to helping identify patients who may be misusing prescription drugs and 92% believe prescription drug monitoring will increasingly become the standard of care when prescribing controlled substances, although some worry about offending patients (33%). […] „The results of this national survey, combined with Quest’s data, confirm the need to ensure physicians are equipped to recognize and treat addiction among their patients. Given the frequency of misuse, this issue is clearly more widespread than people think,” said Creighton Drury, Chief Executive Officer, Center on Addiction.

• #51 How To Recognize and Overcome Prescription Medication Addiction

  https://www.lotusbh.org/post/prescription-medication-addiction

  The detoxification process must be carefully managed to ensure the patient’s safety and minimize discomfort. […] Medications like methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can help prevent withdrawal symptoms, relieve cravings, and avoid relapse in patients addicted to prescription opioids. […] Recognizing the initial signs of prescription drug abuse can be a significant first step towards prevention. Changes in behavior, physical health, and social interactions can all be indicators of a potential issue. […] These signs may vary depending on the type of medication being misused, but general signs can include frequent requests for refills, losing prescriptions and requesting replacements, and taking higher doses than prescribed.

• #52 Majority of Physicians Fear Another Prescription Drug Crisis, Finds New Quest Diagnostics Health Trends™ Report

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majority-of-physicians-fear-another-prescription-drug-crisis-finds-new-quest-diagnostics-health-trends-report-300938906.html

  Many physicians have called for additional training and education regarding substance use disorders. At least 7 out of 10 physicians would like more information on how to monitor for prescription drug addiction (76%), wish they had more training on what to do if a patient shows signs of addiction (75%) or wish they had more training on how to taper their patients off opioids (70%). A full 88% say prescription drug monitoring (involving laboratory testing) is critical to helping identify patients who may be misusing prescription drugs and 92% believe prescription drug monitoring will increasingly become the standard of care when prescribing controlled substances, although some worry about offending patients (33%). […] „The results of this national survey, combined with Quest’s data, confirm the need to ensure physicians are equipped to recognize and treat addiction among their patients. Given the frequency of misuse, this issue is clearly more widespread than people think,” said Creighton Drury, Chief Executive Officer, Center on Addiction.

• #53 Can Prescription Medication Become Addictive?

  https://sierravistahospital.com/blog/can-prescription-drugs-become-addictive-what-to-know/

  Education about the potential for addiction to prescription drugs is crucial. This should start at a young age and continue throughout a person’s life. […] Prescription drug addiction is a serious issue that requires a comprehensive approach. It involves prevention, early detection and effective treatment strategies.

Zobacz więcej