Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Alcohol or alcoholic beverages contain ethanol, a psychoactive and toxic substance that can cause dependence. […] Worldwide, around 2.6 million deaths were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. […] An estimated 400 million people, or 7% of the worlds population aged 15 years and older, lived with alcohol use disorders. […] The data on global alcohol consumption in 2019 shows that an estimated 400 million people aged 15 years and older live with alcohol use disorders, and an estimated 209 million live with alcohol dependence. […] There has been some progress; from 2010 to 2019, the number of alcohol-attributable deaths per 100 000 people decreased by 20.2% globally. […] Access to screening, brief intervention and treatment for people with hazardous alcohol use and alcohol use disorder remains very low, as well as access to medications for treatment of alcohol use disorders. Overall, the proportion of people with alcohol use disorders in contact with treatment services varies from less than 1% to no more than 14% in all countries where such data are available.

• #2 Alcohol Use | Alcohol Use | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/index.html

  Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use with Proven Strategies These proven strategies have been shown to reduce excessive alcohol use and related harms. […] Data on Excessive Alcohol Use Excessive alcohol use harms our health and well-being. These data show the impact it has. […] Addressing Excessive Alcohol Use: State Fact Sheets Excessive alcohol use is responsible for more than 140,000 deaths in the United States each year. […] U.S. Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use Learn about the deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States. […] Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use United States, 20162021 MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report / Vol. 73 / No. 8 / P. 154161 […] 20,000 people die in the U.S. from alcohol-related cancers each year. […] Excessive alcohol use can harm people who drink and those around them.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  In 2019, alcohol use was responsible for 6.7% of all deaths among men and 2.4% of all deaths among women. […] The Global alcohol action plan 20222030, endorsed by WHO Member States, aims to reduce the harmful use of alcohol through effective, evidence-based strategies at national, regional and global levels. […] Public policies and interventions to prevent and reduce alcohol-related harm should be guided and formulated by public health interests and based on clear public health goals and the best available evidence.

• #4 Alcohol Abuse Statistics [2023]: National + State Data – NCDAS

  https://drugabusestatistics.org/alcohol-abuse-statistics/

  Alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) kill over 3 million people each year, accounting for up to 6% of global deaths. […] 141K 140,557 Americans die from the effects of alcohol in an average year. […] 10.2% of Americans aged 12 years and older had Alcohol Use Disorder in 2020. […] Every day, 385 Americans die as a result of excessive alcohol use. […] Worldwide, up to 3 million people die every year as a result of alcohol abuse. […] Alcohol-related deaths account for at least 5.3% (some estimate as high as 6.0%) of the worlds deaths. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined excessive alcohol use is responsible for 7.1% of disease among males and 2.2% among females. […] Nearly 100,000 annual deaths are attributable to alcohol abuse. […] 53.7% of alcohol-related deaths are due to chronic misuse.

• #5 Alcoholism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview

  Alcohol use is the fourth leading cause of preventable death in the United States (after smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019, with most of these (2 million) occurring among men. […] The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) study suggests the transition from use to dependence was highest for nicotine users, followed by cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis users. An increased risk of transition to dependence among minorities and those with psychiatric or dependence comorbidity highlights the importance of promoting outreach and treatment of these populations. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019, with most of these (2 million) occurring among men. The highest levels of alcohol-related deaths per 100,000 persons are observed in the WHO European and African Regions with 52.9 deaths and 52.2 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively. Globally, an estimated 237 million men and 46 million women have alcohol-use disorders, with the highest prevalence in Europe and the Americas.

• #6 Data on Excessive Alcohol Use | Alcohol Use | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/excessive-drinking-data/index.html

  Excessive alcohol use might be more common than you think. These data show how much and how often people binge drink in the United States, and its high costs to our nation. About 178,000 people die from excessive alcohol use in the United States each year. There are four ways that people can drink alcohol excessively. About 178,000 people die from excessive alcohol use each year in the United States. Over 90% of U.S. adults who drink excessively report binge drinking. Most people who binge drink are not dependent on alcohol. But people who binge drink are at higher risk for serious health effects from alcohol compared to people who do not binge drink. Excessive drinking cost the United States about $249 billion in 2010. This includes lost labor and lower worker performance in the workplace (72%), property damage, crashes, and criminal justice needs (17%), and health care costs for injuries (11%). Every day, 488 people die from excessive alcohol use.

• #7 Surveillance Report #120 | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-reports/surveillance120

  This surveillance report on 19772021 apparent per capita alcohol consumption in the United States is the 37th in a series of consumption reports produced annually by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Findings are based on alcoholic beverage sales data collected by the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System (AEDS) from the States or from the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association and from various reports produced by beverage industry sources. Population data from the U.S. Census Bureau are used as denominators to calculate per capita rates. […] This surveillance report on apparent per capita alcohol consumption in the United States is the 37th in a series of reports that examine alcohol consumption trends on a national, State, and regional basis. Like previous reports on per capita alcohol consumption, it is intended to provide updated alcohol information for policymakers, health care providers, researchers, and others concerned about alcohol issues.

• #8 Alcohol – Rutgers Addiction Research Center (RARC)

  https://www.addiction.rutgers.edu/about-addiction/facts-and-figures/alcohol/

  Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. […] According to the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 84.0 percent of people ages 18 and older reported that they drank alcohol at some point in their lifetime, 66.9 percent reported that they drank in the past year, and 51.7 percent (55.0 percent of men in this age group and 48.6 percent of women in this age group) reported that they drank in the past month. […] In 2021, 23.3 percent of people ages 18 and older (25.7 percent of men in this age group and 20.9 percent of women in this age group) reported that they engaged in binge drinking in the past month, and 6.4 percent (8.0 percent of men in this age group and 4.8 percent of women in this age group) reported that they engaged in heavy alcohol use in the past month.

• #9 Alcoholism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview

  The two largest studies, the US National Comorbidity Survey and the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey, both showed a lower prevalence of alcoholism in African Americans than in White Americans. The prevalence was equal or higher in Hispanic Americans compared with White Americans. […] Alcoholism is at least twice as prevalent in men as it is in women. In the National Comorbidity Survey, it was 2.5 times more prevalent in men than in women. The lifetime prevalence was 20% in men and 8% in women. For alcohol abuse or dependence in the past year, the rates were 10% for men and 4% for women. […] The prevalence of alcoholism declines with increasing age. The prevalence in elderly populations is unclear but is probably approximately 3%. A study of the US Medicare population found that alcohol-related hospitalizations were as common as hospitalizations for myocardial infarction. […] The prognosis for alcoholism should not be considered hopeless. As many as 30% of persons with alcoholism stop drinking. Even a patient with cirrhosis might have a favorable prognosis if alcohol cessation is achieved.

• #10 Birth cohort trends in the global epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol-related harms in men and women: systematic review and metaregression | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/10/e011827

  Objective Historically, alcohol use and related harms are more prevalent in men than in women. However, emerging evidence suggests the epidemiology of alcohol use is changing in younger cohorts. The current study aimed to systematically summarise published literature on birth cohort changes in male-to-female ratios in indicators of alcohol use and related harms. […] Findings confirm the closing male-female gap in indicators of alcohol use and related harms. The closing male-female gap is most evident among young adults, highlighting the importance of prospectively tracking young male and female cohorts as they age into their 30s, 40s and beyond. […] Alcohol use and alcohol-related harms are among the most significant risk factors for burden of disease. Overall, they resulted in around 5 million deaths globally in 2010, and were responsible for more than 161 million years of life lost, equating to 5% of total global health burden. Historically, the prevalence of alcohol use and related harms has been between 2 and 12 times higher in men than women. However, there is emerging evidence to suggest that the gap between men and women in alcohol use and related harms is closing among recently born cohorts. Understanding sex-specific birth cohort trends in the epidemiology of alcohol use is vital as they point to key environmental and social mechanisms associated with population shifts in alcohol use patterns.

• #11 Epidemiology: How Prevalent is Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/epidemiology/

  For adults 18 and older, young adults 18-29 have the highest rates of alcohol use disorder both currently and over the course of their lives. […] Native American U.S. adults have the highest rates of alcohol use disorder during the past 12 months, as well as over the course of their lives, compared to other races/ethnicities. Asian/Pacific Islanders have the lowest rates. […] The prevalence of alcohol use disorder is similar for individuals living in urban versus rural areas over the course of their lives, but is higher for urban dwellers in the past 12 months. […] Rates of alcohol use disorder are somewhat lower for individuals living in northeastern and southern states compared to those living in western states, both for the past 12 months and over the course of their lives.

• #12 Alcohol abuse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abuse

  Alcohol abuse is said to be most common in people aged between 15 and 24 years, according to Moreira 2009. […] Causes of alcohol abuse are complex and are likely the combination of many factors, from coping with stress to childhood development. The US Department of Health Human Services identifies several factors influencing adolescent alcohol use, such as risk-taking, expectancies, sensitivity and tolerance, personality and psychiatric comorbidity, hereditary factors, and environmental aspects. […] Studies show that child maltreatment such as neglect, physical, and/or sexual abuse, as well as having parents with alcohol abuse problems, increases the likelihood of that child developing alcohol use disorders later in life. […] Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of alcohol use disorders, depending on age. The influence of genetic risk factors in developing alcohol use disorders increase with age ranging from 28% in adolescence and 58% in adults.

• #12 Alcohol abuse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abuse

  Alcohol abuse is associated with many accidents, fights, and offences, including criminal. Alcohol is responsible in the world for 2.6 million deaths and results in disability in approximately 115.9 million people. […] Alcohol abuse is highly associated with adolescent suicide. Adolescents who abuse alcohol are 17 times more likely to commit suicide than adolescents who don’t drink. […] Alcohol misuse costs the United Kingdom’s National Health Service 3 billion per year. The cost to employers is 6.4 billion pounds sterling per year. […] In the United States, many people are arrested for drinking and driving. Also, people under the influence of alcohol commit a large portion of various violent crimes, including child abuse and homicide.

• #13 5 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4991/chapter/7

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the rate of FAS in two birth defects surveillance programs. […] The overall rate of FAS was 2.97 per 1,000 for Native Americans, 0.6 per 1,000 for African Americans, 0.09 for Caucasians, 0.08 for Hispanics, and 0.03 for Asians. […] A subsequent CDC article on data from the BDMP estimated the overall incidence of FAS from 1979 to 1993 at 0.22 per 1,000. […] The program monitors all births in a five-county area in and around metropolitan Atlanta. […] In general, the surveillance of FAS is similar in these other systems. […] Given also that FAS is a complex diagnosis, it may go unrecognized at birth. […] Thus, registry-based estimates of FAS prevalence can be expected to be gross underestimates. […] Studies that have produced rates, or estimated rates, of the incidence of FAS have been carried out in a number of countries.

• #14 Addressing Alcohol Related Harms A Population Level Response

  https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2020/01/14/addressing-alcohol-related-harms-a-population-level-response

  As a result, individuals living in these communities often experience the greatest burden of alcohol-related harms. […] Excessive drinking cost the United States $249 billion in 2010 and is responsible for approximately 2.3 million years of potential life lost. […] Alcohol harms human health across a number of domains; it is a causal risk factor for at least seven cancers, liver disease, infectious diseases, unintentional injuries, violent crime, mental health conditions, and suicide. […] Alcohol consumption is associated with a seven-fold greater risk for suicide, and heavy alcohol use is associated with a 37-fold greater risk. […] Each day, excessive drinking is associated with nearly half of the homicides occurring in the United States. […] In addition to being the leading cause of preventable birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States, drinking alcohol while pregnant may lead to a number of childhood conditions that fall within the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

• #15 The Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse among Employed Men and Women | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-7718-8_6

  This chapter examines the relationships between the workplace and the use and abuse of alcohol and discusses some methodological problems in studies that assess these relationships. […] In an analysis of data from a representative sample of employed men and women in metropolitan Detroit, we find that pressures of the job (job competition and time pressures) are related to the use of alcohol and that job pressures, less complex work with data, people, and things, and feelings of job stress are related to the abuse of alcohol. […] As we interpret the findings, alcohol is consumed as a means of coping with a stressful work environment whether that consumption is for tension reduction or for self-stimulation. […] Several alternative interpretations of the findings are addressed with other data from the Detroit study, and we suggest directions for further research on the working and drinking experiences of employed men and women.

• #16 The epidemiology of comorbidity between alcohol use disorders and mental disorders in Australia

  https://www.unsw.edu.au/research/ndarc/resources/the-epidemiology-of-comorbidity-between-alcohol-use-disorders-an

  Approximately one-third of respondents with an alcohol use disorder (i.e. DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence) met criteria for at least one comorbid anxiety, affective or drug use disorder in the past 12 months. […] All mental disorders were more common in respondents with an alcohol use disorder, although the strength of association differed by type of mental disorder. […] The odds of having a drug use disorder was 10 times higher, an affective disorder 4 times higher and an anxiety disorder 3 times higher in respondents with an alcohol use disorder. […] Of those individuals with a twelve-month alcohol use disorder, 18% had an affective disorder, 15% had an anxiety disorder and 17% had another drug use disorder. […] Of those respondents with a twelve-month mental disorder, 17% of those respondents with an affective disorder, 16% of those with an anxiety disorder and 35% of those with a drug use disorder also had an alcohol use disorder.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Alcohol consumption is found to play a causal role in more than 200 diseases, injuries and other health conditions. […] A causal relationship has been established between alcohol use and the incidence or outcomes of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV. […] Alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases the risk of having a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), the most severe form of which is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is associated with developmental disabilities and birth defects. […] The impact of alcohol consumption on chronic and acute health outcomes is largely determined by the total volume of alcohol consumed and the pattern of drinking, particularly those patterns which are associated with the frequency of drinking and episodes of heavy drinking.

• #18 Addressing Alcohol Related Harms A Population Level Response

  https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2020/01/14/addressing-alcohol-related-harms-a-population-level-response

  Binge drinking is the country’s most deadly, costly, and common form of excessive drinking, accounting for 54% of alcohol-related deaths, 66% of years of potential life lost, and 77% of economic costs. […] In the United States, rates of excessive drinking have increased among middle-aged non-Hispanic White men and women. […] A number of risk factors are correlated with adult alcohol misuse, including initiation of alcohol use at a young age, comorbid mental health conditions, and adverse childhood experiences. […] In fact, excessive alcohol consumption has been steadily rising over the last decade, particularly among women, older adults, members of racial and ethnic minority groups, and those of lower socioeconomic status. […] These population increases have contributed to a spike in alcohol-related emergency room visits.

• #19 The epidemiology of alcohol consumption in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy | Full Text

  https://substanceabusepolicy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13011-019-0214-5

  The present study also suggested considerable recent increment in the magnitude of hazardous alcohol consumption in Ethiopia. […] In Ethiopia, studies indicated that the prevalence of alcohol consumption has shown a significant increment, and generally hazardous drinking and alcohol dependence were more prevalent in men than in women. […] The pooled prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption in Ethiopia (8.94%) was remarkably lower than the prevalence estimates in sub-Saharan Africa 15%. […] The prevalence of hazardous alcohol use was considerably higher in the recent (2014-2017) 17.21% (95%CI 11.91-24.21) than the past (before 2014) 3.17% (95%CI 2.35-4.26) years.

• #20 Alcohol statistics | Alcohol Change UK

  https://alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics

  Alcohol is a causal factor in more than 200 medical conditions, including high blood pressure, liver scarring, and cancers (Rehm et al., 2010) […] Alcohol is the biggest risk factor for death, ill-health, and disability among 15-49 year-olds in the UK, and the fifth biggest risk factor across all ages (Burton et al., 2016) […] There were 280,747 admissions where the primary diagnosis was an alcohol-related condition (504 per 100,000 people) […] There were 1,018,986 admissions where the primary or secondary diagnosis was an alcohol-related condition (1,824 per 100,000 people) […] In 2023, there were 10,473 deaths (15.9 per 100,000 people) from alcohol-specific causes registered in the UK, the highest number on record (Office for National Statistics, 2025) […] The number recorded in 2023 was 4% higher than in 2022 (10,048 deaths; 16.6 per 100,000) and 38% higher than in 2019 (7,565 deaths; 11.8 per 100,000), the last pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic year (Office for National Statistics, 2025)

• #21

  https://journals.lww.com/cld/fulltext/2023/09000/epidemiology_and_trends_of_alcohol_use_disorder.5.aspx

  The epidemiology of ALD depends on the stage of the disease. Steatosis is common among individuals with excessive alcohol use; however, its actual prevalence in the general population is hard to determine as most cases are asymptomatic and limited by diagnostic modalities to screen for steatosis. […] The precise incidence and prevalence of AH are also difficult to determine due to the inability to estimate the population at risk. In a nationwide population-based study during the study period between 1999 and 2008, the annual incidence of AH increased from 37 million to 46 million in men and 24 million to 34 million in women. […] The COVID-19 pandemic caused psychological stress, anxiety, and tension at the individual and societal levels. […] These increases in alcohol sales and consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the outcomes of patients with ALD. A retrospective population-based study from Canada demonstrated significant increase in average monthly AH admissions (22.1/10,000 admissions during the pandemic versus 11.6/10,000 admissions) before March 2020.

• #22 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Investigating Unhealthy Alcohol Use As an Independent Risk Factor for Increased COVID-19 Disease Severity: Observational Cross-sectional Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/11/e33022/

  Unhealthy alcohol use (UAU) is known to disrupt pulmonary immune mechanisms and increase the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with pneumonia; however, little is known about the effects of UAU on outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. […] We aim to determine if UAU is associated with more severe clinical presentation and worse health outcomes related to COVID-19 and if socioeconomic status, smoking, age, BMI, race/ethnicity, and pattern of alcohol use modify the risk. […] Each incremental increase in the predicted probability from the digital alcohol classifier was associated with a greater odds risk for more severe COVID-19 disease (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.20). […] We found that patients in the unhealthy alcohol group had a greater odds risk to develop more severe disease (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.17-3.06), suggesting that UAU was associated with an 89% increase in the odds of being in a higher severity category.

• #23 Alcohol and Substance Abuse Evaluation: Overview, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805084-overview

  According to the survey, heavy alcohol use in the previous month was reported by 5.8% of people aged 12 years or older, with heavy drinking defined for men as at least five drinks on any day or at least 15 drinks per week, and for women as at least four drinks on any day or at least eight drinks per week. For young people aged 12-17 years, 0.5% reported heavy drinking in the previous month. […] The 2023 NSDUH also reported that 10.2% of people aged 12 years or older had an AUD in the previous year. That included 2.9% of youths aged 12-17 years. […] The survey found that among people aged 12 years or older with an AUD in the previous year, about 8% underwent treatment for it in that year, including 9.7% of young people aged 12-17 years with an AUD. […] Moreover, the 2023 NSDUH found that 16.8% of people aged 12 years or older had used an illicit drug in the previous month and that overall in 2023, 17.1% of people aged 12 years or older had a substance use disorder (SUD, including those with an AUD) in the previous year. Misuse of opioids, including heroin and prescription pain relievers, in the previous year was reported by 3.1% of the population aged 12 years or older, according to the survey. […] The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) states that the highly addictive form of amphetamine known as methamphetamine is used by about 2 million people aged 12 years or older in any given year, with about 500 people per day trying it for the first time.

• #24 Ch. 10.2: Alcohol Epidemiology – Introduction to Substance Use Disorders

  https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/substancemisusepart1/chapter/ch-9-2/

  Over 19.7 million individuals aged 12 or older (7.2% of population) were estimated to experience a substance use disorder (SUD) involving alcohol and/or and illicit drug use during the past year; the vast majority involved alcohol alone (5.3%) or in combination (0.9%) with illicit drugs (alcohol and other drugs, AOD). […] A convincing body of evidence indicates that many individuals are able to successfully change their problematic drinking behavior without engaging in formal, specialized alcohol treatmentself-change attempts alone may suffice. […] For individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for AUD, particularly in the more severe range, formal AUD treatment may be needed. […] The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) has established a set of guiding decision rules to help determine the appropriate level of care related to assessment of individuals in need of alcohol (or other substance) treatment intervention. […] Detoxification (detox) may be needed depending on the assessed need. […] Recovery from alcohol use disorders, with or without formal treatment, may best be supported with appropriate case management or wrap-around supportive services.

• #25 Addressing Alcohol Related Harms A Population Level Response

  https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2020/01/14/addressing-alcohol-related-harms-a-population-level-response

  While evidence-based, individual-level strategies are an important component of a comprehensive effort, population-level interventions offer greater protection for more people at less cost. […] Given that the majority of adults who report current binge drinking do not meet diagnostic criteria for severe alcohol use disorder, prioritization of population-level, evidence-based strategies is paramount to adequately address the wide range of harms associated with excessive alcohol consumption across populations and locations. […] The strategies are organized in three categories: (1) pricing and taxes, (2) retail access, and (3) drinking context. […] Studies have shown that increases in alcohol prices and/or taxes are associated with reductions in alcohol consumption and related problems, including motor vehicle fatalities, violent crime, and alcohol-related diseases.

• #26 Addressing Alcohol Related Harms A Population Level Response

  https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2020/01/14/addressing-alcohol-related-harms-a-population-level-response

  A substantial body of research demonstrates that communities with a greater density of alcohol outlets are at higher risk of experiencing problems related to excessive alcohol consumption, including crime and motor vehicle crashes. […] This research suggests that the greatest potential to decrease alcohol-related inequalities at the population level is in restricting retail outlets from clustering in underserved communities and implementing interventions focused on alcohol outlets. […] Research has shown that lowering the BAC per se limit for driving from 0.08% to 0.05% would have a general deterrent impact on alcohol-impaired driving rates.

• #27 Alcohol – Adult Binge Drinking

  https://ibis.doh.nm.gov/indicator/summary/AlcoholBingeDrinkAdult.html

  According to the latest estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 47% of homicides, 32% of falls injury deaths, 29% of drug overdose deaths, and 23% of suicide deaths are alcohol attributable. […] Binge drinking is also associated with a wide range of other social problems, including domestic and sexual violence, crime, and risky sexual behavior. Binge drinking is the most common pattern of excessive drinking. […] The Community Guide provides recommendations for evidence-based interventions to prevent binge drinking and related harms, including: 1) Increasing alcoholic beverage costs 2) Limiting the number of retail alcohol outlets that sell alcoholic beverages in a given area 3) Holding alcohol retailers responsible for the harms caused by their underage or intoxicated patrons (dram shop liability) 4) Restricting access to alcohol by maintaining limits on the days and hours of alcohol retail sales 5) Consistent enforcement of laws against underage drinking and alcohol-impaired driving 6) Screening and counseling for alcohol misuse. […] Doctors, nurses and other health professionals should screen all adult patients and counsel those who drink too much to drink less. This is called alcohol screening and brief intervention (A-SBI). A-SBI can reduce how much alcohol a person drinks on an occasion by 25%.

• #28 Request for Information (RFI): Harmonization of research metrics on alcohol use, misuse, pathology, and mortality internationally.

  https://www.unthsc.edu/daily-news/request-for-information-rfi-harmonization-of-research-metrics-on-alcohol-use-misuse-pathology-and-mortality-internationally/

  International studies provide numerous opportunities for U.S. and global researchers to improve knowledge on epidemiology and trends of alcohol use/misuse, alcohol organ pathologies, and mechanisms involved in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) and alcohol-related conditions, such as Alcohol Associated Liver Disease and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). […] The issues of comparability of alcohol use measures and metrics need to be resolved to advance the mission of NIAAA, to generate and disseminate fundamental knowledge about the adverse effects of alcohol on health and well-being and to apply that knowledge to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of alcohol-related problems, including AUD, across the life course. […] The overarching goal is to enhance the rigor, generalizability, and value of NIAAA research on epidemiology, trends and the impact of alcohol use, misuse, and AUD on health and well-being, and alcohol-related mortality and pathology.

Zobacz więcej