Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Thrombocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thrombocytosis

  Symptoms of thrombocytosis (presentation) […] Primary thrombocytosis […] The clinical features can relate to an increased bleeding tendency as well as an increased tendency to thrombosis. The mechanisms that cause these two phenomena are poorly understood but are thought to relate to a decrease in aggregation, hyper-aggregation, and the presence of high molecular weight von Willebrand factor multimers (substances released by tissue when coagulation is required). […] About a third of patients are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. […] Most symptomatic patients have vasomotor symptoms or symptoms related to small or large vessel thrombosis. Some present with bleeding. […] Between 20% and 30% of patients have constitutional symptoms that usually include sweating, low-grade fever and pruritus. Weight loss is unusual. […] On examination, 40-50% of patients have splenomegaly at presentation and 20% have hepatomegaly. Clinical findings are otherwise unremarkable. […] Clinical features can include:

• #1 Symptoms of essential thrombocythaemia (ET) | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/essential-thrombocythaemia-et/et-symptoms/

  Many people wont have noticed any symptoms when theyre diagnosed with essential thrombocythaemia (ET). Its picked up when they have a blood test for something else. […] Youre more likely to have symptoms if you are older or have a very high number of platelets in your blood. These are some of the more common symptoms: headaches, dizziness, visual changes (often called light shows or silent migraines), difficulty concentrating, tiredness (fatigue), bruising or bleeding, such as nose bleeds, blood in your poo or heavy periods, pain in your stomach area (abdomen), burning pain, most commonly in the feet, but possibly in the hands, arms, legs, ears or face. Lighter skin tones may also look red in these areas. […] Some people with ET also suffer from itchy skin. […] One of the most important things to know about ET is that it can cause thrombosis, or blood clots. This is a serious health condition, so its important to know what to look out for. The symptoms will vary depending on where the clot is, but they include: slurred speech, weakness on one side of the body, drooping on one side of your face, sudden chest pain, dizziness and feeling short of breath, one leg or arm becoming painful, swollen and warm, coughing up blood, sudden blurred vision or loss of sight, sudden pain in the stomach area, possibly with swelling and signs of jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes, and yellowish skin in people with lighter skin tones). […] If you have one or more of these symptoms, its a medical emergency. Call 999 and get medical help straight away.

• #1 Thrombocytosis | Encyclopedia.com

  https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/thrombocytosis

  Two of every three patients who have thrombocytosis do not have any symptoms of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Younger patients may remain symptom-free for years. […] Enlargement of the spleen is detected in 60% of patients with thrombocytosis. The liver may also be enlarged. As many as half of all patients experience bleeding from the skin, gums, or nose; and 20-50% have some blockage of veins or arteries. […] Other symptoms of thrombocytosis include: bloody stools, bruising, dizziness, headache, hemorrhage, prolonged bleeding after having surgery or after having a tooth pulled, redness or tingling of the hands and feet, weakness. In rare instances, the lymph nodes become enlarged. […] The highest platelet counts usually produce the most severe symptoms. Younger patients (especially women) may not have symptoms, even though their platelet counts are very high. […] Complications of thrombocytosis include stroke, heart attack, and formation of blood clots in the arms and legs. […] Many patients with thrombocytosis remain free of complications for long periods. However, some patients may die as a result of blood clots or uncontrolled bleeding.

• #1 Signs, Symptoms, and Complications of Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-thrombocythemia-and-thrombocytosis/signs-symptoms-and

  People who have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may not have signs or symptoms. These conditions might be discovered only after routine blood tests. […] However, people who have primary thrombocythemia are more likely than those who have secondary thrombocytosis to have serious signs and symptoms. […] The signs and symptoms of a high platelet count are linked to blood clots and bleeding. They include weakness, bleeding, headache, dizziness, chest pain, and tingling in the hands and feet. […] If bleeding occurs, it most often affects people who have platelet counts higher than 1 million platelets per microliter of blood. Signs of bleeding include nosebleeds, bruising, bleeding from the mouth or gums, or blood in the stools. […] Although bleeding usually is associated with a low platelet count, it also can occur in people who have high platelet counts. Blood clots that develop in thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may use up your body’s platelets. This means that not enough platelets are left in your bloodstream to seal off cuts or breaks on the blood vessel walls.

• #1 Platelet Disorders – Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thrombocythemia-thrombocytosis

  Thrombocythemia and thrombocytosis are conditions that occur when your blood has a higher-than-normal platelet count. […] Many people who have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis do not have symptoms. These conditions might be discovered only after routine blood tests. […] The symptoms of a high platelet count are linked to blood clots and bleeding. These symptoms are more common in people who have thrombocythemia. […] In thrombocythemia, blood clots most often develop in the brain, hands, and feet. But the clots can develop anywhere in the body. Blood clots in the brain may cause chronic (long-term) headaches and dizziness. In extreme cases, you may have a transient ischemic attack or a stroke. […] Bleeding can happen in people who have a very high platelet count. You may have nosebleeds, bruising, bleeding from your mouth or gums, or blood in your stool. […] Bleeding occurs when blood clots that develop in thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis use up your body’s platelets. This means that not enough platelets are left in your bloodstream to seal off cuts or breaks on the blood vessel walls.

• #1 Thrombocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thrombocytosis

  Neurological symptoms: […] Headache (the most common neurological symptom). […] Burning pain and dusky appearance of the extremities (erythromelalgia). […] Transient ischaemic episodes and paraesthesiae. […] Other transient symptoms (including dizziness, dysarthria, syncope, migraine, seizures, etc). […] Arterial thrombosis: […] Cardiac, renal and leg arteries (possible). […] Pain or gangrene of the toes and fingers. […] Venous thrombosis: […] Splenic, hepatic, or leg and pelvic veins may be involved. […] Priapism is rare. […] Pulmonary hypertension (may result from thromboembolism). […] Bleeding: […] Primarily gastrointestinal (GI) – often simulates duodenal ulcer following duodenal arcade thrombosis. […] May also involve eyes, gums, skin, urinary tract, joints and brain.

• #1 https://www.lls.org/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia/signs-and-symptoms

  Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is often detected during a routine blood test before an individual has any symptoms. […] The signs and symptoms of ET are linked to high platelet counts that cause the development of a thrombus (blood clot). The symptoms include: Pain, swelling and redness in the arms or legs (due to deep vein thrombosis, a blood clot that develops in a vein deep inside the body) […] Shortness of breath, chest pain and cough (due to a pulmonary embolism, a blood clot in the lungs) […] Chest pain, shortness of breath and nausea (due to a heart attack caused by a blood clot) […] If a blood clot occurs in the arteries that supply blood to the brain, it may cause a temporary loss of blood flow to part of the brain. This can cause a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), with signs and symptoms that include: Headaches

• #1 What is essential thrombocythaemia? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/essential-thrombocythaemia/what-is-et

  The symptoms of a blood clot depend on where it is in the body. They can form anywhere but most commonly develop in the deep veins in the: leg, lung, brain, heart. […] Not everyone with ET will have these problems. People who have diabetes or heart disease are at higher risk. You may have other health conditions that increase your risk of blood clots. Your specialist will discuss these with you. […] Blood clots can be very serious. Contact your doctor or get advice from 111 if you think you have: pain, redness and a feeling of hotness in your leg, this could be a blood clot in the leg, breathlessness and chest pain, this could be a clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism), headache, dizziness and blurred vision, this could be a clot in the brain. […] Chest pain could also be a clot in the heart, which in serious cases can cause a heart attack. […] Essential thrombocythameia is rare, so if you have any of these symptoms it is more likely to be something else. But it is still important to contact your doctor to find out what is causing them.

• #1 Thrombocytosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13350-thrombocytosis

  Most people with high platelets dont have symptoms, at least at first. […] When symptoms occur, they often relate to abnormal bleeding and clotting in your body. Symptoms include: Headache. Bruising easily. Feeling weak, lightheaded or dizzy. Bleeding from your nose, mouth and gums. Bleeding in your stomach or intestinal tract. […] In severe cases, thrombocytosis can cause unusual blood clots in your abdomen (Budd-Chari syndrome) and increases your risk of a stroke or heart attack.

• #1 What is essential thrombocythaemia? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/essential-thrombocythaemia/what-is-et

  Many people find out they have ET when they are having a blood test for something else. This is because ET usually develops slowly and doesn’t cause symptoms at first. As it progresses it causes symptoms. […] Most of the symptoms happen as a result of blood clots forming or because of bleeding problems. Bleeding problems are less common than clots. They can develop because the platelets are not fully mature and don’t work normally. […] Symptoms include: tiredness (fatigue), headaches, dizziness, feeling lightheaded and blurred vision, burning and tingling in hands and feet – this often feels worse with heat and better with cold, pain or discomfort in the tummy (abdomen) from an enlarged spleen, bruising more easily, purplish mottled skin changes, usually on the legs, nosebleeds or bleeding gums, black or tarry poo, if there is any bleeding in the bowel, vaginal bleeding when you are not due to have a period or abnormally heavy periods.

• #1 Thrombocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thrombocytosis

  Bleeding is usually not severe (only rarely requires transfusion). […] Bleeding is unusual unless the platelet count exceeds 1,000 x 109/L. […] Complications in pregnancy: […] Spontaneous abortions (usually first trimester). […] Placental infarctions (causing intrauterine growth restriction and fetal death). […] Excessive bleeding during delivery – this is rare. […] Secondary thrombocytosis […] A history of the primary condition may be elicited (eg, infection) but sometimes the causative factor is not obvious. […] Symptoms prevalent in primary thrombocytosis are notably absent. […] There are no specific clinical findings on examination.

• #1 Secondary Thrombocythemia – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/myeloproliferative-disorders/secondary-thrombocythemia

  People with secondary thrombocythemia usually have no symptoms related to the high number of platelets (unlike people with primary thrombocythemia). […] Symptoms of the underlying condition usually dominate. […] Although an increased number of platelets might be thought to cause excessive blood clotting, this rarely happens in secondary thrombocythemia unless people also have severe arterial disease. […] Although some people with essential thrombocythemia have an increased risk of bleeding, this is not a concern with secondary thrombocythemia.

• #1 Essential Thrombocythemia – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/myeloproliferative-disorders/essential-thrombocythemia

  The hands and feet may burn, turn red or discolored, and tingle, and the fingertips may feel cold. […] When symptoms occur, they are due to the blockage of blood vessels by blood clots and may include Redness or discoloration and warmth of the hands and feet, often with burning pain (erythromelalgia). […] The spleen may enlarge but this is rare at time of diagnosis and more common in females. […] Older adults who may already have diseases that cause blood vessel damage, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, have a higher risk of complications caused by blood clots, such as transient ischemic attacks, stroke, and heart attack. […] People with essential thrombocytosis usually have a normal life span, but some develop polycythemia vera (usually females) or myelofibrosis (usually males).

• #1 Essential thrombocythemia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/896

  Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with an increase in number and size of circulating platelets. […] Clinical presentation includes vasomotor symptoms and complications from thrombosis and bleeding. Approximately 40% to 50% of patients are asymptomatic at diagnosis, and thrombocytosis is an incidental finding on routine blood testing. […] Patients can be stratified into four risk groups to help guide treatment: very low-risk, low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk. […] Life expectancy is reported to be modestly reduced compared with that of the general population. Patients require life-long blood count monitoring. […] Key diagnostic factors include erythromelalgia, splenomegaly, arterial and venous thrombosis, bleeding, and livedo reticularis. […] Other diagnostic factors include headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, chest pain, vertigo, and paresthesia.

• #1 Essential thrombocythemia

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/e/essential-thrombocythemia2/?section=Symptoms

  Less commonly, essential thrombocythemia may cause bleeding, especially if your platelet count is more than 1 million platelets per microliter of blood. […] Essential thrombocythemia can lead to a variety of potentially life-threatening complications. […] Rarely, essential thrombocythemia may progress to these potentially life-threatening diseases: Acute myelogenous leukemia. This is a type of white blood cell and bone marrow cancer that progresses rapidly. Myelofibrosis. This progressive disorder results in bone marrow scarring, leading to severe anemia and enlargement of your liver and spleen. […] Most women who have essential thrombocythemia have normal, healthy pregnancies. But uncontrolled thrombocythemia can lead to miscarriage and other complications. Your risk of complications may be reduced with regular checkups and medication, so be sure to have your doctor regularly monitor your condition. […] Although there’s no cure for essential thrombocythemia, treatments can control symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Life span is expected to be normal despite the disease.

• #1 Primary thrombocythemia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/primary-thrombocythemia

  Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many platelets. Platelets are particles in the blood that aid in blood clotting. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Headache (most common), Tingling, coldness, or blueness in the hands and feet, Feeling dizzy or lightheaded, Vision problems, Mini-strokes (transient ischemic attacks) or stroke. […] If bleeding is a problem, symptoms may include any of the following: Easy bruising and nosebleeds, Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, urinary tract, or skin, Bleeding from the gums, Prolonged bleeding from surgical procedures or tooth removal. […] Untreated, ET worsens over time. […] Outcomes may vary. Most people can go for long periods without complications and have a normal lifespan. In a small number of people, complications from bleeding and blood clots can cause serious problems. In rare cases, the disease can change into acute leukemia or myelofibrosis.

• #1 Essential Thrombocytosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cytoreductive Therapy, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206697-treatment

  Patients with essential thrombocytosis in whom hydroxyurea therapy fails and who are then treated with alkylating agents or phosphorus-32 have a higher risk of developing AML. Anagrelide may be a good therapeutic option in patients for whom hydroxyurea therapy fails. […] Transformation to polycythemia vera and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia may occur in patients with essential thrombocytosis. Spontaneous abortion, intrauterine death, or intrauterine growth retardation may complicate pregnancy.

• #1 One thousand patients with essential thrombocythemia: the Mayo Clinic experience | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-023-00972-x

  At the time of last follow-up in August 2023, blastic transformations were reported in 33 patients (3%), with overall incidence, 10-year and 20-year rates of 3%, 1.5% and 7.6%, respectively; 3%/1.7%/8% for JAK2, 3%/0.9%/0.9% for type 1/type 1-like CALR, 6%/3%/6% for type 2/type 2-like CALR, 3%/0%/0.2% with MPL and 0%/0%/0% with TN. […] 126 patients (13%) experienced transformation to myelofibrosis with 10-year and 20-year incidence rates of 9% and 30%, respectively. Overall incidence/10-year/20-year figures for fibrotic transformation were 10%/8%/26% for JAK2-mutated, 20%/13%/36% type 1/type 1-like CALR-mutated, 15%/5%/39% type 2/type 2-like CALR-mutated, 27%/35%/63% MPL-mutated and 10%/5%/19% TN cases (p0.01); the difference was significant for MPL vs JAK2 (p0.01, HR 4.0, 95% CI 1.98.4), MPL vs type 1/type 1-like and type 2/type 2-like CALR (p=0.03 and 0.01, respectively, HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.15.2 and HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.68.7). […] Aspirin therapy appeared to mitigate both arterial (HR 0.4) and venous (HR 0.4) thrombosis risk.

• #1 Essential Thrombocythemia | City of Hope

  https://www.cancercenter.com/blood-cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia

  In rare cases, ET may develop into leukemia. After having ET for 20 years, the patients risk of developing leukemia is around 5 percent, according to the American Journal of Hematology. […] Post-ET MF occurs when the overproduction of cells damages the bone marrow, turning it fibrotic. The bone marrow produces fewer blood cells when it reaches this stage. Symptoms of post-ET MF include: Loss of more than 10 percent of body weight in six months […] Excessive sweating at night […] Unexplained fever above 99.5 degrees […] Swelling of the spleen […] Anemia […] High levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood.

• #1 Prospective Analysis Highlights Patterns of Progression to Myelofibrosis Following Essential Thrombocythemia Diagnosis

  https://www.onclive.com/view/prospective-analysis-highlights-patterns-of-progression-to-myelofibrosis-following-essential-thrombocythemia-diagnosis

  Disease progression to myelofibrosis was associated with longer disease duration, higher white blood cell counts, and lower hemoglobin levels. […] Patients with essential thrombocythemia who progressed to myelofibrosis had longer duration of disease, higher white blood cell counts, and lower hemoglobin levels at enrollment. […] Of the 4.3% (n = 53) of patients who progressed to myelofibrosis, a pathologic diagnosis of the disease or grade 2 or greater fibrosis was the most common indicator (49.1%; n = 26) of disease progression, followed by new or worsening splenomegaly coupled with a combination of high white blood cell counts and low hemoglobin levels and platelet counts (22.6%; n = 12). […] Patients were considered to have disease progression to myelofibrosis if they experienced any of the following criteria during the study period: bone marrow biopsy with fibrosis of grade 2 or greater or a pathologic diagnosis of myelofibrosis; death because of myelofibrosis, MDS, or AML; circulating blasts above 1% and new or worsening splenomegaly; and new or worsening splenomegaly.

• #1 Essential thrombocythemia and fatigue – Living with and after blood cancer – Blood Cancer UK Online Community Forum

  https://forum.bloodcancer.org.uk/t/essential-thrombocythemia-and-fatigue/7971

  Hi, I was diagnosed with et last September by way of a pre op checkup. I started taking hydroxocarbomide which eventually brought my platelets back to a normal level, however I am having trouble coping with the effects of extreme tiredness. I have experienced tiredness symptoms before but this is a very different manifestation, and happens in a random way. I can be walking somewhere and out of the blue my body stops and I have to stop and sit down. My thoughts become cloudy and I have trouble forming words, it is very distressing. I experience muscle pains in my leg muscles especially. This happens on a daily basis, I am wondering if this is the result of the illness or the medication? Any thoughts? […] The symptoms you describe sound debilitating. Isnt it difficult to know whether symptoms are the illness, medication or something completely different.

• #1 Secondary Thrombocytosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206811-overview

  Platelets are acute-phase reactants; therefore, platelet counts increase in response to various stimuli, including systemic infections, inflammatory conditions, bleeding, and tumors. This phenomenon is called reactive or secondary thrombocytosis, and it is a benign form of thrombocytosis. […] Secondary thrombocytosis is usually identified on routine laboratory evaluation, as most patients are asymptomatic, However, patients may have symptoms related to the primary condition that precipitated the thrombocytosis (see Presentation). […] The primary treatment of secondary thrombocytosis should address the underlying cause of the thrombocytosis. Once the causal agent is managed, platelets counts typically normalize. […] In general, secondary thrombocytosis (reactive thrombocytosis) is a temporary laboratory anomaly that resolves when the primary causative condition is addressed. The overall prognosis in patients with secondary thrombocytosis reflects that of the underlying associated condition. […] With certain disorders however, (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer), the presence of thrombocytosis indicates a worse prognosis than for patients who do not have thrombocytosis.

• #1 High Platelets and Thrombocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/blood-conditions/high-platelets

  Blood clots can present life threatening effects. […] Seek emergency treatment or call 911 for anyone experiencing the following symptoms of blood clots: confusion or a loss of consciousness, even if the episode is only very brief, changes to speech or difficulty speaking, seizures, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, nausea, difficulty seeing in one or both eyes, chest pain, discomfort or pain in one or both arms or in the jaw, neck, back, or abdomen, sudden numbness or weakness, a sudden and severe headache, difficulty moving, such as when walking, or a loss of balance or coordination. […] High platelets can make you feel tired or fatigued. […] This can happen due to thrombocythemia and thrombocytosis. Or, in cases of thrombocytosis, you may also feel tired as a symptom of the original underlying condition and cause.

• #2 Secondary Thrombocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560810/

  Thrombocytosis, or thrombocythemia, occurs when the platelet count exceeds 450,000/L of blood. This condition can be classified into primary and secondary thrombocytosis. Secondary thrombocytosis, also known as reactive thrombocytosis, is characterized by an abnormally high platelet count in the absence of chronic myeloproliferative disease due to underlying conditions, infections or diseases, inflammation, hemorrhage, or certain medications. Secondary thrombocytosis, which is more common than primary thrombocytosis, is typically identified through routine laboratory testing, as most patients are asymptomatic. […] In most cases, reactive thrombocytosis symptoms are due to the underlying disorder rather than the elevated platelet count itself. Rarely, extreme secondary thrombocytosis may lead to thrombotic events such as acute myocardial infarction, mesenteric vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Although secondary thrombocytosis is generally benign, the underlying causes (such as malignancies, connective tissue disorders, and chronic infections) can increase the risk of adverse outcomes. […] In most cases, secondary thrombocytosis symptoms are due to an underlying disorder rather than the thrombocytosis itself. Rarely, extreme thrombocytosis may lead to thrombotic events such as acute myocardial infarction, mesenteric vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

• #2 Essential thrombocythemia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/896

  Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with an increase in number and size of circulating platelets. […] Clinical presentation includes vasomotor symptoms and complications from thrombosis and bleeding. Approximately 40% to 50% of patients are asymptomatic at diagnosis, and thrombocytosis is an incidental finding on routine blood testing. […] Patients can be stratified into four risk groups to help guide treatment: very low-risk, low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk. […] Life expectancy is reported to be modestly reduced compared with that of the general population. Patients require life-long blood count monitoring. […] Key diagnostic factors include erythromelalgia, splenomegaly, arterial and venous thrombosis, bleeding, and livedo reticularis. […] Other diagnostic factors include headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, chest pain, vertigo, and paresthesia.

• #2 Thrombocythemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocythemia

  High platelet counts do not necessarily signal any clinical problems, and can be picked up on a routine full blood count. However, it is important that a full medical history be elicited to ensure that the increased platelet count is not due to a secondary process. […] A very small number of people report symptoms of erythromelalgia, a burning sensation and redness of the extremities that resolves with cooling, or aspirin or both. […] Scientific literature sometimes excludes thrombocytosis from the scope of thrombophilia by definition, but practically, by the definition of thrombophilia as an increased predisposition to thrombosis, thrombocytosis (especially primary thrombocytosis) is a potential cause of thrombophilia. Conversely, secondary thrombocytosis very rarely causes thrombotic complications.

• #2 Essential thrombocythemia

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/e/essential-thrombocythemia2/?section=Symptoms

  Essential thrombocythemia (throm-boe-sie-THEE-me-uh) is an uncommon disorder in which your body produces too many platelets. Platelets are the part of your blood that sticks together to form clots. […] This condition may cause you to feel fatigued and lightheaded and to experience headaches and vision changes. It also increases your risk of blood clots. […] You may not have any noticeable symptoms of essential thrombocythemia. The first indication you have the disorder may be the development of a blood clot. Clots can develop anywhere in your body, but with essential thrombocythemia they occur most often in your brain, hands and feet. […] Signs and symptoms depend on where the clot forms. They include: Headache, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Chest pain, Fainting, Temporary vision changes, Numbness or tingling of the hands and feet, Redness, throbbing and burning pain in the hands and feet.

• #2 Essential thrombocythemia (ET) – MPN Research Foundation

  https://mpnresearchfoundation.org/essential-thrombocythemia-et/

  Many ET patients are asymptomatic. Consequently, the disease is often diagnosed as part of a routine check-up, after a blood test reveals a high platelet count. When symptoms are present, they may include fatigue, or may be related to small or large vessel disturbance or bleeding. […] Common ET Symptoms related to small vessel disturbances may include: Headache, Vision disturbances or silent migraines, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Coldness or blueness of fingers or toes, Burning, redness, and pain in the hands and feet. […] When bleeding is present as a symptom of essential thrombocythemia, it can manifest as: Easy bruising, nosebleeds or heavy periods, Gastrointestinal bleeding or blood in the urine. […] Thrombotic complications can also occur, resulting in: Stroke, Transient ischemic attack (TIA), Heart attack, Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus (blood clot in the lung), Blood clotting in unusual locations, such as the abdominal veins.

• #2 Essential Thrombocythemia – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/myeloproliferative-disorders/essential-thrombocythemia

  The hands and feet may burn, turn red or discolored, and tingle, and the fingertips may feel cold. […] When symptoms occur, they are due to the blockage of blood vessels by blood clots and may include Redness or discoloration and warmth of the hands and feet, often with burning pain (erythromelalgia). […] The spleen may enlarge but this is rare at time of diagnosis and more common in females. […] Older adults who may already have diseases that cause blood vessel damage, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, have a higher risk of complications caused by blood clots, such as transient ischemic attacks, stroke, and heart attack. […] People with essential thrombocytosis usually have a normal life span, but some develop polycythemia vera (usually females) or myelofibrosis (usually males).

• #2 https://www.lls.org/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia/signs-and-symptoms

  Dizziness […] Weakness or numbness on one side of the body […] Blurred or double vision […] Slurred speech […] In a small number of patients with ET who have an extremely high platelet count, the disease may cause bleeding. Signs and symptoms of bleeding may include: Easy bruising […] Nosebleeds […] Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding […] Bloody stools […] Blood in the urine […] Other signs and symptoms of ET include: Fatigue […] Weight loss […] Low-grade fevers […] Night sweats […] Numbness of tingling sensation in the hands or feet (called „peripheral neuropathy”) […] Sexual problems […] Pain, redness and swelling in the hands or feet (called erythromelalgia), caused by diminished blood flow […] Feeling full after eating a small meal […] Abdominal discomfort due to an enlarged spleen.

• #2 Reactive Thrombocytosis: Everything You Should Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/reactive-thrombocytosis

  Most people with reactive thrombocytosis dont have any symptoms. Doctors often find the condition for the first time through simple lab work. […] If you do experience any problems as a result of excess platelets in your blood, they may be related to a blood clot. Symptoms of a blood clot can include: headaches or seizures, chest pain, weakness or dizziness, shortness of breath, pain in the arms, legs, hands, and feet, changes in speech. […] In rare cases, excess platelets can cause bleeding. This may appear in the form of: nosebleeds, bruising, bloody stools, bleeding gums. […] If your thrombocytosis causes a blood clot, you can experience serious complications like a stroke or heart attack. […] Reactive thrombocytosis rarely leads to a serious blood clotting problem. However, it can indicate that you have a serious condition like cancer. Its important for your doctor to identify the underlying cause of your reactive thrombocytosis to determine how serious it is.

• #2 Signs, Symptoms, and Complications of Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-thrombocythemia-and-thrombocytosis/signs-symptoms-and

  People who have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may not have signs or symptoms. These conditions might be discovered only after routine blood tests. […] However, people who have primary thrombocythemia are more likely than those who have secondary thrombocytosis to have serious signs and symptoms. […] The signs and symptoms of a high platelet count are linked to blood clots and bleeding. They include weakness, bleeding, headache, dizziness, chest pain, and tingling in the hands and feet. […] If bleeding occurs, it most often affects people who have platelet counts higher than 1 million platelets per microliter of blood. Signs of bleeding include nosebleeds, bruising, bleeding from the mouth or gums, or blood in the stools. […] Although bleeding usually is associated with a low platelet count, it also can occur in people who have high platelet counts. Blood clots that develop in thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may use up your body’s platelets. This means that not enough platelets are left in your bloodstream to seal off cuts or breaks on the blood vessel walls.

• #2 Thrombocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thrombocytosis

  Neurological symptoms: […] Headache (the most common neurological symptom). […] Burning pain and dusky appearance of the extremities (erythromelalgia). […] Transient ischaemic episodes and paraesthesiae. […] Other transient symptoms (including dizziness, dysarthria, syncope, migraine, seizures, etc). […] Arterial thrombosis: […] Cardiac, renal and leg arteries (possible). […] Pain or gangrene of the toes and fingers. […] Venous thrombosis: […] Splenic, hepatic, or leg and pelvic veins may be involved. […] Priapism is rare. […] Pulmonary hypertension (may result from thromboembolism). […] Bleeding: […] Primarily gastrointestinal (GI) – often simulates duodenal ulcer following duodenal arcade thrombosis. […] May also involve eyes, gums, skin, urinary tract, joints and brain.

• #2 Sign up for our newsletter

  https://www.pbi.org.au/thrombocythaemia

  Bleeding occurs as a result of the elevated platelet count causing bad blood clots to develop and depleting the body platelet levels. Without this reservoir of platelets, the body cannot form a good clot to seal off any cuts and so the risk of bleeding increases. Symptoms include: Nosebleeds. Bruising. Bleeding in your mouth and gums. Blood in your stool. Cuts and breaks in blood vessels which dont seal. […] Blood clots caused from an excessively high platelet count can hinder blood flow to the baby. Complications associated with clots and bleeding include: High blood pressure. Slow growth of the unborn baby. Premature delivery. Separation of the placenta from the womb. Loss of pregnancy.

• #2 Secondary Thrombocytosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206811-overview

  Platelets are acute-phase reactants; therefore, platelet counts increase in response to various stimuli, including systemic infections, inflammatory conditions, bleeding, and tumors. This phenomenon is called reactive or secondary thrombocytosis, and it is a benign form of thrombocytosis. […] Secondary thrombocytosis is usually identified on routine laboratory evaluation, as most patients are asymptomatic, However, patients may have symptoms related to the primary condition that precipitated the thrombocytosis (see Presentation). […] The primary treatment of secondary thrombocytosis should address the underlying cause of the thrombocytosis. Once the causal agent is managed, platelets counts typically normalize. […] In general, secondary thrombocytosis (reactive thrombocytosis) is a temporary laboratory anomaly that resolves when the primary causative condition is addressed. The overall prognosis in patients with secondary thrombocytosis reflects that of the underlying associated condition. […] With certain disorders however, (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer), the presence of thrombocytosis indicates a worse prognosis than for patients who do not have thrombocytosis.

• #2 Essential thrombocythemia

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/e/essential-thrombocythemia2/?section=Symptoms

  Less commonly, essential thrombocythemia may cause bleeding, especially if your platelet count is more than 1 million platelets per microliter of blood. […] Essential thrombocythemia can lead to a variety of potentially life-threatening complications. […] Rarely, essential thrombocythemia may progress to these potentially life-threatening diseases: Acute myelogenous leukemia. This is a type of white blood cell and bone marrow cancer that progresses rapidly. Myelofibrosis. This progressive disorder results in bone marrow scarring, leading to severe anemia and enlargement of your liver and spleen. […] Most women who have essential thrombocythemia have normal, healthy pregnancies. But uncontrolled thrombocythemia can lead to miscarriage and other complications. Your risk of complications may be reduced with regular checkups and medication, so be sure to have your doctor regularly monitor your condition. […] Although there’s no cure for essential thrombocythemia, treatments can control symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Life span is expected to be normal despite the disease.

• #2 Symptoms of essential thrombocythaemia (ET) | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/essential-thrombocythaemia-et/et-symptoms/

  Many people wont have noticed any symptoms when theyre diagnosed with essential thrombocythaemia (ET). Its picked up when they have a blood test for something else. […] Youre more likely to have symptoms if you are older or have a very high number of platelets in your blood. These are some of the more common symptoms: headaches, dizziness, visual changes (often called light shows or silent migraines), difficulty concentrating, tiredness (fatigue), bruising or bleeding, such as nose bleeds, blood in your poo or heavy periods, pain in your stomach area (abdomen), burning pain, most commonly in the feet, but possibly in the hands, arms, legs, ears or face. Lighter skin tones may also look red in these areas. […] Some people with ET also suffer from itchy skin. […] One of the most important things to know about ET is that it can cause thrombosis, or blood clots. This is a serious health condition, so its important to know what to look out for. The symptoms will vary depending on where the clot is, but they include: slurred speech, weakness on one side of the body, drooping on one side of your face, sudden chest pain, dizziness and feeling short of breath, one leg or arm becoming painful, swollen and warm, coughing up blood, sudden blurred vision or loss of sight, sudden pain in the stomach area, possibly with swelling and signs of jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes, and yellowish skin in people with lighter skin tones). […] If you have one or more of these symptoms, its a medical emergency. Call 999 and get medical help straight away.

• #2 Essential Thrombocytosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cytoreductive Therapy, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206697-treatment

  Treatment for essential thrombocytosis (primary thrombocythemia) is aimed at preventing complications and alleviating symptoms; it does not necessarily prolong survival or slow disease progression. […] Thrombosis may be serious and life-threatening in patients with essential thrombocytosis. Bleeding is usually from the gastrointestinal tract and is, in most cases, mild. […] Transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurs in 0.6-5% of patients with essential thrombocytosis; the risk may be comparable to that of the healthy population. […] Hydroxyurea does not appear to increase the risk of transformation to AML in older patients when used as the sole agent. Whether prolonged use, as needed in younger patients, may be associated with an increased risk of transformation to AML is unclear.

• #2 One thousand patients with essential thrombocythemia: the Mayo Clinic experience | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-023-00972-x

  At the time of last follow-up in August 2023, blastic transformations were reported in 33 patients (3%), with overall incidence, 10-year and 20-year rates of 3%, 1.5% and 7.6%, respectively; 3%/1.7%/8% for JAK2, 3%/0.9%/0.9% for type 1/type 1-like CALR, 6%/3%/6% for type 2/type 2-like CALR, 3%/0%/0.2% with MPL and 0%/0%/0% with TN. […] 126 patients (13%) experienced transformation to myelofibrosis with 10-year and 20-year incidence rates of 9% and 30%, respectively. Overall incidence/10-year/20-year figures for fibrotic transformation were 10%/8%/26% for JAK2-mutated, 20%/13%/36% type 1/type 1-like CALR-mutated, 15%/5%/39% type 2/type 2-like CALR-mutated, 27%/35%/63% MPL-mutated and 10%/5%/19% TN cases (p0.01); the difference was significant for MPL vs JAK2 (p0.01, HR 4.0, 95% CI 1.98.4), MPL vs type 1/type 1-like and type 2/type 2-like CALR (p=0.03 and 0.01, respectively, HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.15.2 and HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.68.7). […] Aspirin therapy appeared to mitigate both arterial (HR 0.4) and venous (HR 0.4) thrombosis risk.

• #2 Prospective Analysis Highlights Patterns of Progression to Myelofibrosis Following Essential Thrombocythemia Diagnosis

  https://www.onclive.com/view/prospective-analysis-highlights-patterns-of-progression-to-myelofibrosis-following-essential-thrombocythemia-diagnosis

  Compared with patients without progression, those with progression had longer duration of disease, higher white blood cell counts [10.4 109/L vs 7.4 109/L; P .001], and lower hemoglobin [levels 12.5 g/dL vs 13.1 g/dL; P =.026] at enrollment. […] Patients with progression also had a prolonged time from essential thrombocythemia diagnosis to enrollment vs those without, at 7.9 years (range, 0-41) vs 4.2 years (range, 0-42), respectively (P =.001). […] Study authors also noted that hemorrhagic events were slightly increased in patients with progression although thrombotic and hemorrhagic events were overall infrequent.

• #2 Essential thrombocythemia and fatigue – Living with and after blood cancer – Blood Cancer UK Online Community Forum

  https://forum.bloodcancer.org.uk/t/essential-thrombocythemia-and-fatigue/7971

  I told the haematologist this on my last visit and she did not seem too concerned as my platelets were doing ok. She told me fatigue was a side effect of the meds. […] Fatigue is a well known element of all the MPNs not just the treatments. […] Your description of experiencing shut down is the exact way MPN fatigue is – I always feel saying to anyone I am so tired (which people just associate with usual tired after working hard etc etc) or fatigue (which people hear as a light thing) doesnt put across what actually happens – shut down is what I have learned to say to people over the years and it gives more emphasis to what really goes on. […] I have suffered fatigue for many years, but initially I put it down to other medical ailments. My haematologist says it is a symptom of Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and now I know why it is like it. There doesnt seem to be anything I can do to ease it, only rest when it hits badly. Some days are better than others, but if I overdo it, it will kick in with a vengeance.

• #2 Essential thrombocythemia and fatigue – Living with and after blood cancer – Blood Cancer UK Online Community Forum

  https://forum.bloodcancer.org.uk/t/essential-thrombocythemia-and-fatigue/7971

  I suffer from fatigue on a daily basis, but how much is down to the Pegasys treatment, the ET, the heart attack itself, or simply my age (52 at the time of my heart attack, 58 now), neither I, my GP or the Haematologist can say. […] Fatigue is a huge and complex symptom and/or side effect. It can be due to disease, it can due to medication or it can be both. […] It might improve when treatment starts, as the medication begins to control the blood cancer that affects that person, for you it would be platelets. Sadly though, this can also cause more fatigue as other blood cell counts drop too, for example your Haemoglobin (Hb). […] To me it sounds different to fatigue brought on by medication or disease. […] The fatigue you mention is certainly very familiar – and the frustration and unpleasantness as you mention of it suddenly appearing as if from nowhere it can happen in split seconds cant it, very disconcerting and upsetting.

• #2

  https://www.rgare.com/knowledge-center/article/reactive-thrombocytosis-a-benign-entity

  Interestingly, RT in patients with iron deficiency anemia has been associated with a twofold thrombosis risk compared with patients with iron deficiency anemia alone. […] The presence of RT in infections and cancer may also be predictive of poor outcomes. […] This elevated mortality risk has been validated in other investigations on hospitalized patients, with one study showing a 30-day mortality risk 2.5 times higher in those with RT of 500,000/microL compared to those with normal platelet counts. […] RT is associated with higher mortality in acutely ill patients. […] RT is an independent predictor of mortality in asymptomatic elderly individuals. […] Elevated platelets are associated with worse outcomes in individuals hospitalized with COVID-19.

• #3 https://www.lls.org/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/essential-thrombocythemia/signs-and-symptoms

  Dizziness […] Weakness or numbness on one side of the body […] Blurred or double vision […] Slurred speech […] In a small number of patients with ET who have an extremely high platelet count, the disease may cause bleeding. Signs and symptoms of bleeding may include: Easy bruising […] Nosebleeds […] Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding […] Bloody stools […] Blood in the urine […] Other signs and symptoms of ET include: Fatigue […] Weight loss […] Low-grade fevers […] Night sweats […] Numbness of tingling sensation in the hands or feet (called „peripheral neuropathy”) […] Sexual problems […] Pain, redness and swelling in the hands or feet (called erythromelalgia), caused by diminished blood flow […] Feeling full after eating a small meal […] Abdominal discomfort due to an enlarged spleen.

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