Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Encopresis Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17849-encopresis-soiling

  Encopresis, also known as functional fecal incontinence or soiling, is when children pass stool (poop) into their underwear, in most cases accidentally. It occurs in children 4 years of age and older who have been toilet trained. The condition is more common in boys than girls. It affects 1% to 4% of children who are 4 years old, and the frequency of this condition decreases with older age. […] Treatment is long-term with the goal of creating regular bowel movements for your child. It could take several months to achieve this goal. Have patience with your child as they become more comfortable using the toilet. […] While you might see some progress early in treatment, it usually takes months for your child to overcome encopresis. There will be accidents along the way. Parents must keep their reactions to accidents low-key and continue to support the child. Most children who receive treatment for encopresis eventually are free from constipation and become accident-free as they grow older.

• #2 Encopresis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560560/

  Most children treated for retentive encopresis are eventually cured, although the time required for treatment varies, and relapses are frequent. A systematic review found that only half of all children with constipation followed for 6 to 12 months after therapy did well without laxatives. Treatment needs to resume if constipation or fecal incontinence recurs. Early age of onset of constipation and family history were predictive of the persistence of symptoms.[34] […] On the other hand, there is little evidence about the long-term outcome in children with non-retentive encopresis. In one study where children with non-retentive encopresis were followed for ten years, only 29% of children were having less than one episode of fecal incontinence in two weeks after two years of medical and behavioral therapy. At the age of 18 years, 15% of children progressed to adulthood with fecal incontinence. No prognostic factors for success were found in this study.[34]

• #3 Encopresis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560560/

  Most children treated for retentive encopresis are eventually cured, although the time required for treatment varies, and relapses are frequent. A systematic review found that only half of all children with constipation followed for 6 to 12 months after therapy did well without laxatives. Treatment needs to resume if constipation or fecal incontinence recurs. Early age of onset of constipation and family history were predictive of the persistence of symptoms.[34] […] On the other hand, there is little evidence about the long-term outcome in children with non-retentive encopresis. In one study where children with non-retentive encopresis were followed for ten years, only 29% of children were having less than one episode of fecal incontinence in two weeks after two years of medical and behavioral therapy. At the age of 18 years, 15% of children progressed to adulthood with fecal incontinence. No prognostic factors for success were found in this study.[34]

• #4 Soiling (Encopresis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encopresis.html

  Patience is the key to treating encopresis. It can take several months to a year for the stretched-out colon to return to its normal size and for the nerves in the colon to become effective again. […] Successful treatment of encopresis depends on the support a child gets. Some parents find that positive reinforcement helps to encourage the child throughout treatment.

• #5 Encopresis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560560/

  Most children treated for retentive encopresis are eventually cured, although the time required for treatment varies, and relapses are frequent. A systematic review found that only half of all children with constipation followed for 6 to 12 months after therapy did well without laxatives. Treatment needs to resume if constipation or fecal incontinence recurs. Early age of onset of constipation and family history were predictive of the persistence of symptoms.[34] […] On the other hand, there is little evidence about the long-term outcome in children with non-retentive encopresis. In one study where children with non-retentive encopresis were followed for ten years, only 29% of children were having less than one episode of fecal incontinence in two weeks after two years of medical and behavioral therapy. At the age of 18 years, 15% of children progressed to adulthood with fecal incontinence. No prognostic factors for success were found in this study.[34]

• #6 Fecal Incontinence (Soiling): Causes, Treatment and Prognosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/fecal-incontinence

  Fecal incontinence (accidentally having bowel movements) is a very common problem. With treatment, most children can develop bowel control and live normal lives. […] Fecal incontinence can be caused by medical conditions like chronic constipation or congenital conditions that may disrupt bowel control, including: spina bifida, anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung disease. […] Children with true fecal incontinence lack the ability to voluntarily have a bowel movement, so they require daily interventions to empty the colon of stool. […] Physicians are usually able to predict which children with these issues will go on to have fecal incontinence so that parents can set expectations for potty training. […] For children born with anorectal defects or Hirschsprung disease, doctors are able to predict the potential for bowel control fairly accurately.

• #7 Fecal Incontinence (Soiling): Causes, Treatment and Prognosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/fecal-incontinence

  Factors that indicate good prognosis for future bowel control: Normal sacrum (the large triangular bone at the base of the spine), Good sphincter muscles, Anorectal malformation types of rectal atresia, rectoperineal fistula, imperforate anus without fistula, small cloacas and rectourethral bulbar fistula, Good bowel movement pattern, of 1-2 well formed bowel movements per day, Evidence of sensation when passing stool (ability to push). […] Factors that indicate a poor prognosis for future bowel control: Abnormal sacrum, Poor sphincter muscles, Anorectal malformation types including rectobladderneck fistula, rectoprostatic fistula, larger cloacas, complex malformations, Constant passing of stool, No sensation (no pushing), Urinary incontinence, dribbling of urine. […] Whether the prognosis for bowel control is considered good or poor, its important to note that most children who have undergone surgery to correct anorectal malformations or Hirshsprung disease will need some type of consistent dietary or medical intervention to prevent constipation or true fecal incontinence. The good news is that when good bowel control can be established, these kids can go on to live confident, independent lives.

• #8 Fecal Incontinence (Soiling): Causes, Treatment and Prognosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/fecal-incontinence

  Factors that indicate good prognosis for future bowel control: Normal sacrum (the large triangular bone at the base of the spine), Good sphincter muscles, Anorectal malformation types of rectal atresia, rectoperineal fistula, imperforate anus without fistula, small cloacas and rectourethral bulbar fistula, Good bowel movement pattern, of 1-2 well formed bowel movements per day, Evidence of sensation when passing stool (ability to push). […] Factors that indicate a poor prognosis for future bowel control: Abnormal sacrum, Poor sphincter muscles, Anorectal malformation types including rectobladderneck fistula, rectoprostatic fistula, larger cloacas, complex malformations, Constant passing of stool, No sensation (no pushing), Urinary incontinence, dribbling of urine. […] Whether the prognosis for bowel control is considered good or poor, its important to note that most children who have undergone surgery to correct anorectal malformations or Hirshsprung disease will need some type of consistent dietary or medical intervention to prevent constipation or true fecal incontinence. The good news is that when good bowel control can be established, these kids can go on to live confident, independent lives.

• #9

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2024/03000/nomogram_for_soiling_prediction_in_postsurgery.34.aspx

  The aim of this study was to develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of postoperative soiling in patients aged greater than 1 year operated for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). […] This study represents the first efforts to develop and validate a model capable of predicting the postoperative risk of soiling in patients aged greater than 1 year operated for HSCR. […] Soiling, characterized by the involuntary leakage of stool that requires a change of underwear or diapers, is a prevalent complication following the surgery of HSCR. […] The currently available reports on the prevalence of soiling following the surgery for HSCR vary widely. […] In theory, the incidence of postoperative soiling should be low for HSCR patients undergoing surgical procedures, as patients are born with a fully developed anal anatomy, including intact sensation and functional voluntary sphincters.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2024/03000/nomogram_for_soiling_prediction_in_postsurgery.34.aspx

  At present, the precise mechanism underlying soiling in patients with HSCR remains incompletely understood, although it may be related to several factors, such as abnormal anal canal sensation, inadequate sphincter control, and the degree of bowel dysmotility. […] This study is the first to establish and validate a model for predicting the risk of soiling in patients with HSCR following surgical therapy beyond the age of 1 year. […] We proposed that this nomogram be readily accessible to clinicians, enabling them to easily estimate the risk of soiling in their patients. […] The results demonstrated that surgical history 1 (OR=22.89, 95% CI: 11.2149.08, P0.001), subtotal colectomy (OR=3.39, 95% CI: 1.607.45, P=0.002), total colectomy (OR=11.60, 95% CI: 3.3042.78, P0.001), Rehbein anastomosis (OR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.090.77, P=0.017), HeartShaped anastomosis (OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.140.74, P=0.008), other anastomosis (OR=0.03, 95% CI: 0.0010.37, P=0.011) were independent predictors for soiling in HSCR following surgery over 1 year of age. […] The developed predictive model will be valuable in identification and stratification of patients following operative management.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2024/03000/nomogram_for_soiling_prediction_in_postsurgery.34.aspx

  At present, the precise mechanism underlying soiling in patients with HSCR remains incompletely understood, although it may be related to several factors, such as abnormal anal canal sensation, inadequate sphincter control, and the degree of bowel dysmotility. […] This study is the first to establish and validate a model for predicting the risk of soiling in patients with HSCR following surgical therapy beyond the age of 1 year. […] We proposed that this nomogram be readily accessible to clinicians, enabling them to easily estimate the risk of soiling in their patients. […] The results demonstrated that surgical history 1 (OR=22.89, 95% CI: 11.2149.08, P0.001), subtotal colectomy (OR=3.39, 95% CI: 1.607.45, P=0.002), total colectomy (OR=11.60, 95% CI: 3.3042.78, P0.001), Rehbein anastomosis (OR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.090.77, P=0.017), HeartShaped anastomosis (OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.140.74, P=0.008), other anastomosis (OR=0.03, 95% CI: 0.0010.37, P=0.011) were independent predictors for soiling in HSCR following surgery over 1 year of age. […] The developed predictive model will be valuable in identification and stratification of patients following operative management.

• #12 Encopresis (Fecal Soiling) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/encopresis-fecal-soiling-a-to-z

  Encopresis is when a child who is toilet trained passes stool (bowel movements) into his or her underwear. […] In most children, encopresis is related to chronic constipation. […] No matter what the initial cause of a child’s chronic constipation, the end result is the same. A large chunk of stool builds up and stretches the rectum until it loses its normal tone and feeling. This makes it more difficult for the rectum to push out the stool. So, more and more stool builds up. […] With treatment, most children will recover from encopresis. The length of treatment varies greatly depending on the child and the circumstances. Almost all children with encopresis stop soiling by the time they reach their mid-teen years. […] Most children with encopresis either outgrow the problem or respond to treatment. Treatment may involve changes in diet, medication and motivational therapy. […] When encopresis is related to psychological or emotional problems, treatment may take longer.

• #13 Encopresis Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17849-encopresis-soiling

  Encopresis, also known as functional fecal incontinence or soiling, is when children pass stool (poop) into their underwear, in most cases accidentally. It occurs in children 4 years of age and older who have been toilet trained. The condition is more common in boys than girls. It affects 1% to 4% of children who are 4 years old, and the frequency of this condition decreases with older age. […] Treatment is long-term with the goal of creating regular bowel movements for your child. It could take several months to achieve this goal. Have patience with your child as they become more comfortable using the toilet. […] While you might see some progress early in treatment, it usually takes months for your child to overcome encopresis. There will be accidents along the way. Parents must keep their reactions to accidents low-key and continue to support the child. Most children who receive treatment for encopresis eventually are free from constipation and become accident-free as they grow older.

• #14 Encopresis Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17849-encopresis-soiling

  Encopresis, also known as functional fecal incontinence or soiling, is when children pass stool (poop) into their underwear, in most cases accidentally. It occurs in children 4 years of age and older who have been toilet trained. The condition is more common in boys than girls. It affects 1% to 4% of children who are 4 years old, and the frequency of this condition decreases with older age. […] Treatment is long-term with the goal of creating regular bowel movements for your child. It could take several months to achieve this goal. Have patience with your child as they become more comfortable using the toilet. […] While you might see some progress early in treatment, it usually takes months for your child to overcome encopresis. There will be accidents along the way. Parents must keep their reactions to accidents low-key and continue to support the child. Most children who receive treatment for encopresis eventually are free from constipation and become accident-free as they grow older.

• #15 Soiling (Encopresis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encopresis.html

  If your child has bowel movements (BMs) in places other than the toilet, you know how frustrating it can be. […] But many kids beyond the age of toilet teaching (generally older than 4 years) who soil their underwear have a condition known as encopresis (en-kah-PREE-sis). […] Encopresis isn’t a disease. It’s a symptom that may have different causes. […] Soiling and constipation are a top reason that kids go to see pediatric gastroenterologists (doctors who diagnose and treat disorders of the stomach and intestines). […] Encopresis is not a behavioral issue or a simple lack of self-control. Punishing or humiliating a child with encopresis will only make matters worse. […] Keep in mind that relapses are normal, so don’t get discouraged. Your child might get constipated again or soil their pants during treatment, especially when being weaned off of the stool softeners.

• #16 Soiling (child pooing their pants)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/soiling-child-pooing-their-pants/

  Soiling is when a child regularly poos their pants. If they’re already potty-trained, the soiling is usually because they are badly constipated. Treatment from a GP can help. […] If your child is pooing their pants (soiling) because they’re constipated, a GP can prescribe laxatives to clear out the hard poo and get your child pooing regularly and comfortably again. […] The soiling may get worse before it gets better. […] A GP may refer your child to a specialist for treatment if they think soiling could be caused by another medical condition.

• #17 Encopresis in Children | Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/encopresis

  Your child’s doctor or nurse practitioner will often order medications to help keep your child’s bowel movements soft. […] Diets high in fiber usually help, but sometimes can worsen constipation if your child does not drink enough water with a high-fiber diet. […] Until the lower colon regains muscle tone, children may still soil.

• #18 Encopresis in Children | Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/encopresis

  Children with encopresis, also called soiling, have bowel movements or leak a small amount of stool in their underclothes or on themselves. Soiling is very common, occurring in at least two out of 100 children. […] Soiling is often the result of constipation. […] When children hold in their poop, the lower colon fills up. Over time this can stretch the lower colon out of its normal shape. […] Children who have emotional or behavioral issues can have trouble with soiling. […] Some children will hold their poop in for many days then pass a very large, hard stool. […] Treatment for soiling will be guided by your child’s healthcare team with your and your child’s input. […] It is very important that you develop a routine and stick to it. Long-term success depends on how well you can follow the care plan.

• #19 Soiling (Encopresis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encopresis.html

  Patience is the key to treating encopresis. It can take several months to a year for the stretched-out colon to return to its normal size and for the nerves in the colon to become effective again. […] Successful treatment of encopresis depends on the support a child gets. Some parents find that positive reinforcement helps to encourage the child throughout treatment.

• #20 Fecal Incontinence (Soiling): Causes, Treatment and Prognosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/fecal-incontinence

  Factors that indicate good prognosis for future bowel control: Normal sacrum (the large triangular bone at the base of the spine), Good sphincter muscles, Anorectal malformation types of rectal atresia, rectoperineal fistula, imperforate anus without fistula, small cloacas and rectourethral bulbar fistula, Good bowel movement pattern, of 1-2 well formed bowel movements per day, Evidence of sensation when passing stool (ability to push). […] Factors that indicate a poor prognosis for future bowel control: Abnormal sacrum, Poor sphincter muscles, Anorectal malformation types including rectobladderneck fistula, rectoprostatic fistula, larger cloacas, complex malformations, Constant passing of stool, No sensation (no pushing), Urinary incontinence, dribbling of urine. […] Whether the prognosis for bowel control is considered good or poor, its important to note that most children who have undergone surgery to correct anorectal malformations or Hirshsprung disease will need some type of consistent dietary or medical intervention to prevent constipation or true fecal incontinence. The good news is that when good bowel control can be established, these kids can go on to live confident, independent lives.

• #21 Encopresis (Fecal Soiling) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/encopresis-fecal-soiling-a-to-z

  Encopresis is when a child who is toilet trained passes stool (bowel movements) into his or her underwear. […] In most children, encopresis is related to chronic constipation. […] No matter what the initial cause of a child’s chronic constipation, the end result is the same. A large chunk of stool builds up and stretches the rectum until it loses its normal tone and feeling. This makes it more difficult for the rectum to push out the stool. So, more and more stool builds up. […] With treatment, most children will recover from encopresis. The length of treatment varies greatly depending on the child and the circumstances. Almost all children with encopresis stop soiling by the time they reach their mid-teen years. […] Most children with encopresis either outgrow the problem or respond to treatment. Treatment may involve changes in diet, medication and motivational therapy. […] When encopresis is related to psychological or emotional problems, treatment may take longer.

• #22 Encopresis in Children | Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/encopresis

  Children with encopresis, also called soiling, have bowel movements or leak a small amount of stool in their underclothes or on themselves. Soiling is very common, occurring in at least two out of 100 children. […] Soiling is often the result of constipation. […] When children hold in their poop, the lower colon fills up. Over time this can stretch the lower colon out of its normal shape. […] Children who have emotional or behavioral issues can have trouble with soiling. […] Some children will hold their poop in for many days then pass a very large, hard stool. […] Treatment for soiling will be guided by your child’s healthcare team with your and your child’s input. […] It is very important that you develop a routine and stick to it. Long-term success depends on how well you can follow the care plan.

• #23 Encopresis (Fecal Soiling) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/encopresis-fecal-soiling-a-to-z

  Encopresis is when a child who is toilet trained passes stool (bowel movements) into his or her underwear. […] In most children, encopresis is related to chronic constipation. […] No matter what the initial cause of a child’s chronic constipation, the end result is the same. A large chunk of stool builds up and stretches the rectum until it loses its normal tone and feeling. This makes it more difficult for the rectum to push out the stool. So, more and more stool builds up. […] With treatment, most children will recover from encopresis. The length of treatment varies greatly depending on the child and the circumstances. Almost all children with encopresis stop soiling by the time they reach their mid-teen years. […] Most children with encopresis either outgrow the problem or respond to treatment. Treatment may involve changes in diet, medication and motivational therapy. […] When encopresis is related to psychological or emotional problems, treatment may take longer.

• #24 Soiling (Encopresis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/encopresis.html

  If your child has bowel movements (BMs) in places other than the toilet, you know how frustrating it can be. […] But many kids beyond the age of toilet teaching (generally older than 4 years) who soil their underwear have a condition known as encopresis (en-kah-PREE-sis). […] Encopresis isn’t a disease. It’s a symptom that may have different causes. […] Soiling and constipation are a top reason that kids go to see pediatric gastroenterologists (doctors who diagnose and treat disorders of the stomach and intestines). […] Encopresis is not a behavioral issue or a simple lack of self-control. Punishing or humiliating a child with encopresis will only make matters worse. […] Keep in mind that relapses are normal, so don’t get discouraged. Your child might get constipated again or soil their pants during treatment, especially when being weaned off of the stool softeners.

• #25 Fecal Incontinence (Soiling): Causes, Treatment and Prognosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/fecal-incontinence

  Fecal incontinence (accidentally having bowel movements) is a very common problem. With treatment, most children can develop bowel control and live normal lives. […] Fecal incontinence can be caused by medical conditions like chronic constipation or congenital conditions that may disrupt bowel control, including: spina bifida, anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung disease. […] Children with true fecal incontinence lack the ability to voluntarily have a bowel movement, so they require daily interventions to empty the colon of stool. […] Physicians are usually able to predict which children with these issues will go on to have fecal incontinence so that parents can set expectations for potty training. […] For children born with anorectal defects or Hirschsprung disease, doctors are able to predict the potential for bowel control fairly accurately.

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