Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Post-Travel Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/giardiasis

  Giardia duodenalis is the most likely parasitic pathogen to cause persistent diarrhea. […] When giardiasis is left untreated, symptoms can last for months, even in immunocompetent hosts. […] In the absence of diagnostics (given the high prevalence of Giardia duodenalis as a cause for persistent TD), empiric therapy is a reasonable option in the appropriate clinical setting.

• #2 Giardiasis Diagnosis and Treatment Practices Among Commercially Insured Persons in the United States

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5532738/

  Giardiasis, the most common enteric parasitic infection in the United States, causes an estimated 1.2 million episodes of illness annually. […] Current giardiasis diagnostic and treatment recommendations include guidance on diagnostic testing and appropriate medications. […] Several stool-based assays can identify Giardia infection, including the ova and parasites microscopy test, and Giardia-specific enzyme immunoassay, indirect fluorescent assay, and direct fluorescent antibody assay. […] Because Giardia parasites are shed in stool only intermittently, collecting 3 stool samples on 3 different days is recommended to maximize diagnostic sensitivity. […] Multiple antiparasitic drugs are effective against Giardia, including metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide; metronidazole and tinidazole are the first-line treatments in the United States.

• #3 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  Venereal transmission happens through faecal-oral contamination. […] Additionally, nappy/diaper changing and inadequate handwashing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. […] Lastly, food-borne epidemics of Giardia have developed through the contamination of food by infected food-handlers. […] There are no vaccines for humans yet, however, there are several vaccine candidates in development.

• #4 Giardiasis prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Giardiasis_prevention

  There is no vaccine against giardiasis. Prophylaxis against giardiasis is not recommended. Hygiene practices (such as hand washing, drinking safe water) may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission. […] Prophylaxis against giardiasis, per se, is not recommended. Although some patients may benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis against traveler’s diarrhea, antiparasitic regimens against giardiasis are not used prophylactically. […] The following practices may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission: Practice good handwashing and hygiene, Avoid water (drinking or recreational) that may be contaminated, Avoid eating food that may be contaminated, Safe sexual practices, especially regarding anal sex, may decrease the risk of contracting or spreading giardiasis.

• #5 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/giardia-infection-giardiasis/

  Giardia infection is an intestinal infection marked by stomach cramps, bloating, nausea and bouts of watery diarrhea. […] Prevention is your best defense. […] No drug or vaccine can prevent giardia infection. But commonsense precautions can go a long way toward reducing the chances that you’ll become infected or spread the infection to others. […] Wash your hands. This is the simplest and best way to prevent most kinds of infection. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after using the toilet or changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. […] Purify wilderness water. Avoid drinking untreated water from shallow wells, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds and streams unless you filter it or boil it for at least 10 minutes at 158 F (70 C) first. […] Wash produce. Wash any raw fruits and vegetables with safe, uncontaminated water. Peel the fruit before eating it. Avoid eating raw fruits or vegetables if traveling in countries where they may have contact with unsafe water.

• #6 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  You can take steps to avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Key steps include washing your hands, avoiding unsafe water or food, and not touching animal poop. […] If a person or pet in your home has a Giardia infection, clean and disinfect areas where they recently had diarrhea. […] Giardia can spread easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia germs are in poop of people or animals who are infected, so anything that gets contaminated by human or animal poop can potentially spread the germs. […] Wash your hands with soap and water at key times when you are more likely to get or spread germs. […] Key times include: Before preparing food or eating, After using the toilet, After changing diapers, After touching an animal or their environment, After touching soil.

• #7 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  Giardia infection happens when you accidentally ingest the microscopic parasite during the cyst stage of its life cycle. […] Its hard to avoid something in your environment thats too small to see. But there are steps that individuals and communities can take to prevent infection and reduce transmission of Giardia to others. For example: […] Practice frequent hand washing to prevent germs from spreading, especially before eating or having sex and after using the bathroom or interacting with soil or animals. […] Clean and disinfect the bathrooms in your home regularly. If someone in your household has been sick, clean and disinfect everything theyve touched, including linens. […] Wash fruit and vegetables in clean water before eating. Avoid raw foods and unbottled water when traveling abroad, where the local water might be contaminated.

• #7 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  Be wary when swimming in natural ponds, streams, lakes and swimming holes, and even public swimming pools if they dont have a filtering system. Chlorine and iodine treatments arent always enough to kill Giardia. Try not to get any water in your mouth. […] Preventive measures like hand washing and water filtering can go a long way toward protecting you and others from giardiasis.

• #8 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Giardia infection can spread in four main ways, all of which can be prevented. […] The key to preventing Giardia and other infections is good hygiene. Here are some prevention tips: […] Wash your hands with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom and teach children to do the same. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after changing diapers or after tending to anyone who has poor bowel control. […] Dispose of diapers properly and wash any clothes that could be contaminated with even small amounts of feces. […] Try not to swallow water when swimming, especially in rivers or lakes. […] Pretreat drinking water when traveling in regions where water sanitation standards may not be adequate and when hiking if drinking water from rivers, streams, or lakes. […] If you are diagnosed with Giardia infection, do not prepare food or drink for others and do not share linens, towels, or eating utensils while you have symptoms. […] Keep children with diarrhea home from preschool, child care, and play groups for 24 hours after their diarrhea has completely stopped. […] Practice safe sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time.

• #9 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & Risks

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/microbiology/giardiasis-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Complications […] The most effective method is prevention. […] No vaccine or medicine can prevent a Giardia infection. On the other hand, you may considerably reduce your chance of getting infected or spreading an infection to others by adopting appropriate safety measures. […] Clean your hands: This is the most straightforward and effective way to prevent most diseases. Spend at least 20 seconds washing your hands with soap and water before eating or preparing food, as well as after using the restroom or changing diapers. Alcohol-based sanitizers can be used in place of soap and water. However, alcohol-based sanitizers are unable to destroy the cyst form of giardia that inhabits the environment. […] Purify wilderness water: Drinking untreated water from shallow wells, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams is not advised until it has been boiled for a minimum of ten minutes at 158 degrees Fahrenheit (70 degrees Celsius) or filtered.

• #9 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & Risks

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/microbiology/giardiasis-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  Clean the vegetables: Clean, safe water should be used to wash any raw produce. Peel the fruit before eating it. Avoid eating uncooked fruits and vegetables when visiting countries where they may come into contact with contaminated water. […] Keep your mouth shut: Steer clear of water when swimming in lakes, pools, or streams. […] Use water from a bottle: If you are traveling to a part of the world where the water supply is likely harmful, use bottled water to wash your teeth and drink. Using ice is not suggested. […] Have sex with greater safety: When engaging in anal intercourse, wear a condom at all times. Avoid oral-anal intercourse if you are not fully protected.

• #10 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Prevention of giardiasis requires […] Appropriate public water treatment […] Hygienic food preparation […] Appropriate fecal-oral hygiene […] Thorough handwashing after contact with feces. Water can be decontaminated by boiling. Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination. Disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective and depends on the turbidity and temperature of the water and duration of treatment. Some handheld filtration devices can remove Giardia cysts from contaminated water, but the efficacy of various filter systems has not been fully assessed. […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective.

• #11 Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Giardiasis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p802.html

  The prevention of infection with G. lamblia should focus primarily on the avoidance of contaminated water. Vigorous hand-washing and proper disposal of soiled diapers should be practiced in day care settings. Outbreaks of giardiasis have usually been associated with contaminated surface water or shallow wells. The most effective method of rendering Giardia cysts nonviable is boiling the water. Chlorination is not effective. Filtration with a pore size of 2 m or smaller is also effective for removing Giardia cysts from water.

• #12 About Giardiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/basics.html

  You can minimize your risk of getting giardiasis by following these recommendations: […] Wash hands after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food. […] Do not swallow water while swimming. […] Use caution when traveling in countries with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems by avoiding tap water, fountain drinks, ice, and raw foods. […] Do not drink untreated water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams. If you are unable to avoid drinking water that might be contaminated, learn how to treat your water properly. […] Reduce fecal-oral exposure during sexual activity and avoid sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from giardiasis. […] People who have symptoms of giardiasis can reduce the risk of spreading their illness to others by following these recommendations:

• #12 About Giardiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/basics.html

  Wash hands carefully and frequently with soap, especially after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food. […] Stay out of pools, splash pads, and lakes while sick. […] Do not bathe with others while sick. […] Do not attend or work at a child care or preschool until 24 hours after diarrhea stops. […] Wait to have sex until symptoms have stopped.

• #13 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  If you need to drink or use water from springs, lakes, or rivers for example, while hiking or camping first make the water safe. […] Boiling the water for 1 minute (or 3 minutes above 6,500 feet) is the best way to kill Giardia and other germs. […] If possible, eat only cooked food when traveling in areas where the food supply might be unsafe.

• #14 Giardiasis – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/giardiasis.page

  Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. […] You can become infected by drinking water or eating food that is contaminated with the parasite. […] Practice good hand hygiene: Wash hands with soap and warm water before touching food, and after using the toilet or changing diapers, handling animal stool or gardening. […] Avoid water that may be contaminated: Do not drink water directly from streams, lakes, springs or swimming pools. If you must drink from these sources, boil the water for at least one minute or use a filter with a pore size of one micron or smaller. […] Avoid food that may be contaminated: Thoroughly wash uncooked fruits and vegetables. […] Take extra care when traveling: When traveling to countries with poor water treatment or food sanitation, avoid raw fruits and vegetables, unboiled tap water, ice and food from street vendors.

• #15 Giardiasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-treatment

  Drinking water can be purified by using filtration (pore size, 1 m) or by briskly boiling water for at least 5 minutes. Chlorine or iodine water treatments are less effective than boiling or filtration, but they may be used as alternatives when other methods are not available. […] Infected individuals should refrain from using recreational water venues (eg, swimming pools, lakes, rivers) until they are symptom-free for a few weeks. […] Breastfeeding appears to protect infants from Giardia intestinalis infection. Breast milk contains detectable titers of secretory immunoglobulin A, which is protective for infants, especially in developing countries. A study from Egypt showed that breastfed infants had a lower incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. Furthermore, infected infants who were exclusively breastfed had fewer clinical manifestations than those who were not exclusively breastfed.

• #15 Giardiasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-treatment

  Infected persons and persons at risk should carefully wash their hands regularly and after any contact with feces. Careful hand washing is important, especially for caregivers of diapered infants in daycare centers, where diarrhea is common and carriers of Giardia organisms are numerous. […] Chlorination, sedimentation, and filtration methods should be implemented to adequately purify public water supplies. Effective chlorine inactivation of Giardia cysts in water requires an optimal chlorine concentration, water pH, turbidity, temperature, and contact time. These variables cannot be appropriately controlled in all municipalities, and they are particularly difficult to control in swimming pools. […] Travelers to endemic areas should be advised to avoid eating uncooked foods that may have been grown, washed, or prepared with contaminated water.

• #16 Giardia: symptoms, prevention & treatment – Genetic Signatures USA

  https://geneticsignatures.com/us/our-products/gastrointestinal-infections/giardia-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Recreational water safety is also important; avoid swallowing water from natural bodies of water or poorly maintained pools, and ensure swimming pools are adequately chlorinated. […] Routine handwashing after direct contact with pets, farm animals and animal environment is recommended. Prompt clean up of animal feces will also reduce risk of exposure. […] Limit close contact with infected individuals, and isolate them where practical until they are no longer contagious.

• #17 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/giardia-infection-giardiasis/

  Keep your mouth closed. Try not to swallow water when swimming in pools, lakes or streams. […] Use bottled water. When traveling to parts of the world where the water supply is likely to be unsafe, drink and brush your teeth with bottled water that you open yourself. Don’t use ice. […] Practice safer sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time. Avoid oral-anal sex unless you’re fully protected.

• #18 Giardiasis – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/giardiasis.page

  Protect yourself and others: If you are infected, do not swim in pools or recreational water for two weeks after the diarrhea stops. Sexual practices that result in hand or mouth contact with stool (anal sex, fingering, rimming) can spread disease. To prevent illness, wash the butt, penis and any sex toys thoroughly with soap and water before and after these activities. A dental dam can also provide protection when rimming.

• #19 Giardiasis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/giardiasis

  Giardiasis prevention: […] Handwashing and hygiene around infected people and in institutions. […] UK tap water is very unlikely to be contaminated with Giardia spp. but the same cannot be said for water from rivers and lakes. When camping, water from these sources should be boiled before use. […] Swimming pools and other recreational facilities can become contaminated. It should not be assumed that chlorinated water is safe. […] Travellers to endemic areas should avoid eating uncooked foods. […] Breast-feeding is protective. […] People who frequently engage in anal sex are at higher risk of acquiring giardiasis. This can be minimised by washing the hands after touching the anus of another person or after touching a condom that has been used for anal sex, and by avoiding oro-anal contact.

• #20 Giardiasis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/giardia.html

  Wash your hands carefully and frequently with soap and water. […] Stay out of pools, splash pads, and lakes while sick. […] Do not bathe with others while sick. […] Do not attend or work in child care settings or preschool until 24 hours after diarrhea stops. […] Wait to have sex until symptoms have stopped.

• #21 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  Take steps to avoid spreading germs when changing diapers. […] Waiting to have vaginal, anal, and oral sex until several weeks after you or your partner stop having diarrhea can help you avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Giardia germs can still be in poop for several weeks after you stop having diarrhea. […] Clean and disinfect to remove Giardia germs from a space where a person or pet recently had diarrhea. […] Always follow the directions on cleaning and disinfection products. […] Surfaces include floors, tables, furniture, trash cans, and pet crates. […] After cleaning, use a disinfection product appropriate for the surface. […] When traveling, avoid drinking water or eating food that might be contaminated with Giardia. […] Drink bottled water or treat water if you are not sure if the water you are using has been treated to remove germs.

• #22 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Avoid preparing food for others until the diarrhea has stopped for 48 hours or you are under treatment. […] Avoid sexual activities that may allow others to come into contact with your feces or anal area. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. […] To help prevent spread of giardia to others, LHDs may restrict persons with giardia from certain types of work (such as food handling) or other activities until the person has not had diarrhea for 48 hours.

• #23 Gastroenteritis – giardiasis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is spread by poor hygiene practices. […] The spread of giardiasis can be reduced if you: […] Have the illness diagnosed and treated by your doctor. […] Keep children home from school or child care until symptoms have stopped. […] Stay home from work until symptoms have stopped if you are a food handler, healthcare worker or a childcare worker. […] Wash hands thoroughly after going to the toilet, changing nappies or handling animals. […] Clean bathrooms and toilets thoroughly. […] Do not drink untreated water. […] Do not swim in public pools until at least one week after symptoms have stopped. […] Do not prepare or handle food that will be eaten by other people. […] Do not share any towel or face washer with a person who has giardiasis.

• #24 Giardia infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/giardia+infection/giardia+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Giardia infection is an infection of the bowel caused by the parasite Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis. […] Treatment of infected people reduces spread. […] Exclude people with Giardia infection from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] Infants, children and adults with Giardia infection should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours. […] Follow good hand washing procedures. […] Water suspected of contamination should be boiled before drinking. […] Babies and small children without diarrhoea who are not toilet trained should wear tight fitting waterproof pants or swimming nappies in swimming pools and be changed regularly in the change room. When faecal accidents occur, swimming pools should be properly disinfected.

• #25 Giardiasis (giardia) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine, caused by the giardia parasite from infected water or faeces. […] You can prevent giardiasis by practicing good hygiene and boiling untreated water before drinking, for example if you travel to countries with poor water quality. […] To help prevent the spread of giardia, always practice good personal hygiene for example: Wash hands properly, especially after going to the toilet, before handling food and after every nappy change. […] Do not share linen, towels or eating utensils with other people who have symptoms. […] Boil water before drinking if you think it might be contaminated. […] Keep infected people from childcare, pre-school, school or work until they have not had any diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. […] Treating infected people reduces the spread of the giardia parasite.

• #26 Division of Environmental Health

  http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/giardiasis.htm

  Person-to-person transmission of G. lamblia can be prevented by practicing good personal hygiene and maintaining a sanitary environment. […] Good handwashing and fingernail cleaning should be stressed, especially after using the toilet, handling soiled diapers of infants and before eating. […] Quick and thorough cleanup of fecal accidents at home or in institutions also reduces the risk of spreading G. lamblia to others.

• #27 Giardia in Dogs: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-dogs

  Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground, or by drinking contaminated water. […] If your dog is diagnosed with giardiasis, environmental disinfection and good personal hygiene are essential to prevent accidental spread to humans. […] For environmental disinfection, you can use chlorine bleach at 1:32 or 1:16 dilutions or 1-2 cups in a gallon of water (60-120 ml/L). However, be sure that the affected surfaces can be safely treated with bleach. […] Giardia cysts are susceptible to drying, so keep your environment as dry as possible.

• #28 Giardia: Infection, treatment and prevention | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/giardia-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection that can cause diarrhea in dogs. […] Successful treatment relies on effective anti-parasitic medications, cleaning and managing the surrounding environment both indoors and outdoors. […] Practice good hand hygiene. […] Disinfect the environment. […] Dispose of feces promptly. […] Bathe the dog at the end of treatment to reduce the spread of Giardia cysts. […] Prevent dogs from ingesting potentially contaminated water, food or soil. […] Dogs should be fully bathed on the last day of treatment to remove fecal material and any remaining Giardia cysts in the dogs fur. […] Common household disinfectants and steam-cleaning are the most effective ways for killing Giardia cysts. […] Remove and dispose of all feces promptly. […] With proper treatment, most dogs fully recover from giardiasis.

• #29 Giardia: Infection, treatment and prevention | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/giardia-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  If diarrhea continues after treatment, your veterinarian may need to recheck a stool sample to see whether your dog has been reinfected. […] Washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling pets or infected feces is always important. […] You can limit their risk by having them defecate in separate areas, by wiping the infected dogs butt after defecating and by preventing them from grooming each other. […] Otherwise, continue to dispose of feces promptly, bathe the infected dog at the end of treatment and remember to wash your own hands after petting them and handling feces.

• #30 Companion Animal Parasite Council | Giardia

  https://capcvet.org/guidelines/giardia/

  CAPC Recommends […] Treat all symptomatic dogs with recommended medication and protocol. See treatment section for more information on appropriate protocols. […] In cases where repeated infection is apparent, treatment combined with bathing and proper feces removal from the environment should be considered to prevent reinfection. […] Concomitant with treatment, animals should be bathed with shampoo to remove fecal debris and associated cysts on the last day of treatment (Payne et al., 2002). […] Remove feces daily and dispose of fecal material with municipal waste. […] Environmental areas (e.g., soil, grass, standing water) are difficult to decontaminate, but surfaces can be sanitized by steam-cleaning or use of commercially available disinfectants. Allow surfaces to dry thoroughly after cleaning.

• #31 Companion Animal Parasite Council | Giardia

  https://capcvet.org/guidelines/giardia/

  Treatment combined with bathing and proper feces removal from the environment should be instituted to prevent reinfection. […] Follow up fecal flotation testing may be done after the completion of therapy if clinical signs have not resolved. […] Follow up testing may be done 24-48 hours after the completion of therapy if clinical signs have not resolved. […] Post-treatment fecal examination by zinc sulfate centrifugation may be helpful in evaluating the success of therapy. […] Insufficient evidence is available for definitive recommendations in each clinical scenario; however, the majority opinion of the CAPC Board is that asymptomatic dogs may not require treatment. […] CAPC recommendations for treatment of cats […] Data on treatment of cats with Giardia are lacking. However, cats may be treated with either fenbendazole (50 mg/kg SID) for 5 days, metronidazole (25 mg/kg BID) for 5 days, or a combination of the two.

• #32 GUIDELINE for Giardiasis — ABCD cats & vets

  https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-giardiasis/

  Giardia is transmitted by the faecal-oral route. […] In contaminated environments, intensive cleaning and use of 4-chlorine-M-cresol (Chlorocresol) or quaternary ammonium compounds are efficient to avoid re-infection and spread of the infection in a multi-cat house. […] Testing may be proposed for new cats entering in a multi-cat environment to avoid introduction of the parasite. […] Care staff (nurses, vets, students of Veterinary Universities) should be aware about and respect hygiene rules. […] It is not recommended to treat an asymptomatic cat, but in multi-cat environments where cats with clinical signs are present, it may be more efficient to treat all animals (dogs and cats) living together (ESCCAP recommendation). […] Beside treatment, it is critical to manage the environment for preventing super-infection and re-infection along and after the treatment.

• #33 Giardia Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/giardiainfections.html

  Giardiasis is an illness caused by a parasite called Giardia intestinalis. It lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the parasite. You can also get it if you’re exposed to human feces (poop) through sexual contact. […] The risk of getting giardia is higher for travelers to countries where it is common, people in child care settings, and those who drink untreated water. […] The best way to prevent giardia infection is to practice good hygiene, including frequent hand washing. You should not drink water that may be contaminated. You should also peel or wash fresh fruit and vegetables before eating.

• #34 Giardiasis (Giardia Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/giardiasis-overview

  There isnt a vaccine to prevent it, but there are steps you can take: […] Wash your hands after you use the toilet, after you change diapers, and before you eat or prepare food. […] Filter or boil water if youre outdoors. […] Try not to swallow water when you swim in a pool, lake, or stream. […] Drink bottled water when you travel to places with unsafe water. And dont use ice cubes. […] Use a condom if you have anal sex.

• #35 Giardiasis (beaver fever): Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167079

  Giardiasis is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central America, western parts of South America, Russia, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria. […] For these reasons, it is important for travelers to be aware of the signs of giardiasis and to take certain precautions: […] Hand-washing: Wash hands after using the bathroom or changing a diaper, and before eating or handling food. […] Drinking water: Beware of water in rivers and lakes. When camping, people should take their own water supply or some means of boiling or purifying it. […] Food: Avoid eating raw foods and foods washed in water that could be contaminated. […] Brushing teeth: Use purified water. […] People should take care to use treated, boiled, or purified water for drinking and washing food, especially when camping or visiting countries where Giardia is common. […] Good handwashing practices can reduce the risk. […] Using the above precautions for food and water can prevent infection with this parasite.

• #36 Prevention of Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/giardia-infection/prevention.html

  You can reduce your risk of becoming ill from Giardia infection if you: […] avoid drinking: […] water that may be contaminated […] untreated water from streams, rivers or lakes […] follow general food safety practices […] practise safe sex and wash hands after contact with stool […] wash your hands often with clean running water and soap […] avoid contact when possible with infected animals, such as pets […] avoid swallowing untreated water used for recreational activities, such as swimming […] Access to safe drinking water may be an issue for people who are: […] hiking […] camping […] backpacking […] travelling to countries where Giardia infection is common […] In these cases, it is best to avoid swallowing untreated water. […] Municipal water treatment authorities reduce the risk of Giardia infection in drinking water using treatment methods such as: […] filtration […] chlorination […] If there is a suspected or actual outbreak of Giardia related to drinking water, municipalities will generally issue a boil-water advisory. This is done to help control the spread of illness.

• #37 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  Giardiasis, caused by the protozoa Giardia duodenalis (also called Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), is a prevalent small intestinal infection marked by symptoms such as watery diarrhea and flatulence. […] Communicate clearly with patients and other healthcare providers, providing detailed information about giardiasis, treatment options, and preventive measures, fostering patient understanding and cooperation. […] International travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, and daycare workers in the United States are the primary groups susceptible to this disease. […] Treatment with nitroimidazole or antihelminthic medication can be highly effective and often leads to a rapid recovery. […] Proper hygiene practices, such as thorough handwashing after using the restroom or changing diapers, and safe water and food consumption are essential to prevent giardiasis. Close contacts of infected individuals should also be assessed and treated if infected.

• #38 Giardiasis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. […] The long-term solution to waterborne outbreaks involving municipal water systems requires use of water filtration equipment in the water treatment process. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. […] Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. […] A properly designed slow sand filtration system is also almost 100 percent effective in removing G. lamblia cysts. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. […] Person-to-person transmission of G. lamblia can be prevented by practicing good personal hygiene and maintaining a sanitary environment. […] Good handwashing and fingernail cleaning should be stressed, especially after using the toilet, handling soiled diapers of infants and before eating. […] Quick and thorough cleanup of fecal accidents at home or in institutions also reduces the risk of spreading G. lamblia to others.

• #39

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is not notifiable, but school and childrens services centres exclusions still apply. […] Preventive measures include: educating families and personnel of childcare centres in personal hygiene issues. This includes the need for hand washing before, during and after handling food; before eating; and after toilet use, changing nappies or cleaning a child who has used the toilet […] protecting public and private water supplies against faecal contamination […] educating travellers about the need for safe food and water consumption […] minimising contact and contamination during sex. […] Giardiasis is communicable for the entire period of cyst excretion, often months. […] Dispose of faeces in a sanitary and hygienic manner, and clean and disinfect soiled surfaces and articles. […] Food handlers should not attend work until diarrhoea has ceased, and strict hygienic food preparation practices should be maintained.

• #40 Giardiasis in Kids: A McKinney Pediatrician’s Guide to Symptoms & Care

  https://www.kidsvillepeds.com/blog/1234640-the-silent-parasite-a-mckinney-pediatricians-guide-to-recognizing-giardiasis-symptoms-in-kids/

  Preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk of giardiasis, especially in childcare settings. Pediatric healthcare McKinney clinics might recommend these strategies: […] Hand Hygiene: Teach children to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water. […] Safe Drinking Water: Ensure children drink only treated, safe water, especially when traveling. […] Avoid Untreated Water: Prevent children from swallowing water in lakes, rivers, and pools. […] Clean and Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean surfaces, toys, and diaper-changing areas. […] Safe Food Handling: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly and ensure food is properly cooked. […] Supervised Bathroom Use: In childcare settings, supervise young children’s bathroom visits. […] Giardiasis in children is preventable and treatable with proper care and hygiene. Recognizing symptoms early, seeking timely treatment, and practicing preventive measures can make a significant difference in managing this infection. Following these guidelines from a McKinney pediatrician can help families protect their children and reduce the spread of giardiasis, allowing children to lead healthy, active lives free from parasitic infections.

• #41 Giardiasis: Pediatric OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-pediatric-opportunistic-infections/giardiasis

  Giardiasis can be prevented by practicing good hygiene, not drinking or swimming in water that may be contaminated, and not eating food that may be contaminated (expert opinion). […] Frequent hand washing can help reduce the incidence of diarrheal illnesses, including giardiasis (strong, moderate). […] Initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with HIV infection to reverse or prevent severe immunodeficiency is the primary intervention to prevent severe enteric giardiasis (strong, very low). […] Recurrent episodes of giardiasis can be prevented by practicing good hygiene and avoiding contaminated food and water (expert opinion). […] Combination antiretroviral therapy of children with HIV infection to reverse or prevent severe immunodeficiency is the primary mode of prevention of severe enteric giardiasis (strong, very low).

• #42 Giardiasis: Pediatric OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-pediatric-opportunistic-infections/giardiasis

  Given the evidence, it is reasonable to recommend initiation of ART and immune reconstitution as a primary mode of giardiasis prevention. […] No chemoprophylactic regimens are known to be effective in preventing giardiasis. However, because the risk of acquisition of giardiasis and the severity of infection increase with the severity of immunosuppression, ART to prevent or reverse severe immunodeficiency is a primary modality for giardiasis prevention in children with HIV. […] Good hygiene, including frequent hand washing and avoiding contaminated food and water, are recommended to prevent both initial and recurrent Giardia infections.

• #43 Giardia Infection (Giardiasis) – Symptoms, Causes, and Effective Treatment Options – Urgent Care & Walk-in Clinics Near Me in Portland OR, and Tigard OR | Columbia Urgent Care

  https://www.columbiaclinic.com/giardia-infection

  At Columbia Clinic Urgent Care, we emphasize the importance of educating our patients about preventive measures, such as proper handwashing, safe food handling, and avoiding consumption of potentially contaminated water, especially when traveling. […] Understanding the transmission methods of Giardia is crucial in preventing infection. […] We encourage local food establishments to maintain high hygiene standards to prevent outbreaks. […] We emphasize the importance of regular handwashing with soap and water, particularly after using the restroom and before meals, as a key preventive measure. […] Our medical team emphasizes the importance of prevention through education and practical strategies. […] We advise patients to practice good hygiene, such as thorough handwashing with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. […] For individuals at higher risk, such as those in daycare settings or environments where maintaining hygiene is challenging, Columbia Clinic Urgent Care provides tailored advice to minimize the risk of Giardiasis transmission.

• #44 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  Giardiasis, an intestinal infection caused by Giardia lamblia, was recently included in the Neglected Diseases Initiative by the World Health Organization. […] In this context, the aim of this revision is to demonstrate the role of probiotics in treating and preventing clinical and experimental giardiasis. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host. […] The use of a probiotic cannot ignore the knowledge of the genus and species of the strain. […] The current literature offers few studies about the use of probiotics as an alternative therapy for giardiasis. However, it is possible to find a greater amount of studies that highlight the benefits of ingesting such microorganisms for the treatment of some enteric diseases with similar symptoms to the ones caused by G. lamblia infection, particularly diarrhea.

• #45 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  Probiotics have a positive action in the treatment of enteric parasite infections, and this benefit may be due to several factors, such as change of intestinal microbiota composition, modulation of immune response, and reduction of host-pathogen interactions. However, the exact mechanism by which probiotics modulate Giardia infection requires thorough investigation. We also strongly support more research on the best probiotic or probiotic association to use in giardiasis.

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