Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Giardiasis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. It causes diarrhea. It’s passed on through oral contact with infected feces. You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces. […] Giardiasis a common intestinal parasite. It’s most common in countries with poor sanitary conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. But it’s also a common cause of parasitic infection in the U.S. Hikers and campers who drink water from streams and other potentially contaminated sources are often infected. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. Cysts. This is the resting stage that allows the parasite to survive outside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. Stomach acid activates the cysts and the trophozoites are released. They attach to the lining of the small intestine and reproduce. Cysts form in the lower intestines. They are then passed in the feces. […] The parasite may be passed from person-to-person by contact with infected feces, or through consuming contaminated food or water. […] You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces.

• #2 Giardia in Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-cats

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection of humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. […] The Giardia organism has two forms. A fragile, feeding form known as the trophozoite exists in the gut of infected animals. […] Giardiasis can be an important cause of diarrhea in animals and humans. […] A cat becomes infected with Giardia after swallowing the cyst stage of the parasite. […] Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground or drinking contaminated water. […] The disease is relatively rare in healthy adult cats. […] These microscopic parasites attach themselves to the intestinal wall, and the damage causes an acute, sudden onset of foul-smelling diarrhea. […] Giardia infection in cats may lead to weight loss, chronic intermittent diarrhea, and fatty stool.

• #3 Giardiasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116241/all/Giardiasis

  Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis) is a protozoan pathogen that leads to intestinal infection and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. […] Most infections result from ingestion of unfiltered surface water (e.g., contaminated swimming areas) or fecal-oral transmission; less commonly acquired through contaminated food. […] Giardia trophozoites colonize the surface of the proximal small intestine. […] Cellular attachment to host enterocytes via the ventral suction disc and the excretion of parasite products results in structural damage compromising intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting the function of brush border enzymes. This causes electrolyte imbalances and increased intestinal permeability, leading to the production of diarrhea. […] G. lamblia has eight defined genotypes (referred to as assemblages AH), but only A and B are known to infect humans.

• #4 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Giardia (also called giardiasis or Giardia infection) is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by a microscopic organism called Giardia lamblia. This parasite, which also goes by the names Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis, resides in the gut and can cause diarrhea and stomach discomfort (nausea, stomachache). It is one of the most common gastrointestinal parasites; it is estimated that over 300 million cases occur globally each year. […] The Giardia organism is found in the feces of infected people and can spread because of poor sanitation or because drinking water or food becomes contaminated. It can also infect animals, such as dogs, cattle, and sheep. […] Giardia infections can spread in four main ways, all of which can be prevented. […] Waterborne transmission is the most common route of infection.

• #5 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  Giardiasis, caused by the protozoa Giardia duodenalis (also called Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), is a prevalent small intestinal infection marked by symptoms such as watery diarrhea and flatulence. […] Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan G duodenalis, also known as G lamblia and G intestinalis. Infected animals excrete cysts into freshwater, which remain infective and viable for weeks to months. […] Human infection occurs through ingesting cysts via contaminated water or direct person-to-person contact, with transmission heavily influenced by inadequate hygiene and sanitation practices. […] Giardiasis is the most prevalent enteric protozoal infection globally, affecting nearly 2% of adults and 8% of children in developed countries. […] Giardiasis constitutes a significant cause of epidemic diarrhea among children in the developing world, with prevalence rates reaching 15% to 20% in those under 10 years.

• #6 Giardiasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116241/all/Giardiasis

  Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis) is a protozoan pathogen that leads to intestinal infection and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. […] Most infections result from ingestion of unfiltered surface water (e.g., contaminated swimming areas) or fecal-oral transmission; less commonly acquired through contaminated food. […] Giardia trophozoites colonize the surface of the proximal small intestine. […] Cellular attachment to host enterocytes via the ventral suction disc and the excretion of parasite products results in structural damage compromising intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting the function of brush border enzymes. This causes electrolyte imbalances and increased intestinal permeability, leading to the production of diarrhea. […] G. lamblia has eight defined genotypes (referred to as assemblages AH), but only A and B are known to infect humans.

• #7 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan flagellate parasite Giardia spp. Most infections of veterinary health importance are by G duodenalis, a species complex of different genotypes that tend to show host specificity; production animals, companion animals, and wildlife can all be infected. […] Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia spp. Giardia infection occurs worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals and many birds. […] In general, when veterinarians and physicians refer to Giardia or giardiasis, they are referring to G duodenalis and this is the focus of this topic. […] Among the eight assemblages of G duodenalis, some (A and B) have a relatively wide host range and may infect humans and a range of animals, whereas other assemblages are more host specific: assemblages C and D infect dogs, assemblage E infects livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats), assemblage F infects cats, assemblage G infects rodents, and assemblage H infects pinnipeds.

• #8 Giardiasis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. It causes diarrhea. It’s passed on through oral contact with infected feces. You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces. […] Giardiasis a common intestinal parasite. It’s most common in countries with poor sanitary conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. But it’s also a common cause of parasitic infection in the U.S. Hikers and campers who drink water from streams and other potentially contaminated sources are often infected. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. Cysts. This is the resting stage that allows the parasite to survive outside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. Stomach acid activates the cysts and the trophozoites are released. They attach to the lining of the small intestine and reproduce. Cysts form in the lower intestines. They are then passed in the feces. […] The parasite may be passed from person-to-person by contact with infected feces, or through consuming contaminated food or water. […] You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces.

• #9 Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm

  Giardiasis is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. Giardiasis (gee-ar-die-a-sis with a soft „G”) is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis. It is the most common cause of parasitic gastrointestinal disease; it is estimated that 20,000 cases of giardiasis occur each year in the U.S., and there is a 20% to 40% prevalence in the world’s population. […] The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a „sucker” and is responsible for causing the signs and symptoms of giardiasis. […] It takes the ingestion of only ten cysts to cause infection. […] Cysts of Giardia are present in the feces of infected people. Thus, the infection is spread from person to person by contamination of food with feces, or by direct fecal-oral contamination.

• #10 Giardiasis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. It causes diarrhea. It’s passed on through oral contact with infected feces. You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces. […] Giardiasis a common intestinal parasite. It’s most common in countries with poor sanitary conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. But it’s also a common cause of parasitic infection in the U.S. Hikers and campers who drink water from streams and other potentially contaminated sources are often infected. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. Cysts. This is the resting stage that allows the parasite to survive outside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. Stomach acid activates the cysts and the trophozoites are released. They attach to the lining of the small intestine and reproduce. Cysts form in the lower intestines. They are then passed in the feces. […] The parasite may be passed from person-to-person by contact with infected feces, or through consuming contaminated food or water. […] You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces.

• #11 Division of Environmental Health

  http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/giardiasis.htm

  The cyst form of the organism is hardy and may remain viable for a long period of time (approximately two months), particularly in cold water. […] The ingestion of 10 to 25 cysts may result in giardiasis, with an incubation period from one to four weeks. […] The diagnosis of G. lamblia infection is most commonly made by identifying the causative agent, G. lamblia, in the feces. […] Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. […] Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. […] G. lamblia cysts can survive in the aquatic environment, especially in cold lakes or streams, for months, and are more resistant to disinfection than most other microbial pathogenic agents.

• #12 Giardiasis | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. It causes diarrhea. It’s passed on through oral contact with infected feces. You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces. […] Giardiasis a common intestinal parasite. It’s most common in countries with poor sanitary conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. But it’s also a common cause of parasitic infection in the U.S. Hikers and campers who drink water from streams and other potentially contaminated sources are often infected. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. Cysts. This is the resting stage that allows the parasite to survive outside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. Stomach acid activates the cysts and the trophozoites are released. They attach to the lining of the small intestine and reproduce. Cysts form in the lower intestines. They are then passed in the feces. […] The parasite may be passed from person-to-person by contact with infected feces, or through consuming contaminated food or water. […] You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces.

• #13 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Water-borne transmission is responsible for a significant number of epidemics in the United States, generally following ingestion of unfiltered surface water. Giardia cysts retain viability in cold water for as long as 2-3 months. Giardia was implicated in 242 outbreaks (41,000 cases) in the United States from 1971 to 2011 (74.8% waterborne), and 111 outbreaks (760 cases) from 2012 to 2017. […] Venereal transmission occurs through fecal-oral contamination. Food-borne epidemics have been reported, most commonly secondary to contamination by infected food-handlers.

• #14 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is infection with the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis). […] Giardia infection is prevalent throughout the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. Waterborne transmission is the major source of infection, but transmission can also occur by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct person-to-person contact. […] There are 8 genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis. Two infect humans and animals; the others infect only animals. The clinical manifestations appear to vary with genotype. […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective.

• #15 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Giardiasis is caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as G lamblia or G duodenalis). Infection is transmitted through ingestion of infectious G lamblia cysts. The organism is known to have multiple strains with varying abilities to cause disease, and several different strains may be found in one host during infection. The infective dose is low in humans: 10-25 cysts are capable of causing clinical disease in 8 of 25 subjects. Ingestion of more than 25 cysts results in a 100% infection rate. […] Person-to-person transmission, often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, is a primary means of infection. Diaper changing and inadequate hand washing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. Children attending day care centers, as well as day-care workers, have a higher risk of infection secondary to fecal-oral transmission.

• #16 Division of Environmental Health

  http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/giardiasis.htm

  The cyst form of the organism is hardy and may remain viable for a long period of time (approximately two months), particularly in cold water. […] The ingestion of 10 to 25 cysts may result in giardiasis, with an incubation period from one to four weeks. […] The diagnosis of G. lamblia infection is most commonly made by identifying the causative agent, G. lamblia, in the feces. […] Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. […] Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. […] G. lamblia cysts can survive in the aquatic environment, especially in cold lakes or streams, for months, and are more resistant to disinfection than most other microbial pathogenic agents.

• #17 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. […] Giardia parasites can be spread through food either because food handlers with giardia infection don’t wash their hands thoroughly or because raw produce is irrigated or washed with unsafe (contaminated) water. […] You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk.

• #18 About Giardia Infection | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

  Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes diarrhea. […] Illness caused by Giardia is called giardiasis. […] Giardia can spread easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia germs are in poop, so anything that gets contaminated by poop can potentially spread the germs. […] Giardia spreads easily; swallowing just a few Giardia germs can make you sick. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe medicine to treat illness caused by Giardia. […] Although animals can spread Giardia to people, you are unlikely to get a Giardia infection from dogs or cats.

• #19 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. […] Giardia parasites can be spread through food either because food handlers with giardia infection don’t wash their hands thoroughly or because raw produce is irrigated or washed with unsafe (contaminated) water. […] You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk.

• #20 FloridaHealthFinder | Giardia infection | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000288

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk for giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #21 Giardiasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/giardiasis/

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. […] Pathogen: Giardia duodenalis (formerly known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan. […] Transmission: Waterborne: from drinking recreational water (e.g., lakes, rivers, ponds, swimming pools). […] Fecal-oral (e.g., through food handlers, people in daycare and nurseries, oral-anal sexual contact): Giardia cysts are passed into the environment from the feces of infected people and animals. […] Infection is more likely to occur after traveling to endemic regions such as the tropics, subtropics, and North American mountain regions. […] Although several theories exist, it is commonly suspected that infection with Giardia leads to impaired function and structure of intestinal tissue, resulting in malabsorption and diarrhea. […] IgA deficiencies (e.g., selective IgA deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency) increases susceptibility to giardiasis because of the disruption of gastrointestinal protective barrier.

• #22 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is infection with the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis). […] Giardia infection is prevalent throughout the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. Waterborne transmission is the major source of infection, but transmission can also occur by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct person-to-person contact. […] There are 8 genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis. Two infect humans and animals; the others infect only animals. The clinical manifestations appear to vary with genotype. […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective.

• #23 Giardiasis – Women’s Health – Associates for Women’s Medicine – Syracuse NY Gynecologist, Gynecology, Obstetrics, OBGYN, OB Physicians, Syracuse New York, Fayetteville, North Syracuse, LiverpoolGiardiasis

  https://www.afwomensmed.com/health-library/hw-view.php?DOCHWID=hw186436

  Giardiasis (say „jee-ar-DYE-uh-sus”) is an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia. The illness is also called giardia (say „jee-AR-dee-uh”). It can happen if you drink water that has been contaminated. […] You may become infected with giardia if you eat food or drink water that is tainted with infected human or animal waste. […] In the United States and Canada, you can get giardia by drinking untreated water from wells, streams, rivers, and lakes. This is true even in mountain lakes and streams where the water may seem very pure. […] You can also get the infection if you swallow contaminated water while you swim. […] After a person is exposed to the parasite, it usually takes 7 to 10 days for the infection to develop. But it can take from 3 to 25 days or longer. You can pass the infection to others during the entire time you are infected. You may be infected for months, even if you don’t have symptoms.

• #24 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Water-borne transmission is responsible for a significant number of epidemics in the United States, generally following ingestion of unfiltered surface water. Giardia cysts retain viability in cold water for as long as 2-3 months. Giardia was implicated in 242 outbreaks (41,000 cases) in the United States from 1971 to 2011 (74.8% waterborne), and 111 outbreaks (760 cases) from 2012 to 2017. […] Venereal transmission occurs through fecal-oral contamination. Food-borne epidemics have been reported, most commonly secondary to contamination by infected food-handlers.

• #25 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Water-borne transmission is responsible for a significant number of epidemics in the United States, generally following ingestion of unfiltered surface water. Giardia cysts retain viability in cold water for as long as 2-3 months. Giardia was implicated in 242 outbreaks (41,000 cases) in the United States from 1971 to 2011 (74.8% waterborne), and 111 outbreaks (760 cases) from 2012 to 2017. […] Venereal transmission occurs through fecal-oral contamination. Food-borne epidemics have been reported, most commonly secondary to contamination by infected food-handlers.

• #26 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. […] Giardia parasites can be spread through food either because food handlers with giardia infection don’t wash their hands thoroughly or because raw produce is irrigated or washed with unsafe (contaminated) water. […] You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk.

• #27 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. […] Giardia parasites can be spread through food either because food handlers with giardia infection don’t wash their hands thoroughly or because raw produce is irrigated or washed with unsafe (contaminated) water. […] You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk.

• #28 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection in your small intestine. Its caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. […] G. lamblia are found in animal and human feces. These parasites also thrive in contaminated food, water, and soil, and can survive outside a host for long periods of time. Accidentally consuming these parasites can lead to an infection. […] The most common way to get giardiasis is to drink water that contain G. lamblia. Contaminated water can be in swimming pools, spas, and bodies of water, such as lakes. […] Contracting giardiasis from food is less common because heat kills the parasites. […] Giardiasis also spreads through personal contact. […] Changing a childs diaper or picking up the parasite while working in a day care center are also common ways to become infected. […] Giardiasis infections usually last about six to eight weeks, but problems such as lactose intolerance can persist after the infection clears up.

• #29 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Foodborne transmission — The organism that causes Giardia is killed by cooking, so properly cooked food rarely leads to infection. […] Person-to-person transmission can happen when traces of infected feces travel between two people. […] In addition, virtually all mammals can be infected with Giardia, and animal-to-person transmission may occur. […] Giardia can survive for weeks to months in the environment (eg, soil). […] Giardia infections do not always cause symptoms. […] Giardia can also interfere with the way the body absorbs nutrients, so it can cause vitamin deficiencies and other nutritional problems. […] If your health care provider thinks you may have Giardia, they will ask you for a stool sample and then send it to the lab. […] Treatment for Giardia involves taking an antibiotic. […] The key to preventing Giardia and other infections is good hygiene.

• #30 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Giardiasis is caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as G lamblia or G duodenalis). Infection is transmitted through ingestion of infectious G lamblia cysts. The organism is known to have multiple strains with varying abilities to cause disease, and several different strains may be found in one host during infection. The infective dose is low in humans: 10-25 cysts are capable of causing clinical disease in 8 of 25 subjects. Ingestion of more than 25 cysts results in a 100% infection rate. […] Person-to-person transmission, often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, is a primary means of infection. Diaper changing and inadequate hand washing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. Children attending day care centers, as well as day-care workers, have a higher risk of infection secondary to fecal-oral transmission.

• #31 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Giardiasis is caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as G lamblia or G duodenalis). Infection is transmitted through ingestion of infectious G lamblia cysts. The organism is known to have multiple strains with varying abilities to cause disease, and several different strains may be found in one host during infection. The infective dose is low in humans: 10-25 cysts are capable of causing clinical disease in 8 of 25 subjects. Ingestion of more than 25 cysts results in a 100% infection rate. […] Person-to-person transmission, often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, is a primary means of infection. Diaper changing and inadequate hand washing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. Children attending day care centers, as well as day-care workers, have a higher risk of infection secondary to fecal-oral transmission.

• #32 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. […] Giardia parasites can be spread through food either because food handlers with giardia infection don’t wash their hands thoroughly or because raw produce is irrigated or washed with unsafe (contaminated) water. […] You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk.

• #33 FloridaHealthFinder | Giardia infection | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000288

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk for giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #34 Giardia Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/giardiainfections.html

  Giardiasis is an illness caused by a parasite called Giardia intestinalis. It lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the parasite. You can also get it if you’re exposed to human feces (poop) through sexual contact. […] The risk of getting giardia is higher for travelers to countries where it is common, people in child care settings, and those who drink untreated water. […] Symptoms of infection often last two to six weeks. Stool sample tests can diagnose it. You often need to collect several samples to test. Doctors use several drugs to treat it.

• #35 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Giardiasis (jee-ahr-dahy-uh-sis) is a diarrheal illness caused by a parasite called Giardia. The Giardia parasite lives in the intestines of infected people and animals and forms an outer shell called a „cyst”. Giardia cysts can live outside the body for long periods of time. […] Giardia is found throughout the United States and the world, and is especially common in countries without clean drinking water. In the United States, Giardia is one of the most common causes of waterborne diseases in people. Outbreaks have been associated with contaminated municipal and recreational waters, day care centers, and among people who were exposed to feces during sex. […] Giardiasis is a contagious disease. When a person or animal infected with Giardia begins to have symptoms, millions of cysts are shed in their feces during a bowel movement. The shedding of the cysts can last for weeks after the symptoms stop. People can become infected after accidentally swallowing Giardia cysts. Giardia may be found in soil, food, water, or on surfaces that have been contaminated with feces from infected people or animals.

• #36 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. The infection occurs in many animals, including beavers, other rodents, cows, and sheep. Animals are believed to play a role in keeping infections present in an environment. […] Giardiasis usually spreads when Giardia duodenalis cysts within faeces contaminate food or water that is later consumed orally. The disease can also spread between people and through other animals. […] Infection rates are as high as 7% in the developed world and 30% in the developing world. […] Giardiasis is transmitted via the faecal-oral route with the ingestion of cysts. Primary routes are personal contact and contaminated water and food. […] Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis.

• #37 Giardia in Dogs: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-dogs

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection in humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. […] Giardiasis can be a significant cause of illness, especially diarrhea, in animals and people. […] A dog becomes infected with Giardia when it swallows the cyst stage of the parasite. […] Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground or drinking contaminated water. […] The likelihood of developing disease increases when large numbers of cysts are present in the environment from fecal contamination. […] These microscopic parasites attach themselves to the intestinal wall, and the damage causes an acute, sudden onset of foul-smelling diarrhea. […] The disease is not usually life-threatening unless the dogs immune system is immature or immunocompromised. […] Giardia can cause diarrhea in humans and can be passed from dogs to humans. […] Genotype A can infect humans, dogs, and cats, while B can infect both humans and dogs.

• #38 Giardia infection | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/m/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia-TextOnly/1/000288

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as marmots, beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk of giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #39 Giardia infection | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/m/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia-TextOnly/1/000288

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as marmots, beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk of giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #40 About Giardia Infection | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

  Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes diarrhea. […] Illness caused by Giardia is called giardiasis. […] Giardia can spread easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia germs are in poop, so anything that gets contaminated by poop can potentially spread the germs. […] Giardia spreads easily; swallowing just a few Giardia germs can make you sick. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe medicine to treat illness caused by Giardia. […] Although animals can spread Giardia to people, you are unlikely to get a Giardia infection from dogs or cats.

• #41 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan flagellate parasite Giardia spp. Most infections of veterinary health importance are by G duodenalis, a species complex of different genotypes that tend to show host specificity; production animals, companion animals, and wildlife can all be infected. […] Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia spp. Giardia infection occurs worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals and many birds. […] In general, when veterinarians and physicians refer to Giardia or giardiasis, they are referring to G duodenalis and this is the focus of this topic. […] Among the eight assemblages of G duodenalis, some (A and B) have a relatively wide host range and may infect humans and a range of animals, whereas other assemblages are more host specific: assemblages C and D infect dogs, assemblage E infects livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats), assemblage F infects cats, assemblage G infects rodents, and assemblage H infects pinnipeds.

• #42 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. The infection occurs in many animals, including beavers, other rodents, cows, and sheep. Animals are believed to play a role in keeping infections present in an environment. […] Giardiasis usually spreads when Giardia duodenalis cysts within faeces contaminate food or water that is later consumed orally. The disease can also spread between people and through other animals. […] Infection rates are as high as 7% in the developed world and 30% in the developing world. […] Giardiasis is transmitted via the faecal-oral route with the ingestion of cysts. Primary routes are personal contact and contaminated water and food. […] Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis.

• #43 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Giardia (also called giardiasis or Giardia infection) is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by a microscopic organism called Giardia lamblia. This parasite, which also goes by the names Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis, resides in the gut and can cause diarrhea and stomach discomfort (nausea, stomachache). It is one of the most common gastrointestinal parasites; it is estimated that over 300 million cases occur globally each year. […] The Giardia organism is found in the feces of infected people and can spread because of poor sanitation or because drinking water or food becomes contaminated. It can also infect animals, such as dogs, cattle, and sheep. […] Giardia infections can spread in four main ways, all of which can be prevented. […] Waterborne transmission is the most common route of infection.

• #44 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is infection with the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis). […] Giardia infection is prevalent throughout the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. Waterborne transmission is the major source of infection, but transmission can also occur by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct person-to-person contact. […] There are 8 genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis. Two infect humans and animals; the others infect only animals. The clinical manifestations appear to vary with genotype. […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective.

• #45 Giardia – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/giardia

  Giardiasis is an infection spread mainly through food and water that causes diarrhoea that can last for a long time. […] Giardiasis is caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia lamblia. The infectious form of the parasite is a cyst and it is present in the diarrhoea of an infected person. […] Infection occurs mainly by drinking water contaminated by parasite cysts, including unintended ingestion during swimming or bathing. […] Giardia occurs worldwide but is particularly common in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation facilities in South Asia, the Middle East and Central/South America and Caribbean.

• #46 FloridaHealthFinder | Giardia infection | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000288

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk for giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #47 Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm

  Giardiasis occurs when there is inadequate sanitation or inadequate treatment of drinking water. […] Giardiasis is one of the causes of „traveler’s diarrhea” that occurs during travel to less-developed countries, for example, the Soviet Union, Mexico, Southeast Asia, and western South America. […] Children are three times more likely to develop giardiasis than adults. […] The most common manifestations of giardiasis are diarrhea and abdominal pain, particularly cramping; however, diarrhea is not invariable and occurs in 60%-90% of patients. […] Symptoms and signs of giardiasis do not begin for at least seven days following infection but can occur as long as three or more weeks later. […] The most common treatment for giardiasis is metronidazole (Flagyl) for 5-10 days. […] Tinidazole has replaced furazolidone as the FDA-approved drug for the treatment of the condition and is highly effective at treating giardiasis (90%). […] Drink only water that has been treated in established treatment facilities. […] Do not drink from freshwater streams or lakes without boiling or filtering the water.

• #48 Giardia infection (giardiasis)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/g/giardia-infection-giardiasis2/

  You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces — parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk. […] Giardia infection is far more common in children than it is in adults. […] Giardia infection is rampant wherever sanitation is inadequate or water isn’t safe to drink. […] Giardia infection is almost never fatal in industrialized countries. But it can cause lingering symptoms and serious complications, especially in infants and children. […] No drug or vaccine can prevent giardia infection.

• #49 Giardiasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/giardiasis/

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. […] Pathogen: Giardia duodenalis (formerly known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan. […] Transmission: Waterborne: from drinking recreational water (e.g., lakes, rivers, ponds, swimming pools). […] Fecal-oral (e.g., through food handlers, people in daycare and nurseries, oral-anal sexual contact): Giardia cysts are passed into the environment from the feces of infected people and animals. […] Infection is more likely to occur after traveling to endemic regions such as the tropics, subtropics, and North American mountain regions. […] Although several theories exist, it is commonly suspected that infection with Giardia leads to impaired function and structure of intestinal tissue, resulting in malabsorption and diarrhea. […] IgA deficiencies (e.g., selective IgA deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency) increases susceptibility to giardiasis because of the disruption of gastrointestinal protective barrier.

• #50 Giardiasis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/giardiasis

  Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis, is an important cause of persistent diarrhoea or malabsorption. It is a flagellated, anaerobic protozoon. […] Giardial infections occur worldwide, including in developed countries. Giardiasis is more common with poor sanitation, travel to endemic areas, reduced immunity – malnutrition, immunocompromise or cystic fibrosis, institutions – eg, children in nurseries, and their carers, and those having ano-oral sex – eg, sexually active gay men. […] Transmission of Giardia spp. is via the faeco-oral route. The incubation period is 1-2 weeks. Giardial cysts are resistant to standard chlorination. […] Transmission of Giardia spp is usually via contaminated drinking water. […] Giardiasis may be caused by food poisoning and therefore can be a notifiable disease. […] Metronidazole resistance is becoming an increasing problem. Treatment failures are reported in up to 20% of cases and this has led to the search for alternatives.

• #51 Giardiasis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/giardia.html

  You can reduce your risk of getting giardiasis by following these recommendations: Wash your hands often and with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handing or eating any food. […] People who have symptoms of giardiasis can reduce their risk of spreading their illness to others by following these recommendations: Wash your hands carefully and frequently with soap and water.

• #52

  https://www.premierhealth.com/your-health/articles/women-wisdom-wellness-/wash-rinse-and-sanitize-how-to-prevent-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by a parasite called Giardia lamblia. The condition causes diarrhea and other related symptoms, such as loss of appetite, nausea, and headache. […] The Giardia parasite spreads in many ways. The most common include: Exposure to someone else with giardiasis, Direct person-to-person contact at daycares, nursing homes, and similar facilities, Eating uncooked or undercooked food that contains Giardia organisms, Swallowing pool or recreational water, Drinking unpurified water from lakes, streams, ponds, and rivers, Drinking water or using ice made from untreated or improperly treated wells, Swallowing Giardia picked up from surfaces contaminated with feces, such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys, Swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams, Traveling to countries where giardiasis is common, Unprotected anal sex.

• #53

  https://www.premierhealth.com/your-health/articles/women-wisdom-wellness-/wash-rinse-and-sanitize-how-to-prevent-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by a parasite called Giardia lamblia. The condition causes diarrhea and other related symptoms, such as loss of appetite, nausea, and headache. […] The Giardia parasite spreads in many ways. The most common include: Exposure to someone else with giardiasis, Direct person-to-person contact at daycares, nursing homes, and similar facilities, Eating uncooked or undercooked food that contains Giardia organisms, Swallowing pool or recreational water, Drinking unpurified water from lakes, streams, ponds, and rivers, Drinking water or using ice made from untreated or improperly treated wells, Swallowing Giardia picked up from surfaces contaminated with feces, such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys, Swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams, Traveling to countries where giardiasis is common, Unprotected anal sex.

• #54 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardiasis is the most common waterborne parasitic infection of the human intestine worldwide. The etiological agent, Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia), is a flagellated, binucleated protozoan parasite which infects a wide array of mammalian hosts. […] Recent evidence indicating that Giardia may cause chronic post-infectious gastrointestinal complications have made it a topic of intense research. The causes of the post-infectious clinical manifestations due to Giardia, even after complete elimination of the parasite, remain obscure. […] A striking feature of giardiasis is the spectrum of clinical symptoms that occur in infected individuals. The clinical manifestations can range from asymptomatic, to acute or chronic diarrheal disease. […] The pathophysiological consequences of Giardia infection are clearly multifactorial, and involve both host and parasite factors, as well as immunological and non-immunological mucosal processes.

• #55 Giardiasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116241/all/Giardiasis

  Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis) is a protozoan pathogen that leads to intestinal infection and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. […] Most infections result from ingestion of unfiltered surface water (e.g., contaminated swimming areas) or fecal-oral transmission; less commonly acquired through contaminated food. […] Giardia trophozoites colonize the surface of the proximal small intestine. […] Cellular attachment to host enterocytes via the ventral suction disc and the excretion of parasite products results in structural damage compromising intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting the function of brush border enzymes. This causes electrolyte imbalances and increased intestinal permeability, leading to the production of diarrhea. […] G. lamblia has eight defined genotypes (referred to as assemblages AH), but only A and B are known to infect humans.

• #56 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infection can reduce food intake, and produce steatorrhea, maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates and vitamins (including vitamin A, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, and folacin). […] Chronic malnutrition and stunting during infancy secondary to G. duodenalis infections, has been associated with poor cognitive function. […] Studies have attempted to link possible long-term cognitive deficits with severe diarrhea in early childhood. […] Chronic fatigue syndrome has been described following Q-fever, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Giardia enteritis. […] Recent evidence now indicates that a proportion of patients diagnosed with Giardia duodenalis will also develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in the absence of detectable parasitic loads. […] Giardia infection has been diagnosed in 5%-10% of patients with IBS, and it was recently demonstrated that G. duodenalis may indeed cause IBS and functional dyspepsia. […] The mechanisms responsible for post-infectious and extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis remain obscure. Both parasitic and host factors have been implicated, indicative of a multifactorial pathogenic process.

• #57 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infections tend to be self-limiting in individuals with competent immune systems. […] In addition to its acute symptoms, giardiasis may also cause anorexia and failure to thrive. Indeed, Giardia infections may have detrimental effects on nutritional status, growth status and cognitive function in humans. […] Until recently, the scientific literature rarely reported extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis. However, a recent study estimated that 1/3 of the patients infected with this parasite will express long-term extra-intestinal symptoms, suggesting that this phenomenon is not as uncommon as previously thought. […] Giardia-induced diffuse shortening of epithelial brush border microvilli represents a key factor in the production of diarrhoeal disease via malabsorption and maldigestion.

• #58 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #59 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #60 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #61 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #62 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis. […] In calves, and to a lesser extent in other production animals, giardiasis can result in diarrhea that does not respond to antimicrobial or coccidiostatic treatment. […] The two main methods to diagnose Giardia infection are identification of Giardia cysts, and considerably less frequently, trophozoites in fecal samples and detection of Giardia antigen in fecal samples. […] There is some debate concerning whether animals without clinical signs that continue to shed Giardia cysts, even after treatment, should continue to be treated.

• #63 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis. […] In calves, and to a lesser extent in other production animals, giardiasis can result in diarrhea that does not respond to antimicrobial or coccidiostatic treatment. […] The two main methods to diagnose Giardia infection are identification of Giardia cysts, and considerably less frequently, trophozoites in fecal samples and detection of Giardia antigen in fecal samples. […] There is some debate concerning whether animals without clinical signs that continue to shed Giardia cysts, even after treatment, should continue to be treated.

• #64 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #65 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis. […] In calves, and to a lesser extent in other production animals, giardiasis can result in diarrhea that does not respond to antimicrobial or coccidiostatic treatment. […] The two main methods to diagnose Giardia infection are identification of Giardia cysts, and considerably less frequently, trophozoites in fecal samples and detection of Giardia antigen in fecal samples. […] There is some debate concerning whether animals without clinical signs that continue to shed Giardia cysts, even after treatment, should continue to be treated.

• #66 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis. […] In calves, and to a lesser extent in other production animals, giardiasis can result in diarrhea that does not respond to antimicrobial or coccidiostatic treatment. […] The two main methods to diagnose Giardia infection are identification of Giardia cysts, and considerably less frequently, trophozoites in fecal samples and detection of Giardia antigen in fecal samples. […] There is some debate concerning whether animals without clinical signs that continue to shed Giardia cysts, even after treatment, should continue to be treated.

• #67 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis. […] In calves, and to a lesser extent in other production animals, giardiasis can result in diarrhea that does not respond to antimicrobial or coccidiostatic treatment. […] The two main methods to diagnose Giardia infection are identification of Giardia cysts, and considerably less frequently, trophozoites in fecal samples and detection of Giardia antigen in fecal samples. […] There is some debate concerning whether animals without clinical signs that continue to shed Giardia cysts, even after treatment, should continue to be treated.

• #68 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #69 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  T cell participation is associated with disease progression, since the depletion of CD4+ T cells in animals resulted in chronic giardiasis. […] It has been suggested that the intestinal microbiota composition can potentially interfere in the process of G. lamblia infection. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host. […] Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in suitable amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. […] Probiotics have been studied as an alternative treatment for giardiasis. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host.

• #70 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  The pathophysiology of acute diarrhea in giardiasis implicates increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis, disruption of the intestinal barrier function, activation of host lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated shortening of brush border microvilli with or without coinciding villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, deficiency of disaccharidases, intestinal malabsorption, anion hypersecretion, and increased intestinal transit. […] Most experimental model studies suggest that the hosts main defense against Giardia is the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). […] While intestinal antibodies and, more specifically, anti-variant surface protein IgA antibodies were proven to be involved in modulating antigenic variation of the parasite, the participation of the local antibody response in control of the parasite infection is still controversial.

• #71 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  T cell participation is associated with disease progression, since the depletion of CD4+ T cells in animals resulted in chronic giardiasis. […] It has been suggested that the intestinal microbiota composition can potentially interfere in the process of G. lamblia infection. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host. […] Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in suitable amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. […] Probiotics have been studied as an alternative treatment for giardiasis. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host.

• #72 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  T cell participation is associated with disease progression, since the depletion of CD4+ T cells in animals resulted in chronic giardiasis. […] It has been suggested that the intestinal microbiota composition can potentially interfere in the process of G. lamblia infection. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host. […] Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in suitable amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. […] Probiotics have been studied as an alternative treatment for giardiasis. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host.

• #73 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  Probiotics have a positive action in the treatment of enteric parasite infections, and this benefit may be due to several factors, such as change of intestinal microbiota composition, modulation of immune response, and reduction of host-pathogen interactions. […] However, the exact mechanism by which probiotics modulate Giardia infection requires thorough investigation.

• #74 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  Probiotics have a positive action in the treatment of enteric parasite infections, and this benefit may be due to several factors, such as change of intestinal microbiota composition, modulation of immune response, and reduction of host-pathogen interactions. […] However, the exact mechanism by which probiotics modulate Giardia infection requires thorough investigation.

• #75 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  Probiotics have a positive action in the treatment of enteric parasite infections, and this benefit may be due to several factors, such as change of intestinal microbiota composition, modulation of immune response, and reduction of host-pathogen interactions. […] However, the exact mechanism by which probiotics modulate Giardia infection requires thorough investigation.

• #76 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #77 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardiasis is the most common waterborne parasitic infection of the human intestine worldwide. The etiological agent, Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia), is a flagellated, binucleated protozoan parasite which infects a wide array of mammalian hosts. […] Recent evidence indicating that Giardia may cause chronic post-infectious gastrointestinal complications have made it a topic of intense research. The causes of the post-infectious clinical manifestations due to Giardia, even after complete elimination of the parasite, remain obscure. […] A striking feature of giardiasis is the spectrum of clinical symptoms that occur in infected individuals. The clinical manifestations can range from asymptomatic, to acute or chronic diarrheal disease. […] The pathophysiological consequences of Giardia infection are clearly multifactorial, and involve both host and parasite factors, as well as immunological and non-immunological mucosal processes.

• #78 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #79 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #80 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #81 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #82 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #83 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #84 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #85 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Symptoms can begin one to two weeks after becoming infected with the Giardia cysts. Symptoms include: Diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Bloating, Gas, Fatigue, Weight loss, Dehydration. […] Giardiasis can be diagnosed by your health care provider by looking for the cysts in a sample of feces under a microscope or using special tests. […] There are several prescription drugs available to treat Giardia. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public.

• #86 Giardiasis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/giardia.html

  Giardia is a parasite that causes a diarrheal illness called giardiasis. […] Giardia is the most frequently identified parasitic infection in Minnesota and is a common cause of waterborne illness. […] Giardia is passed in the stool of an infected person or animal. […] Giardia may be found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. […] Symptoms of giardiasis usually include: Diarrhea, Greasy stools that can float, Gas and bloating, Stomach cramps, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Slight fever. […] Symptoms generally begin 1 to 3 weeks after exposure. […] Giardiasis can be treated with a number of prescription drugs including metronidazole, nitazoxanide, and tinidazole. […] If you or your child test positive for Giardia and have no symptoms, treatment is generally not recommended.

• #87 Giardiasis – Women’s Health – Associates for Women’s Medicine – Syracuse NY Gynecologist, Gynecology, Obstetrics, OBGYN, OB Physicians, Syracuse New York, Fayetteville, North Syracuse, LiverpoolGiardiasis

  https://www.afwomensmed.com/health-library/hw-view.php?DOCHWID=hw186436

  Giardiasis (say „jee-ar-DYE-uh-sus”) is an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia. The illness is also called giardia (say „jee-AR-dee-uh”). It can happen if you drink water that has been contaminated. […] You may become infected with giardia if you eat food or drink water that is tainted with infected human or animal waste. […] In the United States and Canada, you can get giardia by drinking untreated water from wells, streams, rivers, and lakes. This is true even in mountain lakes and streams where the water may seem very pure. […] You can also get the infection if you swallow contaminated water while you swim. […] After a person is exposed to the parasite, it usually takes 7 to 10 days for the infection to develop. But it can take from 3 to 25 days or longer. You can pass the infection to others during the entire time you are infected. You may be infected for months, even if you don’t have symptoms.

• #88 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. […] Giardia infection happens when you accidentally ingest the microscopic parasite during the cyst stage of its life cycle. […] The Giardia cyst is sort of like an egg that can survive in the wild until it finds a body (host) to hatch in. […] Animals and humans both get giardiasis, and they can both pass it on to others through their poop. […] The Giardia cyst lives within microscopic traces of poop within your environment that are too small to see. […] Some common ways you might get giardiasis include: Drinking or swimming in untreated or unfiltered water. […] What causes giardiasis? […] Giardia infection doesn’t always cause noticeable symptoms, but it can. […] If giardiasis lasts a long time, or keeps coming back, it can do more long-term damage. […] If it doesn’t, it can cause long-term complications for your digestive system, and even your immune system.

• #89 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infection can reduce food intake, and produce steatorrhea, maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates and vitamins (including vitamin A, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, and folacin). […] Chronic malnutrition and stunting during infancy secondary to G. duodenalis infections, has been associated with poor cognitive function. […] Studies have attempted to link possible long-term cognitive deficits with severe diarrhea in early childhood. […] Chronic fatigue syndrome has been described following Q-fever, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Giardia enteritis. […] Recent evidence now indicates that a proportion of patients diagnosed with Giardia duodenalis will also develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in the absence of detectable parasitic loads. […] Giardia infection has been diagnosed in 5%-10% of patients with IBS, and it was recently demonstrated that G. duodenalis may indeed cause IBS and functional dyspepsia. […] The mechanisms responsible for post-infectious and extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis remain obscure. Both parasitic and host factors have been implicated, indicative of a multifactorial pathogenic process.

• #90 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infection can reduce food intake, and produce steatorrhea, maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates and vitamins (including vitamin A, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, and folacin). […] Chronic malnutrition and stunting during infancy secondary to G. duodenalis infections, has been associated with poor cognitive function. […] Studies have attempted to link possible long-term cognitive deficits with severe diarrhea in early childhood. […] Chronic fatigue syndrome has been described following Q-fever, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Giardia enteritis. […] Recent evidence now indicates that a proportion of patients diagnosed with Giardia duodenalis will also develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in the absence of detectable parasitic loads. […] Giardia infection has been diagnosed in 5%-10% of patients with IBS, and it was recently demonstrated that G. duodenalis may indeed cause IBS and functional dyspepsia. […] The mechanisms responsible for post-infectious and extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis remain obscure. Both parasitic and host factors have been implicated, indicative of a multifactorial pathogenic process.

• #91 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #92 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection in your small intestine. Its caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. […] G. lamblia are found in animal and human feces. These parasites also thrive in contaminated food, water, and soil, and can survive outside a host for long periods of time. Accidentally consuming these parasites can lead to an infection. […] The most common way to get giardiasis is to drink water that contain G. lamblia. Contaminated water can be in swimming pools, spas, and bodies of water, such as lakes. […] Contracting giardiasis from food is less common because heat kills the parasites. […] Giardiasis also spreads through personal contact. […] Changing a childs diaper or picking up the parasite while working in a day care center are also common ways to become infected. […] Giardiasis infections usually last about six to eight weeks, but problems such as lactose intolerance can persist after the infection clears up.

• #93 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #94 Giardia Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/travel-and-vaccinations/travellers-diarrhoea-leaflet/giardia

  Giardia infection should be considered in someone who develops sudden-onset (acute) or persistent (chronic) diarrhoea. […] It’s typical to treat giardiasis with antibiotics. […] Most people who have giardia infection make a full recovery and do not have any complications or further problems. […] Other complications specific to giardia infection include: Weight loss – can occur in persistent (chronic) giardia infection. […] Growth restriction in children – can occur in chronic giardia infection. […] Malabsorption and vitamin deficiencies – are possible in chronic giardia infection. […] In general, good hygiene is essential to prevent giardiasis and the spread of many other infections.

• #95 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infection can reduce food intake, and produce steatorrhea, maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates and vitamins (including vitamin A, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, and folacin). […] Chronic malnutrition and stunting during infancy secondary to G. duodenalis infections, has been associated with poor cognitive function. […] Studies have attempted to link possible long-term cognitive deficits with severe diarrhea in early childhood. […] Chronic fatigue syndrome has been described following Q-fever, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Giardia enteritis. […] Recent evidence now indicates that a proportion of patients diagnosed with Giardia duodenalis will also develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in the absence of detectable parasitic loads. […] Giardia infection has been diagnosed in 5%-10% of patients with IBS, and it was recently demonstrated that G. duodenalis may indeed cause IBS and functional dyspepsia. […] The mechanisms responsible for post-infectious and extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis remain obscure. Both parasitic and host factors have been implicated, indicative of a multifactorial pathogenic process.

• #96 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #97 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #98 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #99 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infection can reduce food intake, and produce steatorrhea, maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates and vitamins (including vitamin A, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, and folacin). […] Chronic malnutrition and stunting during infancy secondary to G. duodenalis infections, has been associated with poor cognitive function. […] Studies have attempted to link possible long-term cognitive deficits with severe diarrhea in early childhood. […] Chronic fatigue syndrome has been described following Q-fever, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Giardia enteritis. […] Recent evidence now indicates that a proportion of patients diagnosed with Giardia duodenalis will also develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in the absence of detectable parasitic loads. […] Giardia infection has been diagnosed in 5%-10% of patients with IBS, and it was recently demonstrated that G. duodenalis may indeed cause IBS and functional dyspepsia. […] The mechanisms responsible for post-infectious and extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis remain obscure. Both parasitic and host factors have been implicated, indicative of a multifactorial pathogenic process.

• #100 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardiasis is the most common waterborne parasitic infection of the human intestine worldwide. The etiological agent, Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia), is a flagellated, binucleated protozoan parasite which infects a wide array of mammalian hosts. […] Recent evidence indicating that Giardia may cause chronic post-infectious gastrointestinal complications have made it a topic of intense research. The causes of the post-infectious clinical manifestations due to Giardia, even after complete elimination of the parasite, remain obscure. […] A striking feature of giardiasis is the spectrum of clinical symptoms that occur in infected individuals. The clinical manifestations can range from asymptomatic, to acute or chronic diarrheal disease. […] The pathophysiological consequences of Giardia infection are clearly multifactorial, and involve both host and parasite factors, as well as immunological and non-immunological mucosal processes.

• #101 Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3870550/

  Giardia infection can reduce food intake, and produce steatorrhea, maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates and vitamins (including vitamin A, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, and folacin). […] Chronic malnutrition and stunting during infancy secondary to G. duodenalis infections, has been associated with poor cognitive function. […] Studies have attempted to link possible long-term cognitive deficits with severe diarrhea in early childhood. […] Chronic fatigue syndrome has been described following Q-fever, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and Giardia enteritis. […] Recent evidence now indicates that a proportion of patients diagnosed with Giardia duodenalis will also develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in the absence of detectable parasitic loads. […] Giardia infection has been diagnosed in 5%-10% of patients with IBS, and it was recently demonstrated that G. duodenalis may indeed cause IBS and functional dyspepsia. […] The mechanisms responsible for post-infectious and extra-intestinal manifestations in giardiasis remain obscure. Both parasitic and host factors have been implicated, indicative of a multifactorial pathogenic process.

• #102 Division of Environmental Health

  http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/giardiasis.htm

  The cyst form of the organism is hardy and may remain viable for a long period of time (approximately two months), particularly in cold water. […] The ingestion of 10 to 25 cysts may result in giardiasis, with an incubation period from one to four weeks. […] The diagnosis of G. lamblia infection is most commonly made by identifying the causative agent, G. lamblia, in the feces. […] Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. […] Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. […] G. lamblia cysts can survive in the aquatic environment, especially in cold lakes or streams, for months, and are more resistant to disinfection than most other microbial pathogenic agents.

• #103 Giardiasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview

  Giardiasis is caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as G lamblia or G duodenalis). Infection is transmitted through ingestion of infectious G lamblia cysts. The organism is known to have multiple strains with varying abilities to cause disease, and several different strains may be found in one host during infection. The infective dose is low in humans: 10-25 cysts are capable of causing clinical disease in 8 of 25 subjects. Ingestion of more than 25 cysts results in a 100% infection rate. […] Person-to-person transmission, often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, is a primary means of infection. Diaper changing and inadequate hand washing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. Children attending day care centers, as well as day-care workers, have a higher risk of infection secondary to fecal-oral transmission.

• #104 Division of Environmental Health

  http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/giardiasis.htm

  The cyst form of the organism is hardy and may remain viable for a long period of time (approximately two months), particularly in cold water. […] The ingestion of 10 to 25 cysts may result in giardiasis, with an incubation period from one to four weeks. […] The diagnosis of G. lamblia infection is most commonly made by identifying the causative agent, G. lamblia, in the feces. […] Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. […] Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. […] G. lamblia cysts can survive in the aquatic environment, especially in cold lakes or streams, for months, and are more resistant to disinfection than most other microbial pathogenic agents.

• #105 Giardia in Dogs: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-dogs

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection in humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. […] Giardiasis can be a significant cause of illness, especially diarrhea, in animals and people. […] A dog becomes infected with Giardia when it swallows the cyst stage of the parasite. […] Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground or drinking contaminated water. […] The likelihood of developing disease increases when large numbers of cysts are present in the environment from fecal contamination. […] These microscopic parasites attach themselves to the intestinal wall, and the damage causes an acute, sudden onset of foul-smelling diarrhea. […] The disease is not usually life-threatening unless the dogs immune system is immature or immunocompromised. […] Giardia can cause diarrhea in humans and can be passed from dogs to humans. […] Genotype A can infect humans, dogs, and cats, while B can infect both humans and dogs.

• #106

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/food-safety-and-foodborne-diseases/giardiasis.html

  Giardiais a tiny parasite (germ) that causes the diarrheal disease giardiasis. […] You can get giardiasis if you swallow theGiardiaparasite (germ). […] Giardiainfection is the most common intestinal parasitic disease, and it affects more than 1 million people per year. […] Certain factors can increase your risk of getting sick fromGiardia: […] Giardiasis can be spread by: […] Giardiasis is not areportable diseasein Oklahoma. […] Infants and pregnant women may be more likely to become dehydrated from diarrhea caused by aGiardiainfection.

• #107 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent, as most infections are self-limited. […] Potential complications include weight loss, disaccharidase deficiency, growth retardation, and malabsorption. […] Giardiasis can lead to the following complications: Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic illness with weight loss, malabsorption syndrome, disaccharidase deficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergies, reactive arthritis, zinc deficiency in school-aged children, persistent GI symptoms. […] The essential pearls about giardiasis to understand are as follows: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite G duodenalis (G lamblia or G intestinalis).

• #108 Giardiasis (beaver fever)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/giardiasis/fact_sheet.htm

  Giardiasis is an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. […] The most common way people get sick with giardiasis is by swallowing contaminated water, but people can also get sick from contaminated food, surfaces, and objects. […] Giardia can infect people and wild and domestic animals. It is passed in the feces (poop) of an infected person or animal and may contaminate water or food. […] Human fecal wastes also play an important role in spreading the parasite. […] People become infected by accidentally swallowing Giardia and can carry the parasite in their bodies from a few weeks to a few months. […] Giardiasis is diagnosed by testing samples of your stool (poop). […] There are many prescription drugs that are available to treat giardiasis. […] Some individuals may recover on their own in a few weeks without medication.

• #109 Causes of Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/giardia-infection/causes.html

  Giardia infection is caused by microscopic parasites, called Giardia, that are found in water. These parasites cause an intestinal illness called giardiasis, which is sometimes called beaver fever. […] Giardia parasites are commonly found in or on: contaminated food and water, untreated water from rivers and lakes, contaminated surfaces, such as change tables and bathroom handles, intestines and feces of infected humans or animals, such as pets and livestock.

• #110 Giardia infection (giardiasis)

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/F_I/Giardia-infection

  Giardia infection (giardiasis) is a bowel (gut) infection caused by a tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis. […] You can get Giardia infection (giardiasis) by putting anything in your mouth that has been directly or indirectly contaminated with animal or human faeces that contain Giardia. […] Diagnosis must be made by a medical professional. There are many causes of gastroenteritis, and laboratory testing of a faecal specimen is necessary to confirm that symptoms are due to infection with Giardia. […] Giardia infection (giardiasis) is a form of gastroenteritis (gastro).

• #111 Giardia Infections: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/giardiainfections.html

  Giardiasis is an illness caused by a parasite called Giardia intestinalis. It lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the parasite. You can also get it if you’re exposed to human feces (poop) through sexual contact. […] The risk of getting giardia is higher for travelers to countries where it is common, people in child care settings, and those who drink untreated water. […] Symptoms of infection often last two to six weeks. Stool sample tests can diagnose it. You often need to collect several samples to test. Doctors use several drugs to treat it.

• #112 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis. […] In calves, and to a lesser extent in other production animals, giardiasis can result in diarrhea that does not respond to antimicrobial or coccidiostatic treatment. […] The two main methods to diagnose Giardia infection are identification of Giardia cysts, and considerably less frequently, trophozoites in fecal samples and detection of Giardia antigen in fecal samples. […] There is some debate concerning whether animals without clinical signs that continue to shed Giardia cysts, even after treatment, should continue to be treated.

• #113 Giardiasis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by infection with the parasite Giardia lamblia, which lives in contaminated water. […] A person can remain infected with Giardia until the infection is diagnosed and treated. […] You can become infected with G. lamblia by drinking water that has been contaminated with Giardia cysts (usually because the water has come into contact with sewage). […] The diagnosis is made by testing the stool for Giardia antigen, a protein that is made by G. lamblia parasites, or by identifying G. lamblia cysts or parasites in stool samples. […] Commonly prescribed medications used to treat Giardia infection include tinidazole (Tindamax), nitazoxanide (Alinia), and metronidazole (Flagyl). […] In some cases, Giardia can be a long-term problem if it is not treated.

• #114 Giardia in Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-cats

  Many dogs and cats will be asymptomatic carriers, never developing any signs of illness. […] A routine fecal flotation test may fail to detect these tiny cysts, which are shed inconsistently in the feces and often require a special zinc sulfate flotation solution. […] Fenbendazole (Panacur) and metronidazole are the most commonly used drugs to kill Giardia. […] Giardiasis is the most common intestinal parasitic infection of man and can potentially be passed from cats to humans. […] If your cat is diagnosed with giardiasis, environmental disinfection and good personal hygiene are essential to prevent accidental spread to humans.

• #115 Giardiasis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by infection with the parasite Giardia lamblia, which lives in contaminated water. […] A person can remain infected with Giardia until the infection is diagnosed and treated. […] You can become infected with G. lamblia by drinking water that has been contaminated with Giardia cysts (usually because the water has come into contact with sewage). […] The diagnosis is made by testing the stool for Giardia antigen, a protein that is made by G. lamblia parasites, or by identifying G. lamblia cysts or parasites in stool samples. […] Commonly prescribed medications used to treat Giardia infection include tinidazole (Tindamax), nitazoxanide (Alinia), and metronidazole (Flagyl). […] In some cases, Giardia can be a long-term problem if it is not treated.

• #116 Giardia infection (giardiasis) | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/giardia-infection-giardiasis/

  The indicated treatment is antiparasitic such as: Metronidazole: it is usually the most used, although it causes nausea and a rusty taste in the mouth. […] Tinidazole: it is similar to the previous one in effectiveness and side effects, but it has the advantage of requiring smaller doses, normally a single dose is required. […] Nitazoxanide: it is the most used medication in children since its liquid, although its side effects include flatulence, nausea, and yellowish pigmentation in the eyes and urine.

• #117 Giardiasis (Giardia Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/giardiasis-overview

  Giardiasis, also known as a giardia infection, is an intestinal disease marked by diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and bloating. A tiny parasite called Giardia intestinalis causes the infection. This bug lives all around the world in places that dont have clean drinking water. Its a common cause of waterborne illness in the U.S. […] You usually pick up a giardia infection from the stool of an infected person or animal. Before theyre pooped out, the parasites grow a hard shell called a cyst. It helps them live for months outside of a body, either in water or on a surface. The infection comes after you come in contact with the parasite or a cyst. […] Many people get better without treatment. But your doctor may want to treat you with medication. Metronidazole (Flagyl), nitazoxanide (Alinia), and tinidazole (Tindamax) are among the drugs used to treat giardia infections.

• #118 Giardia infection (giardiasis) | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/giardia-infection-giardiasis/

  The indicated treatment is antiparasitic such as: Metronidazole: it is usually the most used, although it causes nausea and a rusty taste in the mouth. […] Tinidazole: it is similar to the previous one in effectiveness and side effects, but it has the advantage of requiring smaller doses, normally a single dose is required. […] Nitazoxanide: it is the most used medication in children since its liquid, although its side effects include flatulence, nausea, and yellowish pigmentation in the eyes and urine.

• #119 Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm

  Giardiasis occurs when there is inadequate sanitation or inadequate treatment of drinking water. […] Giardiasis is one of the causes of „traveler’s diarrhea” that occurs during travel to less-developed countries, for example, the Soviet Union, Mexico, Southeast Asia, and western South America. […] Children are three times more likely to develop giardiasis than adults. […] The most common manifestations of giardiasis are diarrhea and abdominal pain, particularly cramping; however, diarrhea is not invariable and occurs in 60%-90% of patients. […] Symptoms and signs of giardiasis do not begin for at least seven days following infection but can occur as long as three or more weeks later. […] The most common treatment for giardiasis is metronidazole (Flagyl) for 5-10 days. […] Tinidazole has replaced furazolidone as the FDA-approved drug for the treatment of the condition and is highly effective at treating giardiasis (90%). […] Drink only water that has been treated in established treatment facilities. […] Do not drink from freshwater streams or lakes without boiling or filtering the water.

• #120 Giardia infection (giardiasis) | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/giardia-infection-giardiasis/

  The indicated treatment is antiparasitic such as: Metronidazole: it is usually the most used, although it causes nausea and a rusty taste in the mouth. […] Tinidazole: it is similar to the previous one in effectiveness and side effects, but it has the advantage of requiring smaller doses, normally a single dose is required. […] Nitazoxanide: it is the most used medication in children since its liquid, although its side effects include flatulence, nausea, and yellowish pigmentation in the eyes and urine.

• #121 Giardiasis (Giardia Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/giardiasis-overview

  Giardiasis, also known as a giardia infection, is an intestinal disease marked by diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and bloating. A tiny parasite called Giardia intestinalis causes the infection. This bug lives all around the world in places that dont have clean drinking water. Its a common cause of waterborne illness in the U.S. […] You usually pick up a giardia infection from the stool of an infected person or animal. Before theyre pooped out, the parasites grow a hard shell called a cyst. It helps them live for months outside of a body, either in water or on a surface. The infection comes after you come in contact with the parasite or a cyst. […] Many people get better without treatment. But your doctor may want to treat you with medication. Metronidazole (Flagyl), nitazoxanide (Alinia), and tinidazole (Tindamax) are among the drugs used to treat giardia infections.

• #122 Giardiasis (beaver fever)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/giardiasis/fact_sheet.htm

  Giardiasis is an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. […] The most common way people get sick with giardiasis is by swallowing contaminated water, but people can also get sick from contaminated food, surfaces, and objects. […] Giardia can infect people and wild and domestic animals. It is passed in the feces (poop) of an infected person or animal and may contaminate water or food. […] Human fecal wastes also play an important role in spreading the parasite. […] People become infected by accidentally swallowing Giardia and can carry the parasite in their bodies from a few weeks to a few months. […] Giardiasis is diagnosed by testing samples of your stool (poop). […] There are many prescription drugs that are available to treat giardiasis. […] Some individuals may recover on their own in a few weeks without medication.

• #123 Giardia infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/giardia+infection/giardia+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Giardia infection is an infection of the bowel caused by the parasite Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis. It is a single-celled organism found worldwide. […] Spread takes place when hands, objects or food become contaminated with faeces of infected people or animals, or by drinking contaminated water. The parasites must be taken in by mouth to cause infection. […] Giardia infections do not usually cause fever or bloody diarrhoea. […] Treatment of an ill person with appropriate antibiotic medication relieves symptoms and usually makes the person non-infectious within a few days. […] Treatment of infected people reduces spread.

• #124

  https://www.premierhealth.com/your-health/articles/women-wisdom-wellness-/wash-rinse-and-sanitize-how-to-prevent-giardiasis

  If a giardiasis infection is mild, no treatment may be needed. Some infections go away without treatment within a few weeks. In more serious cases, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to cure the infection, reduce symptoms, and prevent the spread of disease. […] Pregnant women should not be treated until after the baby is delivered. Some medicines used to treat giardiasis can be harmful to an unborn baby.

• #125 Giardiasis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/giardiasis

  Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis, is an important cause of persistent diarrhoea or malabsorption. It is a flagellated, anaerobic protozoon. […] Giardial infections occur worldwide, including in developed countries. Giardiasis is more common with poor sanitation, travel to endemic areas, reduced immunity – malnutrition, immunocompromise or cystic fibrosis, institutions – eg, children in nurseries, and their carers, and those having ano-oral sex – eg, sexually active gay men. […] Transmission of Giardia spp. is via the faeco-oral route. The incubation period is 1-2 weeks. Giardial cysts are resistant to standard chlorination. […] Transmission of Giardia spp is usually via contaminated drinking water. […] Giardiasis may be caused by food poisoning and therefore can be a notifiable disease. […] Metronidazole resistance is becoming an increasing problem. Treatment failures are reported in up to 20% of cases and this has led to the search for alternatives.

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