Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Psychotic depression: causes, symptoms and treatment – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/depression-treatment/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, which is sometimes known as ‘severe depression with psychotic symptoms’ is a type of depression that causes people to experience symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations, as well as many of the other common symptoms of depression. […] Psychotic depression is a complex illness. As is the case with depression, it’s likely there are a number of factors that contribute to the chances of someone developing it, instead of it being down to a single cause. […] Some common factors of depression may include: Genetics – having a close family member who struggles with psychotic depression can make you more vulnerable to suffering with it; Gender – women are more likely than men to struggle with psychotic depression. The reasons for this are complex, but one of the contributing factors is thought to be the hormonal changes that women go through in their life, which may make them more susceptible to depressive episodes; Mental health – if you already suffer with a mental health condition, or have done in the past, this can increase your chances of developing psychotic depression; Stressful life events – going through something stressful or traumatic, such as a bereavement, divorce, or losing your job, can sometimes be a trigger for psychotic depression; Abuse – experiencing abuse and/or neglect, especially if this happened when you were a child, can increase your susceptibility to developing mental health problems in later life. This can include psychotic depression; Personality – certain personality traits, such as being a perfectionist or having low self-esteem, can make it more likely you’ll develop psychotic depression.

• #2 Psychotic depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychotic-depression/

  Some people who have severe depression may also experience hallucinations and delusional thinking, the symptoms of psychosis. […] The cause of psychotic depression is not fully understood. It’s known that there’s no single cause of depression and it has many different triggers. […] Genes probably play a part, as severe depression can run in families. […] Life events and personal circumstances can be the cause for some people. This can include bereavement, relationship problems, financial problems, health problems and recent or past traumatic experiences. […] It’s not known why some people with severe depression also develop psychosis.

• #3 What Causes Psychotic Depression, and How Is It Treated? – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/blog/what-causes-psychotic-depression-and-how-is-it-treated/

  We can explore the causes and risk factors for psychotic depression and then turn our attention to the solutions. […] Researchers are still working to better understand mood disorders such as depression and their causes—as well as psychotic symptoms and their causes. But mood disorders can be linked directly to chemical imbalances in the brain and, generally, to biological, genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. […] While so much is still unknown about the direct causes of psychotic depression, we can consider the risk factors that have been linked to incidences of the disorder: Genetics. A close relative also has the disorder, a similar mood disorder, or symptoms of psychosis. […] Gender. History shows that females develop psychotic depression at a greater rate than males do.

• #4 Major depression with psychotic features Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/major-depression-with-psychotic-features

  Major depression with psychotic features is a mental disorder in which a person has depression along with loss of touch with reality (psychosis). […] The cause is unknown. A family or personal history of depression or psychotic illness makes you more likely to develop this condition.

• #5 What is psychotic depression? Symptoms, causes, and treatment – Grow Therapy

  https://growtherapy.com/blog/what-is-psychotic-depression/

  The cause of psychotic depression varies. Biological factors like genetic family history, psychological factors such as trauma, and environmental factors can all play a part in the development of psychotic depression. […] Did you know that a family history of psychotic depression is more likely for individuals diagnosed with it? Genetic studies show that psychotic depression has a strong familial link and a significant heritability (39%). Researchers have found specific locations on chromosomes that possibly indicate an increased risk of developing psychotic depression. […] A history of childhood trauma is significantly higher in psychotic patients. Furthermore, growing up in an abusive, toxic, or unsafe household can disrupt normal childhood development and affect how the brain responds to stress.

• #6 What is psychotic depression? Symptoms, causes, and treatment – Grow Therapy

  https://growtherapy.com/blog/what-is-psychotic-depression/

  The cause of psychotic depression varies. Biological factors like genetic family history, psychological factors such as trauma, and environmental factors can all play a part in the development of psychotic depression. […] Did you know that a family history of psychotic depression is more likely for individuals diagnosed with it? Genetic studies show that psychotic depression has a strong familial link and a significant heritability (39%). Researchers have found specific locations on chromosomes that possibly indicate an increased risk of developing psychotic depression. […] A history of childhood trauma is significantly higher in psychotic patients. Furthermore, growing up in an abusive, toxic, or unsafe household can disrupt normal childhood development and affect how the brain responds to stress.

• #7 Exploring the Psychosis-Depression Interface: Clinical Implications

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/exploring-psychosis-depression-interface-clinical-implications

  Despite large differences in heritability, there is considerable overlap in genetic susceptibility for major mental disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorders. […] In addition to genetic epidemiological evidence for overlapping origins of both mood and psychotic disorders, there are also examples in which rare genetic variants cause both types of symptoms. […] These examples demonstrate that a single genetic cause can result in a variety of clinical presentations that have different diagnostic labels. […] Recognizing that current antidepressants and antipsychotics are symptomatic treatments and that there is overlap in the causes of depression and schizophrenia, a specific diagnostic label is not crucial for optimal treatment. […] Further research into the causes of these symptoms may generate better treatment targets that could eventually be more specific and more effective.

• #8 What is psychotic depression? Symptoms, causes, and treatment – Grow Therapy

  https://growtherapy.com/blog/what-is-psychotic-depression/

  The cause of psychotic depression varies. Biological factors like genetic family history, psychological factors such as trauma, and environmental factors can all play a part in the development of psychotic depression. […] Did you know that a family history of psychotic depression is more likely for individuals diagnosed with it? Genetic studies show that psychotic depression has a strong familial link and a significant heritability (39%). Researchers have found specific locations on chromosomes that possibly indicate an increased risk of developing psychotic depression. […] A history of childhood trauma is significantly higher in psychotic patients. Furthermore, growing up in an abusive, toxic, or unsafe household can disrupt normal childhood development and affect how the brain responds to stress.

• #9 Psychotic Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/psychotic-depression-1066607

  Psychotic depression involves having symptoms of severe depression along with psychosis. […] The exact causes are unknown, but genetics and stress are believed to play a part. […] One theory is that a particular combination of genes must be inherited in order for a person to develop psychotic depression. Certain genes might be responsible for depression symptoms while others might be responsible for psychotic symptoms, making it possible for an individual to inherit a genetic vulnerability to depression, psychosis, or both. […] Another theory is that high levels of the stress hormone cortisol could be involved. High levels of cortisol are often found in people with depression.

• #10 Psychotic depression | mentalhealthcare.org.uk

  https://www.mentalhealthcare.org.uk/mental-health-diagnoses/psychotic-depression/

  When some people have a major depressive disorder or severe clinical depression as it is most commonly called, they can experience delusions and hallucinations. These people are described as having psychotic depression. […] It isn’t known why some people with unipolar depression also have psychosis symptoms but it is thought that genes are involved. […] Studies show that unipolar depression and in particular severe depression runs in families. You have a much higher chance of getting depression if your first-degree relative (sibling, mother or father) has had unipolar depression. […] Genes that make depression more likely have been identified and there are also genes that play a part in psychosis symptoms. Some research suggests that people who inherit a gene combination are more likely to get psychotic depression.

• #11 Psychotic Depression: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments? – Ethan Crossing

  https://ethancrossingspringfield.com/rehab-blog/psychotic-depression/

  Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, have been associated with depression and psychosis. […] Experiences of significant stress, trauma, or adverse life events can increase the risk of developing depression, and in some cases, psychotic depression. […] Lack of social support or strained interpersonal relationships can contribute to the development of depression, including psychotic depression. […] These factors interact with each other, and the development of psychotic depression is likely a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, biological factors, psychological vulnerabilities, and environmental stressors.

• #12 Understanding Psychotic Depression | Symptoms, Causes Australia

  https://whsandtrainingcompliance.com.au/psychotic-depression-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Psychotic depression, also known as major depressive disorder with psychotic features, is a severe mental health condition that combines the symptoms of depression with psychosis. […] The exact causes of psychotic depression are not fully understood. However, research suggests that it is likely a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to the development of this condition. Some possible causes of psychotic depression and risk factors include: […] Individuals with a family history of depression or psychosis may be more susceptible to developing psychotic depression. Certain genes and variations in gene expression have been associated with an increased risk. […] Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, have been linked to depression and psychosis. Disruptions in the functioning of these chemicals can contribute to the development of psychotic depression.

• #13 Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0615/p856.html

  The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of psychosis is supported by the effectiveness of dopamine receptor antagonists in treating symptoms, and from evidence that psychosis-producing drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and levodopa enhance dopamine secretion. Hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor may cause schizophrenia. Psychotic presentations associated with autoimmune disorders raise the possibility of shared genetic features or common exposures to etiologic factors, such as infections. […] Medical conditions associated with psychosis include autoimmune, endocrine, neurologic, and nutritional disorders. Suspected endocrine conditions include thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction. Hallmark neurologic conditions include temporal lobe epilepsy, Parkinson disease, and Lewy body disease. A subacute onset of psychosis should raise suspicion for an oncologic cause, such as a steroid-producing tumor, space-occupying brain lesion, or paraneoplastic etiology. Genetic or heritable diseases should be considered; for example, Huntington disease may first present with a psychotic episode.

• #14 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  In rare situations, psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine or as a result of an overdose of that medicine. […] Its thought psychosis may be linked to increased activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. […] Evidence for the role of dopamine in psychosis comes from the fact medicines known to reduce the effects of dopamine in the brain also reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

• #15 Major depressive disorder – Knowledge @ AMBOSSdisclaimer

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/major-depressive-disorder/

  Biological factors: Monoamine hypothesis: Most antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake of monoamines (e.g., serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine), indicating that a lack of monoamines plays a major role in the pathophysiology of depression (and other mood disorders). […] Etiology: overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (increased dopamine activity) is believed to play a major role.

• #16 Psychotic Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/psychotic-depression-1066607

  Psychotic depression involves having symptoms of severe depression along with psychosis. […] The exact causes are unknown, but genetics and stress are believed to play a part. […] One theory is that a particular combination of genes must be inherited in order for a person to develop psychotic depression. Certain genes might be responsible for depression symptoms while others might be responsible for psychotic symptoms, making it possible for an individual to inherit a genetic vulnerability to depression, psychosis, or both. […] Another theory is that high levels of the stress hormone cortisol could be involved. High levels of cortisol are often found in people with depression.

• #17 What Causes Psychotic Depression, and How Is It Treated? – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/blog/what-causes-psychotic-depression-and-how-is-it-treated/

  Age. Older adults tend to be more susceptible to developing psychotic depression. […] Health problems. Illness or injury may contribute to the development of depressive disorder with psychotic features. […] Stress and trauma. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol have been linked to psychotic depression. Stress can present itself in many forms, and it can be particularly powerful when connected with past trauma. […] Isolation. It is also possible that isolation puts an individual at risk for developing a mood disorder. […] Each case of psychotic depression, its causes, and its story are unique to the individual. So, it’s important to turn our attention to those in need of care and treatment.

• #18 Psychotic depression | mentalhealthcare.org.uk

  https://www.mentalhealthcare.org.uk/mental-health-diagnoses/psychotic-depression/

  Specialists also believe that elevated levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, could be involved too. Higher levels of cortisol are often found in people with mental health problems like depression. […] Some specialists believe that the topic of hallucinations and the voices people hear when they have psychotic depression could be linked to traumatic events in the person’s distant or recent past.

• #19 Psychotic Depression: A Scientific Guide

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/depression/psychotic-depression-losing-touch-with-reality.aspx

  Psychotic depression is a condition in which a person with depression is also experiencing a detachment from reality, known as psychosis. […] The exact cause of psychotic depression isn’t known but is likely due to both biological and environmental influences. Certain risk factors may increase a person’s chances of developing the condition, says Meyers, including: a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, being female, being older in age, and undergoing a stressful life event. […] Scientists have theorized that hormonal changes women experience after giving birth or during menopause may also play a role in the development of psychotic depression, Meyers says. […] Additionally, research suggests that people with psychotic depression have higher levels of cortisol, a hormone that produces feelings of stress and anxiety.

• #20 Major depressive disorder – Knowledge @ AMBOSSdisclaimer

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/major-depressive-disorder/

  Biological factors: Monoamine hypothesis: Most antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake of monoamines (e.g., serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine), indicating that a lack of monoamines plays a major role in the pathophysiology of depression (and other mood disorders). […] Etiology: overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (increased dopamine activity) is believed to play a major role.

• #21 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  The exact cause of depressive disorders is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors contribute. […] Heredity accounts for about half of the etiology (less so in late-onset depression). […] Other theories focus on changes in neurotransmitter levels, including abnormal regulation of cholinergic, catecholaminergic (noradrenergic or dopaminergic), glutamatergic, and serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine) neurotransmission. […] Neuroendocrine dysregulation may be a factor, with particular emphasis on 3 axes: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid, and hypothalamic-pituitary-growth hormone. […] Psychosocial factors also seem to be involved. […] Major life stresses, especially separations and losses, commonly precede episodes of major depression; however, such events do not usually cause lasting, severe depression except in people predisposed to a mood disorder.

• #22 Psychotic Depression: A Scientific Guide

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/depression/psychotic-depression-losing-touch-with-reality.aspx

  Psychotic depression is a condition in which a person with depression is also experiencing a detachment from reality, known as psychosis. […] The exact cause of psychotic depression isn’t known but is likely due to both biological and environmental influences. Certain risk factors may increase a person’s chances of developing the condition, says Meyers, including: a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, being female, being older in age, and undergoing a stressful life event. […] Scientists have theorized that hormonal changes women experience after giving birth or during menopause may also play a role in the development of psychotic depression, Meyers says. […] Additionally, research suggests that people with psychotic depression have higher levels of cortisol, a hormone that produces feelings of stress and anxiety.

• #23 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  People who have had an episode of major depression are at higher risk of subsequent episodes. […] Women are at higher risk, but no theory explains why. […] Possible factors include the following: Greater exposure to or heightened response to daily stresses, Higher levels of monoamine oxidase (the enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters considered important for mood), Higher rates of thyroid dysfunction, Endocrine changes that occur with menstruation and at menopause. […] In peripartum-onset depression, symptoms develop during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after delivery (postpartum depression); endocrine changes have been implicated, but the specific cause is unknown. […] In seasonal affective disorder, symptoms develop in a seasonal pattern, typically during autumn or winter; the disorder tends to occur in climates with long or severe winters.

• #24 Psychotic depression: causes, symptoms and treatment – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/depression-treatment/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, which is sometimes known as ‘severe depression with psychotic symptoms’ is a type of depression that causes people to experience symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations, as well as many of the other common symptoms of depression. […] Psychotic depression is a complex illness. As is the case with depression, it’s likely there are a number of factors that contribute to the chances of someone developing it, instead of it being down to a single cause. […] Some common factors of depression may include: Genetics – having a close family member who struggles with psychotic depression can make you more vulnerable to suffering with it; Gender – women are more likely than men to struggle with psychotic depression. The reasons for this are complex, but one of the contributing factors is thought to be the hormonal changes that women go through in their life, which may make them more susceptible to depressive episodes; Mental health – if you already suffer with a mental health condition, or have done in the past, this can increase your chances of developing psychotic depression; Stressful life events – going through something stressful or traumatic, such as a bereavement, divorce, or losing your job, can sometimes be a trigger for psychotic depression; Abuse – experiencing abuse and/or neglect, especially if this happened when you were a child, can increase your susceptibility to developing mental health problems in later life. This can include psychotic depression; Personality – certain personality traits, such as being a perfectionist or having low self-esteem, can make it more likely you’ll develop psychotic depression.

• #25 Can Depression Cause Psychosis? | Madison Avenue TMS & Psychiatry

  https://www.madisonavetms.com/blog/can-depression-cause-psychosis/

  Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions in the US, affecting roughly 21 million adults. […] Some people with severe depression may experience delusions and hallucinations, symptoms of psychosis. When patients with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) also experience psychotic symptoms, this is referred to as psychotic depression. […] While we don’t know exactly what causes psychosis in people with depression, researchers are working to understand the relevant differences between depression patients who experience psychotic symptoms and depression patients who don’t. For instance, childhood trauma, a predictor of clinical depression, is 2 to 15 times more prevalent among those with psychotic depression than those without psychotic symptoms.

• #26 Psychotic depression: causes, symptoms and treatment – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/depression-treatment/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, which is sometimes known as ‘severe depression with psychotic symptoms’ is a type of depression that causes people to experience symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations, as well as many of the other common symptoms of depression. […] Psychotic depression is a complex illness. As is the case with depression, it’s likely there are a number of factors that contribute to the chances of someone developing it, instead of it being down to a single cause. […] Some common factors of depression may include: Genetics – having a close family member who struggles with psychotic depression can make you more vulnerable to suffering with it; Gender – women are more likely than men to struggle with psychotic depression. The reasons for this are complex, but one of the contributing factors is thought to be the hormonal changes that women go through in their life, which may make them more susceptible to depressive episodes; Mental health – if you already suffer with a mental health condition, or have done in the past, this can increase your chances of developing psychotic depression; Stressful life events – going through something stressful or traumatic, such as a bereavement, divorce, or losing your job, can sometimes be a trigger for psychotic depression; Abuse – experiencing abuse and/or neglect, especially if this happened when you were a child, can increase your susceptibility to developing mental health problems in later life. This can include psychotic depression; Personality – certain personality traits, such as being a perfectionist or having low self-esteem, can make it more likely you’ll develop psychotic depression.

• #27 Psychotic depression – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/clinical-depression/psychotic-depression/

  If you have psychotic depression, you may also have psychomotor retardation. This is when your thoughts and physical movements slow down. […] The cause of psychotic depression is not fully understood. There’s no single cause of depression and it has many different triggers. […] Genes probably play a part. Severe depression can run in families. But it is not known why some people also develop psychosis. […] Many people with psychotic depression had a traumatic event in childhood.

• #28 Psychotic depression | mentalhealthcare.org.uk

  https://www.mentalhealthcare.org.uk/mental-health-diagnoses/psychotic-depression/

  Specialists also believe that elevated levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, could be involved too. Higher levels of cortisol are often found in people with mental health problems like depression. […] Some specialists believe that the topic of hallucinations and the voices people hear when they have psychotic depression could be linked to traumatic events in the person’s distant or recent past.

• #29 Psychotic depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychotic-depression/

  Some people who have severe depression may also experience hallucinations and delusional thinking, the symptoms of psychosis. […] The cause of psychotic depression is not fully understood. It’s known that there’s no single cause of depression and it has many different triggers. […] Genes probably play a part, as severe depression can run in families. […] Life events and personal circumstances can be the cause for some people. This can include bereavement, relationship problems, financial problems, health problems and recent or past traumatic experiences. […] It’s not known why some people with severe depression also develop psychosis.

• #30 Psychotic depression: causes, symptoms and treatment – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/depression-treatment/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, which is sometimes known as ‘severe depression with psychotic symptoms’ is a type of depression that causes people to experience symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations, as well as many of the other common symptoms of depression. […] Psychotic depression is a complex illness. As is the case with depression, it’s likely there are a number of factors that contribute to the chances of someone developing it, instead of it being down to a single cause. […] Some common factors of depression may include: Genetics – having a close family member who struggles with psychotic depression can make you more vulnerable to suffering with it; Gender – women are more likely than men to struggle with psychotic depression. The reasons for this are complex, but one of the contributing factors is thought to be the hormonal changes that women go through in their life, which may make them more susceptible to depressive episodes; Mental health – if you already suffer with a mental health condition, or have done in the past, this can increase your chances of developing psychotic depression; Stressful life events – going through something stressful or traumatic, such as a bereavement, divorce, or losing your job, can sometimes be a trigger for psychotic depression; Abuse – experiencing abuse and/or neglect, especially if this happened when you were a child, can increase your susceptibility to developing mental health problems in later life. This can include psychotic depression; Personality – certain personality traits, such as being a perfectionist or having low self-esteem, can make it more likely you’ll develop psychotic depression.

• #31 What Causes Psychotic Depression, and How Is It Treated? – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/blog/what-causes-psychotic-depression-and-how-is-it-treated/

  Age. Older adults tend to be more susceptible to developing psychotic depression. […] Health problems. Illness or injury may contribute to the development of depressive disorder with psychotic features. […] Stress and trauma. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol have been linked to psychotic depression. Stress can present itself in many forms, and it can be particularly powerful when connected with past trauma. […] Isolation. It is also possible that isolation puts an individual at risk for developing a mood disorder. […] Each case of psychotic depression, its causes, and its story are unique to the individual. So, it’s important to turn our attention to those in need of care and treatment.

• #32 Can Major Depression Cause Psychosis? – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/major-depression/can-major-depression-cause-psychosis/

  Major depression is a serious mood disorder that causes a low mood, hopelessness, fatigue, and apathy, but in some cases it can also cause psychosis. […] There are other mental health conditions more likely to trigger episodes of psychosis, but major depression may cause these symptoms as well. […] Why some people experience psychosis with depression is not understood, but estimates suggest that anywhere between 14 and 50 percent of those diagnosed with major depression will have psychotic features. […] There is no definite cause or explanation for why some people experience psychosis with depression while others do not. Family history and genetics may play a role. Another risk factor may be experiencing an extremely stressful life event prior to the psychosis: divorce, loss of a loved one, or being diagnosed with a serious illness, for instance. Childhood trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse, may also be a risk factor for psychotic episodes.

• #33 Psychotic Depression: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and MoreHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression refers to major depressive disorder (MDD) with features of psychosis, a specific presentation of depression. It involves symptoms of psychosis during an episode of depression. […] Researchers have yet to identify a single specific cause of MDD with psychosis, or any type of depression, for that matter. Possible causes include: Genetics. You’re more likely to develop depression if a first-degree relative, like a parent or sibling, also has depression. […] According to a study published in 2016 comparing risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and MDD with psychosis, factors that might increase the risk of MDD with psychosis include: not having close friends or loved ones to confide in, infrequent contact with friends and family, a family history of any mental health condition, a major negative life event in the past year.

• #34 What Causes Psychotic Depression, and How Is It Treated? – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/blog/what-causes-psychotic-depression-and-how-is-it-treated/

  Age. Older adults tend to be more susceptible to developing psychotic depression. […] Health problems. Illness or injury may contribute to the development of depressive disorder with psychotic features. […] Stress and trauma. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol have been linked to psychotic depression. Stress can present itself in many forms, and it can be particularly powerful when connected with past trauma. […] Isolation. It is also possible that isolation puts an individual at risk for developing a mood disorder. […] Each case of psychotic depression, its causes, and its story are unique to the individual. So, it’s important to turn our attention to those in need of care and treatment.

• #35 Psychotic Depression: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and MoreHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression refers to major depressive disorder (MDD) with features of psychosis, a specific presentation of depression. It involves symptoms of psychosis during an episode of depression. […] Researchers have yet to identify a single specific cause of MDD with psychosis, or any type of depression, for that matter. Possible causes include: Genetics. You’re more likely to develop depression if a first-degree relative, like a parent or sibling, also has depression. […] According to a study published in 2016 comparing risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and MDD with psychosis, factors that might increase the risk of MDD with psychosis include: not having close friends or loved ones to confide in, infrequent contact with friends and family, a family history of any mental health condition, a major negative life event in the past year.

• #36 What is psychotic depression? Symptoms, causes, and treatment – Grow Therapy

  https://growtherapy.com/blog/what-is-psychotic-depression/

  Individuals from a lower socioeconomic status may experience limited job opportunities and low income. Persistent financial stress or experiencing multiple hardships, such as homelessness or poor living conditions, may increase the risk of developing depression or the likelihood of psychosis. […] Without a support system, individuals are more likely to experience isolation and loneliness which can exacerbate depressive symptoms and potentially trigger psychotic symptoms.

• #37 Psychotic Depression: Facts, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychotic-depression-5193047

  Psychotic depression is a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). […] It isn’t known exactly what causes depression, including what causes psychotic depression. Research into depression has led scientists to believe it is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. […] Right now, the risk factors for MDD are applied as risk factors for psychotic depression. This may change as psychotic depression is studied further. […] Risk factors for depression include: Brain chemistry: Changes and abnormalities in the brain and brain chemistry, such as the levels of neurotransmitters. Genetics: Having a family member with depression. Childhood trauma: Including abuse or neglect. Life events: Including stress, the death of a loved one, upsetting events, isolation, and lack of support. Medical conditions: Serious health conditions, such as cancer and heart disease, as well as chronic pain or illness. Medication: Side effects of medications, recreational drugs, and alcohol. Personality: Characteristics such as being easily overwhelmed or having difficulties coping. […] A four-year longitudinal study suggested other risk factors for MDD might include: Being a younger adult, Being female, Being widowed, separated, or divorced, Having a low socioeconomic status, Having a lower education level, Living in areas with a high unemployment rate.

• #38 Depressive Psychosis: Causes, Symptoms, and DiagnosisHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/major-depression-with-psychotic-features

  Depressive psychosis doesn’t have a known cause. In some people, it’s thought that a chemical imbalances in the brain is a factor. However, researchers haven’t identified a specific cause. […] According to NAMI, depressive psychosis may have a genetic component. While researchers haven’t identified the specific gene, they do know that having a close family member, such as a mom, dad, sister, or brother, increases your chances of having psychotic depression. Women also tend to experience psychotic depression more than men. […] According to the journal BMC Psychiatry, older adults are at greatest risk for psychotic depression. An estimated 45 percent of those with depression have psychotic features.

• #39 What Causes Psychotic Depression, and How Is It Treated? – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/blog/what-causes-psychotic-depression-and-how-is-it-treated/

  Age. Older adults tend to be more susceptible to developing psychotic depression. […] Health problems. Illness or injury may contribute to the development of depressive disorder with psychotic features. […] Stress and trauma. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol have been linked to psychotic depression. Stress can present itself in many forms, and it can be particularly powerful when connected with past trauma. […] Isolation. It is also possible that isolation puts an individual at risk for developing a mood disorder. […] Each case of psychotic depression, its causes, and its story are unique to the individual. So, it’s important to turn our attention to those in need of care and treatment.

• #40 Psychotic depression: causes, symptoms and treatment – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/depression-treatment/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, which is sometimes known as ‘severe depression with psychotic symptoms’ is a type of depression that causes people to experience symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations, as well as many of the other common symptoms of depression. […] Psychotic depression is a complex illness. As is the case with depression, it’s likely there are a number of factors that contribute to the chances of someone developing it, instead of it being down to a single cause. […] Some common factors of depression may include: Genetics – having a close family member who struggles with psychotic depression can make you more vulnerable to suffering with it; Gender – women are more likely than men to struggle with psychotic depression. The reasons for this are complex, but one of the contributing factors is thought to be the hormonal changes that women go through in their life, which may make them more susceptible to depressive episodes; Mental health – if you already suffer with a mental health condition, or have done in the past, this can increase your chances of developing psychotic depression; Stressful life events – going through something stressful or traumatic, such as a bereavement, divorce, or losing your job, can sometimes be a trigger for psychotic depression; Abuse – experiencing abuse and/or neglect, especially if this happened when you were a child, can increase your susceptibility to developing mental health problems in later life. This can include psychotic depression; Personality – certain personality traits, such as being a perfectionist or having low self-esteem, can make it more likely you’ll develop psychotic depression.

• #41 Depressive Psychosis: Causes, Symptoms, and DiagnosisHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/major-depression-with-psychotic-features

  Depressive psychosis doesn’t have a known cause. In some people, it’s thought that a chemical imbalances in the brain is a factor. However, researchers haven’t identified a specific cause. […] According to NAMI, depressive psychosis may have a genetic component. While researchers haven’t identified the specific gene, they do know that having a close family member, such as a mom, dad, sister, or brother, increases your chances of having psychotic depression. Women also tend to experience psychotic depression more than men. […] According to the journal BMC Psychiatry, older adults are at greatest risk for psychotic depression. An estimated 45 percent of those with depression have psychotic features.

• #42 Psychotic Depression: Facts, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychotic-depression-5193047

  Psychotic depression is a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). […] It isn’t known exactly what causes depression, including what causes psychotic depression. Research into depression has led scientists to believe it is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. […] Right now, the risk factors for MDD are applied as risk factors for psychotic depression. This may change as psychotic depression is studied further. […] Risk factors for depression include: Brain chemistry: Changes and abnormalities in the brain and brain chemistry, such as the levels of neurotransmitters. Genetics: Having a family member with depression. Childhood trauma: Including abuse or neglect. Life events: Including stress, the death of a loved one, upsetting events, isolation, and lack of support. Medical conditions: Serious health conditions, such as cancer and heart disease, as well as chronic pain or illness. Medication: Side effects of medications, recreational drugs, and alcohol. Personality: Characteristics such as being easily overwhelmed or having difficulties coping. […] A four-year longitudinal study suggested other risk factors for MDD might include: Being a younger adult, Being female, Being widowed, separated, or divorced, Having a low socioeconomic status, Having a lower education level, Living in areas with a high unemployment rate.

• #43 Psychotic Depression: Facts, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychotic-depression-5193047

  Psychotic depression is a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). […] It isn’t known exactly what causes depression, including what causes psychotic depression. Research into depression has led scientists to believe it is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. […] Right now, the risk factors for MDD are applied as risk factors for psychotic depression. This may change as psychotic depression is studied further. […] Risk factors for depression include: Brain chemistry: Changes and abnormalities in the brain and brain chemistry, such as the levels of neurotransmitters. Genetics: Having a family member with depression. Childhood trauma: Including abuse or neglect. Life events: Including stress, the death of a loved one, upsetting events, isolation, and lack of support. Medical conditions: Serious health conditions, such as cancer and heart disease, as well as chronic pain or illness. Medication: Side effects of medications, recreational drugs, and alcohol. Personality: Characteristics such as being easily overwhelmed or having difficulties coping. […] A four-year longitudinal study suggested other risk factors for MDD might include: Being a younger adult, Being female, Being widowed, separated, or divorced, Having a low socioeconomic status, Having a lower education level, Living in areas with a high unemployment rate.

• #44 Psychotic Depression: Facts, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/psychotic-depression-5193047

  Psychotic depression is a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). […] It isn’t known exactly what causes depression, including what causes psychotic depression. Research into depression has led scientists to believe it is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. […] Right now, the risk factors for MDD are applied as risk factors for psychotic depression. This may change as psychotic depression is studied further. […] Risk factors for depression include: Brain chemistry: Changes and abnormalities in the brain and brain chemistry, such as the levels of neurotransmitters. Genetics: Having a family member with depression. Childhood trauma: Including abuse or neglect. Life events: Including stress, the death of a loved one, upsetting events, isolation, and lack of support. Medical conditions: Serious health conditions, such as cancer and heart disease, as well as chronic pain or illness. Medication: Side effects of medications, recreational drugs, and alcohol. Personality: Characteristics such as being easily overwhelmed or having difficulties coping. […] A four-year longitudinal study suggested other risk factors for MDD might include: Being a younger adult, Being female, Being widowed, separated, or divorced, Having a low socioeconomic status, Having a lower education level, Living in areas with a high unemployment rate.

• #45 Psychotic Depression: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and MoreHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/psychotic-depression

  Other factors that could raise your chances of developing the condition include: major hormonal changes, such as during the postpartum period or menopause, surviving extreme stress or trauma, living with chronic pain or other chronic health conditions, ongoing financial difficulties, gender (cisgender women and transgender people of any gender have a higher risk of depression), age (older adults have a higher risk of MDD with psychosis), a family history of bipolar disorder with psychosis, schizophrenia, or MDD with psychosis.

• #46 Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0615/p856.html

  The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of psychosis is supported by the effectiveness of dopamine receptor antagonists in treating symptoms, and from evidence that psychosis-producing drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and levodopa enhance dopamine secretion. Hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor may cause schizophrenia. Psychotic presentations associated with autoimmune disorders raise the possibility of shared genetic features or common exposures to etiologic factors, such as infections. […] Medical conditions associated with psychosis include autoimmune, endocrine, neurologic, and nutritional disorders. Suspected endocrine conditions include thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction. Hallmark neurologic conditions include temporal lobe epilepsy, Parkinson disease, and Lewy body disease. A subacute onset of psychosis should raise suspicion for an oncologic cause, such as a steroid-producing tumor, space-occupying brain lesion, or paraneoplastic etiology. Genetic or heritable diseases should be considered; for example, Huntington disease may first present with a psychotic episode.

• #47 Psychotic Depression: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and MoreHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/psychotic-depression

  Other factors that could raise your chances of developing the condition include: major hormonal changes, such as during the postpartum period or menopause, surviving extreme stress or trauma, living with chronic pain or other chronic health conditions, ongoing financial difficulties, gender (cisgender women and transgender people of any gender have a higher risk of depression), age (older adults have a higher risk of MDD with psychosis), a family history of bipolar disorder with psychosis, schizophrenia, or MDD with psychosis.

• #48 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  Depressive symptoms or disorders may accompany various general medical disorders, including thyroid disorders, adrenal gland disorders, benign and malignant brain tumors, stroke, AIDS, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. […] Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, some beta-blockers, interferon, and reserpine, can also result in depressive disorders. […] Abuse of some substances and illicit drugs (eg, alcohol, amphetamines) can lead to or accompany depression.

• #49 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] A person can also experience a psychotic episode if they suddenly stop drinking alcohol or taking drugs after using them for a long time. This is known as withdrawal.

• #50 Psychotic Depression: What It Is and More I Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/psychotic-depression

  Factors that could contribute to psychosis include: Genes. There could be a genetic basis for experiencing psychosis. Trauma. Living through a traumatic event, such as assault or war, could lead to psychotic experiences. Use of substances. People who are already susceptible to psychosis might be more likely to have an episode if they use substances like amphetamines, LSD, or marijuana. Injury or illness. Some physical injuries could cause psychosis, such as traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, or stroke. Illnesses such as Alzheimer’s might also have psychotic features. Mental health condition. Psychosis could be a symptom of mental health conditions such as schizophrenia.

• #51 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  Depressive symptoms or disorders may accompany various general medical disorders, including thyroid disorders, adrenal gland disorders, benign and malignant brain tumors, stroke, AIDS, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. […] Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, some beta-blockers, interferon, and reserpine, can also result in depressive disorders. […] Abuse of some substances and illicit drugs (eg, alcohol, amphetamines) can lead to or accompany depression.

• #52 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  In rare situations, psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine or as a result of an overdose of that medicine. […] Its thought psychosis may be linked to increased activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. […] Evidence for the role of dopamine in psychosis comes from the fact medicines known to reduce the effects of dopamine in the brain also reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

• #53 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] A person can also experience a psychotic episode if they suddenly stop drinking alcohol or taking drugs after using them for a long time. This is known as withdrawal.

• #54

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can also happen during drug withdrawal. This is when you suddenly stop taking substances after using them for a long time. The episodes can happen a few weeks after stopping. […] Psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine. It can also happen as a result of an overdose of that medicine. These are rare.

• #55 Psychotic depression: causes, symptoms and treatment – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/depression-treatment/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, which is sometimes known as ‘severe depression with psychotic symptoms’ is a type of depression that causes people to experience symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations, as well as many of the other common symptoms of depression. […] Psychotic depression is a complex illness. As is the case with depression, it’s likely there are a number of factors that contribute to the chances of someone developing it, instead of it being down to a single cause. […] Some common factors of depression may include: Genetics – having a close family member who struggles with psychotic depression can make you more vulnerable to suffering with it; Gender – women are more likely than men to struggle with psychotic depression. The reasons for this are complex, but one of the contributing factors is thought to be the hormonal changes that women go through in their life, which may make them more susceptible to depressive episodes; Mental health – if you already suffer with a mental health condition, or have done in the past, this can increase your chances of developing psychotic depression; Stressful life events – going through something stressful or traumatic, such as a bereavement, divorce, or losing your job, can sometimes be a trigger for psychotic depression; Abuse – experiencing abuse and/or neglect, especially if this happened when you were a child, can increase your susceptibility to developing mental health problems in later life. This can include psychotic depression; Personality – certain personality traits, such as being a perfectionist or having low self-esteem, can make it more likely you’ll develop psychotic depression.

• #56 Psychotic Depression: What It Is and More I Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/psychotic-depression

  Psychotic depression, aka major depressive disorder with psychotic features, occurs when you live with major depressive disorder and experience psychosis. […] There are many potential causes of major depressive disorder and psychosis. Although there’s no one reason you might have these experiences, background and biology could play a role. […] Factors that could contribute to depression include: Brain chemistry. Some biological processes in the brain could make depression more likely. Genetics. If someone in your family lives with depression, you might also be more likely to experience it. Personality traits. People whose outlook is more pessimistic, are prone to stress, or have feelings of low self-esteem could experience depression. Environment. Living through violence, abuse, neglect, or challenging economic conditions could lead to depression.

• #57 Depression with psychosis: Symptoms, treatment, and recoveryMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323193

  A misdiagnosis is often due to a lack of recognition of the psychotic features of major depression. […] Depression with psychosis is a very serious medical condition that requires immediate medical attention. […] As a result of psychosis, the risk of suicide is significantly higher in people with psychotic depression as compared to people with nonpsychotic depression. […] There is some debate around the best treatment process for psychotic depression, particularly regarding first- and second-line treatments. […] First-line treatment usually involves a combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications, or monotherapy, which refers to the use of either antidepressants or antipsychotics alone. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is a safe and effective treatment for people with psychotic depression. […] Currently, no treatments can entirely cure psychotic depression. This means that people will usually need ongoing treatment. […] If people follow a treatment program, the long-term outlook for depression with psychosis is good.

• #58 Prevalence and risk factors for psychotic symptoms in young, first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-024-05517-5

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder worldwide. Psychotic depression has been reported to be frequently under-diagnosed due to poor recognition of psychotic features. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the rate and risk factors of psychotic symptoms in young, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder at the time of their first episode. […] The rate of psychotic symptoms among young adult MDD patients was 9.1%. […] HAMD, TSH, TC, and severe anxiety were independently associated with psychotic symptoms in young adult MDD patients. […] Our findings suggest that psychotic symptoms are common in young MDD patients. Several clinical variables and biochemical indicators are associated with the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in young MDD patients. […] The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among young MDD patients was 9.1%. […] HAMD, TSH, TC, and severe anxiety were independently associated with psychotic symptoms in young MDD patients.

• #59 Mortality in psychotic depression: 18-year follow-up study | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/mortality-in-psychotic-depression-18year-followup-study/CD948E8AC267A2F2B034891EF86A584A

  Psychotic symptoms can complicate mental health disorders independently of severity of the primary condition, including unipolar depression. […] Psychotic depression is associated with poorer treatment outcomes, higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity and higher mortality than non-psychotic depression, but the disease process of psychotic depression is still relatively unknown. […] Individuals with psychotic depression have been found to have about twofold higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with individuals with severe non-psychotic depression. […] Risk of completed suicide has been reported to be 20-70% higher and risk of suicide attempt about twofold higher in individuals with psychotic depression compared with individuals with non-psychotic depression, but the evidence is heterogeneous and mainly based on small sample sizes.

• #60 Major depression with psychotic features: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000933.htm

  Major depression with psychotic features is a mental disorder in which a person has depression along with loss of touch with reality (psychosis). […] The cause is unknown. A family or personal history of depression or psychotic illness makes you more likely to develop this condition. […] Psychotic depression requires immediate medical care and treatment. […] This is a serious condition. You will need immediate treatment and close monitoring by a provider. […] The risk for suicide is much higher in people with depression with psychotic symptoms than in those without psychosis.

• #61 Major depression with psychotic features – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/major-depression-with-psychotic-features

  Major depression with psychotic features is a mental disorder in which a person has depression along with loss of touch with reality (psychosis). […] The cause is unknown. A family or personal history of depression or psychotic illness makes you more likely to develop this condition. […] The risk for suicide is much higher in people with depression with psychotic symptoms than in those without psychosis.

• #62 Psychotic Depression: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33166960/

  Psychotic depression was initially considered to be at one end of a continuum of severity of major depression. […] Subsequent experience demonstrated that psychosis is an independent trait that may accompany mood disorders of varying severity. […] While much has been learned about the impact of severe mood congruent delusions and hallucinations on the course and treatment response of depression, less is known about fleeting or mild psychosis, mood incongruent features, or psychotic symptoms that reflect traumatic experiences. […] Acute treatment of psychotic unipolar depression generally involves the combination of an antidepressant and an antipsychotic drug or electroconvulsive therapy. […] There is inadequate information about maintenance treatment of unipolar psychotic depression and acute and chronic treatment of psychotic bipolar disorder. […] Decision-making therefore still must rely in part on clinical experience.

• #63 Depression with psychosis: Symptoms, treatment, and recoveryMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323193

  A misdiagnosis is often due to a lack of recognition of the psychotic features of major depression. […] Depression with psychosis is a very serious medical condition that requires immediate medical attention. […] As a result of psychosis, the risk of suicide is significantly higher in people with psychotic depression as compared to people with nonpsychotic depression. […] There is some debate around the best treatment process for psychotic depression, particularly regarding first- and second-line treatments. […] First-line treatment usually involves a combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications, or monotherapy, which refers to the use of either antidepressants or antipsychotics alone. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is a safe and effective treatment for people with psychotic depression. […] Currently, no treatments can entirely cure psychotic depression. This means that people will usually need ongoing treatment. […] If people follow a treatment program, the long-term outlook for depression with psychosis is good.

• #64 Mortality in psychotic depression: 18-year follow-up study. — Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/publications/1301770

  Psychotic symptoms markedly added to the mortality risk associated with severe depression after controlling for psychiatric comorbidity. […] Prompt treatment and enhanced monitoring for psychotic symptoms is warranted in all patients with severe depression to prevent deaths because of suicides and other external causes.

• #65 Mortality in psychotic depression: 18-year follow-up study | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/mortality-in-psychotic-depression-18year-followup-study/CD948E8AC267A2F2B034891EF86A584A

  Furthermore, it has been suggested that comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as personality disorder and substance use disorder, could explain a substantial part of the excess mortality in individuals with psychotic depression. […] These results add to the evidence base by showing that compared with severe non-psychotic depression, the excess risk of death in psychotic depression was not explained by these psychiatric comorbidities. […] Our findings showed that the excess mortality only applied to those who did not experience conversion after the initial diagnosis of psychotic depression, when compared with those with severe non-psychotic depression. […] This finding suggests that there may be two subgroups within individuals with first-episode psychotic depression for whom the prognosis is very different. […] Increased risk of death because of a range of causes, including suicides, accidents and cardiovascular diseases, together with increased psychiatric comorbidity support a holistic approach to management of psychotic depression.

• #66 What is Psychotic Depression? – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.cadabamshospitals.com/an-overview-on-psychotic-depression/

  Psychotic depression, a distinctive variant of major depression, manifests when severe depressive episodes intertwine with elements of psychosis. […] The precise origins of psychotic depression remain elusive, as it is widely recognized that depression, in general, stems from multifaceted triggers rather than a solitary cause. Genetic factors likely contribute to its development, with evidence suggesting a familial predisposition to severe depression. […] Moreover, environmental factors and individual circumstances can act as catalysts for this condition. These encompass various life events and personal situations such as bereavement, relationship discord, financial stressors, health issues, and the haunting echoes of past traumatic experiences. […] One enigma that persists in the realm of mental health is the confluence of severe depression with psychosis. The reasons underlying why some individuals experience this complex intersection remain shrouded in uncertainty, necessitating ongoing research to unravel the intricate web of causes and risk factors in psychotic depression.

• #67 Psychotic Depression Can Be Effectively Treated but is Often Tragically Missed | Brain & Behavior Research Foundation

  https://bbrfoundation.org/content/psychotic-depression-can-be-effectively-treated-often-tragically-missed

  Psychotic depression, which is major depressive disorder combined with psychotic delusions or hallucinations, often goes undiagnosed. […] Studies have estimated the prevalence of psychotic depression among people diagnosed with depression at anywhere from 14 percent to close to 50 percent. […] The mortality rate from general medical causes is twice that of those with depression without psychosis, the reasons for which are still unclear, and the suicide rate is five times higher. […] Two treatments are recommended for treating psychotic depression: an antipsychotic medication combined with an antidepressant or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). […] Most of the time, however, the only treatment administered is an antidepressant, which studies have shown is ineffective. […] The irony is that despite the severity of the disorder, these patients can actually achieve complete relief when appropriately treated.

• #68 Depression with Psychotic Features | Signs, Causes & How to Get Help

  https://www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com/adhd/depression-with-psychotic-features/

  Treatment for depression with psychotic features typically involves a combination of medications and therapy, and in severe cases, hospitalization may be required to ensure safety. […] Yes, recovery is possible with the right treatment plan and ongoing support. Early intervention plays an important role in improving outcomes.

• #69 Exploring the Psychosis-Depression Interface: Clinical Implications

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/exploring-psychosis-depression-interface-clinical-implications

  Despite large differences in heritability, there is considerable overlap in genetic susceptibility for major mental disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorders. […] In addition to genetic epidemiological evidence for overlapping origins of both mood and psychotic disorders, there are also examples in which rare genetic variants cause both types of symptoms. […] These examples demonstrate that a single genetic cause can result in a variety of clinical presentations that have different diagnostic labels. […] Recognizing that current antidepressants and antipsychotics are symptomatic treatments and that there is overlap in the causes of depression and schizophrenia, a specific diagnostic label is not crucial for optimal treatment. […] Further research into the causes of these symptoms may generate better treatment targets that could eventually be more specific and more effective.

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