Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Molar pregnancy | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/molar-pregnancy?content_id=CON-20375157

  During a molar pregnancy, the placenta doesn’t form typically. It can look like a mass of cysts. The fetus either doesn’t form or doesn’t form regularly and can’t survive. […] A molar pregnancy may seem like a regular pregnancy at first. But most molar pregnancies cause symptoms that can include: Dark brown to bright red bleeding from the vagina during the first three months, Severe nausea and vomiting, Sometimes grapelike cysts that pass from the vagina, Pelvic pressure or pain. […] If it is not found in the first three months, symptoms of a molar pregnancy might include: A uterus growing quickly and being too large early in the pregnancy, Preeclampsia a condition that causes high blood pressure and protein in the urine before 20 weeks of pregnancy, Ovarian cysts, Overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism.

• #1 Molar pregnancy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/losing-a-baby/molar-pregnancy/

  A complete molar pregnancy will cause a positive pregnancy test and pregnancy symptoms. This is because of the molar tissue. […] Even if you cannot see a baby on an ultrasound scan, the molar tissue will cause a positive pregnancy test. Youll also experience pregnancy symptoms. […] Often, you wont have any specific symptoms of a molar pregnancy. Some people do experience: vaginal bleeding, a dark discharge from the vagina that contains small, grape-like lumps, severe morning sickness, a high temperature, an unusually swollen tummy, high blood pressure, protein in your pee, which might make your pee foamy, frothy or bubbly, tiredness, weakness, twitching or trembling, stomach pain. […] These symptoms can be normal in pregnancy. Having them does not mean theres definitely a problem with your baby. However, you should contact your local early pregnancy unit who can check you over.

• #1 Symptoms of molar pregnancy | Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gestational-trophoblastic-disease-gtd/molar-pregnancy/symptoms

  Vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom of a molar pregnancy. […] Women with a molar pregnancy are more likely to pass blood clots or have a watery brown vaginal discharge. […] Bleeding caused by a molar pregnancy usually begins between weeks 6 and 12 of pregnancy. […] Some women who have a complete molar pregnancy might have a larger abdomen. […] In women with a partial molar pregnancy, the womb and abdomen might be smaller than expected for the stage of pregnancy. […] But with a molar pregnancy the sickness can be more severe and might happen more often. […] If you’re losing blood because of vaginal bleeding, your red blood cell count may get low. […] In a molar pregnancy pre eclampsia can happen much earlier on. […] If you have any of these symptoms see your GP or midwife.

• #1 Molar Pregnancy – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/molar-pregnancy

  Women with a molar pregnancy appear to be pregnant, but the uterus enlarges much more rapidly than in a normal pregnancy. […] Most women have severe nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding, and some have very high blood pressure. […] Women who have a molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole) feel as if they are pregnant. But because molar pregnancies grow much faster than a fetus, the abdomen becomes larger much faster than it does in a normal pregnancy. Severe nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding are common. As parts of the mole deteriorate, small amounts of tissue, which resemble a bunch of grapes, may pass through the vagina. These symptoms indicate the need for prompt evaluation by a doctor. […] Molar pregnancies can cause serious complications, including the following: Severe bleeding possibly with dangerously low blood pressure (shock), very high blood pressure with increased protein in the urine (preeclampsia), cysts in the ovaries.

• #1 Hydatidiform Mole – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/hydatidiform-mole

  Symptoms of a molar pregnancy may include: […] Severe nausea and vomiting […] Vaginal bleeding during the first 3 months of pregnancy […] Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including heat intolerance, loose stools, rapid heart rate, restlessness or nervousness, warm and moist skin, trembling hands, or unexplained weight loss […] Symptoms similar to preeclampsia that occur in the first trimester or early second trimester, including high blood pressure and swelling in the feet, ankles, and legs (this is almost always a sign of a hydatidiform mole, because preeclampsia is extremely rare this early in a normal pregnancy)

• #1 Molar Pregnancy – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/molar-pregnancy

  If choriocarcinoma develops, women may have other symptoms, caused by spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body. […] An overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) can occur in women with gestational trophoblastic disease. Symptoms can include an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia), warm skin, sweating, heat intolerance, and mild tremors.

• #1 Molar Pregnancy: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17889-molar-pregnancy

  Some people dont have any symptoms of a molar pregnancy. For those who do, the most common include: Vaginal bleeding within the first three months of pregnancy. Severe nausea and vomiting. Grape-like cysts coming out of your vagina. Preeclampsia (extremely high blood pressure). Abnormally high HCG levels. Abdominal swelling. Anemia. […] Molar pregnancies contain an imbalance of chromosomes. In a complete molar pregnancy, the egg contains no chromosomes. The embryo gets 23 chromosomes from the sperm. In a partial molar pregnancy, an egg is fertilized by two sperm. This results in the embryo having 69 chromosomes. […] A molar pregnancy must be removed from your body or it can cause serious complications. People generally require surgical treatment to remove molar pregnancies. Treatment involves dilation and curettage (DC) with suction to remove all abnormal tissue from your uterus.

• #1 Molar pregnancy: Symptoms, risks, causes & treatment – Flo

  https://flo.health/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/complications/molar-pregnancy

  Molar pregnancy occurs in around 1 in 1,000 pregnancies. […] Some of the symptoms of molar pregnancy are easily confused with other, intense pregnancy symptoms. […] Symptoms are very similar in both partial and complete molar pregnancies; however, pregnancy symptoms are often more intense with a complete mole. […] Its common to experience nausea and vomiting as part of your pregnancy journey. However, in molar pregnancies, your hormone levels are much higher than normal, making these symptoms very intense. […] A common molar pregnancy symptom is bleeding that’s bright red or dark brown discharge, which can sometimes convince patients that they’ve had a miscarriage. […] In a healthy pregnancy, you will start producing a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) around 10 days after conception.

• #1 Hydatidiform Mole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459155/

  Clinically, patients with a complete molar pregnancy may present with an enlarged uterus mimicking pregnancy, often with fundal height or uterine size greater than expected for gestational age, accompanied by markedly elevated -hCG levels, frequently 100,000 mIU/mL. Common presenting symptoms include persistent emesis, vaginal bleeding, pelvic pressure, and pain. […] In a complete molar pregnancy, ultrasonography reveals anechoic cystic spaces resembling grape clusters with an echogenic mass and snowstorm appearance. In contrast, partial molar pregnancies typically do not significantly affect uterine size; they exhibit slightly elevated -hCG levels and contain fetal parts that may be visible on imaging. […] The initial treatment of a hydatidiform mole in patients who wish to preserve fertility is dilatation and curettage. […] Follow-up -hCG monitoring every 1 to 2 weeks is essential for early diagnosis and management of postmolar GTN.

• #1 Molar pregnancy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/molar-pregnancy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375180

  A health care provider who suspects a molar pregnancy is likely to order blood tests and an ultrasound. […] As early as eight or nine weeks of pregnancy, an ultrasound of a complete molar pregnancy might show: No embryo or fetus, No amniotic fluid, A thick cystic placenta nearly filling the uterus, Ovarian cysts. […] An ultrasound of a partial molar pregnancy might show: A fetus that’s smaller than expected, Low amniotic fluid, Placenta that appears unusual. […] A molar pregnancy can’t be allowed to continue. To prevent complications, the affected placental tissue must be removed. […] After the molar tissue is removed, a provider keeps measuring the HCG level until it goes down. A continuing high level of HCG in the blood might require more treatment. […] After treatment for the molar pregnancy is complete, a provider might check HCG levels for six months to make sure no molar tissue is left. For people with GTN, HCG levels are checked for one year after chemotherapy is completed. […] Because pregnancy HCG levels also increase during a regular pregnancy, a provider might recommend waiting 6 to 12 months before trying to become pregnant again.

• #1 Hydatidiform Mole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459155/

  Another symptom of a complete molar pregnancy is hyperemesis or severe nausea and vomiting, which is due to the high level of -hCG circulating in the bloodstream. […] Late findings of the disease, typically occurring around 14 to 16 weeks of pregnancy, include signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, including tachycardia and tremors, again caused by the high levels of circulating -hCG. […] The presentation of a partial hydatidiform mole is usually less dramatic than that of a complete mole. These patients typically present with symptoms similar to a threatened or spontaneous abortion, including vaginal bleeding. […] Over 50% of molar pregnancies are characterized by uterine size and date discrepancies noted during the physical examination. In a complete mole, the uterus is usually larger than the expected gestational date of the pregnancy. In contrast, in partial moles, uterine size can be smaller than the estimated gestational age.

• #1 Management of molar pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3279094/

  In women with a complete mole, the quantitative serum beta-hCG level is higher than expected, often exceeding 100,000 IU/L. In case of a partial mole, the level of beta-hCG is often within the wide range associated with normal pregnancy and the symptoms are usually less pronounced. […] The outcome of a partial hydatidiform mole after uterine evacuation is almost always benign. Persistent disease occurs in 1.2% to 4% of cases; metastasis occurs only in 0.1% of cases. In complete moles, these risks are approximately 5 times greater after treatment with uterine evacuation and 2-3 times greater after hysterectomy. […] Complete molar pregnancy is well recognized to have the potential for local invasion and distant spread. After evacuation, local uterine invasion occurs in about 15% and metastases in 4%. Complete molar pregnancy is usually divided into low and high risk for persistence based on signs and symptoms of marked trophoblastic proliferation at the time of evacuation. The risk of postmolar GTD is significant less with partial molar pregnancy and is seen in approximately 1-6%.

• #1 Molar pregnancy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/molar-pregnancy

  Molar pregnancy is usually diagnosed early in pregnancy due to bleeding, abnormal features in ultrasound scan and higher than usual levels of the pregnancy hormone, hCG. […] The overgrowing placenta produces high levels of a pregnancy hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophins (hCG), resulting in symptoms of pregnancy such as: nausea, a growing uterus (womb), high blood pressure. […] In addition to laboratory testing of pregnancy tissue, there can be signs suggestive of a molar pregnancy: Vaginal bleeding not related to menstruation, or prolonged after birth. […] Abnormally high levels of the pregnancy hCG hormone and associated consequences including severe nausea (morning sickness) and high blood pressure (which can lead to preeclampsia). […] Further treatment is required in 10 per cent of all cases.

• #1 Molar pregnancy – hydatidiform mole – Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust

  https://www.buckshealthcare.nhs.uk/pifs/molar-pregnancy-hydatidiform-mole/

  There are often no signs that a pregnancy is a molar pregnancy. It may only be spotted during a routine ultrasound scan. Some women can have vaginal bleeding or dark discharge, morning sickness or an unusually swollen tummy. […] An ultrasound scan and an elevated pregnancy hormone (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin- hCG) blood test may result in suspicion of a molar pregnancy. The final diagnosis, however, is made by a pathologist after a sample from the pregnancy tissue in the womb is sent to the laboratory for analysis. […] It is important to be followed up properly as occasionally the molar tissue may remain and grow deeper into the wall of the uterus (womb) causing Persistent Trophoblastic Disease for which further treatment is required. […] Very rarely a hydatidiform mole can develop into a choriocarcinoma which is a form of cancer and whilst the cure rate is almost 100%, it is important that you attend any follow up appointments arranged.

• #1 Partial Molar Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12332-partial-molar-pregnancy

  A partial molar pregnancy can’t survive. However, a pregnancy may continue for several weeks. Most will spontaneously end on their own in a miscarriage, with the grape-like clusters of tissue coming out of your vagina. However, some people don’t find out their pregnancy is a partial molar pregnancy until their first prenatal ultrasound. […] Molar pregnancies have serious complications, including a rare form of cancer called choriocarcinoma. One of the more common complications of molar pregnancy is persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). This occurs when irregular tissue from a molar pregnancy continues to grow despite surgery to remove the molar pregnancy. Other complications of a partial molar pregnancy are severe bleeding, high blood pressure, ovarian cysts, and hyperthyroidism. […] If you’re pregnant, contact your healthcare provider if you notice any vaginal bleeding, nausea or pelvic pain. Symptoms of a molar pregnancy can resemble other conditions, so it’s important to contact a provider as soon as possible.

• #1 Molar Pregnancy: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17889-molar-pregnancy

  Occasionally, parts of the molar pregnancy remain in your uterus after surgical treatment or miscarriage. If this happens, abnormal cells may grow into the muscle layer around your uterus (also called an invasive mole). This is rare and happens in less than 15% of people whove had a molar pregnancy removed. […] A molar pregnancy usually results in the loss of the pregnancy. Its normal to be disappointed and sad that you arent pregnant. Take time to grieve the loss. Look for support from your family, friends or support groups that deal with losing a pregnancy. If youve had a molar pregnancy in the past, youre likely to have a healthy pregnancy in the future.

• #1 Molar pregnancy – Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

  https://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/services/gynaecology/gatu/early-pregnancy/molar-pregnancy/

  Molar pregnancy is one of a group of uncommonly occurring conditions called gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) that occurs when a pregnancy does not develop properly. […] A molar pregnancy is sometimes also known as a hydatidiform mole. It occurs in less than 1 in 700 pregnancies. […] Some women with molar pregnancy do not get any symptoms at all and are diagnosed when they have an ultrasound scan during pregnancy. Some women can get symptoms that include: Missed period and a strong positive pregnancy test. A lot of nausea (feeling sick) or vomiting. Irregular bleeding from the vagina. Symptoms similar to those experienced in a miscarriage. […] 1 in 20 women with complete molar pregnancy need to have further investigations and possibly chemotherapy. […] GTN is a rare form of cancer. It has a cure rate of over 99% if it develops after a molar pregnancy. It occurs when some of the molar pregnancy tissue persists. It is usually diagnosed if your HCG levels do not return to normal which is why follow-up is so important.

• #1 Molar pregnancy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_pregnancy

  Molar pregnancies usually present with painless vaginal bleeding in the fourth to fifth months of pregnancy. The uterus may be larger than expected, or the ovaries may be enlarged. There may also be more vomiting than would be expected (hyperemesis). Sometimes there is an increase in blood pressure along with protein in the urine. Blood tests will show very high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). […] If left untreated, a hydatidiform mole will almost always end as a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). […] In 10 to 15% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into invasive moles. This condition is named persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD). The moles may intrude so far into the uterine wall that hemorrhage or other complications develop. […] In 2 to 3% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into choriocarcinoma, which is a malignant, rapidly growing, and metastatic (spreading) form of cancer.

• #1 Molar pregnancy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/molar-pregnancy

  There is a 15 to 25 percent chance of a complete mole persisting, and a 0.5 to 4 per cent chance of a partial mole persisting. […] By monitoring the pregnancy hormone hCG regularly, any remaining molar cells can be detected through a hCG level that does not fall or continues to rise. […] There is a 1 in 100 (or one per cent) chance that you will develop another molar pregnancy.

• #1 What Is a Molar Pregnancy? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/what-to-know-about-molar-pregnancy/

  These include intense nausea and vomiting, vaginal bleeding, and lower abdominal pain or pressure from your uterus, says Dr. Katz. „The uterus can also be bigger than expected,” she says. Some of these molar pregnancy symptoms, such as intense nausea and vomiting or hyperemesis gravidarum, result from higher than normal amounts of the pregnancy hormone hCG. […] Occasionally, people with molar pregnancies will develop hypertension or signs of preeclampsia, such as swelling of the extremities. Thyroid issues (like hyperthyroidism) can develop, and grape-like cysts (called molar pregnancy discharge) may also pass out of your vagina. […] There are certain symptoms of molar pregnancy that require emergency care, warns Dr. Katz. Anemia from excess vaginal bleeding is one of them. „Another emergency can be severe nausea and vomiting with inability to eat or drink, therefore becoming severely dehydrated,” she adds.

• #2 Molar Pregnancy: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17889-molar-pregnancy

  Some people dont have any symptoms of a molar pregnancy. For those who do, the most common include: Vaginal bleeding within the first three months of pregnancy. Severe nausea and vomiting. Grape-like cysts coming out of your vagina. Preeclampsia (extremely high blood pressure). Abnormally high HCG levels. Abdominal swelling. Anemia. […] Molar pregnancies contain an imbalance of chromosomes. In a complete molar pregnancy, the egg contains no chromosomes. The embryo gets 23 chromosomes from the sperm. In a partial molar pregnancy, an egg is fertilized by two sperm. This results in the embryo having 69 chromosomes. […] A molar pregnancy must be removed from your body or it can cause serious complications. People generally require surgical treatment to remove molar pregnancies. Treatment involves dilation and curettage (DC) with suction to remove all abnormal tissue from your uterus.

• #2 Molar pregnancy | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/molar-pregnancy

  Women with a molar pregnancy often feel pregnant, and have pregnancy symptoms such as sore breasts and morning sickness. […] This is because the pregnancy hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is still made when you have a molar pregnancy. In fact, higher-than-normal amounts of hCG are common with a molar pregnancy. This can cause severe morning sickness. […] Other symptoms of a molar pregnancy can include: vaginal bleeding, a dark vaginal discharge. […] Your doctor or midwife may also notice that your uterus feels larger than it should be for your stage of pregnancy. […] Some women with a molar pregnancy may have other problems, including: high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, thyroid problems.

• #2 Molar Pregnancy: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Pictures, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/molar-pregnancy

  A molar pregnancy may feel just like a typical pregnancy at first. However, you’ll likely have certain signs and symptoms that something is different. […] You may have bright red to dark brown bleeding in the first trimester (up to 13 weeks). This is more likely if you have a complete molar pregnancy. The bleeding might have grape-like cysts (tissue clots). […] The hormone hCG is made by the placenta. It’s responsible for giving many pregnant women a certain amount of nausea and vomiting. In a molar pregnancy, there may be more placenta tissue than normal. The higher levels of hCG might lead to severe nausea and vomiting. […] Tissues in a molar pregnancy grow faster than they should, especially in the second trimester. Your stomach may look too large for that early stage in pregnancy. The fast growth can also cause pressure and pain.

• #2 Hydatidiform Mole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459155/

  Another symptom of a complete molar pregnancy is hyperemesis or severe nausea and vomiting, which is due to the high level of -hCG circulating in the bloodstream. […] Late findings of the disease, typically occurring around 14 to 16 weeks of pregnancy, include signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, including tachycardia and tremors, again caused by the high levels of circulating -hCG. […] The presentation of a partial hydatidiform mole is usually less dramatic than that of a complete mole. These patients typically present with symptoms similar to a threatened or spontaneous abortion, including vaginal bleeding. […] Over 50% of molar pregnancies are characterized by uterine size and date discrepancies noted during the physical examination. In a complete mole, the uterus is usually larger than the expected gestational date of the pregnancy. In contrast, in partial moles, uterine size can be smaller than the estimated gestational age.

• #2 Hydatidiform Mole – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/hydatidiform-mole

  Symptoms of a molar pregnancy may include: […] Severe nausea and vomiting […] Vaginal bleeding during the first 3 months of pregnancy […] Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including heat intolerance, loose stools, rapid heart rate, restlessness or nervousness, warm and moist skin, trembling hands, or unexplained weight loss […] Symptoms similar to preeclampsia that occur in the first trimester or early second trimester, including high blood pressure and swelling in the feet, ankles, and legs (this is almost always a sign of a hydatidiform mole, because preeclampsia is extremely rare this early in a normal pregnancy)

• #2 Molar Pregnancy – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/molar-pregnancy

  Women with a molar pregnancy appear to be pregnant, but the uterus enlarges much more rapidly than in a normal pregnancy. […] Most women have severe nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding, and some have very high blood pressure. […] Women who have a molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole) feel as if they are pregnant. But because molar pregnancies grow much faster than a fetus, the abdomen becomes larger much faster than it does in a normal pregnancy. Severe nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding are common. As parts of the mole deteriorate, small amounts of tissue, which resemble a bunch of grapes, may pass through the vagina. These symptoms indicate the need for prompt evaluation by a doctor. […] Molar pregnancies can cause serious complications, including the following: Severe bleeding possibly with dangerously low blood pressure (shock), very high blood pressure with increased protein in the urine (preeclampsia), cysts in the ovaries.

• #2 What Is a Molar Pregnancy? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/what-to-know-about-molar-pregnancy/

  These include intense nausea and vomiting, vaginal bleeding, and lower abdominal pain or pressure from your uterus, says Dr. Katz. „The uterus can also be bigger than expected,” she says. Some of these molar pregnancy symptoms, such as intense nausea and vomiting or hyperemesis gravidarum, result from higher than normal amounts of the pregnancy hormone hCG. […] Occasionally, people with molar pregnancies will develop hypertension or signs of preeclampsia, such as swelling of the extremities. Thyroid issues (like hyperthyroidism) can develop, and grape-like cysts (called molar pregnancy discharge) may also pass out of your vagina. […] There are certain symptoms of molar pregnancy that require emergency care, warns Dr. Katz. Anemia from excess vaginal bleeding is one of them. „Another emergency can be severe nausea and vomiting with inability to eat or drink, therefore becoming severely dehydrated,” she adds.

• #2 Molar Pregnancy: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-molar-pregnancy

  Sometimes, molar pregnancy doesn’t cause any symptoms. But they can include: […] Bleeding from your vagina in the first 3 months of pregnancy […] Nausea and vomiting that happen more often or are worse than whats normal during pregnancy […] More swelling in the belly area than expected for your stage of pregnancy […] Very high levels of the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) […] If you have a partial molar pregnancy, the embryo can generally survive no longer than 3 months. If you don’t have a miscarriage, your doctor will need to do a procedure or give you medication to remove it from your body. Prompt treatment is important to avoid complications.

• #2 Molar pregnancy: Symptoms, risks, causes & treatment – Flo

  https://flo.health/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/complications/molar-pregnancy

  Molar pregnancy occurs in around 1 in 1,000 pregnancies. […] Some of the symptoms of molar pregnancy are easily confused with other, intense pregnancy symptoms. […] Symptoms are very similar in both partial and complete molar pregnancies; however, pregnancy symptoms are often more intense with a complete mole. […] Its common to experience nausea and vomiting as part of your pregnancy journey. However, in molar pregnancies, your hormone levels are much higher than normal, making these symptoms very intense. […] A common molar pregnancy symptom is bleeding that’s bright red or dark brown discharge, which can sometimes convince patients that they’ve had a miscarriage. […] In a healthy pregnancy, you will start producing a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) around 10 days after conception.

• #2 Hydatidiform Mole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459155/

  A hydatidiform mole, or molar pregnancy, is a rare abnormal pregnancy classified under gestational trophoblastic diseases that originate in the placenta and may spread to other areas. […] Symptoms of a complete molar pregnancy include vaginal bleeding in the first trimester, severe nausea, and high -hCG levels, while partial moles may present similarly but often resemble a miscarriage and may have detectable fetal heart activity. […] Complete molar pregnancies present with symptoms such as first-trimester vaginal bleeding, severe nausea, and high -human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG) levels. Partial moles may present similarly but often resemble a spontaneous abortion and may include detectable fetal heart tones. […] The most common symptom of a complete mole, as high as 84% of patients in one study, is first-trimester vaginal bleeding, usually due to the molar tissue separating from the decidua.

• #2 Management of molar pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3279094/

  In women with a complete mole, the quantitative serum beta-hCG level is higher than expected, often exceeding 100,000 IU/L. In case of a partial mole, the level of beta-hCG is often within the wide range associated with normal pregnancy and the symptoms are usually less pronounced. […] The outcome of a partial hydatidiform mole after uterine evacuation is almost always benign. Persistent disease occurs in 1.2% to 4% of cases; metastasis occurs only in 0.1% of cases. In complete moles, these risks are approximately 5 times greater after treatment with uterine evacuation and 2-3 times greater after hysterectomy. […] Complete molar pregnancy is well recognized to have the potential for local invasion and distant spread. After evacuation, local uterine invasion occurs in about 15% and metastases in 4%. Complete molar pregnancy is usually divided into low and high risk for persistence based on signs and symptoms of marked trophoblastic proliferation at the time of evacuation. The risk of postmolar GTD is significant less with partial molar pregnancy and is seen in approximately 1-6%.

• #2 What is molar pregnancy? | Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gestational-trophoblastic-disease-gtd/molar-pregnancy/about

  The main symptom of molar pregnancy is vaginal bleeding […] Many molar pregnancies are picked up during routine ultrasound scans during pregnancy.

• #2 Management of molar pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3279094/

  The diagnosis of a molar pregnancy might be suspected based on a number of clinical features: abnormal vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy is the most common presentation; uterus large for dates (25%); pain from large benign theca-lutein cysts (20%); vaginal passage of grape-like vescicles (10%); exaggerated pregnancy symptoms including hyperemesis (10%), hyperthyroidism (5%), early preeclampsia (5%). […] Nowadays ultrasound scan often permits to diagnose molar pregnancy before 12 weeks, showing a fine vascular or honeycomb appearance. Later a complete mole is characteristically described as snowstorm appearance of mixed echogenicity, representing hydropic villi and intrauterine hemorrhage. The ovaries often contain multiple large theca-lutein cysts as a result of increased ovarian stimulation by excessive beta-hCG.

• #2 Molar Pregnancy: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17889-molar-pregnancy

  Occasionally, parts of the molar pregnancy remain in your uterus after surgical treatment or miscarriage. If this happens, abnormal cells may grow into the muscle layer around your uterus (also called an invasive mole). This is rare and happens in less than 15% of people whove had a molar pregnancy removed. […] A molar pregnancy usually results in the loss of the pregnancy. Its normal to be disappointed and sad that you arent pregnant. Take time to grieve the loss. Look for support from your family, friends or support groups that deal with losing a pregnancy. If youve had a molar pregnancy in the past, youre likely to have a healthy pregnancy in the future.

• #2 Molar pregnancy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_pregnancy

  Molar pregnancies usually present with painless vaginal bleeding in the fourth to fifth months of pregnancy. The uterus may be larger than expected, or the ovaries may be enlarged. There may also be more vomiting than would be expected (hyperemesis). Sometimes there is an increase in blood pressure along with protein in the urine. Blood tests will show very high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). […] If left untreated, a hydatidiform mole will almost always end as a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). […] In 10 to 15% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into invasive moles. This condition is named persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD). The moles may intrude so far into the uterine wall that hemorrhage or other complications develop. […] In 2 to 3% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into choriocarcinoma, which is a malignant, rapidly growing, and metastatic (spreading) form of cancer.

• #2 Partial Molar Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12332-partial-molar-pregnancy

  A partial molar pregnancy can’t survive. However, a pregnancy may continue for several weeks. Most will spontaneously end on their own in a miscarriage, with the grape-like clusters of tissue coming out of your vagina. However, some people don’t find out their pregnancy is a partial molar pregnancy until their first prenatal ultrasound. […] Molar pregnancies have serious complications, including a rare form of cancer called choriocarcinoma. One of the more common complications of molar pregnancy is persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). This occurs when irregular tissue from a molar pregnancy continues to grow despite surgery to remove the molar pregnancy. Other complications of a partial molar pregnancy are severe bleeding, high blood pressure, ovarian cysts, and hyperthyroidism. […] If you’re pregnant, contact your healthcare provider if you notice any vaginal bleeding, nausea or pelvic pain. Symptoms of a molar pregnancy can resemble other conditions, so it’s important to contact a provider as soon as possible.

• #2 Molar Pregnancy: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease | North Bristol NHS Trust

  https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/our-services/a-z-services/gynaecology/gynaecology-patient-information/molar-pregnancy-gestational-trophoblastic-disease

  After the initial treatment, all people with a molar pregnancy should be in a follow-up programme that monitors what is happening to any cells that remain in the womb and picks out those people that need further treatment. […] The majority of people who have a molar pregnancy will not need any further treatment after the initial suction evacuation procedure. However, approximately 15% of people with complete molar pregnancy and around 1% with partial molar pregnancy will require additional treatment. […] The two main reasons patients need further treatment is because either the hCG level starts to rise or reaches a plateau or because there is heavy vaginal bleeding. […] Fortunately the overall cure rate for women who need treatment after a molar pregnancy is over 99%.

• #2 Molar pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/miscarriage-loss-grief/molar-pregnancy

  A molar pregnancy is a non-cancerous tumor that develops in the uterus at the beginning of pregnancy. […] If not treated, a molar pregnancy can be dangerous to a woman. It almost always ends in pregnancy loss. […] Call your provider right away if you have bleeding from the vagina or intense nausea and throwing up. These can be signs and symptoms of a molar pregnancy. […] A molar pregnancy may seem like a healthy pregnancy at first. But call your health care provider right away if you have any of these signs or symptoms: […] Bleeding from the vagina in the first 3 months of pregnancy […] Intense nausea and throwing up. Nausea is feeling sick to your stomach. […] When checking your health, your provider may find other signs of a molar pregnancy, including: […] High blood pressure (also called hypertension). […] A molar pregnancy can cause hCG levels to rise more slowly than in a healthy pregnancy.

• #3 Molar Pregnancy – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/cancers-of-the-female-reproductive-system/molar-pregnancy

  Women with a molar pregnancy appear to be pregnant, but the uterus enlarges much more rapidly than in a normal pregnancy. […] Most women have severe nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding, and some have very high blood pressure. […] Women who have a molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole) feel as if they are pregnant. But because molar pregnancies grow much faster than a fetus, the abdomen becomes larger much faster than it does in a normal pregnancy. Severe nausea and vomiting and vaginal bleeding are common. As parts of the mole deteriorate, small amounts of tissue, which resemble a bunch of grapes, may pass through the vagina. These symptoms indicate the need for prompt evaluation by a doctor. […] Molar pregnancies can cause serious complications, including the following: Severe bleeding possibly with dangerously low blood pressure (shock), very high blood pressure with increased protein in the urine (preeclampsia), cysts in the ovaries.

Zobacz więcej