Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual Cramps, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4148-dysmenorrhea

  Primary dysmenorrhea is the name for menstrual cramps that come back every time you have get period, but arent due to another medical condition. Pain usually begins one or two days before you get your period or when the bleeding actually starts. You may feel pain ranging from mild to severe in your lower abdomen, back or thighs. The pain usually subsides within two or three days. Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea. […] If you have painful periods because of a condition or an infection in your reproductive organs, its secondary dysmenorrhea. Pain from secondary dysmenorrhea usually begins earlier in your menstrual cycle and lasts longer than typical menstrual cramps. […] Its normal to have some pain during menstruation. About 60% of people with a uterus have mild cramps during their period. About 5% to 15% of people report period pain thats so severe that it affects their daily activities.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Pain associated with menstruation is called dysmenorrhea. More than half of women who menstruate have some pain for 1 to 2 days each month. Usually, the pain is mild. But for some women, the pain is so severe that it keeps them from doing their normal activities for several days a month. […] Most women have some pain with their menstrual periods. For some women, severe pain comes with other symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the cramping pain that comes before or during a period. This pain is caused by natural chemicals called prostaglandins that are made in the lining of the uterus. Prostaglandins cause the muscles and blood vessels of the uterus to contract. […] Primary dysmenorrhea begins soon after a girl starts having menstrual periods. In many women with primary dysmenorrhea, periods become less painful as they get older. This type of period pain also may improve after giving birth.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual Cramps, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4148-dysmenorrhea

  Menstrual cramps happen when a chemical called prostaglandin makes your uterus contract (tighten up). During menstruation, prostaglandin levels are higher, which means your uterus contracts more strongly. […] What youre feeling is a tightening and relaxing of your uterus. The muscles in your uterus contract in order to shed your uterine lining. […] If you have painful periods, you may feel: Aching, throbbing pain in your abdomen (pain may be severe at times). Feeling of pressure in your abdomen. Pain in your hips, lower back and inner thighs. Other symptoms like nausea, dizziness and headaches. […] Menstrual pain from secondary dysmenorrhea is a result of a condition affecting your reproductive organs. […] Menstrual cramps themselves usually dont cause complications, other than disrupting your daily life. But if a medical condition is causing painful periods, there can be complications.

• #1 Period Cramps? 10 Ways to Treat Menstrual Pain at Home

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/treatment/womens-health/ways-to-relieve-period-cramps/

  Period cramps can be debilitating, but there are many ways to ease the pain. […] While some people experience mild pain lasting a day or two, others are doubled over in an agony that disrupts their normal activities for many days each month, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). […] Period pain can be so bad that doctors have a medical name for it: dysmenorrhea. […] In some cases, severe cramps can be a sign of a serious health condition. But even when theyre just cramps, they can keep you from socializing or going to work, dramatically affecting your quality of life. […] Dysmenorrhea is caused by compounds in the body known as prostaglandins. […] Your prostaglandin level is its highest on the first day of your menstrual period, which is why menstrual pain is usually worse then.

• #1 Period Pain | Menstrual Cramps | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/periodpain.html

  Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that happens as part of a woman’s monthly cycle. Many women have painful periods, also called dysmenorrhea. The pain is most often menstrual cramps, which are a throbbing, cramping pain in your lower abdomen. […] Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common kind of period pain. It is period pain that is not caused by another condition. The cause is usually having too many prostaglandins, which are chemicals that your uterus makes. These chemicals make the muscles of your uterus tighten and relax, and this causes the cramps. […] To help ease your period pain, you can try: Using a heating pad or hot water bottle on your lower abdomen, Getting some exercise, Taking a hot bath, Doing relaxation techniques, including yoga and meditation. […] You might also try taking over-the-counter pain relievers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs include ibuprofen and naproxen. Besides relieving pain, NSAIDs reduce the amount of prostaglandins that your uterus makes and lessen their effects. This helps to lessen the cramps.

• #1 Period pain

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/period-pain/

  Period pain usually happens to women around the start of their period. It can affect anyone who has periods. […] You may have period pain if: you have pain in your tummy at the start of your period, or several days before your period; you have painful cramps in your tummy that spread to your back and thighs; you have a sharp pain or a dull ache in your tummy. […] Period pain usually lasts for up to 3 days and can affect your daily activities. […] There are some things you can do to help ease period pain. […] Cutting down on alcohol and not smoking may also help ease period pain. […] Period pain happens when your womb tightens during your period. It’s often a normal part of the menstrual cycle. […] Sometimes painful periods can be caused by a condition such as womb tissue growing in other places (endometriosis and adenomyosis), growths in and around the womb (fibroids), an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries (pelvic inflammatory disease).

• #1 Painful Menstrual Cramps: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.painful-menstrual-cramps-care-instructions.uf7084

  Painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) can occur during or just before your period. The cramping can involve your lower belly, back, or thighs. And the pain from these cramps can range from mild to severe. You may also have diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. Or you may get dizzy. […] Pain medicine and home treatment can help you feel better. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take anti-inflammatory medicines for pain. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve) usually work better than aspirin. […] Start taking the recommended dose of pain medicine as soon as you start to feel pain. Or you can start on the day before your period. Keep taking the medicine for as many days as you have cramps.

• #1 Menstrual Cramps

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/menstrual-cramps/

  Cramps in the lower belly or pelvis. They start during the first 1 or 2 days of a girl’s period. […] Cramps only happen during menstrual bleeding […] The medical name for painful cramping during a girl’s period is dysmenorrhea. […] Normal cramps happen in over 60% of girls. […] This cramping is caused by strong muscle squeezing of the uterus. This is triggered by a high prostaglandin (a hormone) level. […] Medical causes of severe menstrual cramps include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and endometriosis. An ovarian cyst can also cause very bad cramping. […] Cramps happen in over 60% of girls. […] Pain medicines can keep cramps to a mild level. […] Cramps can last 2 or 3 days. […] Ibuprofen is a very good drug for cramps. Advil and Motrin are some of the brand names. No prescription is needed.

• #1 Painful Periods | Dysmenorrhea | Severe Cramps – Texas Health Care Obstetrics & Gynecology

  https://thcobgyn.com/painful-periods-dysmenorrhea-severe-cramps/

  Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for recurrent menstrual cramps. Although cramping is common for many women, about 10% women experience severe, nearly debilitating pain. […] Symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea include: Severe pain one or two days before or during menstruation, Pain arising in the lower abdomen, thighs or back, Extreme discomfort lasting for anywhere between 12 to 72 hours, Pain accompanied by fatigue and nausea or vomiting. […] Typically, primary dysmenorrhea is treated with pain medication such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). If the pain is persistent and severe, doctors may recommend hormone medications. […] In order to relieve the symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhea, the underlying disorder must be treated. Treatment will depend on the type of disorder and its severity.

• #1 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. […] For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month. […] Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren’t caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth. […] Symptoms of menstrual cramps include: Throbbing or cramping pain in your lower abdomen that can be intense. Pain that starts 1 to 3 days before your period, peaks 24 hours after the onset of your period and subsides in 2 to 3 days. Dull, continuous ache. Pain that radiates to your lower back and thighs.

• #1 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection. […] To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend: […] Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. […] Oral birth control pills contain hormones that prevent ovulation and reduce the severity of menstrual cramps. […] If your menstrual cramps are caused by a disorder such as endometriosis or fibroids, surgery to correct the problem might help your symptoms.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Dysmenorrhea | PDF | Medical Specialties | Clinical Medicine

  https://www.scribd.com/doc/297726766/Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Dysmenorrhea

  The patient presented with abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting. She was diagnosed with acute pain related to increased uterine contractility during ovulation. Nursing interventions included explaining non-pharmacological pain relief techniques like warm compresses, relaxation exercises, massage, and administering analgesics as needed. After 4 hours the goal of reduced pain was met as evidenced by a lower pain scale rating.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Dysmenorrhea NCP | PDF

  https://www.scribd.com/doc/298071066/Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Dysmenorrhea-NCP

  This nursing care plan addresses a patient experiencing abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The nurse diagnosed the patient with acute pain related to increased uterine contractility and hypersensitivity during ovulation. The plan includes independent nursing interventions like teaching the use of warm compresses, relaxation techniques, and abdominal massage to increase vasodilation and reduce muscle tension. The plan also includes a dependent intervention of administering ordered analgesics. The goal is for the patient to experience reduced pain within 4 hours, which is later evaluated to have been achieved.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by a disorder in the reproductive organs. The pain tends to get worse over time and it often lasts longer than normal menstrual cramps. […] Yes, if you have painful periods you and your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) should talk about your symptoms and your menstrual cycle. If needed, your ob-gyn may recommend a pelvic exam. A first step in treatment may be medications. If medications do not relieve your pain, treatment should focus on finding the cause of your pain. […] Medications are usually the first step when treating painful periods. Certain pain relievers target prostaglandins. These medications, called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the prostaglandins made by the body and lessen their effects. This in turn makes menstrual cramps less severe.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  NSAIDs work best if taken at the first sign of your period or pain. You usually take them for only 1 or 2 days. […] Birth control methods that contain estrogen and progestin, such as the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring, can be used to treat painful periods. […] Yes, the hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) also can be used to treat painful periods. […] Acupuncture, acupressure, and nerve stimulation therapies may be useful for treating painful periods. Physical therapy that eases trigger points also may help with pain. […] Some types of physical therapy teach mental techniques for coping with pain. These types include relaxation exercises and biofeedback. […] If your symptoms or a laparoscopy point to endometriosis as the cause of your period pain, your ob-gyn may recommend you try a birth control method: the pill, the implant, the injection, or the hormonal IUD.

• #1 Painful Menstrual Cramps: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.painful-menstrual-cramps-care-instructions.uf7084

  If anti-inflammatory medicines don’t help, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a heating pad set on low or a hot water bottle on your belly. Or take a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may help with pain. […] Get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of the week. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Walking is a good choice. You also may want to do other activities, such as running, swimming, cycling, or playing sports. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if you have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you do not get better as expected.

• #1 Painful menstrual periods Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/painful-menstrual-periods

  Painful menstrual periods are periods in which a woman has crampy lower abdominal pain, which can be sharp or aching and come and go. […] Some pain during your period is normal, but a large amount of pain is not. The medical term for painful menstrual periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Many women have painful periods. Sometimes, the pain makes it hard to do normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20s. […] The following steps may help you to avoid prescription medicines: Apply a heating pad to your lower belly area, below your belly button. Never fall asleep with the heating pad on. […] If these self-care measures do not work, your health care provider may offer you treatment such as: Birth control pills, Hormone-containing IUD, Prescription anti-inflammatory medicines, Prescription pain relievers (including narcotics, for brief periods), Antidepressants, Antibiotics, Pelvic ultrasound, Surgery (laparoscopy) to rule out endometriosis or other pelvic disease.

• #1 Menstrual cramps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944

  Besides getting enough sleep and rest, things you might want to try include: […] Physical activity, including sex, helps ease menstrual cramps for some women. […] Soaking in a hot bath or using a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch on your lower abdomen might ease menstrual cramps. […] A number of studies have indicated that vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B-1 (thiamin), vitamin B-6 and magnesium supplements might reduce menstrual cramps. […] Psychological stress might increase your risk of menstrual cramps and their severity. […] Acupuncture involves inserting extremely thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body. Some studies have found that acupuncture helps relieve menstrual cramps. […] TENS might work by raising the threshold for pain signals and stimulating the release of your body’s natural painkillers (endorphins). In studies, TENS was more effective than a placebo in relieving menstrual cramp pain. […] When you have cramps, try taking a warm bath or applying a heating pad, hot water bottle or heat patch to your abdomen. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, also might help.

• #1 Menstrual Cramp Home Remedies to Manage Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/menstrual-cramp-remedies

  Certain over-the-counter products and home remedies, like using a heating pad, may help relieve pain associated with period cramps. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the primary over-the-counter (OTC) form of pain relief recommended for menstrual pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. […] Applying heat to your abdomen and lower back may relieve pain. […] A 2018 review of studies found that heat therapy (usually a heat patch or pack) was as effective at treating menstrual pain as NSAIDS. […] Massage therapy for menstruation involves pressing specific points while the therapists hands move around your abdomen, side, and back. […] A 2018 review of studies found that massage therapy and aromatherapy can reduce menstrual pain. […] While there are no clinical studies on the direct effect of orgasms on menstrual cramps, science suggests it may help.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramping – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/dysmenorrhea-menstrual-cramping.asp

  Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful pelvic cramping associated with menses, which may be associated with low back and thigh pain, headache, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue. Symptoms often start a few days before menses and last through the first few days of bleeding. Many women are affected by this condition, with estimates ranging from 16%-97%. […] The standard approach to treatment of dysmenorrhea includes NSAIDs and hormonal contraception, both of which help to suppress prostaglandin production. Research supports the use of many self-care and complementary approaches that should also be considered. […] Exercising 45-60 minutes at least three times a week may result in improved menstrual pain. […] Tobacco use is a risk factor for dysmenorrhea and alcohol can increase the duration and intensity of cramping. Work on a plan to support limiting tobacco and alcohol use.

• #1 Period Cramps? 10 Ways to Treat Menstrual Pain at Home

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/treatment/womens-health/ways-to-relieve-period-cramps/

  The uterus is a muscle, so anything that helps relax muscles, like applying heat, can be beneficial, Thielen says. […] Moderate use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) is one of the best ways to curb period pain, Thielen recommends. […] According to a meta-analysis published in 2019, acupuncture in particular electroacupuncture, which utilizes electrical current was more effective than NSAIDs in reducing menstrual pain. […] Acupressure, which involves finger pressure instead of tiny needles, can be done yourself at home. […] Cinnamon and ginger have been shown to be effective when it comes to menstrual cramps, researchers reported in July 2023. […] Dietary magnesium seems to ease the pain of cramps, Tang says. […] A review published in 2021 found that essential oils are an effective way to reduce period pain.

• #1 Preventive Care for Menstrual Cramps 經痛的預防保健 | 衛教單張 – China Medical University Hospital

  https://www.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/HealthEdus/Detail_EN?no=6243

  Diet: Balanced diet will boost body immunity. Eat warm food and avoid cool and cold food. Avoid fatty and greasy food. Avoid roasted, fried and spicy food. […] Exercise: daily proper exercise could enhance physical immunity. (Ex: yoga, Tai Chi and Qi-gong.) Maintain a pleasant mood and seek adequate ways to relief stress. Normal meals and routine with full rest, sleep and mental and physical relaxation. […] Ginger brown sugar tea. Drink during menstruation to alleviate the symptoms of menstrual cramps. Rose tea for primary menstrual cramps. Suitable for women to drink daily.

• #1 Period Cramps? 10 Ways to Treat Menstrual Pain at Home

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/treatment/womens-health/ways-to-relieve-period-cramps/

  Women who adhere to the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats, have fewer instances of menstrual pain, Spanish scientists concluded in the journal Nutrients in 2020. […] Although period cramps can bring discomfort to many, there are ways you can manage this monthly pain. […] Exercise, yoga, acupressure, acupuncture, dietary changes, increasing your magnesium intake, consuming certain herbs, and massaging with essential oils can help ease cramps. […] Over-the-counter medications like NSAIDs may also reduce menstrual pain, but be sure to check with your doctor first. […] You should also talk to your doctor if your cramps are severe, worsening, or disrupting your daily life.

• #1 Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/pain-management/managing-the-pain-of-primary-and-secondary-dysmenorrhoea-09-03-2004/

  Acupuncture gives relief from pain and has been found to be effective for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea. […] Nurses are often asked for advice about dysmenorrhoea and are in an ideal position in their role as health educators and health promoters to offer suggestions for self-help. […] It is vital, therefore, that nurses understand how the menstrual cycle works and are familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system and its associated disorders. […] Patients should be advised to keep a diary of their symptoms and to monitor their pain and bleeding over a few months. […] The benefits of the non-pharmacological self-help measures discussed should be presented to the patient. […] When discussing oral medications it should be explained that if one preparation is not successful a different one can be prescribed. […] Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of both primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea can lead to significant improvements in patients quality of life.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  Painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) can occur during or just before your period. The cramping can involve your lower belly, back, or thighs. And the pain from these cramps can range from mild to severe. You may also have diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. Or you may get dizzy. […] Pain medicine and home treatment can help you feel better. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take anti-inflammatory medicines for pain. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve) usually work better than aspirin. […] Start taking the recommended dose of pain medicine as soon as you start to feel pain. Or you can start on the day before your period. Keep taking the medicine for as many days as you have cramps.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=av2809

  If anti-inflammatory medicines do not relieve the pain, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a warm water bottle, a heating pad set on low, or a warm cloth on your belly. Heat improves blood flow and may relieve pelvic pain. […] Lie down and put a pillow under your knees, or lie on your side and bring your knees up to your chest. This will help relieve back pressure. […] Get plenty of exercise every day. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Go for a walk or jog, ride your bike, or play sports with friends. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if you have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you do not get better as expected.

• #1 Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/painful-periods

  There are several ways to treat period pain. Most period pain in teens is treated with medication: Pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, may ease your cramps. It may work best if you start taking a pain reliever 1 to 2 days before your period and continue through the first 2 to 3 days of bleeding. […] If medication does not relieve the pain, your doctor may suggest tests to find the cause. A different treatment may be needed if you have a medical condition such as endometriosis or fibroids. […] You may find it helpful to try: Exercising regularly throughout each month, Taking a warm bath or putting a heating pad or hot water bottle on your abdomen or lower back, Getting more sleep, especially right before and during your period. […] Endometriosis is the most common medical condition that causes period pain. In this condition, tissue from the lining of the uterus is found outside the uterus. The tissue breaks down and bleeds in response to changes in hormones. This happens in the same way the lining of the uterus breaks down and bleeds each month during your period.

• #1 PMS, Cramps, and Irregular Periods (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/menstrual-problems.html

  A girl’s periods can cause some uncomfortable symptoms. Most of the time, there’s no reason for concern. But some problems need care from your doctor. […] Period cramps are pain in the lower belly during a girl’s period. Many girls have cramps during the first few days of their periods. Period cramps are caused by prostaglandin, a chemical in the body that makes the muscle in the uterus contract. […] If cramps bother you, try: a warm heating pad on your belly; taking ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, or store brand) or naproxen (Aleve or store brand); this works best if the medicine is started at the first sign of cramps. […] Call your doctor if: severe cramps keep you home from school or doing your usual activities; the cramps do not get better with ibuprofen or naproxen.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Menstrual-Disorders.aspx

  Within a year or two of their first period, 50 to 75 percent of young women begin to experience painful menstrual cramps, or dysmenorrhea. […] The cramping of dysmenorrhea is typically addressed with NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) analgesics such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen or naproxen. These medications block the uterus from releasing prostaglandins, naturally occurring chemicals that cause cramps. Oral contraceptives can also be used to relieve severe menstrual cramps. […] Hormone treatments, such as oral contraceptives, can also be used for dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-overview

  Although dysmenorrhea is not life-threatening, it can be debilitating and psychologically taxing for many women. Some choose to self-medicate at home and never seek medical attention for their pain. Dysmenorrhea is responsible for significant absenteeism from work, and it is the most common reason for school absence among adolescents. […] A systematic review estimated that chronic pelvic pain, of which dysmenorrhea is a component, costs women up to $20,898 yearly in direct and indirect costs. […] The history is critical in establishing the diagnosis of dysmenorrhea and should include an assessment of the onset, duration, type, and severity of pain. A thorough menstrual history is also essential. A complete physical examination should be performed. […] No tests are specific to the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea. Studies that may be indicated to elucidate the cause of secondary dysmenorrhea include laboratory tests, abdominal or transvaginal ultrasonography, hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy, or laparoscopy.

• #1 Overview: Period pain – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279324/

  Many girls and women have problems like abdominal cramps and pain during their menstrual period. The medical term for painful periods is dysmenorrhea. […] Severe menstrual symptoms can usually be treated effectively. If you have very painful periods or the pain keeps getting worse over time, it can be a good idea to speak to your gynecologist. […] Painkillers like ibuprofen can relieve the symptoms. Many women also try using heat, relaxation techniques or exercise for relief. […] It is important to see a doctor to find the cause of very severe pain. […] Women and girls get a lot of (sometimes contradictory) advice from doctors and other women. Painkillers such as ibuprofen and naproxen are effective. […] Many contraceptives, such as the pill or contraceptive coils, can relieve period pain. […] Sometimes the pain is so bad that psychological treatment is considered. […] Your gynecologist is the first person to contact if you have severe period pain.

• #1 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• #1 Period pain

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/period-pain/

  An intrauterine device (IUD) can also cause period pain, particularly during the first 3 to 6 months after it’s put in. […] If you have severe period pain, a GP may recommend anti-inflammatory medicines like naproxen, flurbiprofen or mefenamic acid, a TENS machine a small device that uses mild electrical impulses to reduce pain, contraception like the pill, implant or injection these thin the womb lining, making your period lighter and easing the pain. […] The GP may refer you to a specialist (gynaecologist) if your period pain does not get better. […] You might need tests, such as an ultrasound scan, to find out what’s causing your period pain. If a condition is found, treating it will help.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Dietary and Other Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-treatment

  Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea is directed at providing relief from the cramping pelvic pain and associated symptoms (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, flushing, and diarrhea) that typically accompany or immediately precede the onset of menstrual flow. […] To date, pharmacotherapy has been the most reliable and effective treatment for relieving dysmenorrhea. […] NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives are the most commonly used therapeutic modalities for the management of primary dysmenorrhea. […] Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause. […] NSAIDs are the most common treatment for both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] If taken early enough and in sufficient quantity, NSAIDs are extremely successful in alleviating menstrual pain.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  If fibroids are causing your pain, the first step may be to try NSAIDs, a birth control method, or GnRH agonists. […] If adenomyosis is causing your pain, NSAIDs, a birth control method, or other medications may be recommended. […] If other treatments do not relieve pain, surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery depends on the cause of your pain.

• #1 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  If you try one of these treatments but it does not sufficiently relieve pain within two to three months, your health care provider might recommend switching treatments or combining approaches. […] At least two surgical procedures have been developed to treat dysmenorrhea. Both of these surgeries involve cutting or destroying the uterine nerves, which prevents the transmission of pain signals. However, these procedures have not been shown to provide long-term relief of pain.

• #1 Dysmenorrhea | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/dysmenorrhea/

  For some teens, painful periods can be embarrassing to talk about with parents, teachers, coaches and even doctors or nurses. This can make those experiencing dysmenorrhea less likely to ask for help. However, once your doctor knows about the condition, they can provide effective treatment that can be very helpful. […] Ways to reduce pain and cramps associated with dysmenorrhea: Use a heating pad on the lower abdomen or over the area causing pain. Take a warm bath or shower. If it is safe for you to take, use an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain medication, such as ibuprofen. This works best when used right away instead of waiting until the pain becomes intense. […] If you or your child has already tried the suggestions above and the pain is still interfering with daily life, we may recommend hormonal therapy. These medications are safe to use and effective. Some types of hormonal therapy include: Low dose birth control pills, patch or ring; these are often prescribed in a certain way to reduce or stop menstrual bleeding and pain.

• #1 Severe Menstrual Pain is NOT Normal | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/severe-menstrual-pain-not-normal

  Severe Menstrual Pain is NOT Normal […] Painful periods that impact your daily functioning aren’t normal. […] The most important thing to know is that pelvic pain, whatever the cause, isn’t normal. If pain is impacting your life, talk to your doctor. Whether or not it’s endometriosis, you don’t have to suffer.

• #2 Menstrual Cramps

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/menstrual-cramps/

  Cramps in the lower belly or pelvis. They start during the first 1 or 2 days of a girl’s period. […] Cramps only happen during menstrual bleeding […] The medical name for painful cramping during a girl’s period is dysmenorrhea. […] Normal cramps happen in over 60% of girls. […] This cramping is caused by strong muscle squeezing of the uterus. This is triggered by a high prostaglandin (a hormone) level. […] Medical causes of severe menstrual cramps include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and endometriosis. An ovarian cyst can also cause very bad cramping. […] Cramps happen in over 60% of girls. […] Pain medicines can keep cramps to a mild level. […] Cramps can last 2 or 3 days. […] Ibuprofen is a very good drug for cramps. Advil and Motrin are some of the brand names. No prescription is needed.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual Cramps, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4148-dysmenorrhea

  Primary dysmenorrhea is the name for menstrual cramps that come back every time you have get period, but arent due to another medical condition. Pain usually begins one or two days before you get your period or when the bleeding actually starts. You may feel pain ranging from mild to severe in your lower abdomen, back or thighs. The pain usually subsides within two or three days. Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea. […] If you have painful periods because of a condition or an infection in your reproductive organs, its secondary dysmenorrhea. Pain from secondary dysmenorrhea usually begins earlier in your menstrual cycle and lasts longer than typical menstrual cramps. […] Its normal to have some pain during menstruation. About 60% of people with a uterus have mild cramps during their period. About 5% to 15% of people report period pain thats so severe that it affects their daily activities.

• #2 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Painful menstruation, also known as dysmenorrhea, is a common problem. For most people who are affected, dysmenorrhea begins during adolescence, usually within four to five years of the first menstrual period. Painful periods become less common over time, as a person gets older. […] During menstruation, chemicals called „prostaglandins” form in the lining of the uterus. They cause muscle contractions in the uterus, which can trigger pain and decrease blood flow and oxygen to the uterus. […] The pain of dysmenorrhea is crampy and usually located in lower abdomen; some people also have severe pain in the back or thighs. The pain usually begins just before or as menstrual bleeding begins, and gradually improves over one to three days. Pain usually occurs intermittently, and can range from mild to disabling.

• #2 Menstrual Cramps

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/menstrual-cramps/

  The drug should be started as soon as there is any menstrual flow. If you can, start it the day before. Don’t wait for cramps to start. […] If your teen has tried ibuprofen with no pain relief, switch to naproxen. No prescription is needed. […] Use a heating pad or warm washcloth to the lower belly. Do this for 20 minutes 2 times per day. This may help to reduce pain. […] It’s fine to go to school. […] Your teen can take part in sports during her period. […] Cramps last 2 or 3 days. […] Neither ibuprofen or naproxen helps the pain […] Cramps cause her to miss school or other events […] Pain lasts over 3 days.

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  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7084

  If anti-inflammatory medicines don’t help, try acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Put a heating pad set on low or a hot water bottle on your belly. Or take a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may help with pain. […] Get at least 2 hours of moderate to vigorous exercise a week. This improves blood flow and may decrease pain. Walking is a good choice. You also may want to do other activities, such as running, swimming, cycling, or playing sports. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have severe vaginal bleeding. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #2 DYSMENORRHOEA – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/dysmenorrhoea/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Acute pain related to increased uterine contractility evidenced by verbalization of the girl or woman. […] Nursing Interventions: Warm the abdomen to cause vasodilation and reduce spasmodic contractions. […] Provide pain management through prescribed medications. […] Apply heat therapy and educate the patient on proper techniques. […] Educate the patient about the condition, its management, and treatment options.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Dietary and Other Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-treatment

  Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea is directed at providing relief from the cramping pelvic pain and associated symptoms (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, flushing, and diarrhea) that typically accompany or immediately precede the onset of menstrual flow. […] To date, pharmacotherapy has been the most reliable and effective treatment for relieving dysmenorrhea. […] NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives are the most commonly used therapeutic modalities for the management of primary dysmenorrhea. […] Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause. […] NSAIDs are the most common treatment for both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. […] If taken early enough and in sufficient quantity, NSAIDs are extremely successful in alleviating menstrual pain.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  NSAIDs work best if taken at the first sign of your period or pain. You usually take them for only 1 or 2 days. […] Birth control methods that contain estrogen and progestin, such as the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring, can be used to treat painful periods. […] Yes, the hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) also can be used to treat painful periods. […] Acupuncture, acupressure, and nerve stimulation therapies may be useful for treating painful periods. Physical therapy that eases trigger points also may help with pain. […] Some types of physical therapy teach mental techniques for coping with pain. These types include relaxation exercises and biofeedback. […] If your symptoms or a laparoscopy point to endometriosis as the cause of your period pain, your ob-gyn may recommend you try a birth control method: the pill, the implant, the injection, or the hormonal IUD.

• #2 Menstrual Cramp Home Remedies to Manage Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/menstrual-cramp-remedies

  Certain over-the-counter products and home remedies, like using a heating pad, may help relieve pain associated with period cramps. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the primary over-the-counter (OTC) form of pain relief recommended for menstrual pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. […] Applying heat to your abdomen and lower back may relieve pain. […] A 2018 review of studies found that heat therapy (usually a heat patch or pack) was as effective at treating menstrual pain as NSAIDS. […] Massage therapy for menstruation involves pressing specific points while the therapists hands move around your abdomen, side, and back. […] A 2018 review of studies found that massage therapy and aromatherapy can reduce menstrual pain. […] While there are no clinical studies on the direct effect of orgasms on menstrual cramps, science suggests it may help.

• #2 Menstrual pain Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/menstrual-pain

  Dysmenorrhea […] Symptoms and degree of pain vary, and may include the following: Abdominal cramping or dull ache that moves to lower back and legs […] Initial treatment is focused on relieving pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs help relieve pain. They can cause stomach upset, so taking them with food may help. Long-term use can increase the risk of stomach bleeding. NSAIDs include over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription NSAIDs are also available. […] Some women find that changing their diets makes cramps less severe. Mind-body techniques such as meditation and acupuncture, and exercises such as yoga and tai chi, can also help relieve pain. Aromatic essential oils and massage may also help relieve pain. […] Acupuncture has become a popular treatment for menstrual pain. The National Institutes of Health recommends acupuncture, either by itself or along with other treatments, for menstrual pain. In a well-designed study of 43 women with menstrual pain, women treated with acupuncture had less pain and needed less pain medication. […] If your symptoms change, or treatment does not help, tell your provider.

• #2 Patient education: Painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/painful-menstrual-periods-dysmenorrhea-beyond-the-basics

  There are a number of treatments available for dysmenorrhea. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of medications that are very effective in reducing pain associated with dysmenorrhea. […] For people who do not wish to get pregnant, birth control pills and other forms of hormonal birth control can also be used to treat dysmenorrhea. […] Applying heat to the lower abdomen with a heating pad, hot water bottle, or self-heating patch can significantly reduce pain, often as well as treatment with an NSAID. […] Exercise seems to reduce menstrual symptoms, including pain, in some studies. […] Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment that involves the use of electrode patches, which are applied to the skin near the area of pain. TENS has been used to treat pain caused by many conditions, and may help to reduce dysmenorrhea in some patients.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramping – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/dysmenorrhea-menstrual-cramping.asp

  Eat an anti-inflammatory diet that is high in omega-3 fatty acids to modulate prostaglandin production and decrease painful cramping. […] Apply a heating pad to the pelvic region. Some small studies suggest that heat is effective in reducing menstrual pain. […] Supplements may help improve the symptoms of dysmenorrhea, although large, high-quality trials are lacking. […] Magnesium decreases menstrual pain compared to placebo, according to three small trials. […] Vitamin B1 (thiamine) supplementation improved menstrual pain in a research study performed in India, only after use of 100 mg for at least 30 days. […] Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) may improve pain scores in dysmenorrhea according to one small trial. […] Using acupuncture and acupressure may help with the symptoms of dysmenorrhea.

• #2 Painful menstrual periods Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/painful-menstrual-periods

  Contact your provider right away if you have: Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, Fever and pelvic pain, Sudden or severe pain, especially if your period is more than 1 week late and you have been sexually active. […] Your provider will examine you and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms.

• #2 5 Solutions for Your Teen’s Painful Periods | Methodist Health System | Omaha, Council Bluffs, Fremont

  https://bestcare.org/news/20220524/5-solutions-your-teens-painful-periods

  Dysmenorrhea is that recurrent, crampy lower abdominal pain which happens during menstruation. Its the most common gynecologic complaint among adolescent girls. One study showed nearly 80% of teens experience heavy, painful periods. Sometimes that pain can be debilitating. […] Many people suffering from severe menstrual cramping find it soothing to hold a hot water bottle or heating pad against the lower abdomen. A hot bath or shower may also help. […] Over-the-counter NSAIDs such as ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) can help provide some relief from the cramping and discomfort. […] The same hormones that help prevent pregnancy can also ease the severity of monthly menstrual cramps. The pill contains estrogen and progesterone, hormones that prevent ovulation and ease period flow.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Dietary and Other Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-treatment

  Many women never seek medical attention for dysmenorrhea. Self-medication with analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and direct application of heat are common effective strategies. […] Treatment of dysmenorrhea is aimed at providing symptomatic relief as well as inhibiting the underlying processes that cause symptoms. Grading dysmenorrhea according to the severity of pain and the degree of limitation of daily activity may help guide the treatment strategy. Medications used may include NSAIDs and opioid analgesics, as well as hormonal contraceptives. In addition to pain relief, mainstays of treatment include reassurance and education. […] Patients with both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea should be provided with appropriate gynecologic follow-up. If they do not have regular medical care, an appointment with a primary care physician is also indicated.

• #2 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. […] For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month. […] Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren’t caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth. […] Symptoms of menstrual cramps include: Throbbing or cramping pain in your lower abdomen that can be intense. Pain that starts 1 to 3 days before your period, peaks 24 hours after the onset of your period and subsides in 2 to 3 days. Dull, continuous ache. Pain that radiates to your lower back and thighs.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-overview

  Although dysmenorrhea is not life-threatening, it can be debilitating and psychologically taxing for many women. Some choose to self-medicate at home and never seek medical attention for their pain. Dysmenorrhea is responsible for significant absenteeism from work, and it is the most common reason for school absence among adolescents. […] A systematic review estimated that chronic pelvic pain, of which dysmenorrhea is a component, costs women up to $20,898 yearly in direct and indirect costs. […] The history is critical in establishing the diagnosis of dysmenorrhea and should include an assessment of the onset, duration, type, and severity of pain. A thorough menstrual history is also essential. A complete physical examination should be performed. […] No tests are specific to the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea. Studies that may be indicated to elucidate the cause of secondary dysmenorrhea include laboratory tests, abdominal or transvaginal ultrasonography, hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy, or laparoscopy.

• #2 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• #2 Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periods

  If fibroids are causing your pain, the first step may be to try NSAIDs, a birth control method, or GnRH agonists. […] If adenomyosis is causing your pain, NSAIDs, a birth control method, or other medications may be recommended. […] If other treatments do not relieve pain, surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery depends on the cause of your pain.

• #2

• #3 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• #4 Menstrual cramps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938

  See your health care provider if: Menstrual cramps disrupt your life every month. Your symptoms progressively worsen. You just started having severe menstrual cramps after age 25. […] Menstrual cramps can be caused by: Endometriosis. Tissue that acts similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, most commonly on fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus can cause pain. Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

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