Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Arthritis: Causes, types, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7621

  Arthritis describes over 100 conditions that involve inflammation and damage in the joints, the tissues around the joint, and other connective tissues. […] This article discusses the different types of arthritis, what causes it, the symptoms, and possible treatments. […] There is no single cause of all types of arthritis. The cause or causes vary according to the type or form of arthritis. […] Possible causes may include: an injury, which can lead to degenerative arthritis; an abnormal metabolism, which can cause gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease; a genetic inheritance, which can lead to developing OA; an infection, such as Lyme disease, that can trigger arthritis symptoms; an immune system dysfunction. […] Most types of arthritis are due to a combination of factors. However, some have no obvious cause and appear unpredictably.

• #2 Arthritis Basics | Arthritis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/index.html

  Arthritis is a general term for conditions that affect the joints, tissues around joints, and other connective tissues. There are more than 100 types of arthritis. […] The causes of some forms of arthritis are unknown. […] Arthritis is a condition often characterized by inflammation or swelling of one or more joints. It includes more than 100 conditions that affect the joints, tissues around the joint, and other connective tissues.

• #3 Arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

  Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. […] Osteoarthritis causes cartilage the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint to break down. […] Uric acid crystals, which form when there’s too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis. […] The two main types of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis damage joints in different ways. […] The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to a joint’s cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. […] Osteoarthritis also causes changes in the bones and deterioration of the connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and hold the joint together. […] In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts.

• #4 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5599-osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It happens when the cartilage that lines your joints is worn down or damaged and your bones rub together when you use that joint. […] Osteoarthritis usually develops slowly as you age. As you get older, normal wear and tear on your joints might contribute to their cartilage breaking down. […] Anything that directly damages your joints can also cause osteoarthritis, including sports injuries, falls, car accidents, and health conditions that affect your joints, like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or joint hypermobility syndrome. […] Other forms of arthritis (specifically inflammatory arthritis) can cause osteoarthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and psoriatic arthritis. […] Primary osteoarthritis usually develops slowly as you age. […] Secondary osteoarthritis happens when something directly damages one of your joints enough to cause osteoarthritis. Injuries and traumas are common causes of secondary osteoarthritis. Other types of arthritis can damage the cartilage in your joints enough to cause osteoarthritis, too.

• #5 Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12061-arthritis

  Arthritis is a disease that causes damage in your joints. Joints are places in your body where two bones meet. […] Some types of arthritis happen after injuries that damage a joint. Certain health conditions also cause arthritis. […] Depending on which type of arthritis you have, it can break down the natural tissue in your joint (degeneration) or cause inflammation (swelling). Some types cause inflammation that leads to degeneration. […] What causes arthritis varies depending on which type you have: Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. You may develop gout if you have too much uric acid in your blood (hyperuricemia). Your immune system can cause arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis) when it damages your joints by mistake. Certain viral infections (including COVID-19) can trigger viral arthritis. Sometimes, arthritis happens with no cause or trigger. Providers call this idiopathic arthritis.

• #6 Arthritis: What is it, what causes it and how to treat it? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/orthopaedics-articles/2021/september/preserving-joint-health

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis, and is often blamed on wear and tear. […] We think that theres largely a genetic predisposition for osteoarthritis. There are components of wear and tear, but thats not the driving force. The arthritis is more likely caused because of the way your cartilage was designed. […] Besides genetics, other factors that can contribute to arthritis include major injuries at or around the joint. Breaking a bone or a ligament injury may increase the risk of developing arthritis. […] Stress on the joint also contributes to the development of arthritis. Obesity is the most common cause of increased stress on the joints. Inflammation plays a role in the process of arthritis as well, and some forms of arthritis are considered more inflammatory in nature. […] There is a complex relationship between genetics, injury and mechanical stress, all of which are thought to contribute to the development of arthritis in the joint.

• #7 Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/arthritis-of-the-foot-and-ankle/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system attacks its own tissues. In rheumatoid arthritis, immune cells attack the synovium covering the joint, causing it to swell. Over time, the synovium invades and damages the bone and cartilage, as well as ligaments and tendons, and may cause serious joint deformity and disability. […] The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known. Although it is not an inherited disease, researchers believe that some people have genes that make them more susceptible. There is usually a trigger, such as an infection or environmental factor, which activates the genes. When the body is exposed to this trigger, the immune system begins to produce substances that attack the joints. […] Posttraumatic arthritis can develop after an injury to the foot or ankle. Dislocations and fractures particularly those that damage the joint surface are the most common injuries that lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Like osteoarthritis, posttraumatic arthritis causes the cartilage between the joints to wear away. It can develop many years after the initial injury. […] An injured joint is about seven times more likely than an uninjured joint to become arthritic, even if the injury is properly treated. In fact, following an injury, your body may actually secrete (release) hormones that stimulate the death of cartilage cells.

• #8 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the many tissues of the joint. […] Factors that may contribute to the development of OA include Age. The risk of developing OA increases with age and symptoms generally, but not always, appear in people over 50. […] Joint injury. A bone fracture or cartilage or ligament tear can lead to OA, sometimes more quickly than in cases where there is not an obvious injury. […] Overuse. Using the same joints over and over in a job or sport can result in OA. […] Obesity. Excess weight adds stress and pressure on a joint, plus fats cells promote inflammation. […] Musculoskeletal abnormalities. Malalignment of bone or joint structures can contribute to faster development of OA. […] Weak muscles. If muscles dont provide adequate joint support, poor alignment can result, which can lead to OA.

• #9 Arthritis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/arthritis.html

  Risk factors that may be changed include: Weight. Being overweight or obese can damage your knee joints. This can make them more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Injury. A joint that has been damaged by an injury is more likely to develop arthritis at some point. Infection. Reactive arthritis can affect joints after an infection. Your job. Work that involves repeated bending or squatting can lead to knee arthritis.

• #10 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the many tissues of the joint. […] Factors that may contribute to the development of OA include Age. The risk of developing OA increases with age and symptoms generally, but not always, appear in people over 50. […] Joint injury. A bone fracture or cartilage or ligament tear can lead to OA, sometimes more quickly than in cases where there is not an obvious injury. […] Overuse. Using the same joints over and over in a job or sport can result in OA. […] Obesity. Excess weight adds stress and pressure on a joint, plus fats cells promote inflammation. […] Musculoskeletal abnormalities. Malalignment of bone or joint structures can contribute to faster development of OA. […] Weak muscles. If muscles dont provide adequate joint support, poor alignment can result, which can lead to OA.

• #11 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Arthritis is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation in the joint. Arthritis may attribute to a wide variety of symptoms that include pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and joint deformities. […] The etiology of arthritis varies with the type of arthritis. In osteoarthritis, the major contributory factors include advancing age, female sex, joint trauma, and obesity. Some genetic factors have been described such as mutations in genes encoding types II, IV, V, and VI collagens. […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), on the other hand, is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disorder. An interplay between several genetic factors (HLADRB1 and others) and environmental factors (smoking) leads to activation and dysfunction of the immune system leading to inflammation in RA. […] In Gout, prolonged hyperuricemia leads to uric acid deposition in joints, which then leads to joint inflammation. There are several genetic mutations that can cause hyperuricemia, although this accounts for less than 10% of gout. The majority of patients with gout are under-excretors ie. they are not able to get rid of all the uric acid that is produced in them as a result of endogenous or exogenous purine metabolism.

• #12 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Genetics. People with family members who have OA are more likely to develop it. […] Gender. Women are more likely to develop OA than men. […] Environmental Factors. Modifiable environmental risk factors include things like someones occupation, level of physical activity, quadriceps strength, presence or absence of prior joint injury, obesity, diet, sex hormones, and bone density.

• #13 Arthritis: What is it, what causes it and how to treat it? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/orthopaedics-articles/2021/september/preserving-joint-health

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis, and is often blamed on wear and tear. […] We think that theres largely a genetic predisposition for osteoarthritis. There are components of wear and tear, but thats not the driving force. The arthritis is more likely caused because of the way your cartilage was designed. […] Besides genetics, other factors that can contribute to arthritis include major injuries at or around the joint. Breaking a bone or a ligament injury may increase the risk of developing arthritis. […] Stress on the joint also contributes to the development of arthritis. Obesity is the most common cause of increased stress on the joints. Inflammation plays a role in the process of arthritis as well, and some forms of arthritis are considered more inflammatory in nature. […] There is a complex relationship between genetics, injury and mechanical stress, all of which are thought to contribute to the development of arthritis in the joint.

• #14 Arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

  Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. […] Osteoarthritis causes cartilage the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint to break down. […] Uric acid crystals, which form when there’s too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis. […] The two main types of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis damage joints in different ways. […] The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to a joint’s cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. […] Osteoarthritis also causes changes in the bones and deterioration of the connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and hold the joint together. […] In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts.

• #15 Inflammatory Arthritis: Rheumatoid, Reactive & Others | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_inflammatory-arthritis.asp

  Inflammatory arthritis is joint inflammation caused by an overactive immune system. […] Inflammatory arthritis is caused by different joint processes from those in osteoarthritis. […] In some kinds of inflammatory arthritis, this joint lining inflammation has a known cause, such as an infection, but in most cases the specific cause is not known. […] Genetics plays a large part in determining who will get inflammatory arthritis. […] Inflammatory arthritis diseases can be diagnosed in patients as young as age 20 or 30. […] Inflammatory arthritis is more common in females than in males, and ongoing studies are searching for reasons for this. […] The goals of treatment are to get rid of joint pain and prevent permanent joint damage. […] The importance of proper diagnosis, particularly in the early stages of the disease, may prevent serious, lifelong arthritic complications.

• #16 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. […] RA is theorized to develop when a genetically susceptible individual (eg, a carrier of HLA-DR4 or HLA-DR1) experiences an external factor (eg, cigarette smoking, infection, trauma) that triggers an autoimmune reaction. […] The cause of RA is unknown. Genetic, environmental, hormonal, immunologic, and infectious factors may play significant roles. […] Genetic factors account for 50% of the risk for developing RA. […] About 60% of RA patients in the United States carry a shared epitope of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR4 cluster, which constitutes one of the peptide-binding sites of certain HLA-DR molecules associated with RA. […] Some investigators suggest that the future of treatment and understanding of RA may be based on imprinting and epigenetics.

• #17 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes joint inflammation and pain. It happens when the immune system doesnt work properly and attacks the lining of the joints, called the synovium. […] Researchers arent sure why people develop RA. They believe these individuals may have certain genes that are activated by a trigger in the environment, such as a virus or bacteria, physical or emotional stress or some other external factor. […] In a healthy person, the immune system fights invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. With an autoimmune disease like RA, the immune system mistakes the bodys cells for foreign invaders and releases inflammatory chemicals that attack those cells.

• #18 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The underlying mechanism involves the body’s immune system attacking the joints. […] This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. […] Despite the strong genetic components of the disease, identical twin studies have shown only 12-15% concordance for twins raised in separate households. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis most likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, in a majority of cases. […] There are established epigenetic and environmental risk factors for RA. […] Smoking is an established risk factor for RA in Caucasian populations, increasing the risk three times compared to non-smokers, particularly in men, heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive.

• #19 Rheumatoid arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Rheumatoid arthritis develops because of a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as smoking and diet. It is unclear what the genetic link is, but it is thought that having a relative with the condition increases your chance of developing the condition. […] Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. If you eat a lot of red meat and don’t consume much vitamin C, you may have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] We’re currently funding research projects to find out what causes rheumatoid arthritis, and to develop new and improved treatments. For example: our centre for genetics and genomics is trying to understand how genetic factors determine whether certain people are at risk of developing inflammatory arthritis, and what happens when they do; our rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis centre of excellence is looking at why rheumatoid arthritis starts, why it attacks the joints, and why the inflammation carries on rather than switching off.

• #20 Rheumatoid arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353648

  Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks its own body’s tissues by mistake. This is called an autoimmune condition. […] Experts don’t know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. But it’s a condition in which the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue by mistake, called autoimmune. […] The cause is likely a mix of genetic changes and factors from outside the body, called environmental. Hormones may play a role. An infection with certain viruses may start rheumatoid arthritis in people whose genes make them more likely to get it.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/causes/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition, which means it’s caused by the immune system attacking healthy body tissue. However, it’s not yet known what triggers this. […] Various theories of why the immune system attacks the joints have been suggested, such as an infection being a trigger, but none of these theories has been proven. […] There are several things that may increase your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, including: your genes there’s some evidence that rheumatoid arthritis can run in families, although the risk of inheriting it is thought to be low as genes are only thought to play a small role in the condition […] hormones rheumatoid arthritis is more common in women than men, which may be because of the effects of the hormone oestrogen, although this link has not been proven […] smoking some evidence suggests that people who smoke have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.

• #22 Rheumatoid Arthritis | RA | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/rheumatoidarthritis.html

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in your joints. RA is an autoimmune disease. […] No one knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. A few things that might play a part in getting RA include: […] Your genes are parts of DNA in your cells that are passed down from your parents. Certain genes may increase your risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis, but not everyone with these genes gets RA. […] The environment, which includes things such as cigarette smoke, sometimes triggers RA symptoms. […] Researchers think that sex hormones might play a role in getting RA. Women are more likely to develop the disease, and RA symptoms may change during and after pregnancy.

• #23 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes joint inflammation and pain. It happens when the immune system doesnt work properly and attacks the lining of the joints, called the synovium. […] Researchers arent sure why people develop RA. They believe these individuals may have certain genes that are activated by a trigger in the environment, such as a virus or bacteria, physical or emotional stress or some other external factor. […] In a healthy person, the immune system fights invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. With an autoimmune disease like RA, the immune system mistakes the bodys cells for foreign invaders and releases inflammatory chemicals that attack those cells.

• #24 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The underlying mechanism involves the body’s immune system attacking the joints. […] This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. […] Despite the strong genetic components of the disease, identical twin studies have shown only 12-15% concordance for twins raised in separate households. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis most likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, in a majority of cases. […] There are established epigenetic and environmental risk factors for RA. […] Smoking is an established risk factor for RA in Caucasian populations, increasing the risk three times compared to non-smokers, particularly in men, heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. […] The causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Risk factors include smoking, obesity and exposure to air pollution. Women and older people have a higher risk of developing RA. […] The specific causes for the disease are still unknown, but several modifiable lifestyle-associated (smoking, obesity) and non-modifiable (genetics, female gender, age) risk factors have been identified. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. In particular, reducing exposure to inhaled silica, dusts and occupational risks, and lifestyle related behaviours (e.g., prevention of/stop smoking, healthy nutrition, physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, maintaining good dental hygiene) play an important role.

• #26 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  For many decades, numerous infectious agents have been suggested as potential causes of RA, including Mycoplasma organisms, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and rubella virus. […] Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] Dietary risk factors for RA include red meat intake, vitamin D deficiency, excessive coffee consumption, and high salt intake. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA. […] T cells are assumed to play a pivotal role in the initiation of RA, and the key player in this respect is assumed to be the T helper 1 (Th1) CD4 cells. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts.

• #27 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  For many decades, numerous infectious agents have been suggested as potential causes of RA, including Mycoplasma organisms, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and rubella virus. […] Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] Dietary risk factors for RA include red meat intake, vitamin D deficiency, excessive coffee consumption, and high salt intake. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA. […] T cells are assumed to play a pivotal role in the initiation of RA, and the key player in this respect is assumed to be the T helper 1 (Th1) CD4 cells. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts.

• #28 Arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

  Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. […] Osteoarthritis causes cartilage the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint to break down. […] Uric acid crystals, which form when there’s too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis. […] The two main types of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis damage joints in different ways. […] The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to a joint’s cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. […] Osteoarthritis also causes changes in the bones and deterioration of the connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and hold the joint together. […] In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts.

• #29 Acute Monoarthritis: Diagnosis in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1115/p810.html

  Acute monoarthritis can be the initial manifestation of many joint disorders. The most common diagnoses in the primary care setting are osteoarthritis, gout, and trauma. […] Any condition that may cause joint pathology can initially present as monoarthritis, resulting in a broad differential diagnosis. Because of this, monoarthritis has no unifying etiology. The most common diagnoses in the primary care setting are osteoarthritis, gout, and trauma. […] Gout is a common disorder with a 3% prevalence worldwide. It accounts for more than 7 million ambulatory visits in the United States annually. Crystal-induced arthritis presents as a rapidly developing monoarthritis with swelling and erythema, and most commonly involves the first metatarsophalangeal joint. […] Infection is a common etiology of joint pain. When infection is suspected in the presence of a joint effusion or inflammation, arthrocentesis should be performed, in addition to further laboratory testing as indicated.

• #30 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Arthritis is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation in the joint. Arthritis may attribute to a wide variety of symptoms that include pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and joint deformities. […] The etiology of arthritis varies with the type of arthritis. In osteoarthritis, the major contributory factors include advancing age, female sex, joint trauma, and obesity. Some genetic factors have been described such as mutations in genes encoding types II, IV, V, and VI collagens. […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), on the other hand, is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disorder. An interplay between several genetic factors (HLADRB1 and others) and environmental factors (smoking) leads to activation and dysfunction of the immune system leading to inflammation in RA. […] In Gout, prolonged hyperuricemia leads to uric acid deposition in joints, which then leads to joint inflammation. There are several genetic mutations that can cause hyperuricemia, although this accounts for less than 10% of gout. The majority of patients with gout are under-excretors ie. they are not able to get rid of all the uric acid that is produced in them as a result of endogenous or exogenous purine metabolism.

• #31 Types of Arthritis

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/most-common-arthritis-types

  Arthritis is a disease that causes damage to the joints in your body. Although the condition is extremely common in people over 50, it’s unclear what causes every type of arthritis. Some forms are caused by normal wear and tear with age, while others are triggered by autoimmune conditions, meaning your body’s immune system is attacking your joints by mistake. Even certain viruses including COVID-19 can cause viral arthritis. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes RA. Some experts believe the immune system becomes „confused” after an infection with a bacteria or virus and starts to attack your joints. This battle can spread to other areas of the body. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes lupus, but something makes your immune system go awry. Instead of attacking viruses and other invaders, it starts to cause inflammation and pain throughout your body, affecting everything from your joints to your organs and even your brain. […] Gout results from one of three things: Your body is making more uric acid. Your kidneys cant process the uric acid your body makes. Youre eating too many foods that raise uric acid levels.

• #32 Arthritis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/arthritis-causes-and-risk-factors-2549243

  Certain infections around the joint, whether bacterial or viral, lead to the deterioration of cartilage or the formation of skin lesions that penetrate the joint and synovial membrane. […] Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and lupus are among the types of inflammatory arthritis in which your immune system attacks your own tissues. What causes this to happen is unclear and may be due to several factors, including genetic predisposition, infections, or environmental exposures. […] Genetics seem to play a key role the development of certain types of arthritis, although the association is still not fully understood. A family history can suggest an increased risk depending on the type of arthritis involved. […] Gout, defined by a problem with the production and elimination of uric acid, is also influenced by genetics.

• #33 WHAT CAUSES ARTHRITIS?: Pain Medicine Group: Interventional Pain Medicine

  https://www.painmedicinegroup.com/blog/what-causes-arthritis

  Some forms of arthritis are genetic, which means they can be handed down through a family. […] Most forms of arthritis affect people as they age, and have accumulated damage to their joints over many years. […] Women are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis, while men are more prone to gout. […] Those who have injured a joint before, such as while playing a sport or in an accident, are more likely to develop arthritis later in that joint. […] Extra weight can cause stress on your back, hips, knees, and other joints. […] A diet high in uric acid- and purine-rich foods can encourage the growth of urate crystals, which may lead to gout attacks over time. […] Some diuretics and low-dose aspirin, which can be used to treat high blood pressure, can increase uric acid levels.

• #34 WHAT CAUSES ARTHRITIS?: Pain Medicine Group: Interventional Pain Medicine

  https://www.painmedicinegroup.com/blog/what-causes-arthritis

  Some forms of arthritis are genetic, which means they can be handed down through a family. […] Most forms of arthritis affect people as they age, and have accumulated damage to their joints over many years. […] Women are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis, while men are more prone to gout. […] Those who have injured a joint before, such as while playing a sport or in an accident, are more likely to develop arthritis later in that joint. […] Extra weight can cause stress on your back, hips, knees, and other joints. […] A diet high in uric acid- and purine-rich foods can encourage the growth of urate crystals, which may lead to gout attacks over time. […] Some diuretics and low-dose aspirin, which can be used to treat high blood pressure, can increase uric acid levels.

• #35 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Arthritis is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation in the joint. Arthritis may attribute to a wide variety of symptoms that include pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and joint deformities. […] The etiology of arthritis varies with the type of arthritis. In osteoarthritis, the major contributory factors include advancing age, female sex, joint trauma, and obesity. Some genetic factors have been described such as mutations in genes encoding types II, IV, V, and VI collagens. […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), on the other hand, is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disorder. An interplay between several genetic factors (HLADRB1 and others) and environmental factors (smoking) leads to activation and dysfunction of the immune system leading to inflammation in RA. […] In Gout, prolonged hyperuricemia leads to uric acid deposition in joints, which then leads to joint inflammation. There are several genetic mutations that can cause hyperuricemia, although this accounts for less than 10% of gout. The majority of patients with gout are under-excretors ie. they are not able to get rid of all the uric acid that is produced in them as a result of endogenous or exogenous purine metabolism.

• #36 Septic arthritis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/septic-arthritis-in-adults

  Septic arthritis is usually caused by bacteria but can also be caused by other microorganisms. […] Septic arthritis due to bacterial infection is often a destructive form of acute arthritis and has a 5 to 15 percent mortality. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of septic arthritis of native joints due to typical bacteria are reviewed here. […] Issues related to gonococcal arthritis, lyme arthritis, and viral causes of arthritis are discussed separately.

• #37 Infectious Arthritis | UW Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine

  https://orthop.washington.edu/patient-care/articles/arthritis/infectious-arthritis.html

  Infectious arthritis is a form of arthritis that is produced by an infection. It is also called „septic arthritis.” […] Infectious arthritis may be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. […] Most types of infectious arthritis are caused by bacteria. […] Infectious arthritis can also be caused by viruses. […] Fungi are the least common cause of infectious arthritis. […] The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can also cause infectious arthritis.

• #38 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Septic arthritis is acute arthritis that is rare in the general population, but patients with pre-existing risk factors such as immunodeficiency, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, prosthetic joints, rheumatoid arthritis, and intravenous drug abuse are at a higher risk. […] Arthritis can frequently be seen in patients with other autoimmune diseases and is one of the most common clinical features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Other diseases frequently associated with arthritis include inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, Sjogren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), etc.

• #39 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Septic arthritis is acute arthritis that is rare in the general population, but patients with pre-existing risk factors such as immunodeficiency, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, prosthetic joints, rheumatoid arthritis, and intravenous drug abuse are at a higher risk. […] Arthritis can frequently be seen in patients with other autoimmune diseases and is one of the most common clinical features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Other diseases frequently associated with arthritis include inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, Sjogren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), etc.

• #40 Acute Monoarthritis: Diagnosis in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1115/p810.html

  Septic arthritis is a key consideration in adults presenting with acute monoarthritis, particularly in the presence of joint pain, erythema, warmth, and immobility. The most important risk factors for septic arthritis are a prosthetic joint, skin infection, joint surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, and renal disease. […] Less common causes of monoarthritis include systemic diseases such as spondyloarthropathies (e.g., psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis), sarcoidosis, Behet syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatic diseases and corticosteroid use can cause avascular necrosis of the bone.

• #41 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Septic arthritis is acute arthritis that is rare in the general population, but patients with pre-existing risk factors such as immunodeficiency, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, prosthetic joints, rheumatoid arthritis, and intravenous drug abuse are at a higher risk. […] Arthritis can frequently be seen in patients with other autoimmune diseases and is one of the most common clinical features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Other diseases frequently associated with arthritis include inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, Sjogren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), etc.

• #42 Understanding Arthritis: Causes, Types, and Risk Factors | Ability Central

  https://abilitycentral.org/article/understanding-arthritis-causes-types-and-risk-factors

  Viral arthritis. Complications from certain viruses, like the flu or COVID-19, can lead to arthritis symptoms in certain joints. […] Septic arthritis. Severe infections like staph, MRSA, streptococci, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can travel through the bloodstream and spread to the joints. […] Another type of arthritis is called idiopathic arthritis. This kind of arthritis occurs with no known cause or trigger. […] Arthritis risk factors include: Genetics. Some types of arthritis run in families. […] Age. The risk of many types of arthritis increases with age, especially after age 50. […] Sex. Women are more likely than men to develop RA, while men are more susceptible to gout. […] Injury. People who have injured a joint are more likely to eventually develop arthritis in that joint. […] Weight. Because extra weight puts stress and pressure on the joints, people with obesity have a higher risk of developing arthritis.

• #43 What is Arthritis & What Causes it? | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/arthritis

  There are many different types of arthritis with different causes and treatments. […] Reactive arthritis is caused by an infection in your body. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune form of arthritis where the immune system attacks the healthy joint tissues.

• #44 Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/arthritis

  Psoriatic arthritis causes inflammation, pain, and swelling of joints in some people who have psoriasis (a skin condition). […] Reactive arthritis means that you develop inflammation in joints after you have had an infection in some other part of the body. […] Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an unusual condition in which joint inflammation occurs in children under the age of 16 years.

• #45 Causes of Sudden Onset Joint Pain

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/acute-arthritis-joint-pain-5115915

  Sudden onset joint pain can be due to a newly acquired condition or a long-term disease that flares up to cause sudden pain. […] An arthritis diagnosis is common, especially as people age and experience osteoarthritis. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the immune system attacking joint tissues. […] Acute inflammatory arthritis refers to a group of diseases triggered by an overactive immune system that typically attacks several joints (and perhaps other systems in your body) at the same time. […] Septic arthritis refers to joint infection caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. […] Reactive arthritis happens in response to an infection, usually a sexually transmitted or food-borne bacterial infection. […] Bacterial arthritis develops over hours or days. […] Gout is an extremely painful condition caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints.

• #46 Causes of Sudden Onset Joint Pain

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/acute-arthritis-joint-pain-5115915

  Sudden onset joint pain can be due to a newly acquired condition or a long-term disease that flares up to cause sudden pain. […] An arthritis diagnosis is common, especially as people age and experience osteoarthritis. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the immune system attacking joint tissues. […] Acute inflammatory arthritis refers to a group of diseases triggered by an overactive immune system that typically attacks several joints (and perhaps other systems in your body) at the same time. […] Septic arthritis refers to joint infection caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. […] Reactive arthritis happens in response to an infection, usually a sexually transmitted or food-borne bacterial infection. […] Bacterial arthritis develops over hours or days. […] Gout is an extremely painful condition caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints.

• #47 Types of Arthritis

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/most-common-arthritis-types

  Arthritis is a disease that causes damage to the joints in your body. Although the condition is extremely common in people over 50, it’s unclear what causes every type of arthritis. Some forms are caused by normal wear and tear with age, while others are triggered by autoimmune conditions, meaning your body’s immune system is attacking your joints by mistake. Even certain viruses including COVID-19 can cause viral arthritis. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes RA. Some experts believe the immune system becomes „confused” after an infection with a bacteria or virus and starts to attack your joints. This battle can spread to other areas of the body. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes lupus, but something makes your immune system go awry. Instead of attacking viruses and other invaders, it starts to cause inflammation and pain throughout your body, affecting everything from your joints to your organs and even your brain. […] Gout results from one of three things: Your body is making more uric acid. Your kidneys cant process the uric acid your body makes. Youre eating too many foods that raise uric acid levels.

• #48 Viral arthritis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2013/november/viral-arthritis

  Viral arthritis is typically self-limiting and requires no specific intervention. […] Arthritis may be a manifestation of an important treatable viral infection, such as hepatitis or HIV. […] Some viruses have a predilection for the joints and result in prolonged symptoms. […] Early systemic inflammatory arthritis can be difficult to differentiate from viral arthritis and should be actively considered in all patients. […] Although suspected of contributing to the triggering of rheumatic disease, there is no evidence that viruses cause autoimmune disease or destructive arthritis.

• #49 Living with Inflammatory Arthritis: What You Need to Know | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_living-with-inflammatory-arthritis.asp

  Inflammatory arthritis describes a group of diseases caused by an overactive immune system. […] While its not known what causes inflammatory arthritis in every patient, what is known is that the immune system does not know when to put on the brakes. […] But in someone with inflammatory arthritis, the immune response does not know when to stop. […] For this reason, inflammatory arthritis is known as an „autoimmune disease” auto meaning „self” and immune because the immune system loses its ability to distinguish self from foreign. […] Causes: Autoimmune disease related to body-wide inflammation. […] Other autoimmune diseases can cause inflammatory arthritis as a symptom. Examples include Sjogrens syndrome and lupus.

• #50 Arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatment | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/arthritis/

  Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of spondyloarthritis and it causes pain and swelling, mainly around the joints of the spine. […] In this condition, in response to inflammation around the spine, the body can create more of the mineral calcium. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an auto-immune condition. It is also a type of spondyloarthritis. […] The bodys immune system can cause painful swelling and stiffness within and around joints, as well as a red scaly skin rash called psoriasis. […] If someone is diagnosed with inflammatory arthritis before their sixteenth birthday, its called juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or JIA. […] There are different types of JIA. They are auto-immune conditions, and the immune system can cause pain and swelling in joints.

• #51 About Psoriatic Arthritis

  https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriatic-arthritis/

  Like psoriasis, scientists do not know all the causes of psoriatic arthritis. The immune system and genetics play a role in the development of psoriatic arthritis. The chance of developing psoriatic arthritis is higher for people who have a family member living with psoriatic arthritis. […] For others, they may develop psoriatic arthritis because of an overactive immune system response triggered by a number of factors.

• #52 Arthritis: Symptoms, Types, Causes and Treatment | Ada Health

  https://ada.com/conditions/arthritis/

  Arthritis has many possible causes, such as age-related wear and tear, autoimmune conditions, infections and injuries. […] The most common form of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis. […] The condition is caused by damage to or breakdown of joint cartilage, a connective tissue that covers the ends of long bones at the joints, as well as other areas of the joint. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an autoimmune condition thought to be triggered by a combination of genetic, immune and environmental factors, such as certain infections and joint injury. […] The cause of the condition is unknown, but there is normally a genetic component. […] It is not known exactly what causes the autoimmune condition, but it is associated with inherited factors and may be triggered by infection. […] Certain risk factors may increase the chance of developing arthritis. Genetic factors and family history are among the risk factors for many types of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. There are specific genes associated with certain types of arthritis, such as HLA-B27 and HLA-DR4. Some types of arthritis are considered to be caused by a result of interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors.

• #53 Arthritis: Symptoms, Types, Causes and Treatment | Ada Health

  https://ada.com/conditions/arthritis/

  Arthritis has many possible causes, such as age-related wear and tear, autoimmune conditions, infections and injuries. […] The most common form of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis. […] The condition is caused by damage to or breakdown of joint cartilage, a connective tissue that covers the ends of long bones at the joints, as well as other areas of the joint. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an autoimmune condition thought to be triggered by a combination of genetic, immune and environmental factors, such as certain infections and joint injury. […] The cause of the condition is unknown, but there is normally a genetic component. […] It is not known exactly what causes the autoimmune condition, but it is associated with inherited factors and may be triggered by infection. […] Certain risk factors may increase the chance of developing arthritis. Genetic factors and family history are among the risk factors for many types of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. There are specific genes associated with certain types of arthritis, such as HLA-B27 and HLA-DR4. Some types of arthritis are considered to be caused by a result of interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors.

• #54 Arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatment | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/arthritis/

  Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of spondyloarthritis and it causes pain and swelling, mainly around the joints of the spine. […] In this condition, in response to inflammation around the spine, the body can create more of the mineral calcium. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an auto-immune condition. It is also a type of spondyloarthritis. […] The bodys immune system can cause painful swelling and stiffness within and around joints, as well as a red scaly skin rash called psoriasis. […] If someone is diagnosed with inflammatory arthritis before their sixteenth birthday, its called juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or JIA. […] There are different types of JIA. They are auto-immune conditions, and the immune system can cause pain and swelling in joints.

• #55 3 Main Types of Arthritis—Rheumatoid, Psoriatic and Osteoarthritis

  https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/arthritis-3-main-types-rheumatoid-psoriatic-osteoarthritis

  The exact cause of RA is unknown, but its likely linked to genetics. […] Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is also a chronic autoimmune disease, causing the immune system to attack the body’s healthy tissue, including tissue of the skin and joints. […] Like RA, the cause of PsA isn’t known, but its believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as an infection, for example, that can trigger a flare-up of symptoms.

• #56 Arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatment | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/arthritis/

  Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of spondyloarthritis and it causes pain and swelling, mainly around the joints of the spine. […] In this condition, in response to inflammation around the spine, the body can create more of the mineral calcium. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an auto-immune condition. It is also a type of spondyloarthritis. […] The bodys immune system can cause painful swelling and stiffness within and around joints, as well as a red scaly skin rash called psoriasis. […] If someone is diagnosed with inflammatory arthritis before their sixteenth birthday, its called juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or JIA. […] There are different types of JIA. They are auto-immune conditions, and the immune system can cause pain and swelling in joints.

• #57 Most Common Types of Arthritis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/chronic-diseases/arthritis/most-common-types-arthritis.html

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and usually affects the joints of the hands, feet, hips, knees, and spine. Although once thought to be caused by the wear and tear of aging, we now know that OA is due to abnormal joint loading (from obesity and joint injury) and systemic factors (such as genes, inflammation, aging, and sex). […] Gout is a type of arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the body that is not adequately flushed out by the kidneys. […] Chronic arthritis in children and adolescents, called juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is a chronic disorder associated with serious disability for many of those affected.

• #58 Arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatment | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/arthritis/

  Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of spondyloarthritis and it causes pain and swelling, mainly around the joints of the spine. […] In this condition, in response to inflammation around the spine, the body can create more of the mineral calcium. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an auto-immune condition. It is also a type of spondyloarthritis. […] The bodys immune system can cause painful swelling and stiffness within and around joints, as well as a red scaly skin rash called psoriasis. […] If someone is diagnosed with inflammatory arthritis before their sixteenth birthday, its called juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or JIA. […] There are different types of JIA. They are auto-immune conditions, and the immune system can cause pain and swelling in joints.

• #59 Arthritis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/arthritis.html

  Arthritis means redness and swelling (inflammation) of a joint. […] The cause depends on the type of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint over time or because of overuse. Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma are caused by the bodys immune system attacking the bodys own tissues. Gout is caused by the buildup of crystals in the joints. Some forms of arthritis can be linked to genes. People with genetic marker HLA-B27 have a higher risk for ankylosing spondylitis. For some other forms of arthritis, the cause is not known. […] Some risk factors for arthritis that cant be changed include: Age. The older you are, the more likely you are to have arthritis. Gender. Women are more likely to have arthritis than men. Heredity. Some types of arthritis are linked to certain genes.

• #60 Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/understanding-arthritis-treatment

  What Causes Arthritis? The cause of many types of arthritis is unknown. Researchers are looking into the role of genetics (heredity) and lifestyle in the development of arthritis. […] There are several things that may raise your risk for arthritis, including: Age. Over time, your joints tend to get worn down. That’s why the risk of developing arthritis, especially osteoarthritis, goes up with age. […] Genes. Certain types of arthritis run in families. Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and ankylosing spondylitis, for example, are linked to certain genes. […] Injuries. They can cause joint damage that can bring on some types of the condition. […] Infection. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi can infect joints and trigger inflammation. […] Work. Some jobs that use repetitive movements or heavy lifting can stress the joints or cause an injury, which can lead to arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis.

• #61 Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12061-arthritis

  Anyone can develop arthritis, but some factors may make you more likely to, including: Tobacco use: Smoking and using other tobacco products increases your risk. Family history: People whose biological family members have arthritis are more likely to develop it. Activity level: You might be more likely to have arthritis if you aren’t physically active regularly. Other health conditions: Having autoimmune diseases, obesity or any condition that affects your joints increases the chances you’ll develop arthritis. […] In general, osteoarthritis affects adults older than 50. Rheumatoid arthritis usually develops in adults age 30 to 60. […] There’s no cure for arthritis, but your healthcare provider will help you find treatments that manage your symptoms. Which treatments you’ll need depend on what’s causing the arthritis, which type you have and which joints it affects.

• #62 Arthritis – causes, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/arthritis

  Arthritis is the name for a group of conditions that affect the joints in your body. […] It causes damage to your joints, usually resulting in discomfort and pain. […] The exact cause of many types of arthritis are not fully known. Genetic factors may be involved. […] Many forms of arthritis are caused by problems with your immune system. Other forms of arthritis, such as gout, are caused by a metabolic condition. […] Some factors that may increase your risk of arthritis are: increasing age, having a family history of arthritis, obesity or being overweight, smoking, activities that involve repetitive movements of a joint, previous damage to a joint, such as from an injury.

• #63 Arthritis: Symptoms, Types, Causes and Treatment | Ada Health

  https://ada.com/conditions/arthritis/

  Arthritis has many possible causes, such as age-related wear and tear, autoimmune conditions, infections and injuries. […] The most common form of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis. […] The condition is caused by damage to or breakdown of joint cartilage, a connective tissue that covers the ends of long bones at the joints, as well as other areas of the joint. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an autoimmune condition thought to be triggered by a combination of genetic, immune and environmental factors, such as certain infections and joint injury. […] The cause of the condition is unknown, but there is normally a genetic component. […] It is not known exactly what causes the autoimmune condition, but it is associated with inherited factors and may be triggered by infection. […] Certain risk factors may increase the chance of developing arthritis. Genetic factors and family history are among the risk factors for many types of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. There are specific genes associated with certain types of arthritis, such as HLA-B27 and HLA-DR4. Some types of arthritis are considered to be caused by a result of interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors.

• #64 Causes and Risk Factors of Arthritis

  https://www.health.com/arthritis-causes-8668653

  Gout is a type of arthritis that causes pain and tenderness. It most commonly affects the big toe. Gout is caused by urate crystals that build up in the joints. Urate is an organic compound that may trigger inflammation in the body. […] There is a link between infections and arthritis. Reactive arthritis and septic arthritis are two types of arthritis that can develop following an infection. […] Researchers believe some types of arthritis can be hereditary. For example, up to 60% of RA cases can be linked to genetics, specifically the HLA class II genes. […] More than 100 different DNA variants have been linked to osteoarthritis. These DNA variances may be responsible for about 20% of the genetic material influencing your risk of developing arthritis. […] Arthritis is a disease caused by both genetics and environmental conditions. The cause of your arthritis can determine which type of arthritis you have. Certain risk factors can increase your chance of developing arthritis, including your age, occupation, and history of infection.

• #65 Causes and Risk Factors of Arthritis

  https://www.health.com/arthritis-causes-8668653

  Gout is a type of arthritis that causes pain and tenderness. It most commonly affects the big toe. Gout is caused by urate crystals that build up in the joints. Urate is an organic compound that may trigger inflammation in the body. […] There is a link between infections and arthritis. Reactive arthritis and septic arthritis are two types of arthritis that can develop following an infection. […] Researchers believe some types of arthritis can be hereditary. For example, up to 60% of RA cases can be linked to genetics, specifically the HLA class II genes. […] More than 100 different DNA variants have been linked to osteoarthritis. These DNA variances may be responsible for about 20% of the genetic material influencing your risk of developing arthritis. […] Arthritis is a disease caused by both genetics and environmental conditions. The cause of your arthritis can determine which type of arthritis you have. Certain risk factors can increase your chance of developing arthritis, including your age, occupation, and history of infection.

• #66 Arthritis Risk Factors | Arthritis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/risk-factors/index.html

  Some types of arthritis may be more likely to affect men, while other types may be more likely to affect women. […] The reasons for these sex differences are not well understood. […] Arthritis can happen at any age, but your risk of getting arthritis increases as you get older. […] You may be more likely to develop certain types of arthritis if you have a family history or family member with arthritis. […] People who have overweight or obesity are more likely to get knee osteoarthritis. […] Smoking can increase your risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis and can make arthritis worse. […] Some infections cause joints to swell, become red, or feel warm—all of which can increase the risk of arthritis. […] Some joint injuries can increase risk of osteoarthritis later in life in the same joint. […] People who served in the military, or veterans, are more likely to have arthritis.

• #67 Arthritis: What It Is, Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/bone-and-joint/arthritis-what-it-is-causes-types-symptoms-treatment

  Infections: Microbial agents such as bacteria and viruses may cause infections in the joints, which may lead to some types of arthritis. […] Injury or overuse: Constantly bending or placing ongoing stress on joints with repetitive motions may damage them and lead to the development of osteoarthritis in those joints. […] Smoking: Cigarette smoking may increase your risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis, and if you have RA, smoking may make your disease worse. […] Age: The older you are, the more wear and tear on your joints, and the more susceptible you become to arthritis. […] Gender: Women are at greater risk for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. Men are at greater risk of developing gout. […] Genes: Experts believe there is a link between specific genes and the likelihood of developing some types of arthritis such as RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ankylosing spondylitis. No one knows why certain genes put those who have them at higher risk or why these genes may make some people’s arthritis worse.

• #68 Arthritis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/arthritis.html

  Arthritis means redness and swelling (inflammation) of a joint. […] The cause depends on the type of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint over time or because of overuse. Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma are caused by the bodys immune system attacking the bodys own tissues. Gout is caused by the buildup of crystals in the joints. Some forms of arthritis can be linked to genes. People with genetic marker HLA-B27 have a higher risk for ankylosing spondylitis. For some other forms of arthritis, the cause is not known. […] Some risk factors for arthritis that cant be changed include: Age. The older you are, the more likely you are to have arthritis. Gender. Women are more likely to have arthritis than men. Heredity. Some types of arthritis are linked to certain genes.

• #69

• #70

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/causes/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition, which means it’s caused by the immune system attacking healthy body tissue. However, it’s not yet known what triggers this. […] Various theories of why the immune system attacks the joints have been suggested, such as an infection being a trigger, but none of these theories has been proven. […] There are several things that may increase your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, including: your genes there’s some evidence that rheumatoid arthritis can run in families, although the risk of inheriting it is thought to be low as genes are only thought to play a small role in the condition […] hormones rheumatoid arthritis is more common in women than men, which may be because of the effects of the hormone oestrogen, although this link has not been proven […] smoking some evidence suggests that people who smoke have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.

• #71 Rheumatoid arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Rheumatoid arthritis develops because of a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as smoking and diet. It is unclear what the genetic link is, but it is thought that having a relative with the condition increases your chance of developing the condition. […] Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. If you eat a lot of red meat and don’t consume much vitamin C, you may have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] We’re currently funding research projects to find out what causes rheumatoid arthritis, and to develop new and improved treatments. For example: our centre for genetics and genomics is trying to understand how genetic factors determine whether certain people are at risk of developing inflammatory arthritis, and what happens when they do; our rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis centre of excellence is looking at why rheumatoid arthritis starts, why it attacks the joints, and why the inflammation carries on rather than switching off.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. […] The causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Risk factors include smoking, obesity and exposure to air pollution. Women and older people have a higher risk of developing RA. […] The specific causes for the disease are still unknown, but several modifiable lifestyle-associated (smoking, obesity) and non-modifiable (genetics, female gender, age) risk factors have been identified. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. In particular, reducing exposure to inhaled silica, dusts and occupational risks, and lifestyle related behaviours (e.g., prevention of/stop smoking, healthy nutrition, physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, maintaining good dental hygiene) play an important role.

• #73 Arthritis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/arthritis.html

  Risk factors that may be changed include: Weight. Being overweight or obese can damage your knee joints. This can make them more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Injury. A joint that has been damaged by an injury is more likely to develop arthritis at some point. Infection. Reactive arthritis can affect joints after an infection. Your job. Work that involves repeated bending or squatting can lead to knee arthritis.

• #74 Arthritis: What It Is, Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/bone-and-joint/arthritis-what-it-is-causes-types-symptoms-treatment

  Joints are the places in your body where two bones meet (think: elbows and knees). Diseases of the joints are known as arthritis. The term is derived from the Greek word that means exactly that: diseases of the joints. […] Experts believe that factors such as genetics, lifestyle and environment all play a role in who develops arthritis. However, no one can say for sure what causes many forms of arthritis. […] Some types have known causes. For example, gout is caused by having too much uric acid in the body. Injuries to joints and overuse also contribute to osteoarthritis. […] Here are some risk factors that you may control that may increase the likelihood of developing arthritis: Obesity or overweight: Excess pounds put extra stress on your joints, especially those that are weight-bearing, such as your hips and knees. People who carry extra weight are more likely to develop osteoarthritis than those who don’t.

• #75 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  For many decades, numerous infectious agents have been suggested as potential causes of RA, including Mycoplasma organisms, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and rubella virus. […] Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] Dietary risk factors for RA include red meat intake, vitamin D deficiency, excessive coffee consumption, and high salt intake. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA. […] T cells are assumed to play a pivotal role in the initiation of RA, and the key player in this respect is assumed to be the T helper 1 (Th1) CD4 cells. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts.

• #76 Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12061-arthritis

  Arthritis is a disease that causes damage in your joints. Joints are places in your body where two bones meet. […] Some types of arthritis happen after injuries that damage a joint. Certain health conditions also cause arthritis. […] Depending on which type of arthritis you have, it can break down the natural tissue in your joint (degeneration) or cause inflammation (swelling). Some types cause inflammation that leads to degeneration. […] What causes arthritis varies depending on which type you have: Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. You may develop gout if you have too much uric acid in your blood (hyperuricemia). Your immune system can cause arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis) when it damages your joints by mistake. Certain viral infections (including COVID-19) can trigger viral arthritis. Sometimes, arthritis happens with no cause or trigger. Providers call this idiopathic arthritis.

• #77 Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/arthritis-of-the-foot-and-ankle/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system attacks its own tissues. In rheumatoid arthritis, immune cells attack the synovium covering the joint, causing it to swell. Over time, the synovium invades and damages the bone and cartilage, as well as ligaments and tendons, and may cause serious joint deformity and disability. […] The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known. Although it is not an inherited disease, researchers believe that some people have genes that make them more susceptible. There is usually a trigger, such as an infection or environmental factor, which activates the genes. When the body is exposed to this trigger, the immune system begins to produce substances that attack the joints. […] Posttraumatic arthritis can develop after an injury to the foot or ankle. Dislocations and fractures particularly those that damage the joint surface are the most common injuries that lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Like osteoarthritis, posttraumatic arthritis causes the cartilage between the joints to wear away. It can develop many years after the initial injury. […] An injured joint is about seven times more likely than an uninjured joint to become arthritic, even if the injury is properly treated. In fact, following an injury, your body may actually secrete (release) hormones that stimulate the death of cartilage cells.

• #78 Arthritis: What It Is, Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/bone-and-joint/arthritis-what-it-is-causes-types-symptoms-treatment

  Infections: Microbial agents such as bacteria and viruses may cause infections in the joints, which may lead to some types of arthritis. […] Injury or overuse: Constantly bending or placing ongoing stress on joints with repetitive motions may damage them and lead to the development of osteoarthritis in those joints. […] Smoking: Cigarette smoking may increase your risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis, and if you have RA, smoking may make your disease worse. […] Age: The older you are, the more wear and tear on your joints, and the more susceptible you become to arthritis. […] Gender: Women are at greater risk for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. Men are at greater risk of developing gout. […] Genes: Experts believe there is a link between specific genes and the likelihood of developing some types of arthritis such as RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ankylosing spondylitis. No one knows why certain genes put those who have them at higher risk or why these genes may make some people’s arthritis worse.

• #79 7 Common Causes of Osteoarthritis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/common-causes-osteoarthritis

  Gender also plays a role in osteoarthritis. Overall, more women than men develop the progressive symptoms of OA. […] The trauma of a sports injury can cause osteoarthritis in adults of any age. […] In some cases, what you do for a living (or a hobby) could lead to arthritis. OA is sometimes referred to as a wear and tear disease. Repetitive strain in your joints can cause the cartilage to wear down prematurely. […] Osteoarthritis affects people of all ages, genders, and sizes. However, your risk for developing the condition increases if youre overweight. […] Medical conditions that involve bleeding near a joint can cause osteoarthritis to become worse or new symptoms to develop. […] Youre also more at risk for OA if you have other forms of arthritis, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. […] Osteoarthritis is a chronic and progressive medical condition. Most people find that their symptoms increase over time.

• #80 Arthritis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/arthritis.html

  Risk factors that may be changed include: Weight. Being overweight or obese can damage your knee joints. This can make them more likely to develop osteoarthritis. Injury. A joint that has been damaged by an injury is more likely to develop arthritis at some point. Infection. Reactive arthritis can affect joints after an infection. Your job. Work that involves repeated bending or squatting can lead to knee arthritis.

• #81 Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/arthritis-of-the-foot-and-ankle/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system attacks its own tissues. In rheumatoid arthritis, immune cells attack the synovium covering the joint, causing it to swell. Over time, the synovium invades and damages the bone and cartilage, as well as ligaments and tendons, and may cause serious joint deformity and disability. […] The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known. Although it is not an inherited disease, researchers believe that some people have genes that make them more susceptible. There is usually a trigger, such as an infection or environmental factor, which activates the genes. When the body is exposed to this trigger, the immune system begins to produce substances that attack the joints. […] Posttraumatic arthritis can develop after an injury to the foot or ankle. Dislocations and fractures particularly those that damage the joint surface are the most common injuries that lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Like osteoarthritis, posttraumatic arthritis causes the cartilage between the joints to wear away. It can develop many years after the initial injury. […] An injured joint is about seven times more likely than an uninjured joint to become arthritic, even if the injury is properly treated. In fact, following an injury, your body may actually secrete (release) hormones that stimulate the death of cartilage cells.

• #82 Arthritis: What It Is, Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/bone-and-joint/arthritis-what-it-is-causes-types-symptoms-treatment

  Infections: Microbial agents such as bacteria and viruses may cause infections in the joints, which may lead to some types of arthritis. […] Injury or overuse: Constantly bending or placing ongoing stress on joints with repetitive motions may damage them and lead to the development of osteoarthritis in those joints. […] Smoking: Cigarette smoking may increase your risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis, and if you have RA, smoking may make your disease worse. […] Age: The older you are, the more wear and tear on your joints, and the more susceptible you become to arthritis. […] Gender: Women are at greater risk for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. Men are at greater risk of developing gout. […] Genes: Experts believe there is a link between specific genes and the likelihood of developing some types of arthritis such as RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ankylosing spondylitis. No one knows why certain genes put those who have them at higher risk or why these genes may make some people’s arthritis worse.

• #83 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The underlying mechanism involves the body’s immune system attacking the joints. […] This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. […] Despite the strong genetic components of the disease, identical twin studies have shown only 12-15% concordance for twins raised in separate households. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis most likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, in a majority of cases. […] There are established epigenetic and environmental risk factors for RA. […] Smoking is an established risk factor for RA in Caucasian populations, increasing the risk three times compared to non-smokers, particularly in men, heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive.

• #84 Understanding Arthritis: Types, Causes, and Common Symptoms | SJPP

  https://www.sjpp.org/news/understanding-arthritis-types-causes-and-common-symptoms/

  There is well established data also linking periodontal infections to rheumatoid arthritis development. […] There is increasing interest as well into the role of the gut microbiome and the link between gut dysbiosis and joint inflammation. […] Rheumatoid arthritis affects women more frequently than men, with women being two to three times more likely to develop the condition, and we are gaining increasing understanding of the role hormonal influences, particularly estrogen, play on both the development and activity of inflammatory arthritis. […] An unhealthy diet high in processed foods and sedentary habits can exacerbate inflammation and contribute to arthritis development and progression.

• #85 Understanding Arthritis: Types, Causes, and Common Symptoms | SJPP

  https://www.sjpp.org/news/understanding-arthritis-types-causes-and-common-symptoms/

  There is well established data also linking periodontal infections to rheumatoid arthritis development. […] There is increasing interest as well into the role of the gut microbiome and the link between gut dysbiosis and joint inflammation. […] Rheumatoid arthritis affects women more frequently than men, with women being two to three times more likely to develop the condition, and we are gaining increasing understanding of the role hormonal influences, particularly estrogen, play on both the development and activity of inflammatory arthritis. […] An unhealthy diet high in processed foods and sedentary habits can exacerbate inflammation and contribute to arthritis development and progression.

• #86 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Septic arthritis is acute arthritis that is rare in the general population, but patients with pre-existing risk factors such as immunodeficiency, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, prosthetic joints, rheumatoid arthritis, and intravenous drug abuse are at a higher risk. […] Arthritis can frequently be seen in patients with other autoimmune diseases and is one of the most common clinical features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Other diseases frequently associated with arthritis include inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, Sjogren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), etc.

• #87 Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12061-arthritis

  Arthritis is a disease that causes damage in your joints. Joints are places in your body where two bones meet. […] Some types of arthritis happen after injuries that damage a joint. Certain health conditions also cause arthritis. […] Depending on which type of arthritis you have, it can break down the natural tissue in your joint (degeneration) or cause inflammation (swelling). Some types cause inflammation that leads to degeneration. […] What causes arthritis varies depending on which type you have: Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. You may develop gout if you have too much uric acid in your blood (hyperuricemia). Your immune system can cause arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis) when it damages your joints by mistake. Certain viral infections (including COVID-19) can trigger viral arthritis. Sometimes, arthritis happens with no cause or trigger. Providers call this idiopathic arthritis.

• #88 Understanding Arthritis: Causes, Types, and Risk Factors | Ability Central

  https://abilitycentral.org/article/understanding-arthritis-causes-types-and-risk-factors

  Viral arthritis. Complications from certain viruses, like the flu or COVID-19, can lead to arthritis symptoms in certain joints. […] Septic arthritis. Severe infections like staph, MRSA, streptococci, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can travel through the bloodstream and spread to the joints. […] Another type of arthritis is called idiopathic arthritis. This kind of arthritis occurs with no known cause or trigger. […] Arthritis risk factors include: Genetics. Some types of arthritis run in families. […] Age. The risk of many types of arthritis increases with age, especially after age 50. […] Sex. Women are more likely than men to develop RA, while men are more susceptible to gout. […] Injury. People who have injured a joint are more likely to eventually develop arthritis in that joint. […] Weight. Because extra weight puts stress and pressure on the joints, people with obesity have a higher risk of developing arthritis.

• #89 Arthritis: Causes, types, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7621

  Arthritis describes over 100 conditions that involve inflammation and damage in the joints, the tissues around the joint, and other connective tissues. […] This article discusses the different types of arthritis, what causes it, the symptoms, and possible treatments. […] There is no single cause of all types of arthritis. The cause or causes vary according to the type or form of arthritis. […] Possible causes may include: an injury, which can lead to degenerative arthritis; an abnormal metabolism, which can cause gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease; a genetic inheritance, which can lead to developing OA; an infection, such as Lyme disease, that can trigger arthritis symptoms; an immune system dysfunction. […] Most types of arthritis are due to a combination of factors. However, some have no obvious cause and appear unpredictably.

• #90 Arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

  Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. […] Osteoarthritis causes cartilage the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint to break down. […] Uric acid crystals, which form when there’s too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis. […] The two main types of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis damage joints in different ways. […] The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to a joint’s cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. […] Osteoarthritis also causes changes in the bones and deterioration of the connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and hold the joint together. […] In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts.

• #91 Arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

  Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. […] Osteoarthritis causes cartilage the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint to break down. […] Uric acid crystals, which form when there’s too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis. […] The two main types of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis damage joints in different ways. […] The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to a joint’s cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. […] Osteoarthritis also causes changes in the bones and deterioration of the connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and hold the joint together. […] In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts.

• #92 Arthritis: Causes, types, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7621

  Arthritis describes over 100 conditions that involve inflammation and damage in the joints, the tissues around the joint, and other connective tissues. […] This article discusses the different types of arthritis, what causes it, the symptoms, and possible treatments. […] There is no single cause of all types of arthritis. The cause or causes vary according to the type or form of arthritis. […] Possible causes may include: an injury, which can lead to degenerative arthritis; an abnormal metabolism, which can cause gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease; a genetic inheritance, which can lead to developing OA; an infection, such as Lyme disease, that can trigger arthritis symptoms; an immune system dysfunction. […] Most types of arthritis are due to a combination of factors. However, some have no obvious cause and appear unpredictably.

• #93 Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/

  Arthritis is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation in the joint. Arthritis may attribute to a wide variety of symptoms that include pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and joint deformities. […] The etiology of arthritis varies with the type of arthritis. In osteoarthritis, the major contributory factors include advancing age, female sex, joint trauma, and obesity. Some genetic factors have been described such as mutations in genes encoding types II, IV, V, and VI collagens. […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), on the other hand, is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disorder. An interplay between several genetic factors (HLADRB1 and others) and environmental factors (smoking) leads to activation and dysfunction of the immune system leading to inflammation in RA. […] In Gout, prolonged hyperuricemia leads to uric acid deposition in joints, which then leads to joint inflammation. There are several genetic mutations that can cause hyperuricemia, although this accounts for less than 10% of gout. The majority of patients with gout are under-excretors ie. they are not able to get rid of all the uric acid that is produced in them as a result of endogenous or exogenous purine metabolism.

• #94 Arthritis: Causes, types, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7621

  Arthritis describes over 100 conditions that involve inflammation and damage in the joints, the tissues around the joint, and other connective tissues. […] This article discusses the different types of arthritis, what causes it, the symptoms, and possible treatments. […] There is no single cause of all types of arthritis. The cause or causes vary according to the type or form of arthritis. […] Possible causes may include: an injury, which can lead to degenerative arthritis; an abnormal metabolism, which can cause gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease; a genetic inheritance, which can lead to developing OA; an infection, such as Lyme disease, that can trigger arthritis symptoms; an immune system dysfunction. […] Most types of arthritis are due to a combination of factors. However, some have no obvious cause and appear unpredictably.

• #95

• #96

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. […] The causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Risk factors include smoking, obesity and exposure to air pollution. Women and older people have a higher risk of developing RA. […] The specific causes for the disease are still unknown, but several modifiable lifestyle-associated (smoking, obesity) and non-modifiable (genetics, female gender, age) risk factors have been identified. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. In particular, reducing exposure to inhaled silica, dusts and occupational risks, and lifestyle related behaviours (e.g., prevention of/stop smoking, healthy nutrition, physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, maintaining good dental hygiene) play an important role.

• #97 Causes of Arthritis: From Genetics to Lifestyle Factors

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/blogs/arthritis-causes

  Smoking is known to both raise the chances of RA development and exacerbate its symptoms. […] Infections, especially bacterial ones, lead to infectious arthritis that causes severe inflammation of the joints. […] Major causes of arthritis include genetic factors, injuries to the joints, autoimmune conditions, and infections. […] Genetic contribution is particularly relevant in autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. […] Inactive lifestyle smoking and obesity all increase the risk of developing the disease as it overstretched joints unnecessarily. […] Arthritis is caused due to genetic predispositions, and lifestyle factors like smoking and obesity, among many more. […] The earlier the diagnosis and intervention, the more manageable the symptoms and the less damage to the joints.

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