Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anaphylaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anaphylaxis is an acute hypersensitivity reaction with potentially life-threatening consequences. It is often a sudden, multi-system, widespread allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis frequently results in death if untreated because it quickly progresses to respiratory failure. […] Anaphylaxis requires prompt rapid diagnosis and care since cardiac or respiratory arrest and death can occur. Anaphylaxis is most treatable in its early stages. Initial management includes removal of the trigger, administering epinephrine as soon as possible, and managing the airway. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for anaphylaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Decreased cardiac output associated with anaphylaxis can be caused by decreased preload due to a severe decrease in venous tone and fluid extravasation, histamine leakage causing blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, and vasodilation.

• #2 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening hypersensitivity disorder defined as a generalized, rapidly evolving, multi-systemic allergic reaction. This activity describes the evaluation and treatment of anaphylaxis and explains the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] Anaphylaxis is a common medical emergency and a life-threatening acute hypersensitivity reaction. It can be defined as a rapidly evolving, generalized, multi-system allergic reaction. Without treatment, anaphylaxis is often fatal due to its rapid progression to respiratory collapse. […] Clinical presentation often begins as a mild allergic reaction. The primary symptoms depend on the mode of exposure to the causative antigen. […] Rapid treatment should be initiated with intramuscular epinephrine if any of these symptoms are present. Anaphylaxis is a rapidly evolving presentation, usually within 1 hour of exposure.

• #3 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Anaphylaxis is a form of an allergic reaction in which the immune system reacts to environmental substances. […] Anaphylaxis is an immunologically mediated process. […] The release of mediators can result in bronchospasm, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and syncope. In extreme cases, it can cause complete airway obstruction, shock, and death. […] Symptoms usually appear within minutes of coming into contact with an allergen or may occur hours later. They can be moderate or severe. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include itching and hives, skin redness or warmth, swelling, dizziness, breathing or swallowing difficulties, and loss of consciousness. […] The most important tool in identifying whether anaphylaxis occurred and the cause is to obtain a history. Anaphylaxis is defined clinically as the acute onset of a reaction involving the skin, mucosal tissue, or both AND at least one of the following: breathing difficulties, suddenly low blood pressure, hypotonia, syncope, or incontinence.

• #4 A Nurse’s Guide to Treating Anaphylaxis

  https://nursingcecentral.com/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a rapid, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, affecting 20,000-50,000 people in the US annually. […] Recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the causes, and administering prompt treatment are crucial to managing this life-threatening condition. […] Symptoms usually begin within 5 to 30 minutes. […] The nursing processes for anaphylaxis are: […] The most important responsibility is to ensure the adequacy of the airway, breathing, and circulation for the patient. […] Nurses play a vital role in recognizing symptoms, administering appropriate treatment, and educating patients and their families on prevention and management strategies.

• #5 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anaphylaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anaphylaxis is an acute hypersensitivity reaction with potentially life-threatening consequences. It is often a sudden, multi-system, widespread allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis frequently results in death if untreated because it quickly progresses to respiratory failure. […] Anaphylaxis requires prompt rapid diagnosis and care since cardiac or respiratory arrest and death can occur. Anaphylaxis is most treatable in its early stages. Initial management includes removal of the trigger, administering epinephrine as soon as possible, and managing the airway. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for anaphylaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Decreased cardiac output associated with anaphylaxis can be caused by decreased preload due to a severe decrease in venous tone and fluid extravasation, histamine leakage causing blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, and vasodilation.

• #6 Allergic Reaction/Anaphylaxis: Causes, Symptoms, How To Help | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/allergic-reaction-anaphylaxis?srsltid=AfmBOopPu3l1JnnbFPc57dpU7_OAM7nci6AYfzmkrS-MY3-pV-RsanYS

  Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause shock and affect the persons ability to breathe. A person with anaphylaxis may have swelling of the face, neck, tongue or lips, trouble breathing, shock or a change in responsiveness. […] Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can be triggered by many things including venomous stings, certain foods (like peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, soy and wheel), animal dander, plant pollen, latex or certain medications (like penicillin and sulfa drugs). […] Check for signs and symptoms. […] Signs symptoms of shock require immediate emergency medical treatment. […] Assist with or administer (if trained) medication (epinephrine). […] Continue checking them as appropriate to determine if additional care is needed.

• #7 A Nurse’s Guide to Treating Anaphylaxis

  https://nursingcecentral.com/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a rapid, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, affecting 20,000-50,000 people in the US annually. […] Recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the causes, and administering prompt treatment are crucial to managing this life-threatening condition. […] Symptoms usually begin within 5 to 30 minutes. […] The nursing processes for anaphylaxis are: […] The most important responsibility is to ensure the adequacy of the airway, breathing, and circulation for the patient. […] Nurses play a vital role in recognizing symptoms, administering appropriate treatment, and educating patients and their families on prevention and management strategies.

• #8 Anaphylaxis

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/anaphylaxis/

  All children with anaphylaxis should be observed for at least 4 hours in a supervised setting with facilities to manage deterioration Admission for a minimum 12-hour period of observation is recommended if: Further treatment is required within 4 hours of last adrenaline administration (biphasic or prolonged reaction) […] Ensure that asthma control is addressed including diagnosis, action plan, and preventers, as asthma is an independent risk factor for fatal anaphylaxis.

• #9 Patient education: Anaphylaxis treatment and prevention of recurrences (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-treatment-and-prevention-of-recurrences-beyond-the-basics/print

  Anyone who has experienced an anaphylactic reaction should be evaluated by a doctor with specific training and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis who can help you to prevent recurrences. […] It is important to confirm the trigger(s) of the anaphylactic reaction. […] When a trigger has been identified, you should avoid it. […] If you have experienced an anaphylactic reaction due to a food, you should eliminate that food from your diet. […] A course of allergy shots is recommended for anyone who has had an anaphylactic reaction after an insect sting. […] If you have an allergy to a medication, you should learn and record all the different names of that medication and the settings in which you are likely to encounter it. […] People who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction should consider wearing a medical identification bracelet or similar medical identification tag.

• #10 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Anaphylaxis is a form of an allergic reaction in which the immune system reacts to environmental substances. […] Anaphylaxis is an immunologically mediated process. […] The release of mediators can result in bronchospasm, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and syncope. In extreme cases, it can cause complete airway obstruction, shock, and death. […] Symptoms usually appear within minutes of coming into contact with an allergen or may occur hours later. They can be moderate or severe. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include itching and hives, skin redness or warmth, swelling, dizziness, breathing or swallowing difficulties, and loss of consciousness. […] The most important tool in identifying whether anaphylaxis occurred and the cause is to obtain a history. Anaphylaxis is defined clinically as the acute onset of a reaction involving the skin, mucosal tissue, or both AND at least one of the following: breathing difficulties, suddenly low blood pressure, hypotonia, syncope, or incontinence.

• #11 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  Early recognition and aggressive treatment greatly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] Diagnosing anaphylaxis is clinical; thus, laboratory studies or other diagnostics are unnecessary. Most anaphylactic deaths occur within the first hour after antigen exposure. Rapid recognition and action are imperative. […] Triage any allergic reaction with urgency as they are at risk for rapid deterioration with the development of anaphylaxis, if not already anaphylactic. […] Airway management is paramount. Thoroughly examine the patient for airway patency or any indications of an impending loss of airway. […] Epinephrine is given through intramuscular injection and at a dose of 0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1,000 concentration of epinephrine. […] Anaphylaxis induces a distributive shock that typically is responsive to fluid resuscitation and the above epinephrine.

• #12 Anaphylaxis Clinical Pathway — Emergency Department | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/anaphylaxis-emergent-care-clinical-pathway

  Anaphylaxis is highly likely when ONE of the following 3 criteria are fulfilled, usually within minutes to 2-3 hours following possible allergen exposure […] Patient meets clinical criteria for Anaphylaxis listed below: […] ADMINISTER EPINEPHRINE IM IMMEDIATELY […] Epinephrine treats all symptoms of anaphylaxis and can prevent the escalation of symptoms. […] Use of adjunctive medications should not delay epinephrine administration. […] Observe 4 hours from Epinephrine treatment. […] Begin Epinephrine auto-injector teaching/video. […] Consider the use of adjunctive medications: Antihistamines, Corticosteroids.

• #13 Anaphylaxis Clinical Pathway — Emergency Department | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://pathways.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/anaphylaxis-emergent-care-clinical-pathway

  Anaphylaxis is highly likely when ONE of the following 3 criteria are fulfilled, usually within minutes to 2-3 hours following possible allergen exposure […] Patient meets clinical criteria for Anaphylaxis listed below: […] ADMINISTER EPINEPHRINE IM IMMEDIATELY […] Epinephrine treats all symptoms of anaphylaxis and can prevent the escalation of symptoms. […] IM is preferred, being faster and safer. […] Use of adjunctive medications should not delay epinephrine administration. […] Observe 4 hours from Epinephrine treatment […] Consider the use of adjunctive medications: Antihistamines, Corticosteroids.

• #14 First Aid for Anaphylaxis – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/hp/anaphylaxis/first-aid-for-anaphylaxis

  Anaphylaxis is the most severe type of allergic reaction and should always be treated as a medical emergency. Anaphylaxis requires immediate treatment with adrenaline (epinephrine). If treatment with adrenaline is delayed, this can result in fatal anaphylaxis. […] Watch for ANY ONE of the following signs: Difficult or noisy breathing, Swelling of tongue, Swelling or tightness in throat, Wheeze or persistent cough, Difficulty talking or hoarse voice, Persistent dizziness or collapse, Pale and floppy (young children). […] ALWAYS give adrenaline device FIRST, if someone has SEVERE AND SUDDEN BREATHING DIFFICULTY (including wheeze, persistent cough or hoarse voice), even if there are no skin symptoms. THEN SEEK MEDICAL HELP. […] Commence CPR at any time if person is unresponsive and not breathing normally.

• #15 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Anaphylaxis is a form of an allergic reaction in which the immune system reacts to environmental substances. […] Anaphylaxis is an immunologically mediated process. […] The release of mediators can result in bronchospasm, hypotension, dysrhythmias, and syncope. In extreme cases, it can cause complete airway obstruction, shock, and death. […] Symptoms usually appear within minutes of coming into contact with an allergen or may occur hours later. They can be moderate or severe. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include itching and hives, skin redness or warmth, swelling, dizziness, breathing or swallowing difficulties, and loss of consciousness. […] The most important tool in identifying whether anaphylaxis occurred and the cause is to obtain a history. Anaphylaxis is defined clinically as the acute onset of a reaction involving the skin, mucosal tissue, or both AND at least one of the following: breathing difficulties, suddenly low blood pressure, hypotonia, syncope, or incontinence.

• #16 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  Early recognition and aggressive treatment greatly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] Diagnosing anaphylaxis is clinical; thus, laboratory studies or other diagnostics are unnecessary. Most anaphylactic deaths occur within the first hour after antigen exposure. Rapid recognition and action are imperative. […] Triage any allergic reaction with urgency as they are at risk for rapid deterioration with the development of anaphylaxis, if not already anaphylactic. […] Airway management is paramount. Thoroughly examine the patient for airway patency or any indications of an impending loss of airway. […] Epinephrine is given through intramuscular injection and at a dose of 0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1,000 concentration of epinephrine. […] Anaphylaxis induces a distributive shock that typically is responsive to fluid resuscitation and the above epinephrine.

• #17 British Journal of Nursing – Managing anaphylaxis in adults

  https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/clinical/managing-anaphylaxis-in-adults/

  Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. […] Prompt recognition of anaphylaxis and its subsequent treatment and management by the multidisciplinary team, including nurses and allied health professionals, is key as this increases the patient’s chances of survival. […] It is therefore essential that health professionals recognise the signs and symptoms of a reaction and implement the correct treatment immediately. […] The aim of this article is to discuss the immediate emergency management and post-emergency management of an adult patient experiencing an anaphylactic reaction.

• #18 Discharge Care (Campbell & Kelso, 2023)

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/anaphylaxis

  Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction, typically rapid in onset with airway, breathing, or circulatory problems, and often associated with skin and mucosal changes (Cardona et al., 2020). […] The goal of treatment is rapid recognition and administration of epinephrine to prevent respiratory or cardiac arrest (Campbell Kelso, 2023). […] Patients with anaphylaxis should be assessed and treated as rapidly as possible; respiratory or cardiac arrest and death can occur within minutes. […] Epinephrine (1 mg/mL) is the most critical first treatment. There are no absolute contraindications to epinephrine in the setting of anaphylaxis and it is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis of any severity. […] Most patients respond to one, two, or at most, three doses.

• #19 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  Early recognition and aggressive treatment greatly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] Diagnosing anaphylaxis is clinical; thus, laboratory studies or other diagnostics are unnecessary. Most anaphylactic deaths occur within the first hour after antigen exposure. Rapid recognition and action are imperative. […] Triage any allergic reaction with urgency as they are at risk for rapid deterioration with the development of anaphylaxis, if not already anaphylactic. […] Airway management is paramount. Thoroughly examine the patient for airway patency or any indications of an impending loss of airway. […] Epinephrine is given through intramuscular injection and at a dose of 0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1,000 concentration of epinephrine. […] Anaphylaxis induces a distributive shock that typically is responsive to fluid resuscitation and the above epinephrine.

• #20 Anaphylaxis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Emergency Department Interventions, Administration of Epinephrine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135065-treatment

  Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and intervention. Basic equipment and medication should be readily available in the physicians office. […] Prehospital patients with symptoms of severe anaphylaxis should first receive standard interventions. […] Disposition of patients with anaphylaxis depends on the severity of the initial reaction and the response to treatment. […] Diagnosis and management guidelines are available from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. […] The 2010 Joint Task Force anaphylaxis parameter update, the 2011 World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines, […] have similar recommendations for immediate treatment in the ED. It should begin with monitoring and treatment, including oxygen, cardiac monitoring, breathing, mental status, skin, and a large-bore IV with isotonic crystalloid solution.

• #21 Anaphylaxis – Its Prevention, Recognition and Response in Child Day Care Programs

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/anaphylaxis/

  Every child day care center (DCC), group family day care (GFDC), family day care (FDC) school-age child care (SACC), and small day care center (SDCC) must have a comprehensive Health Care Plan that includes the prevention of allergic reactions and the recognition of and prompt response to anaphylaxis- a multi-system allergic reaction. […] It is essential that child day care programs have detailed plans for avoiding accidental exposure to allergens for children with identified allergies and recognizing and treating allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in all children. […] The first line drug of choice for emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions to foods, insect stings or bites, drugs or other allergens is an Epinephrine Auto-Injector. With proper training, any childcare staff member can administer this life-saving medication in an emergency when anaphylactic symptoms appear, pursuant to the program’s Health Care Plan.

• #22 ASCIA Guidelines Acute management of anaphylaxis – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/hp/papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines

  ASCIA guidelines for the acute management of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) are intended for medical practitioners, nurses and other health professionals who provide first responder emergency care. […] Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the first line treatment for anaphylaxis. […] Adrenaline should be the first line treatment for anaphylaxis in pregnant women, and prompt administration of adrenaline (1:1,000 IM adrenaline 0.01mg per kg up to 0.5mg per dose) should not be withheld due to a fear of causing reduced placental perfusion. […] Patients must NOT walk or stand, even if they appear to have recovered. […] Laying the patient flat will improve venous blood return to the heart. […] The left lateral (recovery) position is recommended for patients who are pregnant. […] The equipment on your emergency trolley should include: Adrenaline 1:1,000 (consider adrenaline injector availability for initial administration by nursing staff).

• #23 Anaphylaxis or allergic reactions | Adult ECAT protocol | Emergency care assessment and treatment

  https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/ecat/adult/anaphylaxis-allergic-reactions

  All patients with anaphylaxis require escalation as per local CERS protocol. […] Do not allow patient with anaphylaxis to walk, sit up or stand suddenly. It can be fatal. […] Treat patients supine or on their side. […] Treat anaphylaxis first, including repeat doses of adrenaline. […] If signs of shock present and/or SBP less than 90 mmHg, give 250 mL of sodium chloride 0.9% IV/intraosseous bolus. […] Repeat and document assessment and observations to monitor responses to interventions, identify developing trends and clinical deterioration. Escalate care as required according to the local CERS protocol.

• #24 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  The following medications will be administered as part of the treatment: Epinephrine (EpiPen) to decrease the body’s allergic response, oxygen to help with breathing, antihistamines and steroids to improve breathing by reducing inflammation in the airways, and beta agonist to alleviate respiratory problems. […] For long-term treatment or management of an individual with an anaphylactic reaction history, the following is recommended: provide epinephrine autoinjector and education for self-administration. […] If the individual is unstable, activate the emergency response system. […] If the individual is stable, lay the individual down and raise their legs. […] Monitor: pulse oximetry, vital signs, respiratory status, degree of edema, level of consciousness, neurological status, signs and symptoms of complications, treatment response, urine output.

• #25 Discharge Care (Campbell & Kelso, 2023)

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/anaphylaxis

  Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction, typically rapid in onset with airway, breathing, or circulatory problems, and often associated with skin and mucosal changes (Cardona et al., 2020). […] The goal of treatment is rapid recognition and administration of epinephrine to prevent respiratory or cardiac arrest (Campbell Kelso, 2023). […] Patients with anaphylaxis should be assessed and treated as rapidly as possible; respiratory or cardiac arrest and death can occur within minutes. […] Epinephrine (1 mg/mL) is the most critical first treatment. There are no absolute contraindications to epinephrine in the setting of anaphylaxis and it is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis of any severity. […] Most patients respond to one, two, or at most, three doses.

• #26 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  The following medications will be administered as part of the treatment: Epinephrine (EpiPen) to decrease the body’s allergic response, oxygen to help with breathing, antihistamines and steroids to improve breathing by reducing inflammation in the airways, and beta agonist to alleviate respiratory problems. […] For long-term treatment or management of an individual with an anaphylactic reaction history, the following is recommended: provide epinephrine autoinjector and education for self-administration. […] If the individual is unstable, activate the emergency response system. […] If the individual is stable, lay the individual down and raise their legs. […] Monitor: pulse oximetry, vital signs, respiratory status, degree of edema, level of consciousness, neurological status, signs and symptoms of complications, treatment response, urine output.

• #27 Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p355.html

  An initial injection of epinephrine before the patient arrives at the emergency department decreases the likelihood of hospital admission, and not administering epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis is associated with worse outcomes and mortality. […] Antihistamines and corticosteroids are not effective first-line treatments for anaphylaxis. […] Guidelines recommend that antihistamines and corticosteroids be used only as an adjunct to epinephrine. […] Patients should be transported to the hospital for continued therapy and monitoring, especially those with an initial presentation of significant respiratory or circulatory compromise, and patients with refractory anaphylaxis. […] Biphasic reactions occur in less than 5% of patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis and are defined as the recurrence of anaphylaxis within 72 hours of the initial reaction without reexposure to the allergen.

• #28 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  When anaphylaxis is diagnosed, co-treatment is often initiated with steroids, antihistamines, inhaled bronchodilators, and vasopressors. […] Corticosteroids are given to reduce the length or biphasic response of anaphylaxis. […] Antihistamines are often routinely used; the most common is H1 blocker administration of diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg IV/IM. […] Patients should always be provided with an epinephrine auto-injector and instructed on how to use it. […] Despite awareness of the seriousness of anaphylaxis, treatment of anaphylaxis is not optimal. […] All healthcare workers must know the signs and symptoms of the disorder and know how to administer epinephrine.

• #29 Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p355.html

  An initial injection of epinephrine before the patient arrives at the emergency department decreases the likelihood of hospital admission, and not administering epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis is associated with worse outcomes and mortality. […] Antihistamines and corticosteroids are not effective first-line treatments for anaphylaxis. […] Guidelines recommend that antihistamines and corticosteroids be used only as an adjunct to epinephrine. […] Patients should be transported to the hospital for continued therapy and monitoring, especially those with an initial presentation of significant respiratory or circulatory compromise, and patients with refractory anaphylaxis. […] Biphasic reactions occur in less than 5% of patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis and are defined as the recurrence of anaphylaxis within 72 hours of the initial reaction without reexposure to the allergen.

• #30 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Ensure optimal respiratory function by alleviating bronchoconstriction and addressing any respiratory distress. Continuous monitoring and appropriate interventions, including bronchodilators, may be necessary to maintain clear airways. […] Provide psychosocial support and education to individuals at risk and their caregivers to reduce anxiety, improve quality of life, and enhance overall well-being. Education should focus on recognizing early symptoms, using emergency medications, and seeking prompt medical attention. […] Administer epinephrine intramuscularly as the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. Ensure proper dosage based on the individuals weight and severity of symptoms. Repeat as necessary, following established protocols. […] Ensure a patent airway by positioning the individual appropriately and, if necessary, providing airway support with interventions such as chin lift, jaw thrust, or the insertion of an oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway.

• #31 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  Early recognition and aggressive treatment greatly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] Diagnosing anaphylaxis is clinical; thus, laboratory studies or other diagnostics are unnecessary. Most anaphylactic deaths occur within the first hour after antigen exposure. Rapid recognition and action are imperative. […] Triage any allergic reaction with urgency as they are at risk for rapid deterioration with the development of anaphylaxis, if not already anaphylactic. […] Airway management is paramount. Thoroughly examine the patient for airway patency or any indications of an impending loss of airway. […] Epinephrine is given through intramuscular injection and at a dose of 0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1,000 concentration of epinephrine. […] Anaphylaxis induces a distributive shock that typically is responsive to fluid resuscitation and the above epinephrine.

• #32 Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p355.html

  An initial injection of epinephrine before the patient arrives at the emergency department decreases the likelihood of hospital admission, and not administering epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis is associated with worse outcomes and mortality. […] Antihistamines and corticosteroids are not effective first-line treatments for anaphylaxis. […] Guidelines recommend that antihistamines and corticosteroids be used only as an adjunct to epinephrine. […] Patients should be transported to the hospital for continued therapy and monitoring, especially those with an initial presentation of significant respiratory or circulatory compromise, and patients with refractory anaphylaxis. […] Biphasic reactions occur in less than 5% of patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis and are defined as the recurrence of anaphylaxis within 72 hours of the initial reaction without reexposure to the allergen.

• #33 Patient education: Anaphylaxis treatment and prevention of recurrences (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-treatment-and-prevention-of-recurrences-beyond-the-basics/print

  Because anaphylaxis can be life threatening, it should be treated as a medical emergency. If you are experiencing a sudden allergic reaction that might be anaphylaxis, use your epinephrine and then call 9-1-1 or emergency medical services (or have someone else call for you). […] If you have a history of anaphylaxis, you should carry epinephrine with you at all times. […] Epinephrine is the only medicine that optimally treats anaphylactic reactions. It is most effective when it is given promptly, before symptoms become severe. […] The trigger for the anaphylactic reaction should be promptly removed whenever possible. […] After giving yourself epinephrine, it is important to be evaluated in a hospital emergency department. […] Approximately 5 percent of people with anaphylaxis have biphasic (two-phase) anaphylaxis, in which symptoms resolve and then recur without further exposure to the trigger.

• #34 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anaphylaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anaphylaxis is an acute hypersensitivity reaction with potentially life-threatening consequences. It is often a sudden, multi-system, widespread allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis frequently results in death if untreated because it quickly progresses to respiratory failure. […] Anaphylaxis requires prompt rapid diagnosis and care since cardiac or respiratory arrest and death can occur. Anaphylaxis is most treatable in its early stages. Initial management includes removal of the trigger, administering epinephrine as soon as possible, and managing the airway. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for anaphylaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Decreased cardiac output associated with anaphylaxis can be caused by decreased preload due to a severe decrease in venous tone and fluid extravasation, histamine leakage causing blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, and vasodilation.

• #35 7 Anaphylactic Shock Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anaphylactic-shock-nursing-care-plans/

  As a nurse, understanding the nursing care plans and nursing diagnosis for anaphylactic shock is crucial to providing the best care for patients. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of anaphylactic shock nursing care plans and nursing diagnosis, including common symptoms and treatment options. […] Nursing care plan and management for patients with anaphylactic shock involve a comprehensive approach to ensure patient safety and stabilization. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with anaphylactic shock: Ensure a clear airway. Monitor and assess breathing. Monitor and assess circulation. Administer epinephrine promptly. Provide fluid resuscitation as needed. Administer prescribed medications. […] Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with anaphylactic shock based on the nurses clinical judgement and understanding of the patients unique health condition.

• #36 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anaphylaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anaphylaxis is an acute hypersensitivity reaction with potentially life-threatening consequences. It is often a sudden, multi-system, widespread allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis frequently results in death if untreated because it quickly progresses to respiratory failure. […] Anaphylaxis requires prompt rapid diagnosis and care since cardiac or respiratory arrest and death can occur. Anaphylaxis is most treatable in its early stages. Initial management includes removal of the trigger, administering epinephrine as soon as possible, and managing the airway. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for anaphylaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Decreased cardiac output associated with anaphylaxis can be caused by decreased preload due to a severe decrease in venous tone and fluid extravasation, histamine leakage causing blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, and vasodilation.

• #37 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anaphylaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Deficient knowledge associated with anaphylaxis can result in a misunderstanding of triggers, symptoms, prevention, and management. […] Impaired spontaneous ventilation associated with anaphylaxis can become life-threatening quickly if not recognized or treated immediately, causing airway obstruction requiring intubation and ventilation. […] Ineffective airway clearance associated with anaphylaxis can be caused by airway spasms and laryngeal edema or swelling, leading to airway constriction and decreased oxygenation. […] Risk for adverse reaction is a nursing diagnosis related to iodinated contrast media formulation and previous reaction to IV contrast media.

• #38 Anaphylaxis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/anaphylaxis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. As a healthcare professional, understanding the nursing diagnosis, care plans, and anaphylaxis interventions is crucial for optimal patient care. […] Effective nursing management of anaphylaxis requires a thorough assessment, prompt interventions, and ongoing monitoring. Here are five essential nursing care plans for patients experiencing anaphylaxis: […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction secondary to anaphylaxis, as evidenced by dyspnea, wheezing, and use of accessory muscles. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output related to vasodilation and fluid shifts secondary to anaphylaxis, as evidenced by hypotension, tachycardia, and weak peripheral pulses.

• #39 7 Anaphylactic Shock Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anaphylactic-shock-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will maintain an effective breathing pattern, as evidenced by relaxed breathing at a normal rate and depth and the absence of adventitious breath sounds. The client will demonstrate improved ventilation as evidenced by an absence of shortness of breath and respiratory distress. The client will display hemodynamic stability, as evidenced by strong peripheral pulses; HR 60 to 100 beats/min with regular rhythm; systolic BP within 20 mm Hg of baseline; urine output greater than 30 ml/hr; warm, dry skin; and alert, responsive mentation. The client and significant others will verbalize understanding of allergic reactions, their prevention, and management. The client and significant others will verbalize understanding of the need to carry emergency components for intervention, the need to inform health care providers of allergies, the need to wear a medical alert bracelet/necklace, and the importance of seeking emergency care.

• #40 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Community Education and Awareness: Raise awareness about anaphylaxis within the community by providing education on recognizing symptoms, administering epinephrine, and fostering a supportive environment for individuals at risk. […] The immediate and primary goal is the prompt resolution of anaphylactic symptoms, including respiratory distress, skin manifestations, and cardiovascular instability, through the administration of epinephrine and other appropriate interventions. […] Achieve and maintain hemodynamic stability by addressing hypotension and preventing cardiovascular collapse. Administer fluids and vasoactive medications as needed to restore adequate perfusion to vital organs. […] Implement measures to prevent the recurrence of anaphylaxis by identifying and avoiding specific allergens, educating individuals at risk and their caregivers, and ensuring the availability and proper use of emergency medications, such as epinephrine auto-injectors.

• #41 Anaphylactic Shock Nursing Care Management and Study Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anaphylactic-shock/

  The nurse has an important role in preventing anaphylactic shock. […] The major goals for a patient with anaphylactic shock are: Client will maintain an effective breathing pattern, as evidenced by relaxed breathing at normal rate and depth and absence of adventitious breath sounds. […] Nursing interventions for the patient are: Monitor clients airway. Assess the client for the sensation of a narrowed airway. […] Expected patient outcomes include: Client maintained an effective breathing pattern. […] Upon discharge, the patient and family need to learn about the following: Emergency medications. The nurse should provide information about emergency medications and plans that should be considered should a crisis reoccur. […] The focus of documentation include: Assessment findings including respiratory rate, character of breath sounds; frequency, amount, and appearance of secretions; presence of cyanosis; laboratory findings; and mentation level.

• #42 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Ensure optimal respiratory function by alleviating bronchoconstriction and addressing any respiratory distress. Continuous monitoring and appropriate interventions, including bronchodilators, may be necessary to maintain clear airways. […] Provide psychosocial support and education to individuals at risk and their caregivers to reduce anxiety, improve quality of life, and enhance overall well-being. Education should focus on recognizing early symptoms, using emergency medications, and seeking prompt medical attention. […] Administer epinephrine intramuscularly as the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. Ensure proper dosage based on the individuals weight and severity of symptoms. Repeat as necessary, following established protocols. […] Ensure a patent airway by positioning the individual appropriately and, if necessary, providing airway support with interventions such as chin lift, jaw thrust, or the insertion of an oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway.

• #43 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Administer supplemental oxygen to maintain adequate oxygen saturation levels. Monitor respiratory status continuously and be prepared to escalate interventions, including advanced airway management. […] Establish intravenous (IV) access to administer fluids and medications. Administer isotonic crystalloid solutions to address hypotension and improve perfusion to vital organs. […] Depending on the severity of symptoms, antihistamines for skin manifestations, bronchodilators for bronchoconstriction, and corticosteroids to address inflammation may be indicated. Continuously monitor vital signs and response to interventions. […] Collaborate with the healthcare team to determine trigger for anaphylaxis. Referral to an allergist may be necessary. Educate the patient on avoiding triggers and how to self-administer epinephrine, if prescribed.

• #44 7 Anaphylactic Shock Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anaphylactic-shock-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with anaphylactic shock may include: Promoting Effecting Breathing Patterns. Enhancing Gas Exchange. Managing Decrease in Cardiac Output. Initiating Health Teachings and Patient Education. Assessing and Monitoring for Potential Complications. Administering Medications and Pharmacologic Support. Monitoring Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures. […] Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that can lead to various systemic complications, requiring vigilant observation and prompt intervention. Nurses must closely monitor patients to detect and manage any adverse effects that may arise. Assessing and monitoring for potential complications is a crucial component of managing patients who have experienced anaphylactic shock. […] Administering medications and providing pharmacologic support is of paramount importance in patients with anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate intervention. Medications, particularly epinephrine, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids, play a critical role in managing this condition and preventing further complications.

• #45 Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p355.html

  All patients at risk of anaphylaxis should be provided with an action plan instructing them on how to manage an episode of anaphylaxis, including the proper administration of epinephrine. […] Guidelines recommend that all patients diagnosed with an anaphylactic reaction be prescribed an auto-injector. […] Referral to an allergist is appropriate if a clinician feels inadequately trained to provide education or if the patient presents after the reaction and the offending agent cannot be confirmed.

• #46 Patient education: Anaphylaxis treatment and prevention of recurrences (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-treatment-and-prevention-of-recurrences-beyond-the-basics/print

  Anyone who has experienced an anaphylactic reaction should be evaluated by a doctor with specific training and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis who can help you to prevent recurrences. […] It is important to confirm the trigger(s) of the anaphylactic reaction. […] When a trigger has been identified, you should avoid it. […] If you have experienced an anaphylactic reaction due to a food, you should eliminate that food from your diet. […] A course of allergy shots is recommended for anyone who has had an anaphylactic reaction after an insect sting. […] If you have an allergy to a medication, you should learn and record all the different names of that medication and the settings in which you are likely to encounter it. […] People who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction should consider wearing a medical identification bracelet or similar medical identification tag.

• #47 Anaphylaxis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/anaphylaxis

  Adrenaline is the first line treatment for anaphylaxis. […] Once you are diagnosed at risk of anaphylaxis, it is important to always carry your adrenaline injector/s and your ASCIA Action Plan, which is completed and signed by your doctor or nurse practitioner. […] The best way to avoid anaphylaxis is to avoid triggers the most important management strategy is to avoid all known triggers (allergens). […] Your clinical immunology/allergy specialist will discuss how to manage an allergic reaction. This includes completing an ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis/Allergic reactions that outlines emergency management and providing education on how to use an adrenaline injector if prescribed.

• #48 Anaphylaxis

  https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/anaphylaxis

  Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical treatment, including a prompt dose of epinephrine and a trip to a hospital emergency room. If it isnt treated properly, anaphylaxis can be fatal. […] The best ways to manage your condition are: Avoid allergens that trigger your allergic reactions […] If you are at risk of anaphylaxis, carry epinephrine (adrenaline). They contain a prescribed single dose of medication that is injected into the thigh or intranasally during an anaphylactic emergency. […] Complete an Anaphylaxis Action Plan and keep on file at work, school, camp or other places where others may need to recognize your symptoms and provide treatment. Important Reminder If you think you are having an anaphylactic reaction, use your epinephrine and call 911 immediately so you can be transported to the nearest emergency department for evaluation, monitoring and any further treatment by healthcare professionals. Your life depends on this. Don’t take an antihistamine or wait to see if symptoms get better.

• #49 ASCIA Guidelines Acute management of anaphylaxis – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/hp/papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines

  If there is a risk of re-exposure to allergens such as stings or foods, or if the cause of anaphylaxis is unknown (idiopathic) then prescribe and if possible dispense an adrenaline injector before discharge. […] It is important that ALL patients who present with anaphylaxis are referred to a clinical immunology/allergy specialist. […] Management of anaphylaxis in the community (including the home, schools and childrens education/care) is facilitated by regular training and the use of an ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis.

• #50 Anaphylaxis: Recognition and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0915/p355.html

  All patients at risk of anaphylaxis should be provided with an action plan instructing them on how to manage an episode of anaphylaxis, including the proper administration of epinephrine. […] Guidelines recommend that all patients diagnosed with an anaphylactic reaction be prescribed an auto-injector. […] Referral to an allergist is appropriate if a clinician feels inadequately trained to provide education or if the patient presents after the reaction and the offending agent cannot be confirmed.

• #51 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Educate the individual and/or caregiver regarding avoidance of allergens and how to use an EpiPen. […] The individual will demonstrate hemodynamic stability and maintain an open airway and adequate ventilation. […] The individual and/or caregivers will verbalize understanding of an allergic reaction, prevention, and management of anaphylaxis. […] Instruct caregivers about anaphylaxis, its diagnosis, and treatment. […] Always keep an epinephrine injector on hand. […] Always wear a medical alert bracelet.

• #52 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Educate the individual and/or caregiver regarding avoidance of allergens and how to use an EpiPen. […] The individual will demonstrate hemodynamic stability and maintain an open airway and adequate ventilation. […] The individual and/or caregivers will verbalize understanding of an allergic reaction, prevention, and management of anaphylaxis. […] Instruct caregivers about anaphylaxis, its diagnosis, and treatment. […] Always keep an epinephrine injector on hand. […] Always wear a medical alert bracelet.

• #53 Discharge Care (Campbell & Kelso, 2023)

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/anaphylaxis

  IM injection is preferred over IV bolus because it is faster and has a lower risk of cardiovascular complications. […] All patients who have experienced anaphylaxis should be sent home with the following: Anaphylaxis emergency action plan, at least one epinephrine autoinjector or a prescription for two epinephrine autoinjectors; up to 20% of patients require more than one dose. […] The mnemonic SAFE reminds clinicians of the 4 basic action steps for patients leaving the emergency department or hospital. […] Provide the patient with a prescription for two epinephrine autoinjectors and demonstrate use. […] Emphasize the importance of carrying the epinephrine autoinjector at all times.

• #54 SAMPLE anaphylaxis policy for children’s education and care services – Allergy Aware

  https://allergyaware.org.au/childrens-education-and-care/sample-anaphylaxis-policy-for-cec

  All staff will be trained in the prevention, recognition and emergency treatment of anaphylaxis, including the use of adrenaline injectors as this is considered best practice. […] Anaphylaxis emergency response will always include transport by ambulance (where possible) for medical monitoring (a hospital where possible), as the child needs medical care and observation for at least four hours after being given the adrenaline injector. […] After an allergic reaction/anaphylaxis, the individualised anaphylaxis care plan will be reviewed to determine if the CEC services risk minimisation strategies and emergency response procedures need to be changed/improved. […] Staff will educate children about allergies and the risk of anaphylaxis in an age-appropriate way, including signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction and what to do if they think their friend is having an allergic reaction.

• #55 ASCIA Guidelines Acute management of anaphylaxis – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/hp/papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines

  If there is a risk of re-exposure to allergens such as stings or foods, or if the cause of anaphylaxis is unknown (idiopathic) then prescribe and if possible dispense an adrenaline injector before discharge. […] It is important that ALL patients who present with anaphylaxis are referred to a clinical immunology/allergy specialist. […] Management of anaphylaxis in the community (including the home, schools and childrens education/care) is facilitated by regular training and the use of an ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis.

• #56 Anaphylaxis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8619-anaphylaxis

  Call 911 or find a way to get to the hospital. You need to get to the nearest emergency room if you have an anaphylactic reaction. […] An allergist is a healthcare provider specially trained to diagnose and treat people with allergies. If you experience or think you’ve experienced an allergic/anaphylactic reaction, you should see an allergist.

• #57 Patient education: Anaphylaxis treatment and prevention of recurrences (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-treatment-and-prevention-of-recurrences-beyond-the-basics/print

  Anyone who has experienced an anaphylactic reaction should be evaluated by a doctor with specific training and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis who can help you to prevent recurrences. […] It is important to confirm the trigger(s) of the anaphylactic reaction. […] When a trigger has been identified, you should avoid it. […] If you have experienced an anaphylactic reaction due to a food, you should eliminate that food from your diet. […] A course of allergy shots is recommended for anyone who has had an anaphylactic reaction after an insect sting. […] If you have an allergy to a medication, you should learn and record all the different names of that medication and the settings in which you are likely to encounter it. […] People who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction should consider wearing a medical identification bracelet or similar medical identification tag.

• #58 Discharge Care (Campbell & Kelso, 2023)

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/anaphylaxis

  IM injection is preferred over IV bolus because it is faster and has a lower risk of cardiovascular complications. […] All patients who have experienced anaphylaxis should be sent home with the following: Anaphylaxis emergency action plan, at least one epinephrine autoinjector or a prescription for two epinephrine autoinjectors; up to 20% of patients require more than one dose. […] The mnemonic SAFE reminds clinicians of the 4 basic action steps for patients leaving the emergency department or hospital. […] Provide the patient with a prescription for two epinephrine autoinjectors and demonstrate use. […] Emphasize the importance of carrying the epinephrine autoinjector at all times.

• #59 Discharge Instructions for Anaphylactic Shock | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-anaphylactic-shock

  You have had a serious allergic reaction. It’s known as anaphylactic shock or anaphylaxis. It often happens within minutes of exposure to an allergen. But it can be delayed for hours. […] This kind of shock can cause death if not treated quickly. […] In rare cases, this type of shock can come back within 24 to 48 hours. There is no way to know if this will happen. Call 911 right away if your symptoms return. […] Ask your health care provider if you should carry epinephrine. This medicine will help to stop an allergic reaction until you can get medical help. […] Always carry 2 doses of epinephrine. You sometimes need a second dose in 5 to 15 minutes if your symptoms are not getting better or start coming back. […] Tell your family, friends, and coworkers what to do if you have a severe allergic reaction. […] Call 911 right away if you have: […] Trouble breathing or wheezing. […] Swelling of your lips, tongue, or throat. […] Itchy, blotchy skin or hives.

• #60 Anaphylaxis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anaphylaxis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351474

  Having a potentially life-threatening reaction is frightening, whether it happens to you, others close to you or your child. Developing an anaphylaxis emergency action plan can help put your mind at ease. […] Work with your own or your child’s provider to develop this written, step-by-step plan of what to do in the event of a reaction.

• #61 Care you should expect if you experience anaphylaxis – Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia

  https://allergyfacts.org.au/care-you-should-expect-anaphylaxis/

  On arrival at the hospital the patient: […] Should stay at the hospital for a minimum of 4 hours after the last dose of adrenaline. […] The Clinical Care Standard outlines the care that you should get from paramedics, nurses, and doctors in a healthcare setting if you experience or are at risk of anaphylaxis. […] A patient with anaphylaxis, or suspected anaphylaxis, is administered adrenaline intramuscularly without delay, before any other treatment including asthma medicines. […] A patient experiencing anaphylaxis is laid flat or allowed to sit with legs extended if breathing is difficult. […] A patient who has an adrenaline injector has access to it for self-administration during all healthcare encounters. […] A patient treated for anaphylaxis remains under clinical observation for at least 4 hours after their last dose of adrenaline, or overnight as appropriate. […] Before a patient leaves a healthcare facility after having anaphylaxis, they are advised about the suspected allergen, allergen avoidance strategies and post-discharge care.

• #62 Anaphylaxis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis needs to be treated in hospital immediately. […] Treatments can include: adrenaline given by an injection or drip in your vein, oxygen, fluids given by a drip in your vein. […] You’ll usually stay in hospital for around 2 to 12 hours, but you may need to stay longer. […] Before you leave hospital, you’ll be given 2 adrenaline auto-injectors to keep in case you have another anaphylactic reaction. […] An adrenaline auto-injector is a special device for injecting adrenaline yourself. […] You should be shown how to use your adrenaline auto-injector each time you’re prescribed it. […] You may also be referred to an allergy specialist for tests and advice.

• #63 Discharge Care (Campbell & Kelso, 2023)

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/anaphylaxis

  IM injection is preferred over IV bolus because it is faster and has a lower risk of cardiovascular complications. […] All patients who have experienced anaphylaxis should be sent home with the following: Anaphylaxis emergency action plan, at least one epinephrine autoinjector or a prescription for two epinephrine autoinjectors; up to 20% of patients require more than one dose. […] The mnemonic SAFE reminds clinicians of the 4 basic action steps for patients leaving the emergency department or hospital. […] Provide the patient with a prescription for two epinephrine autoinjectors and demonstrate use. […] Emphasize the importance of carrying the epinephrine autoinjector at all times.

• #64 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Educate the individual and/or caregiver regarding avoidance of allergens and how to use an EpiPen. […] The individual will demonstrate hemodynamic stability and maintain an open airway and adequate ventilation. […] The individual and/or caregivers will verbalize understanding of an allergic reaction, prevention, and management of anaphylaxis. […] Instruct caregivers about anaphylaxis, its diagnosis, and treatment. […] Always keep an epinephrine injector on hand. […] Always wear a medical alert bracelet.

• #65 Care you should expect if you experience anaphylaxis – Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia

  https://allergyfacts.org.au/care-you-should-expect-anaphylaxis/

  On arrival at the hospital the patient: […] Should stay at the hospital for a minimum of 4 hours after the last dose of adrenaline. […] The Clinical Care Standard outlines the care that you should get from paramedics, nurses, and doctors in a healthcare setting if you experience or are at risk of anaphylaxis. […] A patient with anaphylaxis, or suspected anaphylaxis, is administered adrenaline intramuscularly without delay, before any other treatment including asthma medicines. […] A patient experiencing anaphylaxis is laid flat or allowed to sit with legs extended if breathing is difficult. […] A patient who has an adrenaline injector has access to it for self-administration during all healthcare encounters. […] A patient treated for anaphylaxis remains under clinical observation for at least 4 hours after their last dose of adrenaline, or overnight as appropriate. […] Before a patient leaves a healthcare facility after having anaphylaxis, they are advised about the suspected allergen, allergen avoidance strategies and post-discharge care.

• #66 Anaphylaxis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8619-anaphylaxis

  Call 911 or find a way to get to the hospital. You need to get to the nearest emergency room if you have an anaphylactic reaction. […] An allergist is a healthcare provider specially trained to diagnose and treat people with allergies. If you experience or think you’ve experienced an allergic/anaphylactic reaction, you should see an allergist.

• #67 Patient education: Anaphylaxis treatment and prevention of recurrences (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-treatment-and-prevention-of-recurrences-beyond-the-basics/print

  Anyone who has experienced an anaphylactic reaction should be evaluated by a doctor with specific training and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis who can help you to prevent recurrences. […] It is important to confirm the trigger(s) of the anaphylactic reaction. […] When a trigger has been identified, you should avoid it. […] If you have experienced an anaphylactic reaction due to a food, you should eliminate that food from your diet. […] A course of allergy shots is recommended for anyone who has had an anaphylactic reaction after an insect sting. […] If you have an allergy to a medication, you should learn and record all the different names of that medication and the settings in which you are likely to encounter it. […] People who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction should consider wearing a medical identification bracelet or similar medical identification tag.

• #68 Anaphylaxis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/anaphylaxis/

  If you have anaphylaxis, you should be offered advice and medication to help prevent further episodes. […] You should be referred to a specialist allergy clinic for tests to find out what caused the anaphylaxis. Knowing what allergen triggered the allergic reaction can help you avoid further episodes of anaphylaxis. […] You may be prescribed an adrenaline auto-injector if you’ve had a previous episode of anaphylaxis and there’s a risk of you having another episode in the future.

• #69 ASCIA Guidelines Acute management of anaphylaxis – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/hp/papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines

  ASCIA guidelines for the acute management of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) are intended for medical practitioners, nurses and other health professionals who provide first responder emergency care. […] Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the first line treatment for anaphylaxis. […] Adrenaline should be the first line treatment for anaphylaxis in pregnant women, and prompt administration of adrenaline (1:1,000 IM adrenaline 0.01mg per kg up to 0.5mg per dose) should not be withheld due to a fear of causing reduced placental perfusion. […] Patients must NOT walk or stand, even if they appear to have recovered. […] Laying the patient flat will improve venous blood return to the heart. […] The left lateral (recovery) position is recommended for patients who are pregnant. […] The equipment on your emergency trolley should include: Adrenaline 1:1,000 (consider adrenaline injector availability for initial administration by nursing staff).

• #70 Anaphylaxis

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/anaphylaxis/

  All children with anaphylaxis should be observed for at least 4 hours in a supervised setting with facilities to manage deterioration Admission for a minimum 12-hour period of observation is recommended if: Further treatment is required within 4 hours of last adrenaline administration (biphasic or prolonged reaction) […] Ensure that asthma control is addressed including diagnosis, action plan, and preventers, as asthma is an independent risk factor for fatal anaphylaxis.

• #71 Anaphylaxis

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction characterised by an acute onset of cardiovascular (eg hypotension) or respiratory (eg bronchospasm) symptoms. It may be associated with typical skin features (urticarial rash or erythema/flushing and/or angioedema) and/or persistent severe gastrointestinal symptoms […] Treatment of anaphylaxis is intra-muscular adrenaline 10 microgram/kg or 0.01 mL/kg of 1:1000 (maximum 0.5 mL), into lateral thigh which should be repeated after 5 minutes if the child is not improving […] Do not allow children with anaphylaxis to stand or walk […] Anaphylaxis is a clinical diagnosis made in the setting of the acute onset of either criteria: Typical skin features (urticaria, flushing and/or angioedema) plus involvement of: Respiratory system and/or Cardiovascular system and/or Persistent severe gastrointestinal symptoms (especially after exposure to non-food allergens eg insect sting) OR Hypotension, bronchospasm or upper airway obstruction where anaphylaxis is possible, even if typical skin features are not present

• #72 SAMPLE anaphylaxis policy for children’s education and care services – Allergy Aware

  https://allergyaware.org.au/childrens-education-and-care/sample-anaphylaxis-policy-for-cec

  Allergies are common, and about 1 in 20 Australian children have a food allergy. […] Some allergies can be serious and may be life-threatening (anaphylaxis). Adrenaline (epinephrine) given through an adrenaline injector (such as EpiPen or Anapen) is the first line emergency treatment for anaphylaxis. […] The best way to prevent anaphylaxis in CEC services is to know which children have been diagnosed with food, medication and insect allergies, and to put plans in place to prevent allergic reactions where possible. […] To increase safety and make sure children at risk of anaphylaxis can join in the full range of CEC service activities. […] To raise awareness about allergy, including anaphylaxis and how the CEC service plans to reduce risk. […] To work with parents/carers of children with serious allergies to support these children and help keep them safe.

• #73 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  When anaphylaxis is diagnosed, co-treatment is often initiated with steroids, antihistamines, inhaled bronchodilators, and vasopressors. […] Corticosteroids are given to reduce the length or biphasic response of anaphylaxis. […] Antihistamines are often routinely used; the most common is H1 blocker administration of diphenhydramine 25 to 50 mg IV/IM. […] Patients should always be provided with an epinephrine auto-injector and instructed on how to use it. […] Despite awareness of the seriousness of anaphylaxis, treatment of anaphylaxis is not optimal. […] All healthcare workers must know the signs and symptoms of the disorder and know how to administer epinephrine.

• #74 A Nurse’s Guide to Treating Anaphylaxis

  https://nursingcecentral.com/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a rapid, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, affecting 20,000-50,000 people in the US annually. […] Recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the causes, and administering prompt treatment are crucial to managing this life-threatening condition. […] Symptoms usually begin within 5 to 30 minutes. […] The nursing processes for anaphylaxis are: […] The most important responsibility is to ensure the adequacy of the airway, breathing, and circulation for the patient. […] Nurses play a vital role in recognizing symptoms, administering appropriate treatment, and educating patients and their families on prevention and management strategies.

• #75 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Recognition of Anaphylactic Triggers: Identify and educate individuals at risk of anaphylaxis about common triggers, including food allergens, insect stings, medications, and latex, to facilitate early recognition and prevention. […] Emergency Response Preparedness: Equip healthcare providers, individuals at risk, and caregivers with the knowledge and skills necessary for prompt and effective emergency response to anaphylactic reactions, including the administration of epinephrine. […] Prevention and Allergen Avoidance: Implement strategies to prevent anaphylactic episodes by educating individuals on allergen avoidance, reading food labels, and ensuring the availability of auto-injectable epinephrine at all times. […] Individualized Anaphylaxis Action Plan: Collaborate with individuals at risk and their healthcare providers to develop individualized anaphylaxis action plans outlining specific steps to take in the event of an allergic reaction, including when to use epinephrine and when to seek emergency medical assistance.

• #76 Anaphylaxis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/anaphylaxis/?srsltid=AfmBOoohhMrGPynvlH3o_F3yIY4JD2eCJXCIYITxLsopJ23yxEyKGK3M

  Educate the individual and/or caregiver regarding avoidance of allergens and how to use an EpiPen. […] The individual will demonstrate hemodynamic stability and maintain an open airway and adequate ventilation. […] The individual and/or caregivers will verbalize understanding of an allergic reaction, prevention, and management of anaphylaxis. […] Instruct caregivers about anaphylaxis, its diagnosis, and treatment. […] Always keep an epinephrine injector on hand. […] Always wear a medical alert bracelet.

• #77 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Community Education and Awareness: Raise awareness about anaphylaxis within the community by providing education on recognizing symptoms, administering epinephrine, and fostering a supportive environment for individuals at risk. […] The immediate and primary goal is the prompt resolution of anaphylactic symptoms, including respiratory distress, skin manifestations, and cardiovascular instability, through the administration of epinephrine and other appropriate interventions. […] Achieve and maintain hemodynamic stability by addressing hypotension and preventing cardiovascular collapse. Administer fluids and vasoactive medications as needed to restore adequate perfusion to vital organs. […] Implement measures to prevent the recurrence of anaphylaxis by identifying and avoiding specific allergens, educating individuals at risk and their caregivers, and ensuring the availability and proper use of emergency medications, such as epinephrine auto-injectors.

• #78 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Anaphylaxis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-anaphylaxis

  Community Education and Awareness: Raise awareness about anaphylaxis within the community by providing education on recognizing symptoms, administering epinephrine, and fostering a supportive environment for individuals at risk. […] The immediate and primary goal is the prompt resolution of anaphylactic symptoms, including respiratory distress, skin manifestations, and cardiovascular instability, through the administration of epinephrine and other appropriate interventions. […] Achieve and maintain hemodynamic stability by addressing hypotension and preventing cardiovascular collapse. Administer fluids and vasoactive medications as needed to restore adequate perfusion to vital organs. […] Implement measures to prevent the recurrence of anaphylaxis by identifying and avoiding specific allergens, educating individuals at risk and their caregivers, and ensuring the availability and proper use of emergency medications, such as epinephrine auto-injectors.

• #79 Anaphylaxis – Its Prevention, Recognition and Response in Child Day Care Programs

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/anaphylaxis/

  Topics include: Develop A Plan to Reduce Risk and Manage Reactions for Individual Children, Provide Training On Allergies and Anaphylaxis for Child Day Care Programs, Reduce the Risk of Exposure to Allergens, Respond to Allergy Emergencies, Communicate With Family Members, Staff, Volunteers and Children About Allergies.

• #80 Individualised anaphylaxis care plan template – Allergy Aware

  https://allergyaware.org.au/childrens-education-and-care/individualised-anaphylaxis-care-plan-template

  An individualised anaphylaxis care plan should be completed by the CEC provider for all children with an ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis or an ASCIA Action Plan for Allergic Reactions in consultation with the childs parent or carer. […] The purpose of the individualised anaphylaxis care plan is to document the childs allergies, treatment to be administered in the event of an allergic reaction including anaphylaxis, and the risk minimisation strategies that will be put into place to prevent exposure to known allergens. […] Individualised anaphylaxis care plans should: be completed as soon as the child starts at the CEC service or when the CEC provider is informed about the childs allergies. […] be reviewed at the start of each calendar year and updated if the CEC service is informed about changes to the childs allergies. […] include appropriate risk minimisation strategies that will be implemented to manage the childs allergies for both on-site and off-site activities. […] be agreed to and signed by a parent or carer.

• #81 SAMPLE anaphylaxis policy for children’s education and care services – Allergy Aware

  https://allergyaware.org.au/childrens-education-and-care/sample-anaphylaxis-policy-for-cec

  All staff will be trained in the prevention, recognition and emergency treatment of anaphylaxis, including the use of adrenaline injectors as this is considered best practice. […] Anaphylaxis emergency response will always include transport by ambulance (where possible) for medical monitoring (a hospital where possible), as the child needs medical care and observation for at least four hours after being given the adrenaline injector. […] After an allergic reaction/anaphylaxis, the individualised anaphylaxis care plan will be reviewed to determine if the CEC services risk minimisation strategies and emergency response procedures need to be changed/improved. […] Staff will educate children about allergies and the risk of anaphylaxis in an age-appropriate way, including signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction and what to do if they think their friend is having an allergic reaction.

• #82 A Nurse’s Guide to Treating Anaphylaxis

  https://nursingcecentral.com/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a rapid, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, affecting 20,000-50,000 people in the US annually. […] Recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the causes, and administering prompt treatment are crucial to managing this life-threatening condition. […] Symptoms usually begin within 5 to 30 minutes. […] The nursing processes for anaphylaxis are: […] The most important responsibility is to ensure the adequacy of the airway, breathing, and circulation for the patient. […] Nurses play a vital role in recognizing symptoms, administering appropriate treatment, and educating patients and their families on prevention and management strategies.

• #83 British Journal of Nursing – Managing anaphylaxis in adults

  https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/clinical/managing-anaphylaxis-in-adults/

  Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. […] Prompt recognition of anaphylaxis and its subsequent treatment and management by the multidisciplinary team, including nurses and allied health professionals, is key as this increases the patient’s chances of survival. […] It is therefore essential that health professionals recognise the signs and symptoms of a reaction and implement the correct treatment immediately. […] The aim of this article is to discuss the immediate emergency management and post-emergency management of an adult patient experiencing an anaphylactic reaction.

• #84 British Journal of Nursing – Managing anaphylaxis in adults

  https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/clinical/managing-anaphylaxis-in-adults/

  Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. […] Prompt recognition of anaphylaxis and its subsequent treatment and management by the multidisciplinary team, including nurses and allied health professionals, is key as this increases the patient’s chances of survival. […] It is therefore essential that health professionals recognise the signs and symptoms of a reaction and implement the correct treatment immediately. […] The aim of this article is to discuss the immediate emergency management and post-emergency management of an adult patient experiencing an anaphylactic reaction.

• #85 A Nurse’s Guide to Treating Anaphylaxis

  https://nursingcecentral.com/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a rapid, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, affecting 20,000-50,000 people in the US annually. […] Recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the causes, and administering prompt treatment are crucial to managing this life-threatening condition. […] Symptoms usually begin within 5 to 30 minutes. […] The nursing processes for anaphylaxis are: […] The most important responsibility is to ensure the adequacy of the airway, breathing, and circulation for the patient. […] Nurses play a vital role in recognizing symptoms, administering appropriate treatment, and educating patients and their families on prevention and management strategies.

• #86 7 Anaphylactic Shock Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anaphylactic-shock-nursing-care-plans/

  As a nurse, understanding the nursing care plans and nursing diagnosis for anaphylactic shock is crucial to providing the best care for patients. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of anaphylactic shock nursing care plans and nursing diagnosis, including common symptoms and treatment options. […] Nursing care plan and management for patients with anaphylactic shock involve a comprehensive approach to ensure patient safety and stabilization. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with anaphylactic shock: Ensure a clear airway. Monitor and assess breathing. Monitor and assess circulation. Administer epinephrine promptly. Provide fluid resuscitation as needed. Administer prescribed medications. […] Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with anaphylactic shock based on the nurses clinical judgement and understanding of the patients unique health condition.

• #87 Anaphylaxis Nursing Care Plan & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/anaphylaxis-nursing-care-plan

  Anaphylaxis Nursing Care Plan is a structured guide that helps healthcare professionals provide safe, efficient, patient-centered care for individuals experiencing anaphylaxis. […] The care plan outlines specific nursing interventions with rationales to ensure the actions taken are evidence-based and tailored to the patient’s needs. Interventions may include administering medications like epinephrine, managing the airway, and closely monitoring vital signs. […] Nurses play a pivotal role in anaphylaxis management. Swift assessment and appropriate interventions can significantly improve outcomes for patients experiencing this life-threatening emergency. […] Effective nursing care interventions for anaphylaxis provide numerous benefits, from stabilizing critical symptoms like difficulty breathing to educating patients and families about managing food allergies.

• #88 Anaphylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124/

  Early recognition and aggressive treatment greatly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] Diagnosing anaphylaxis is clinical; thus, laboratory studies or other diagnostics are unnecessary. Most anaphylactic deaths occur within the first hour after antigen exposure. Rapid recognition and action are imperative. […] Triage any allergic reaction with urgency as they are at risk for rapid deterioration with the development of anaphylaxis, if not already anaphylactic. […] Airway management is paramount. Thoroughly examine the patient for airway patency or any indications of an impending loss of airway. […] Epinephrine is given through intramuscular injection and at a dose of 0.3 to 0.5 mL of 1:1,000 concentration of epinephrine. […] Anaphylaxis induces a distributive shock that typically is responsive to fluid resuscitation and the above epinephrine.

• #89 What Nursing Students Need to Know About Anaphylactic Reactions – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/anaphylaxis/

  Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that occurs immediately (or shortly after) exposure to an antigen. Because anaphylaxis can quickly be fatal, it’s crucial that you understand how to recognize it and intervene appropriately. […] Immediate action is necessary in order for your patient to have the best possible chance for a positive outcome. […] Everything we do in anaphylaxis treatment is aimed at supporting the airway, maximizing ventilation and ensuring adequate circulation. Anaphylaxis requires prompt identification and immediate medical treatment. […] Monitor respiratory status: listen for wheezing, coughing, stridor, reduced airflow, increased work of breathing, dropping SpO2, increased respiratory rate. […] Monitor patient for respiratory compromise and airway closure; keep a close eye on VS (especially HR and BP).

• #90 Discharge Care (Campbell & Kelso, 2023)

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/anaphylaxis

  Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction, typically rapid in onset with airway, breathing, or circulatory problems, and often associated with skin and mucosal changes (Cardona et al., 2020). […] The goal of treatment is rapid recognition and administration of epinephrine to prevent respiratory or cardiac arrest (Campbell Kelso, 2023). […] Patients with anaphylaxis should be assessed and treated as rapidly as possible; respiratory or cardiac arrest and death can occur within minutes. […] Epinephrine (1 mg/mL) is the most critical first treatment. There are no absolute contraindications to epinephrine in the setting of anaphylaxis and it is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis of any severity. […] Most patients respond to one, two, or at most, three doses.

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