Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What you need to know about shellfish allergy diagnosis, treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-treatment/2022/10

  Did you know that shellfish allergy is very common in adults and children? In fact, shellfish is the leading cause of food allergy in the U.S. It affects around 3% of adults and a little over 1% of children. […] Despite its prevalence and its potentially lethal symptoms, shellfish allergy remains a big challenge to clinicians to diagnose and treat. […] In their review published in Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Patrick Leung and Christine Wai examined the current status in the diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergy. They highlight the imminent need for more specific diagnostic methods and effective and safe therapeutic approaches for shellfish allergy. […] To diagnose shellfish allergy, the routine workup would involve a thorough review of the patients history, a skin prick test, and a blood test for shellfish allergens and tropomyosin. Clinicians would then assess whether an oral food challenge is necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

• #2 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  Shellfish allergy is very common in adults and children. It affects around 3% of adults and a little over 1% of children. Despite its prevalence and its potentially lethal symptoms, shellfish allergy remains a big challenge to clinicians to diagnose and treat. […] In their review published in Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Patrick Leung, Ph.D., and Christine Wai, Ph.D., examined the current status in the diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergy. They highlighted the imminent need for more specific diagnostic methods and effective and safe therapeutic approaches for shellfish allergy. […] To diagnose shellfish allergy, the routine workup would involve a thorough review of clinical history, a skin prick test, and a serum-specific IgE antibody test to whole shrimp and tropomyosin determination. Clinicians will then assess whether an oral food challenge is necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

• #3 Diagnosis of fish and shellfish allergies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181092/

  Considering the pervasiveness of fish and shellfish allergies, developing precise diagnostic protocols is essential for appropriate prevention and management strategies including avoidance of unnecessary dietary restrictions. Conventional first-line diagnostic approach includes clinical assessment, oral food challenge (open or blinded), skin prick test (SPT), and serum-specific IgE (sIgE) measurement. […] The current clinical approaches to seafood allergy diagnosis include clinical assessment, SPT, sIgE testing, and oral food challenge. […] Clinical assessment is the first step of allergy diagnosis. Clinical symptoms and medical history underpin the likelihood of seafood allergy. […] SPT is a common in vivo screening procedure for IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity by examining skin reactivity to food extracts.

• #4 Shellfish Allergy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11319-allergies-shellfish

  A shellfish allergy is a type of food allergy. […] Shellfish allergies can be challenging to diagnose. […] To diagnose a shellfish allergy, your healthcare provider or allergist will ask you about your symptoms. […] After asking you about your symptom history, your provider may do food allergy testing to confirm a diagnosis. […] Oral food challenges can provide a definitive diagnosis. […] The best way to keep yourself healthy is to avoid shellfish. […] Epinephrine is the main treatment for anaphylaxis. […] Contact your healthcare provider if you notice any allergy symptoms after consuming shellfish. […] A shellfish allergy can be annoying. […] If you notice symptoms after eating shellfish, talk to your healthcare provider or allergist to get a diagnosis.

• #5 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  When a food allergy is suspected, it’s important to consult an allergist, who can determine which tests to perform, decide if an allergy exists and counsel patients on managing exposure and symptoms once the diagnosis has been confirmed. […] To make a diagnosis, allergists ask detailed questions about the history of allergy symptoms. Be prepared to answer questions about what and how much you ate, how long it took for symptoms to develop, which symptoms you experienced and how long the symptoms lasted. The allergist will usually perform skin-prick tests and/or order a blood test (such as an ImmunoCAP test), which indicate whether food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are present in your body. […] Skin-prick tests are conducted in a doctor’s office and provide results within 15 to 30 minutes. A drop of a liquid containing the suspected allergen is placed on your forearm or back. The skin is then pricked with a small, sterile probe, allowing the liquid to seep under the skin. The tests, which are not painful but can be uncomfortable, are considered positive if a wheal (resembling a bump from a mosquito bite) develops at the site.

• #6 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  Shellfish allergy is very common in adults and children. It affects around 3% of adults and a little over 1% of children. Despite its prevalence and its potentially lethal symptoms, shellfish allergy remains a big challenge to clinicians to diagnose and treat. […] In their review published in Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Patrick Leung, Ph.D., and Christine Wai, Ph.D., examined the current status in the diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergy. They highlighted the imminent need for more specific diagnostic methods and effective and safe therapeutic approaches for shellfish allergy. […] To diagnose shellfish allergy, the routine workup would involve a thorough review of clinical history, a skin prick test, and a serum-specific IgE antibody test to whole shrimp and tropomyosin determination. Clinicians will then assess whether an oral food challenge is necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

• #7 What you need to know about shellfish allergy diagnosis, treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-treatment/2022/10

  Did you know that shellfish allergy is very common in adults and children? In fact, shellfish is the leading cause of food allergy in the U.S. It affects around 3% of adults and a little over 1% of children. […] Despite its prevalence and its potentially lethal symptoms, shellfish allergy remains a big challenge to clinicians to diagnose and treat. […] In their review published in Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Patrick Leung and Christine Wai examined the current status in the diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergy. They highlight the imminent need for more specific diagnostic methods and effective and safe therapeutic approaches for shellfish allergy. […] To diagnose shellfish allergy, the routine workup would involve a thorough review of the patients history, a skin prick test, and a blood test for shellfish allergens and tropomyosin. Clinicians would then assess whether an oral food challenge is necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

• #8 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  When a food allergy is suspected, it’s important to consult an allergist, who can determine which tests to perform, decide if an allergy exists and counsel patients on managing exposure and symptoms once the diagnosis has been confirmed. […] To make a diagnosis, allergists ask detailed questions about the history of allergy symptoms. Be prepared to answer questions about what and how much you ate, how long it took for symptoms to develop, which symptoms you experienced and how long the symptoms lasted. The allergist will usually perform skin-prick tests and/or order a blood test (such as an ImmunoCAP test), which indicate whether food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are present in your body. […] Skin-prick tests are conducted in a doctor’s office and provide results within 15 to 30 minutes. A drop of a liquid containing the suspected allergen is placed on your forearm or back. The skin is then pricked with a small, sterile probe, allowing the liquid to seep under the skin. The tests, which are not painful but can be uncomfortable, are considered positive if a wheal (resembling a bump from a mosquito bite) develops at the site.

• #9 Shellfish Allergies Symptoms and Treatment—Jax Allergy

  https://www.jaxallergy.com/allergy-treatments/food-allergies/shellfish-allergy/

  When a person has a shellfish allergy, they may exhibit the following signs and symptoms within a short period of consuming shellfish: […] If you suspect you have a shellfish allergy or you’ve had any of the above symptoms after eating shellfish, make an appointment with your allergy specialist as soon as possible. […] A shellfish allergy diagnosis can sometimes be complicated as symptoms vary widely from person to person, and it is very possible for someone to have different symptoms during each reaction. […] In most cases your shellfish allergy will be diagnosed by a skin-prick test or a blood test. […] The skin-prick test will be performed in the allergist office and you can expect to have results fairly quickly—often within 15 minutes. […] For blood tests, a blood sample is taken and tested for the presence of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies—these antibodies are produced by your body in response to a particular allergen (in this case shellfish) and results are typically available in a week to two weeks.

• #10 A deeper dive into shellfish allergy diagnosis | AITHM

  https://www.aithm.jcu.edu.au/a-deeper-dive-into-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis/

  Shellfish are the number one food-related trigger of fatal allergic reactions in Australia. Accurate diagnosis is vital for identifying appropriate management tools and preventing adverse health effects. However, new research shows that one of the most common methods for diagnosing food allergies can yield unreliable results. […] We did find a huge diversity in the overall allergen content; some extracts did not contain a sufficient amount of shellfish allergen components. Thus, diagnosis is largely hampered, and tests could return a false negative. A false negative SPT result can lead to life-threatening anaphylaxis if patients are exposed to food they are allergic to. Therefore, other diagnostic tests such as oral food challenges in clinical settings are often still required. […] Both of these studies provide proof that commercial SPT solutions are not reliable for diagnosing fish or shellfish allergies, Dr Ruethers says. Standardisation of allergen extracts is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of SPT. […] Professor Lopata says developing more reliable allergy diagnostic tools, including blood tests, requires further interdisciplinary research and is necessary to safeguard allergy sufferers globally.

• #11 Lack of standardization in shellfish allergy testing could prove fatal

  https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/shellfish-allergy-testing-extracts-vary-widely/

  Lack of standardization in shellfish allergy testing could prove fatal Researchers have found that the extracts used to test for shellfish allergy vary widely between manufacturers. […] A new study has found that the contents of commercially produced extracts used to test for shellfish allergies differ widely between manufacturers. The researchers are calling for the standardization of these extracts to avoid false negative results and safeguard the health of allergy sufferers worldwide. […] Skin prick testing (SPT) is often the preferred first-line diagnostic approach, said Dianne Campbell, one of the studys co-authors. […] The extracts were taken from manufacturers in the US, Spain, and Switzerland. The researchers found that the total protein content varied up to 14-fold in five shrimp (from at least three different species), four crab, two lobster, two oyster and three clam/scallop extracts from six different manufacturers.

• #12 Lack of standardization in shellfish allergy testing could prove fatal

  https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/shellfish-allergy-testing-extracts-vary-widely/

  They concluded that some SPT extracts lacked a sufficient amount and diversity of important shellfish allergens, meaning test results could provide a false negative, which has the potential to put lives at risk. […] Standardization of allergen extracts is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of SPTs, said Thimo Ruethers, lead author of the study. […] The standardization of allergen products, including extracts, has been discussed for many years, since the establishment, in 1980, of the World Health Organization and International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Standardization Subcommittee. Despite this, allergen standardization in the US and Europe has not been achieved.

• #13 Shellfish Allergy Test | Blood Test for Shellfish Allergy | Personalabs

  https://www.personalabs.com/product/allergen-profile-shellfish-blood-test/?srsltid=AfmBOoqWliwbhSaObgZnLU5AcEUwR1slSq0JiqMEHc__JnE9YyVjx2g1

  The shellfish allergy panel helps confirm food allergies against clam, crab, lobster, oyster, scallop, shrimp, and other shellfish. It is also required to assess allergic sensitivity, laying the foundation for immunotherapy. […] Shellfish allergy testing screens for immunoglobulin E (IgE) an antibody released by the immune system when an allergen enters the bloodstream. […] In the case of shellfish allergy, the allergen is typically a muscle protein commonly found in shellfish called tropomyosin. […] Those who repeatedly exhibit allergy symptoms for over two weeks should take an allergy blood test. […] If the allergic reaction is triggered after eating shellfish or mollusks, inform your doctor to confirm the medical connection. […] Withholding testing increases your risk of anaphylaxis, a life-threatening shock caused by allergies. […] The IgE test for shellfish allergy not only detects the antibodies but measures them as well. […] Exceeding this value helps verify the allergy and the specific result also falls under a particular class which determines the severity of the condition.

• #14 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  Blood tests, another testing option for food allergy, measure the amount of IgE antibody to the specific food(s) being tested. Results are typically available in about one to two weeks and are reported as a numerical value. […] Your allergist will interpret these results and use them to aid in a diagnosis. While both of these diagnostic tools can signal a food allergy, neither one is conclusive. A positive test result to a specific food does not always indicate that you will react to that food when it’s eaten. A negative test is more helpful to rule out a food allergy. Neither test, by size of the skin test wheal or the level of IgE antibodies, necessarily predicts how severe your allergic reaction to shellfish will be. […] An allergist may use these tests and your history to make a food allergy diagnosis. For a definitive diagnosis, the allergist may wish to conduct an oral food challenge, in which the patient is fed gradually increasing amounts of the suspected allergy-causing food under strict supervision. Experienced personnel, emergency medication and emergency equipment must be on hand during this procedure.

• #15 New Blood Test Improves Diagnostic Accuracy for Shrimp Allergy – CUHK in Touch

  https://cuhkintouch.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/2022/02/new-blood-test-improves-diagnostic-accuracy-for-shrimp-allergy/

  The BAT analyses the cellular response of a type of white blood cells called basophils in the patients blood sample using a flow cytometer and the research team has found that it is a more accurate diagnostic method for shrimp allergy. […] CU Medicine proves that the diagnostic accuracy of the basophil activation test (BAT) is much superior to that of the conventional methods such as the skin prick test and specific IgE measurement. […] The research team recruited 35 participants, who had exhibited at least two occasions of immediate allergic reactions after shrimp consumption, to undergo the double-blinded, placebo-controlled food challenge. […] Although the sensitivity of the skin prick test and specific IgE measurement is over 90%, their specificity is very low, indicating their low diagnostic power and tendency to false positives. By contrast, the result showed that the BAT is the only test with both high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, performing a single diagnostic step involving a shrimp-BAT can substantially enhance the accuracy of shrimp allergy diagnosis.

• #16 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  Blood tests, another testing option for food allergy, measure the amount of IgE antibody to the specific food(s) being tested. Results are typically available in about one to two weeks and are reported as a numerical value. […] Your allergist will interpret these results and use them to aid in a diagnosis. While both of these diagnostic tools can signal a food allergy, neither one is conclusive. A positive test result to a specific food does not always indicate that you will react to that food when it’s eaten. A negative test is more helpful to rule out a food allergy. Neither test, by size of the skin test wheal or the level of IgE antibodies, necessarily predicts how severe your allergic reaction to shellfish will be. […] An allergist may use these tests and your history to make a food allergy diagnosis. For a definitive diagnosis, the allergist may wish to conduct an oral food challenge, in which the patient is fed gradually increasing amounts of the suspected allergy-causing food under strict supervision. Experienced personnel, emergency medication and emergency equipment must be on hand during this procedure.

• #17 Diagnosis of fish and shellfish allergies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6181092/

  Serologic sIgE level is useful not only for diagnosis, but also for predicting the development of tolerance and persistence of seafood allergy, as well as monitoring allergy treatments. […] Oral food challenge is by far the only diagnostic test reflecting clinical food allergy, and positive food challenge usually correlates with strong SPT and IgE measurement results. […] CRD has been developed recently as an emerging strategy to overcome the shortcomings of these traditional methods. CRD aims at measuring IgE antibodies to individual allergenic components in the form of proteins or peptides to provide more details on the sensitizing profile of patients. […] Studies on the diagnostic utility of CRD in fish and shellfish allergies are lacking. Currently, in vitro assays of serologic IgE reactivity to recombinant fish parvalbumin are often used to assess for clinical cross-reactivity in fish allergy.

• #18 Frontiers | Shellfish Allergy: Diagnostics and Management

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/54617/shellfish-allergy-diagnostics-and-managementundefined

  Shellfish allergy is based on a history of reactivity following shellfish ingestion along with evidence of shellfish specific IgE on serum or skin testing. The gold standard for diagnosing a shellfish allergy is to perform an oral food challenge. […] The aim of this Research Topic will be to identify differences between IgE and non-IgE mediated shellfish allergy, determine the epidemiology and natural history of shellfish allergy and identify diagnostic parameters to reliably predict the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. […] Diagnosis of shellfish allergy.

• #19 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  Blood tests, another testing option for food allergy, measure the amount of IgE antibody to the specific food(s) being tested. Results are typically available in about one to two weeks and are reported as a numerical value. […] Your allergist will interpret these results and use them to aid in a diagnosis. While both of these diagnostic tools can signal a food allergy, neither one is conclusive. A positive test result to a specific food does not always indicate that you will react to that food when it’s eaten. A negative test is more helpful to rule out a food allergy. Neither test, by size of the skin test wheal or the level of IgE antibodies, necessarily predicts how severe your allergic reaction to shellfish will be. […] An allergist may use these tests and your history to make a food allergy diagnosis. For a definitive diagnosis, the allergist may wish to conduct an oral food challenge, in which the patient is fed gradually increasing amounts of the suspected allergy-causing food under strict supervision. Experienced personnel, emergency medication and emergency equipment must be on hand during this procedure.

• #20 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  A blind food challenge remains the gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. However, this method is resource-intensive, time-consuming, expensive and with the risk of anaphylaxis that hampers its clinical implication. Recently, there has been a successful study on using nasal allergen provocation test to diagnose shellfish allergy. Yet, there is still a great need for a noninvasive but accurate diagnostic method for shellfish allergy. […] Clearly, identification and validation of the optimal diagnostic algorithm for shellfish allergy are much needed. It is known that skin prick test and blood antibody test have low specificity. So, for patients with clinical history of shellfish allergy and negative skin and blood tests, we can do component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and antibody crosslinking tests.

• #21 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  CRD allows the noninvasive and specific detection of a specific antibody reaction to individual allergenic molecules and allergen peptides. This CRD approach has the potential to diagnose shrimp allergy using serum samples. […] As for the antibody crosslinking tests such as BAT (basophil activation test) and EXiLE, our group recently showed that their diagnostic value is higher than the conventional allergy tests. We found that a single-step diagnostic approach using BAT can replace skin prick test and specific IgE measurement in shrimp allergy diagnosis. […] So, we suggest stepwise and combinatorial diagnostic strategies to conclude the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. For patients with inconclusive results using traditional standard testing, second-step tests can be ordered, which include CRD and IgE crosslinking tests. Food challenges are offered only when the results are uncertain to minimize risk to patients.

• #22 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  CRD allows the noninvasive and specific detection of a specific antibody reaction to individual allergenic molecules and allergen peptides. This CRD approach has the potential to diagnose shrimp allergy using serum samples. […] As for the antibody crosslinking tests such as BAT (basophil activation test) and EXiLE, our group recently showed that their diagnostic value is higher than the conventional allergy tests. We found that a single-step diagnostic approach using BAT can replace skin prick test and specific IgE measurement in shrimp allergy diagnosis. […] So, we suggest stepwise and combinatorial diagnostic strategies to conclude the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. For patients with inconclusive results using traditional standard testing, second-step tests can be ordered, which include CRD and IgE crosslinking tests. Food challenges are offered only when the results are uncertain to minimize risk to patients.

• #23 Overcoming Shellfish Allergy: How Far Have We Come?

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/6/2234

  It would thus be preferable to have an improved surrogate test to circumvent the drawbacks of these conventional diagnostic tests. Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) that involves the detection of sIgE to individual allergenic molecules and/or allergen peptides has emerged to possibly resolve these ambiguities. […] Quantification of sIgE to shellfish extract or allergens neither measures the capacity of these proteins to crosslink IgE nor provides information on IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Both the basophil activation test (BAT) and the emerging IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) test might offer solutions to these issues. […] In spite of the high prevalence of shellfish allergy, active treatment options are not yet available. It is recommended to shellfish allergic subjects that they avoid shellfish that trigger symptoms, to take antihistamines to alleviate mild symptoms, and to be treated with adrenaline, corticosteroid and β2-agonist in cases of anaphylactic reactions. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) represents a novel strategy to desensitize these food-allergic patients and restore their food tolerance.

• #24 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  CRD allows the noninvasive and specific detection of a specific antibody reaction to individual allergenic molecules and allergen peptides. This CRD approach has the potential to diagnose shrimp allergy using serum samples. […] As for the antibody crosslinking tests such as BAT (basophil activation test) and EXiLE, our group recently showed that their diagnostic value is higher than the conventional allergy tests. We found that a single-step diagnostic approach using BAT can replace skin prick test and specific IgE measurement in shrimp allergy diagnosis. […] So, we suggest stepwise and combinatorial diagnostic strategies to conclude the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. For patients with inconclusive results using traditional standard testing, second-step tests can be ordered, which include CRD and IgE crosslinking tests. Food challenges are offered only when the results are uncertain to minimize risk to patients.

• #25 Allergens and Molecular Diagnostics of Shellfish Allergy | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-42499-6_21

  In recent years, there has been a steady growth in the production and consumption of shellfish due to its important role in human nutrition and health. This increased consumption has led to an increase in adverse health problems among consumers including immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic reactions. Approximately 2 % of the world population is affected by shellfish allergy, which includes the crustacean and mollusk groups. The allergenic proteins present in the shellfish group have variable primary structures and often present a challenge in allergen detection and diagnosis. The distinction of crustacean from mollusk is important from clinical point of view, as molecular cross-reactivity, particularly between crustaceans, seems to be determined by the close relationship to insects and mites. Currently, at least seven different shellfish allergens have been identified, mostly from crustaceans; however, only three recombinant allergens are available for IgE-based routine diagnostic, including tropomyosin, arginine kinase, and sarcoplasmic Ca++-binding protein. Other allergens include myosin light chain, troponin C, triose-phosphate isomerase, and actin.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-016-0124-2

  Diagnosis of shellfish allergy is based on clinical history, sensitization tests (allergen-specific IgE tests; skin tests), and oral challenge test, if needed. […] IgE diagnostics should include total IgE (for improved interpretation of the quantitative allergen-specific IgE values), allergen-specific IgE preferably to the reaction-eliciting (or biologically closely related) shellfish species, allergen-specific IgE to Pen a 1, the currently only available TM for singleplex testing from brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus). […] In conclusion, no species-specific allergens have been identified so far, making it difficult to precisely diagnose allergy to a specific crustacean or mollusk species with the use of allergen molecules. […] Serum based IgE quantification tests are available for a wide variety of crustacean and mollusk species as well as for cross-reactive invertebrate species such as dust-mites and cockroaches.

• #27 IgE-Mediated Shellfish Allergy in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/12/2714

  Following a detailed history, SPT and/or sIgE are performed as first-line diagnostic tests. […] The sensitivity and specificity of whole shellfish extracts are not found to be high, and the predictive value varies depending on the prevalence of the population. […] The Basophil activation test (BAT) is an in vitro functional assay used for food allergy diagnosis. […] Emerging IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) is a relatively new method similar to BAT that measures specific allergen-IgE crosslinking without the need for procedures such as flow cytometry-based analyses. […] Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD), which allows specific detection of sIgE reaction to individual allergenic molecules, provides more information regarding the IgE recognition profile. […] In recent years, the discrepancies in the results of conventional tests and the aim to reduce the need for OFCs increased the interest in new diagnostic methods.

• #28 New Blood Test Improves Diagnostic Accuracy for Shrimp Allergy – CUHK in Touch

  https://cuhkintouch.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/2022/02/new-blood-test-improves-diagnostic-accuracy-for-shrimp-allergy/

  The BAT analyses the cellular response of a type of white blood cells called basophils in the patients blood sample using a flow cytometer and the research team has found that it is a more accurate diagnostic method for shrimp allergy. […] CU Medicine proves that the diagnostic accuracy of the basophil activation test (BAT) is much superior to that of the conventional methods such as the skin prick test and specific IgE measurement. […] The research team recruited 35 participants, who had exhibited at least two occasions of immediate allergic reactions after shrimp consumption, to undergo the double-blinded, placebo-controlled food challenge. […] Although the sensitivity of the skin prick test and specific IgE measurement is over 90%, their specificity is very low, indicating their low diagnostic power and tendency to false positives. By contrast, the result showed that the BAT is the only test with both high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, performing a single diagnostic step involving a shrimp-BAT can substantially enhance the accuracy of shrimp allergy diagnosis.

• #29 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  CRD allows the noninvasive and specific detection of a specific antibody reaction to individual allergenic molecules and allergen peptides. This CRD approach has the potential to diagnose shrimp allergy using serum samples. […] As for the antibody crosslinking tests such as BAT (basophil activation test) and EXiLE, our group recently showed that their diagnostic value is higher than the conventional allergy tests. We found that a single-step diagnostic approach using BAT can replace skin prick test and specific IgE measurement in shrimp allergy diagnosis. […] So, we suggest stepwise and combinatorial diagnostic strategies to conclude the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. For patients with inconclusive results using traditional standard testing, second-step tests can be ordered, which include CRD and IgE crosslinking tests. Food challenges are offered only when the results are uncertain to minimize risk to patients.

• #30 IgE-Mediated Shellfish Allergy in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/12/2714

  Following a detailed history, SPT and/or sIgE are performed as first-line diagnostic tests. […] The sensitivity and specificity of whole shellfish extracts are not found to be high, and the predictive value varies depending on the prevalence of the population. […] The Basophil activation test (BAT) is an in vitro functional assay used for food allergy diagnosis. […] Emerging IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) is a relatively new method similar to BAT that measures specific allergen-IgE crosslinking without the need for procedures such as flow cytometry-based analyses. […] Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD), which allows specific detection of sIgE reaction to individual allergenic molecules, provides more information regarding the IgE recognition profile. […] In recent years, the discrepancies in the results of conventional tests and the aim to reduce the need for OFCs increased the interest in new diagnostic methods.

• #31 Overcoming Shellfish Allergy: How Far Have We Come?

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/6/2234

  It would thus be preferable to have an improved surrogate test to circumvent the drawbacks of these conventional diagnostic tests. Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) that involves the detection of sIgE to individual allergenic molecules and/or allergen peptides has emerged to possibly resolve these ambiguities. […] Quantification of sIgE to shellfish extract or allergens neither measures the capacity of these proteins to crosslink IgE nor provides information on IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Both the basophil activation test (BAT) and the emerging IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) test might offer solutions to these issues. […] In spite of the high prevalence of shellfish allergy, active treatment options are not yet available. It is recommended to shellfish allergic subjects that they avoid shellfish that trigger symptoms, to take antihistamines to alleviate mild symptoms, and to be treated with adrenaline, corticosteroid and β2-agonist in cases of anaphylactic reactions. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) represents a novel strategy to desensitize these food-allergic patients and restore their food tolerance.

• #32 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  A blind food challenge remains the gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. However, this method is resource-intensive, time-consuming, expensive and with the risk of anaphylaxis that hampers its clinical implication. Recently, there has been a successful study on using nasal allergen provocation test to diagnose shellfish allergy. Yet, there is still a great need for a noninvasive but accurate diagnostic method for shellfish allergy. […] Clearly, identification and validation of the optimal diagnostic algorithm for shellfish allergy are much needed. It is known that skin prick test and blood antibody test have low specificity. So, for patients with clinical history of shellfish allergy and negative skin and blood tests, we can do component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and antibody crosslinking tests.

• #33 What you need to know about shellfish allergy diagnosis, treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-treatment/2022/10

  Recently, there has been a successful study on using nasal allergen provocation test to diagnose shellfish allergy. Yet, there is still a great need for a noninvasive but accurate diagnostic method for shellfish allergy. […] It is known that skin prick tests and blood antibody tests have low specificity. So, for patients with a history of shellfish allergy and negative skin and blood tests, we can do component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and antibody crosslinking tests to test for allergen specific IgE in blood samples. These diagnostic strategies are to determine the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. […] Food challenges are offered only when the results are uncertain to minimize risks to the patient.

• #34 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  CRD allows the noninvasive and specific detection of a specific antibody reaction to individual allergenic molecules and allergen peptides. This CRD approach has the potential to diagnose shrimp allergy using serum samples. […] As for the antibody crosslinking tests such as BAT (basophil activation test) and EXiLE, our group recently showed that their diagnostic value is higher than the conventional allergy tests. We found that a single-step diagnostic approach using BAT can replace skin prick test and specific IgE measurement in shrimp allergy diagnosis. […] So, we suggest stepwise and combinatorial diagnostic strategies to conclude the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. For patients with inconclusive results using traditional standard testing, second-step tests can be ordered, which include CRD and IgE crosslinking tests. Food challenges are offered only when the results are uncertain to minimize risk to patients.

• #35 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  A blind food challenge remains the gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. However, this method is resource-intensive, time-consuming, expensive and with the risk of anaphylaxis that hampers its clinical implication. Recently, there has been a successful study on using nasal allergen provocation test to diagnose shellfish allergy. Yet, there is still a great need for a noninvasive but accurate diagnostic method for shellfish allergy. […] Clearly, identification and validation of the optimal diagnostic algorithm for shellfish allergy are much needed. It is known that skin prick test and blood antibody test have low specificity. So, for patients with clinical history of shellfish allergy and negative skin and blood tests, we can do component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and antibody crosslinking tests.

• #36 Food allergy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355101

  There’s no perfect test used to confirm or rule out a food allergy. Your healthcare team will consider a few factors before making a diagnosis. These factors include: […] A skin prick test can determine whether you may react to a particular food. In this test, a small amount of the suspected food is placed on the skin of your forearm or back. […] A blood test can measure your immune system’s response to particular foods by measuring the allergy-related antibody known as immunoglobulin E (IgE). […] An elimination diet can’t tell you whether your reaction to a food is a true allergy instead of a food sensitivity. […] During this test, done in a healthcare professional’s office, you’ll be given small but increasing amounts of the food suspected of causing your symptoms.

• #37 Shellfish Allergy Panel | IgE Food Allergy Testing | Quest®

  https://www.questhealth.com/product/shellfish-allergy-panel-11270M.html?srsltid=AfmBOor2_Zj2WMa4p8V8U9qoOWcN51WSnfe4db1t3Gn4aaa1zqsLxpXS

  The Shellfish Allergy Panel measures the level of IgE antibodies produced by your immune system in response to specific shellfish allergens. […] The Shellfish Allergy Panel measures immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies produced in the blood in response to certain shellfish allergens. This panel measures immune responses to clam, crab, lobster, and shrimp. […] This test reports the presence of IgE(s) antibodies to shellfish, but the result by itself cannot confirm the diagnosis of an allergy. It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider. They will review your results along with your medical history, signs and symptoms, medications, and any other test results. Only a healthcare provider can diagnose an allergy and prescribe medication, if needed. […] This panel may be helpful in identifying whether you have had or currently have an allergic reaction to shellfish allergens.

• #38 Shellfish Allergy Panel | IgE Food Allergy Testing | Quest®

  https://www.questhealth.com/product/shellfish-allergy-panel-11270M.html?srsltid=AfmBOor2_Zj2WMa4p8V8U9qoOWcN51WSnfe4db1t3Gn4aaa1zqsLxpXS

  The Shellfish Allergy Panel measures the level of IgE antibodies produced by your immune system in response to specific shellfish allergens. […] The Shellfish Allergy Panel measures immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies produced in the blood in response to certain shellfish allergens. This panel measures immune responses to clam, crab, lobster, and shrimp. […] This test reports the presence of IgE(s) antibodies to shellfish, but the result by itself cannot confirm the diagnosis of an allergy. It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider. They will review your results along with your medical history, signs and symptoms, medications, and any other test results. Only a healthcare provider can diagnose an allergy and prescribe medication, if needed. […] This panel may be helpful in identifying whether you have had or currently have an allergic reaction to shellfish allergens.

• #39 Seafood Allergy Panel | IgE Food Allergy Testing | Quest®

  https://www.questhealth.com/product/seafood-allergy-panel-7919M.html?srsltid=AfmBOorSktqNrcJ_hua6hClISd3pVO1PD7RGMtvv80kMpDmP0GZ19vbI

  The Seafood Allergy Panel measures immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies produced in the blood in response to certain seafood allergens. This panel measures immune responses to codfish, crab, lobster, salmon, shrimp, and tuna. […] This test reports the presence of IgE antibodies to seafood allergens, but the result by itself cannot confirm the diagnosis of an allergy. It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider. They will review your results along with your medical history, signs and symptoms, medications, and any other test results. Only a healthcare provider can diagnose an allergy and prescribe medication, if needed. […] The results of this test alone should not be used to determine if you have an allergy. It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider. Only a healthcare provider can diagnose or rule out an allergy and help determine next steps.

• #40 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  If your mouth itches, or if you develop hives or a stomachache after eating crab, lobster or other shellfish, you may have a shellfish allergy, a condition that affects nearly 7 million Americans. […] Shellfish is among the most common food allergens. A shellfish allergy is different from an allergy to fish. Those who are allergic to shellfish do not necessarily have to avoid fish, and vice versa. […] Diagnosing shellfish allergies can be complicated. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and an individual may not always experience the same symptoms during every reaction. What’s more, people who are allergic to shellfish don’t necessarily have to eat it to develop a reaction. They may react if they are close to shellfish being cooked, or if their food came in contact with shellfish.

• #41 Shellfish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/shellfish/

  If your mouth itches, or if you develop hives or a stomachache after eating crab, lobster or other shellfish, you may have a shellfish allergy, a condition that affects nearly 7 million Americans. […] Shellfish is among the most common food allergens. A shellfish allergy is different from an allergy to fish. Those who are allergic to shellfish do not necessarily have to avoid fish, and vice versa. […] Diagnosing shellfish allergies can be complicated. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and an individual may not always experience the same symptoms during every reaction. What’s more, people who are allergic to shellfish don’t necessarily have to eat it to develop a reaction. They may react if they are close to shellfish being cooked, or if their food came in contact with shellfish.

• #42 Component testing for animal-derived food allergies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/component-testing-for-animal-derived-food-allergies

  Advances in the identification of clinically relevant allergens and the development of recombinant proteins allow for assessment of immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding to individual proteins within an allergenic food. This type of testing is known as component-resolved diagnosis (CRD). Increased sensitivity and specificity can be achieved by assessing IgE binding to separate proteins, either purified native or recombinant, thereby providing improved diagnostic accuracy in terms of predicting clinical reactivity. CRD may also provide additional prognostic information regarding the severity or persistence of food allergies. […] CRD testing for animal-derived food allergies is reviewed here. […] For shrimp allergy, cross-reactive proteins with other arthropods (dust mite and cockroach) can result in positive tests that may not be clinically relevant, similar to what is seen in pollen-related, plant-derived food allergies. However, no single test result taken in isolation is reliable enough to negate the need for oral food challenges. Further studies are needed to determine the utility of IgE testing to individual proteins for these foods. […] Additional studies are needed to determine the utility of component testing for milk allergy.

• #43 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  A blind food challenge remains the gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. However, this method is resource-intensive, time-consuming, expensive and with the risk of anaphylaxis that hampers its clinical implication. Recently, there has been a successful study on using nasal allergen provocation test to diagnose shellfish allergy. Yet, there is still a great need for a noninvasive but accurate diagnostic method for shellfish allergy. […] Clearly, identification and validation of the optimal diagnostic algorithm for shellfish allergy are much needed. It is known that skin prick test and blood antibody test have low specificity. So, for patients with clinical history of shellfish allergy and negative skin and blood tests, we can do component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and antibody crosslinking tests.

• #44 Lack of standardization in shellfish allergy testing could prove fatal

  https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/shellfish-allergy-testing-extracts-vary-widely/

  They concluded that some SPT extracts lacked a sufficient amount and diversity of important shellfish allergens, meaning test results could provide a false negative, which has the potential to put lives at risk. […] Standardization of allergen extracts is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of SPTs, said Thimo Ruethers, lead author of the study. […] The standardization of allergen products, including extracts, has been discussed for many years, since the establishment, in 1980, of the World Health Organization and International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Standardization Subcommittee. Despite this, allergen standardization in the US and Europe has not been achieved.

• #45 Shellfish – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/living-food-allergies/food-allergy-essentials/common-allergens/shellfish

  Shellfish allergies are the most common food allergies in adults and among the most common food allergies in children. Approximately 2% of the U.S. population reports an allergy to shellfish. Shellfish allergies are usually lifelong. […] About 60 percent of people with shellfish allergy experience their first allergic reaction as adults. […] Shellfish can cause severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions (such as anaphylaxis). Allergic reactions can be unpredictable, and even very small amounts of shellfish can cause one. […] To prevent a reaction, it is very important to avoid all shellfish and shellfish products. […] Most people who are allergic to one group of shellfish are allergic to other types. Your allergist will usually recommend you avoid all kinds of shellfish. […] If you have a shellfish allergy, you do not need to worry about cross-reactions with iodine or radiocontrast material (which can contain iodine and is used in some radiographic medical procedures).

• #46 Shellfish – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/living-food-allergies/food-allergy-essentials/common-allergens/shellfish

  Shellfish allergies are the most common food allergies in adults and among the most common food allergies in children. Approximately 2% of the U.S. population reports an allergy to shellfish. Shellfish allergies are usually lifelong. […] About 60 percent of people with shellfish allergy experience their first allergic reaction as adults. […] Shellfish can cause severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions (such as anaphylaxis). Allergic reactions can be unpredictable, and even very small amounts of shellfish can cause one. […] To prevent a reaction, it is very important to avoid all shellfish and shellfish products. […] Most people who are allergic to one group of shellfish are allergic to other types. Your allergist will usually recommend you avoid all kinds of shellfish. […] If you have a shellfish allergy, you do not need to worry about cross-reactions with iodine or radiocontrast material (which can contain iodine and is used in some radiographic medical procedures).

• #47 Shellfish – FoodAllergy.org

  https://www.foodallergy.org/living-food-allergies/food-allergy-essentials/common-allergens/shellfish

  Shellfish allergies are the most common food allergies in adults and among the most common food allergies in children. Approximately 2% of the U.S. population reports an allergy to shellfish. Shellfish allergies are usually lifelong. […] About 60 percent of people with shellfish allergy experience their first allergic reaction as adults. […] Shellfish can cause severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions (such as anaphylaxis). Allergic reactions can be unpredictable, and even very small amounts of shellfish can cause one. […] To prevent a reaction, it is very important to avoid all shellfish and shellfish products. […] Most people who are allergic to one group of shellfish are allergic to other types. Your allergist will usually recommend you avoid all kinds of shellfish. […] If you have a shellfish allergy, you do not need to worry about cross-reactions with iodine or radiocontrast material (which can contain iodine and is used in some radiographic medical procedures).

• #48 Fish and Shellfish Allergy | Allergy UK | National Charity

  https://www.allergyuk.org/resources/fish-and-shellfish-allergy-factsheet/

  People with seafood allergy may react to fish and/or shellfish. […] It is one of the most common food allergies in adults, but can also affect children. […] It may develop at any point in a person’s life. It can be caused by a fish or shellfish that has been eaten before with no previous signs of a food allergy. […] An allergy to either fish or shellfish is likely to be lifelong and is rarely outgrown. […] How is a fish or shellfish allergy diagnosed? […] Where there is cause for concern, or symptoms suggestive of an allergic reaction after eating fish or shellfish: Make an appointment with your GP (family doctor). […] Keep a diary of the suspect food(s) and the signs and symptoms experienced. Having photos of any visible symptoms such as swelling of the lips, eyes, or a rash is useful.

• #49 Allergic and toxic reactions to seafood – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-allergy/allergic-and-toxic-reactions-to-seafood

  Seafood allergy occurs most commonly where seafood is an important part of the diet, such as in Asia and Scandinavia. Approximately 1% of the population is estimated to have a seafood allergy. It is more common in teenage and adult life than very early childhood. About 20% of people will grow out of their seafood allergy with time. […] The protein allergens present in one seafood group can be very different to those in other seafood groups. This means that a person can be allergic to fish only, shellfish only, or members of both groups. People who are allergic to one fish are usually (but not always) allergic to most other fish. […] Allergy to one crustacean usually means that all must be avoided. People with allergy to seafood from one group (such as crustaceans) may tolerate seafood from another group (such as molluscs). This can only be confirmed with allergy testing and guidance from a clinical immunology/allergy specialist.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/fulltext/2022/06000/emerging_approaches_in_the_diagnosis_and_therapy.9.aspx

  Despite the high prevalence of shellfish allergy, the clinical management of seafood allergy has remained unchanged over decades. Here, we examined the current status in the diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergy and highlighted the imminent need for more specific diagnostic methods, as well as effective and safe therapeutic approaches for shellfish allergy. […] With the advancement in the molecular identifications and definition of reactive epitopes of shellfish allergens, new diagnostic designs such as component-resolved diagnosis, basophil activation test (BAT) and the emerging IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression are emerging. […] With an increasing understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms and molecular features of shellfish allergy, the future for developing precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to better manage shellfish allergy is promising.

• #51 CU Medicine – Identifying 11 shrimp allergens for precise shrimp allergy diagnosis

  https://www.med.cuhk.edu.hk/global/identifying-11-shrimp-allergens-for-precise-shrimp-allergy-diagnosis

  Shellfish allergy is highly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region where seafood consumption is high, with shrimp being the leading offender, causing symptoms including anaphylaxis in both children and adults. […] While the accuracy of conventional diagnostic allergy tests is not satisfactory, the team conducted a study and discovered that component-based specific IgE antibody test can diagnose shrimp allergy more accurately. It has the potential to become the gold standard for diagnosing shrimp allergy in the future. […] Moreover, this study expands the allergen profile of shrimp as it compares the sensitisation pattern and diagnostic value of the allergens in allergic subjects of two distinct populations.

• #52 Allergy tests come up short – JCU Australia

  https://www.jcu.edu.au/news/releases/2023/september/allergy-tests-come-up-short

  Standardisation of allergen extracts is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of SPTs. […] Also, improvements in blood tests, along with the development of region-specific allergen extracts with known quantities of clinically well-characterised allergen components, are critical to achieve considerable improvements in allergy testing, said Dr Ruethers. […] He said developing more reliable allergy diagnostics requires further interdisciplinary research and is urgently needed to safeguard allergy sufferers globally.

• #53 New Blood Test Improves Diagnostic Accuracy for Shrimp Allergy – CUHK in Touch

  https://cuhkintouch.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/2022/02/new-blood-test-improves-diagnostic-accuracy-for-shrimp-allergy/

  The BAT analyses the cellular response of a type of white blood cells called basophils in the patients blood sample using a flow cytometer and the research team has found that it is a more accurate diagnostic method for shrimp allergy. […] CU Medicine proves that the diagnostic accuracy of the basophil activation test (BAT) is much superior to that of the conventional methods such as the skin prick test and specific IgE measurement. […] The research team recruited 35 participants, who had exhibited at least two occasions of immediate allergic reactions after shrimp consumption, to undergo the double-blinded, placebo-controlled food challenge. […] Although the sensitivity of the skin prick test and specific IgE measurement is over 90%, their specificity is very low, indicating their low diagnostic power and tendency to false positives. By contrast, the result showed that the BAT is the only test with both high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, performing a single diagnostic step involving a shrimp-BAT can substantially enhance the accuracy of shrimp allergy diagnosis.

• #54 Allergy tests come up short – JCU Australia

  https://www.jcu.edu.au/news/releases/2023/september/allergy-tests-come-up-short

  Standardisation of allergen extracts is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of SPTs. […] Also, improvements in blood tests, along with the development of region-specific allergen extracts with known quantities of clinically well-characterised allergen components, are critical to achieve considerable improvements in allergy testing, said Dr Ruethers. […] He said developing more reliable allergy diagnostics requires further interdisciplinary research and is urgently needed to safeguard allergy sufferers globally.

• #55 What you need to know about the latest in shellfish allergy diagnosis and treatment

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-in-shellfish-allergy-diagnosis-and-treatment/2022/10

  A blind food challenge remains the gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. However, this method is resource-intensive, time-consuming, expensive and with the risk of anaphylaxis that hampers its clinical implication. Recently, there has been a successful study on using nasal allergen provocation test to diagnose shellfish allergy. Yet, there is still a great need for a noninvasive but accurate diagnostic method for shellfish allergy. […] Clearly, identification and validation of the optimal diagnostic algorithm for shellfish allergy are much needed. It is known that skin prick test and blood antibody test have low specificity. So, for patients with clinical history of shellfish allergy and negative skin and blood tests, we can do component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and antibody crosslinking tests.

• #56 Allergy tests come up short – JCU Australia

  https://www.jcu.edu.au/news/releases/2023/september/allergy-tests-come-up-short

  Standardisation of allergen extracts is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of SPTs. […] Also, improvements in blood tests, along with the development of region-specific allergen extracts with known quantities of clinically well-characterised allergen components, are critical to achieve considerable improvements in allergy testing, said Dr Ruethers. […] He said developing more reliable allergy diagnostics requires further interdisciplinary research and is urgently needed to safeguard allergy sufferers globally.

• #57

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/shellfish-allergy-test?srsltid=AfmBOoravWqhR4jiZR8F-q__PJzG0zxhoj2_JI9nBUJlzRAu3dd65pYY

  Testing for shellfish allergies is typically achieved through a skin prick test or a blood test. The skin prick test involves exposing the skin to a small amount of shellfish protein and observing for an allergic reaction. Blood tests measure the immune system’s response to shellfish. […] Diagnosis of shellfish allergy primarily involves medical history examination, physical examination, and allergy testing. The diagnostic process allows doctors to differentiate between a shellfish allergy and other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. […] Allergy tests, such as skin tests and blood tests, are the standard diagnostic tests for shellfish allergy. A skin prick test involves exposing the skin to small amounts of shellfish proteins to check for a reaction. Blood tests measure the presence of shellfish-specific IgE antibodies in the blood, which indicates an allergic reaction.

• #58 Frontiers | Shellfish Allergy: Diagnostics and Management

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/54617/shellfish-allergy-diagnostics-and-managementundefined

  Shellfish allergy is based on a history of reactivity following shellfish ingestion along with evidence of shellfish specific IgE on serum or skin testing. The gold standard for diagnosing a shellfish allergy is to perform an oral food challenge. […] The aim of this Research Topic will be to identify differences between IgE and non-IgE mediated shellfish allergy, determine the epidemiology and natural history of shellfish allergy and identify diagnostic parameters to reliably predict the diagnosis of shellfish allergy. […] Diagnosis of shellfish allergy.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/fulltext/2022/06000/emerging_approaches_in_the_diagnosis_and_therapy.9.aspx

  Despite the high prevalence of shellfish allergy, the clinical management of seafood allergy has remained unchanged over decades. Here, we examined the current status in the diagnosis and clinical management of shellfish allergy and highlighted the imminent need for more specific diagnostic methods, as well as effective and safe therapeutic approaches for shellfish allergy. […] With the advancement in the molecular identifications and definition of reactive epitopes of shellfish allergens, new diagnostic designs such as component-resolved diagnosis, basophil activation test (BAT) and the emerging IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression are emerging. […] With an increasing understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms and molecular features of shellfish allergy, the future for developing precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to better manage shellfish allergy is promising.

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