Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Albinism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/albinism/symptoms-causes/syc-20369184

  Symptoms of albinism are usually seen in a person’s skin, hair and eye color, but sometimes differences are slight. […] Symptoms of albinism involve skin, hair and eye color, as well as vision. […] The easiest form of albinism to see results in white hair and very light-colored skin compared with siblings or other blood relatives. But skin coloring, also called pigmentation, and hair color can range from white to brown. […] For some people, skin color may be nearly the same as that of parents or siblings without albinism. […] With exposure to the sun, some people may develop freckles, moles, large freckle-like spots, called solar lentigines, sunburn and no ability to tan. […] For some people with albinism, skin coloring never changes. For others, melanin production may begin or increase during childhood and the teen years, resulting in slight changes in color.

• #2 Albinism: Types, Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21747-albinism

  Albinism typically affects the appearance of your skin, hair and eyes. It may also affect your vision, or how you see the world around you. […] Most people with this condition also have vision problems ranging from mild to severe. […] People with albinism can experience a wide range of eye-related signs and symptoms, including blurry or distorted vision, refractive errors, reduced depth perception, crossed eyes (strabismus), rapid eye movements (nystagmus), and light sensitivity (photophobia). […] Albinism is a lifelong condition, but its manageable and typically doesn’t affect a person’s lifespan.

• #3 Albinism (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/albinism.html

  Albinism is an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes. It happens because they have less melanin than usual in their body. Melanin gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. Except for vision problems, most people with albinism are just as healthy as anyone else. […] Albinism (AL-beh-niz-im) that affects the skin, hair, and eyes is called oculocutaneous (ok-yuh-low-kyu-TAY-nee-iss) albinism. This leads to skin, hair, and eyes that are lighter than you would expect based on someones ethnic background or race. Symptoms vary based on how much melanin someone makes. […] Signs and symptoms include: pale skin, hair that is very light blonde, brown, or reddish, eyes that are pink, light blue, green, gray, or light brown, eyes that are sensitive to light, a lazy eye (called strabismus), back and forth movement of the eyes (called nystagmus), vision problems.

• #4 Albinism

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/albinism/

  Albinism affects the production of melanin, the pigment that colours skin, hair and eyes. It’s a lifelong condition, but it does not get worse over time. […] People with albinism have a reduced amount of melanin, or no melanin at all. This can affect their colouring and their eyesight. […] Very pale skin that burns easily in the sun and does not usually tan is also typical of albinism. […] The reduced amount of melanin can cause eye problems. This is because melanin is involved in the development of the retina, the thin layer of cells at the back of the eye. […] Possible eye problems linked to albinism include: poor eyesight either short-sightedness or long-sightedness, and low vision (sight loss that cannot be corrected); astigmatism where the cornea (clear layer at the front of the eye) is not perfectly curved or the lens is an abnormal shape, causing blurred vision; photophobia where the eyes are sensitive to light; nystagmus where the eyes move involuntarily from side to side, causing reduced vision; you do not see the world as „wobbling” because your brain adapts to your eye movement; squint where the eyes point in different directions.

• #5 Albinism | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/albinism?content_id=CON-20369167

  Symptoms of albinism are usually seen in a person’s skin, hair and eye color, but sometimes differences are slight. […] Symptoms of albinism involve skin, hair and eye color, as well as vision. […] The easiest form of albinism to see results in white hair and very light-colored skin compared with siblings or other blood relatives. […] With exposure to the sun, some people may develop: Freckles. Moles, with or without color, which are sometimes pink. Large freckle-like spots, called solar lentigines (len-TIJ-ih-neez). Sunburn and no ability to tan. […] For some people with albinism, skin coloring never changes. For others, melanin production may begin or increase during childhood and the teen years, resulting in slight changes in color. […] Hair color can range from very white to brown. People of African or Asian descent who have albinism may have hair color that’s yellow, red or brown. Hair color also may darken by early adulthood. Or hair may stain from contact with minerals in water and the environment, making hair appear darker with age.

• #6 Albinism: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-is-albinism

  Albinism is when youre born with little or no pigment in your hair, eyes, and skin. The missing pigment is called melanin. Albinism usually makes your coloring lighter than is typical for your family or ethnic background. […] You also may have vision problems, including legal blindness. There is no cure for this rare condition. But lifestyle steps can help you stay healthy and live a normal life. […] Both forms take a toll on your vision. […] Some children born with albinism may start or speed up production of melanin as they grow into their teens. Their skin may turn a bit darker. People with albinism can burn easily in the sun and are more likely to get skin cancer, some as early as in their teens. […] Melanin is critical for the growth of optic nerves that let you focus on images like printed words and faces. Even with glasses or contacts, the problem cant be corrected to normal vision.

• #7 Albinism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/albinism/symptoms-causes/syc-20369184

  Hair color can range from very white to brown. People of African or Asian descent who have albinism may have hair color that’s yellow, red or brown. […] Eye color can range from very light blue to brown and may change with age. […] With albinism, the colored parts of the eyes, called the irises, usually don’t have enough pigment. This allows light to shine through the irises and makes the eyes extremely sensitive to bright light. […] Vision problems are a key feature of all types of albinism. Eye problems may include rapid, back-and-forth movement of the eyes that can’t be controlled, called nystagmus, an uncommon head position or head posture, such as tilting the head to try to reduce eye movements and see better, eyes that can’t look at the same direction at the same time or they appear to be crossed, a condition called strabismus, problems seeing near objects or far objects, called farsightedness or nearsightedness, extreme sensitivity to light, called photophobia, a difference in the curve of the front surface of the eye or the lens inside the eye, called astigmatism, which causes blurred vision, differences in the development of the thin layer of tissue on the inside back wall of the eye, called the retina, which results in reduced vision, nerve signals from the retina to the brain that don’t follow the usual nerve pathways in the eye, called misrouting of the optic nerve, poor depth perception, which means not being able to see things in three dimensions and judge how far away an object is, and legal blindness vision less than 20/200 or complete blindness.

• #8 Oculocutaneous albinism: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/oculocutaneous-albinism/

  Oculocutaneous albinism is a group of conditions that affect the color of (pigmentation) of the skin, hair, and eyes. Affected individuals typically have very fair skin and white or light-colored hair. Long-term sun exposure greatly increases the risk of skin damage and skin cancers, including an aggressive form of skin cancer called melanoma, in people with this condition. […] Oculocutaneous albinism also reduces pigmentation of the colored part of the eye (the iris) and the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (the retina). People with this condition usually have vision problems such as reduced sharpness; rapid, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus); eyes that do not point in the same direction (strabismus); and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). […] Researchers have identified multiple types of oculocutaneous albinism, which are distinguished by their specific skin, hair, and eye color changes, and by their genetic cause. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 is characterized by white hair, very pale skin, and light-colored irises. Type 2 is typically less severe than type 1; the skin is usually pale and hair may be light yellow, blond, or light brown. Type 3 causes reddish-brown skin, ginger or red hair, and hazel or brown irises. Type 3 is often associated with milder vision abnormalities than the other forms of oculocutaneous albinism. Type 4 has signs and symptoms similar to those seen in people with type 2.

• #9 Ocular albinism: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ocular-albinism

  Ocular albinism is a genetic condition that involves the eyes. This condition reduces the pigmentation of the iris the colored part of the eye and the retina, causing vision problems. […] Ocular albinism is an inherited genetic condition that mainly affects the eyes. People with ocular albinism have a reduced pigmentation of the retina and the iris. Pigmentation of the eye plays a critical role in typical vision. […] Ocular albinism can cause a severe reduction in vision sharpness, leading to difficulties combining the vision from both eyes known as stereoscopic vision and depth perception. Vision problems that this condition causes tend to be permanent, but they do not worsen over time. […] Ocular albinism can cause a broad range of vision problems. […] It can lead to reduced visual acuity which is the eyes ability to distinguish shapes and object details and color vision impairment. The visual acuity of people with ocular albinism typically ranges from 20/60 to 20/400.

• #10 Albinism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519018/

  Albinism is a group of heritable conditions associated with decreased or absent melanin in ectoderm-derived tissues (most notably the skin, hair, and eyes), yielding a characteristic decrease in skin pigmentation. […] Patients with albinism are particularly susceptible to solar damage, and these patients must utilize lifelong sun protection precautions. […] The most commonly thought of presentation is that of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). […] The skin manifestations are more heterogeneous and appear along with a spectrum of severity depending upon the subtype of OCA. […] To date, seven types of nonsyndromic albinism (OCA1 to OCA7) have been described. […] The specific gene mutations causing each form or albinism are mentioned below in the „History and Physical” section. […] The two significant results of hypomelanosis can be divided into dermatological and ophthalmologic consequences.

• #11 Albinism: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1200472-overview

  The term albinism originates from the word, albus (Latin for white), and it is an inherited disorder characterized by reduced pigmentation. Albinism is caused by pathogenic variants in genes important for melanin synthesis. The phenotypic heterogeneity of albinism is associated with pathogenic variants in genes affecting different parts of the melanin pathway, and in such resulting in reduction at a different level of melanin production. […] This genetically heterogeneous disorder is characterized by hypopigmentation of the eyes, skin, and hair. Traditionally, albinism has been classified according to clinical phenotype, and the two main categories are oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and ocular albinism (OA). Ocular involvement (decreased visual acuity secondary to foveal hypoplasia; misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm; photophobia and iris transillumination defects; nystagmus; and pigment deficiency in the peripheral retina) is significant in the disease presentation; thus, an ophthalmologist plays an important role in diagnosing this condition. Albinism can present as a syndromic condition, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) or Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), and this should not be forgotten as it has implications in patients care and management.

• #12 How Ocular Albinism Affects the Eyes

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/what-is-ocular-albinism

  The condition affects the retina and the nerves behind the eyes. The retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that sends the brain signals about what a person sees. Things look blurry because the retina doesnt develop the way it should. It cant make a sharp image and the nerves behind the eyes cant transmit a clear image to the brain. […] Another symptom is the way the eyes look. Albinism keeps the body from making enough of a chemical called melanin, which gives eyes, skin, and hair their color. Most people with ocular albinism have blue eyes. But the blood vessels inside can show through the colored part (the iris), and the eyes can look pink or red. […] Other eye symptoms include: Quick eye movements that cant be controlled. The eyes move quickly side to side, up and down, or in a circle. This is called nystagmus. In children, it usually gets better as a child gets older.

• #13 Ocular Albinism | Your Eye Health

  https://www.guidedogs.org.uk/getting-support/information-and-advice/eye-conditions/ocular-albinism/

  Ocular albinism is a genetic condition affecting around one male in every 20,000 births. It causes vision problems, including poor visual acuity and other eye problems like strabismus and nystagmus. Ocular albinism is present from birth and doesn’t get worse over time. […] Ocular albinism is a type of albinism that causes a lack of pigmentation in the iris and retina in the eye. The pigment melanin normally plays a role in normal vision. The lack of pigmentation causes symptoms that affect vision. […] Signs and symptoms of ocular albinism can include: Poor visual acuity causing blurred vision, making it harder to see clearly. Poor depth perception making it harder to judge distances, which can make children appear clumsy. Nystagmus, rapid involuntary eye movements that others may notice. Strabismus, when the eyes don’t look in the same direction. Problems with the optic nerve that sends visual messages from the eye to the brain to provide vision. Sensitivity to bright light known as photophobia. Refractive errors such as astigmatism and nearsightedness or farsightedness.

• #14 Albinism – symptoms, Definition, Description, Demographics, Causes and symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  http://www.healthofchildren.com/A/Albinism.html

  They may have reduced depth perception due to altered nerve connections from the retina to the brain. […] Their eyes may be very sensitive to light (photophobia) because their irises allow stray light to enter their eyes. […] In addition to characteristically light skin and eye problems, people with a rare form of albinism called Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) also have a greater tendency to have bleeding disorders, inflammation of the large bowel (colitis), lung (pulmonary) disease, and kidney (renal) problems. […] There is no treatment that can replace the lack of melanin that causes the symptoms of albinism. […] Crossed eyes (strabismus) can be treated during infancy by using eye patches, surgery, or medicine injections. […] In the United States, people with this condition can expect to have a normal lifespan. However, one of the greatest health hazards for people with albinism is excessive exposure to sun without protection, which may lead to skin cancer.

• #15 Albinism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519018/

  In albinism, however, some axons that originate in the retinal ganglion cells project mistakenly to the contralateral hemisphere dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. […] The most common phenotypes of each of the forms of albinism, including visual deficit ranges, are included below: […] Visual acuity usually ranges from 20/60 to 20/400. […] Lifelong, periodic skin examinations (once to twice per year) with dermatology for early detection and treatment of skin cancers. […] Vision deficits are the major source of debility in non-syndromic albinism subjects. […] Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common malignancy in albinism, which can increase the relative risk as much as 1000 times.

• #16 Characteristics | Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome Network

  https://www.hpsnetwork.org/hps-information/characteristics/

  Symptoms of platelet dysfunction: People with HPS may have a tendency to bruise easily. They may experience frequent nosebleeds or when cut, tend to bleed longer. Some people with HPS may have unusual bleeding episodes such as heavy menstrual bleeding and/or bleeding with dental procedures. The bleeding problem of HPS is variable and may be mild. In some situations this platelet defect may cause life threatening bleeding, (e.g. surgeries, gastrointestinal bleeds, trauma, platelet altering medications). […] The IBD of HPS may cause diarrhea, weight loss, cramps, and blood in the stool. Some individuals report experiencing joint pain, mouth sores and in a few cases, Pyoderma Gangrenosum (a chronic noninfectious condition that causes skin ulcers). […] Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis: When lungs become affected, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and abnormal fatigue might be a sign. Often patients report being diagnosed with asthma. As symptoms progress, people with HPS may have a chronic dry cough.

• #17 Albinism

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/albinism/

  Some young children with albinism may appear clumsy. This is because problems with their eyesight can make some movements difficult for them, such as picking up an object. This should improve as they get older. […] Although there’s no cure for the eye problems caused by albinism, there are a number of treatments, such as glasses and contact lenses, that can improve vision. […] As a child with albinism gets older, they’ll need regular eye tests, and it’s likely they’ll need to wear glasses or contact lenses to correct vision problems. […] Sunglasses, tinted glasses and wearing a wide-brimmed hat outside can help with sensitivity to light. […] There’s currently no cure for nystagmus (where the eyes move from side to side involuntarily). However, it is not painful and does not get worse. […] The main treatments for squints are glasses, eye exercises, surgery and injections into the eye muscles.

• #18 Symptoms of Ocular Albinism & its Effects on Vision Health | Irisvision

  https://irisvision.com/symptoms-of-ocular-albinism-effects-on-vision-health/?srsltid=AfmBOorzhKrFAN20pA8odqBtjHQW1SJdsAZMyLVJSGnNxgY7Ebm3KKjX

  If you have a family member who may have Ocular Albinism, they will likely be hampered in overcoming daily challenges and need assistance. […] As Ocular Albinism is a genetic condition, it is present when a baby is born but it is not progressive or degenerative, so the visual abnormalities do not worsen over time. […] Fortunately, some vision problems can even be well managed and improved by the use of low vision aids, and other safety measures that help prevent complications. […] For instance, it is observed in children who are born with Ocular Albinism that the involuntary eye movement reduces with time, especially after age 5-8 years. Most adults adapt and can control it to a significant extent.

• #19 Ocular Albinism | Your Eye Health

  https://www.guidedogs.org.uk/getting-support/information-and-advice/eye-conditions/ocular-albinism/

  People with ocular albinism can develop rapid involuntary eye movements, called nystagmus. Nystagmus isn’t painful but can cause vision problems, including difficulty judging depth and height. These may get worse with tiredness, illness and stress. […] There isn’t a cure for ocular albinism, but you can manage some symptoms. […] The effect of ocular albinism on people’s vision can vary. Some people may have significant visual impairment, and others are less seriously affected. Ocular albinism is not progressive, meaning your vision doesn’t worsen over time. Some people experience an improvement in visual acuity in their teens.

• #20 Albinism (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/albinism.html

  Albinism that only affects the eyes is called ocular albinism. Sometimes albinism can be part of other medical conditions. […] Most people with albinism are otherwise healthy. Treatments mainly include taking care of the eyes and skin. […] People with albinism have an increased risk of developing skin cancer. To protect the skin, they can: Wear broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 when going outside and reapply every 2 hours. Try to stay in the shade as much as possible. Cover up with clothing with SPF protection. Wear a hat. Check their skin for changes or suspicious marks. See their dermatologist (skin doctor) every 612 months for a skin check. Avoid tanning beds. Avoid medicines that make them more sensitive to the sun.

• #21 Albinism: Types, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/albinism-leaflet

  People with albinism typically experience vision problems, skin problems and social problems. […] Eye problems in albinism result from the abnormal development of the eye because of a lack of pigment. The most common ones include: Nystagmus (regular horizontal back and forth movement of the eyes). Squint (muscle imbalance of the eyes). Sensitivity to bright light or glare. Problems with vision and focus. […] People with albinism are very susceptible to burning and subsequent skin cancer. High-factor sun protection cream and avoidance of sunlight are essential. […] Life expectancy is normal for a person with albinism. Although vision is usually severely impaired, intellect and development are normal. People with albinism have an increased risk of sunburn and of skin cancers as their skin is not protected by pigment.

• #22 Albinism – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/genetic-disorders/albinism/

  Albinism can increase the risk of skin cancers such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas (BCC, SCC). Among albinos, SCC is the most common, making up over 75% of cancer cases, with some diagnoses happening as early as the teenage years. The areas most affected are the head, face, and hands. Albinism can increase the risk of SCC by as much as 1000 times, particularly in the African population. BCC makes up around 24% of cancer cases, with melanoma accounting for about 1%. Despite the higher risk, melanomas are actually quite rare in albinos, and interestingly, they usually occur in areas not typically exposed to sunlight. Health practitioners are therefore advised to be vigilant, as these melanomas are both rare and tend to be colorless in albinos.

• #23 Albinism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/genetic-diseases/albinism/

  Additionally, without melanin, the skin becomes sensitive to sunlight and burns easily. […] Complications of albinism include the following: Sunburns, Increased risk of skin cancer, Educational delays due to vision issues that make reading difficult, Inability to drive due to legal blindness, Social stigma and discrimination. […] Albinism is a lifelong condition, but it does not get worse over time.

• #24 Albinism: What it is, types, symptoms, treatment, and is it genetic

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245861

  All types of albinism affect the vision to a certain degree. Possible changes to eye function include: Nystagmus: The eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably back and forth. […] Visual deficits can also limit an individual’s work opportunities and their ability to obtain a driver’s license. […] People with albinism have changes to their vision because melanin affects healthy eye development. They are also more prone to burning in the sun and developing skin cancer.

• #25 Symptoms of Ocular Albinism & its Effects on Vision Health | Irisvision

  https://irisvision.com/symptoms-of-ocular-albinism-effects-on-vision-health/?srsltid=AfmBOorzhKrFAN20pA8odqBtjHQW1SJdsAZMyLVJSGnNxgY7Ebm3KKjX

  Photophobia: Sensitivity to bright lights i.e. sunlight, fluorescent or LED lights can all be a cause of intense discomfort for people with ocular albinism. […] Astigmatism: Astigmatism refers to the abnormal curvature of the lens inside the eye, which results in blurred and unclear vision. […] Abnormal development of the retina, resulting in reduced vision. Reduced visual acuity and blurry vision together may often restrict the affected people from being able to carry out activities such as shopping, reading, driving, etc. […] Poor depth perception and fine motor skills, which prevents them from taking part in sports activities. […] Tilted head: Head movements such as bobbing or tilting the head, to try to reduce the involuntary eye movements and see better. […] It can be unimaginably hard to go about routine activities with reduced vision, and that’s exactly what happens to people with Ocular Albinism.

• #26 Albinism | Vision Australia. Blindness and low vision services

  https://www.visionaustralia.org/services/eye-conditions/albinism

  A genetic condition that affects the bodys ability to produce melanin. Albinism comes in two forms: oculocutaneous and ocular. Oculocutaneous albinism affects both skin and eyes, giving people fair skin, white or red hair and pale eyes. Ocular albinism affects the eyes only. Both forms of albinism can cause low vision. […] Symptoms: Blurred vision. Involuntary movement of the eyes (nystagmus). A loss of clarity in your central vision due to an abnormality in the retina. An increase in sensitivity to bright light (glare). Glasses for short or long-sightedness as appropriate. Misalignment of the eyes, resulting in low vision or double vision (strabismus). […] Albinism can cause trouble with general mobility and performing daily activities. You may find near vision activities like reading difficult, as well as distance vision activities like watching television challenging. You may find it more difficult to see in bright light and circumstances where there is significant glare.

• #27 Albinism: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-is-albinism

  Your vision likely will be worse the less color you have in your eyes. On the other hand, your eyesight should stay stable over time, and youll see colors normally. […] Albinism isnt curable. The focus of treatment is to manage your symptoms or related conditions. […] Albinism makes you more likely to get skin cancer, but on its own, it wont affect your life span. Its important to limit your exposure to sunlight and be aware of the symptoms of skin cancer.

• #28 Albinism in humans – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism_in_humans

  Albinism is a congenital condition characterized in humans by the partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers. […] Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure. […] Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity. […] Those with albinism are generally as healthy as the rest of the population (but see related disorders below), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanomas (skin cancers) and other problems.

• #29 Albinism | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/albinism

  Albinism is a lifelong condition that does not worsen over time. Although there is no way to treat poor or absent production of the pigment or correct abnormal vision development, a proper eye evaluation and management are essential. There are many aids that can be provided to maximize the vision as much as possible. Glasses can be prescribed to improve vision and decrease light sensitivity. The abnormal head position and nystagmus can be improved with surgery. Eye misalignments can be treated with glasses or surgery as well. […] Albinism does not typically cause intellectual disabilities and children with albinism usually have normal intelligence. In addition, individuals with albinism are more susceptible to sunburn and skin cancer. Sunscreen and wide brim hats, as well as sunglasses and/or prescription lens tint are strongly encouraged.

• #30 Albinism | Genetic, Ocular & Skin Conditions | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/albinism

  albinism, (from the Latin albus, meaning white), hereditary condition characterized by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, or feathers. […] Two major types of albinism are recognized in humans: oculocutaneous albinism, which affects the skin, hair, and eyes and is subdivided into four main types (designated OCA1 through OCA4), and ocular albinism, which affects only the eyes and occurs most commonly in a form known as Nettleship-Falls syndrome (or OA1). Individuals with oculocutaneous albinism have milk-white skin and hair, though the skin may be slightly pinkish in colour owing to underlying blood vessels. Affected persons sunburn very easily and are thus more susceptible to skin cancers. In both oculocutaneous and ocular albinism, the iris of the eye typically appears pink, while the pupil itself appears red from light reflected by blood in the unpigmented choroid. Vision abnormalities such as astigmatism, nystagmus (rapid involuntary oscillation of the eye), and photophobia (extreme sensitivity to light) are common.

• #31 Characteristics | Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome Network

  https://www.hpsnetwork.org/hps-information/characteristics/

  The type of albinism in HPS is a tyrosinase-positive form, which means people with HPS may present with varied amounts of pigmentation. Some people may have very light hair and fair features and be diagnosed with oculocutaneous albinism or OCA, while others may appear to have dark hair with albinism in their eyes only and be diagnosed with ocular albinism or OA. […] The visual impairment in people with HPS is the same as the visual impairment in other types of albinism. It is a result of abnormal development of the retina and optic nerves. This causes decreased visual acuity which is frequently severe enough to be considered legal blindness. People with HPS, like those with others types of albinism, also experience photophobia (light sensitivity), strabismus (crossed eyes), and nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyes). Visual acuity typically ranges from 20/50 to 20/400. All people with HPS have nystagmus. Often the nystagmus can become more obvious when a person with HPS is tired, anxious, angry or under stress. This nystagmus may lessen with age. People with significant pigmentation (brown hair, brown eyes) may not know they have albinism. Nystagmus may be the only outward indicator of HPS.

• #32 Albinism – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/genetic-disorders/albinism/

  The different forms of albinism have varying characteristics. They range from OCA1, characterized by total absence of melanin, white skin, hair, and light-colored eyes, to other types like OCA2 and OCA3, where skin pigmentation varies from creamy white to brown, and hair color can range from yellow to light brown. Ocular problems like nystagmus and foveal hypoplasia are common across all types. Some forms are accompanied by other health issues, like Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) that involves mild to moderate bleeding, lung or kidney abnormalities, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) that causes susceptibility to infections and peripheral neuropathy. […] People with non-syndromic OCA, a type of albinism, generally live as long as the average person. However, they do face a higher risk of getting skin cancer. This risk can vary based on how much sun theyre exposed to in their geographical area and certain social and economic factors.

• #33 Oculocutaneous Albinism: What It Is, Symptoms & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/oculocutaneous-albinism

  Theres no cure for oculocutaneous albinism, but there are a few treatments that might help. […] Oculocutaneous albinism is a lifelong disorder that can have a wide range of effects. Most people with OCA will have visible differences in their eyes, hair and/or skin. But those differences can vary. Some people will have differences that stand out, but not everyone with oculocutaneous albinism does. […] Most people with OCA will have various related health concerns, especially eye issues, but its rare for oculocutaneous albinism to cause dangerous or life-threatening issues on its own. The most important complication to avoid is skin damage from the sun or other sources of UV rays. […] With regular medical and vision care, most people with oculocutaneous albinism can expect a life like those who dont have OCA. This disorder usually doesnt affect your life expectancy, especially if you avoid skin cancer-related complications.

• #34 Albinism: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Prevention, Risks and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/albinism_overview/article.htm

  Albinism can cause several complications. These include: Vision problems like those mentioned above; Sunburns and an elevated risk for skin cancer; Social discomfort or other mental health issues. […] There is no cure or treatment for albinism. You can, though, protect yourself against some problems it can cause. If you have albinism, your skin and eyes are sensitive to damage from UV light. […] In the U.S., most people with albinism live just as long as those who dont have the condition. Apart from vision and skin problems, they do not suffer from higher rates of other diseases.

• #35 Albinism – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Albinism

  Albinism represents a set of inherited conditions characterized by absent or decreased tissue melanin in conjunction with characteristic ocular and visual pathway anomalies. Those affected by this condition manifest varying degrees of hypopigmentation and vision-related disability. […] These conditions generally are incurable but are static. Proper ophthalmic and dermatologic management may be crucial in maximizing visual potential and overall prognosis. Genetic counseling for the affected individuals and their families is recommended. […] Foveal hypoplasia is the single most important contributor to poor vision in albino patients. […] The severity of a patient’s visual function are often dependent on the degree of nystagmus and amount of pigmentation; hence, patients with no tyrosinase activity (tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism) have poorer visual. […] Lifespan, development, intelligence, and fertility in patients with OCA are not different from unaffected patients. With proper secondary prevention and supportive care for UV protection, the risk of skin cancer may be drastically reduced.

• #36 Albinism: for patients – Gene Vision

  https://gene.vision/knowledge-base/albinism-for-patients/

  The severity of the various symptoms associated with albinism is dependent on the extent of melanin deficiency. […] Visual symptoms experienced by children with albinism are highly variable, and visual function does not tend to deteriorate over time. […] The colour of the skin, hair and iris (or lack of) are highly variable among individuals depending on the gene responsible and the extent of melanin deficiency. […] Melanin is crucial in protecting our skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays radiated from the sun. As a result, individuals with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) are at higher risk of developing skin cancer. […] The following complications may occur after surgery: Double vision (diplopia), Eye infection (rare), Further corrections of the gaze may occasionally be required.

• #37 Understanding Albinism: Causes, Symptoms And Types

  https://www.ajhospital.in/news/understanding-albinism-causes-symptoms-and-types

  Living with albinism presents specific challenges, particularly in regions with strong sunlight. The absence of melanin makes the skin more susceptible to sunburn and skin damage. Therefore, sun protection measures, including the use of broad-spectrum sunscreen, protective clothing, and hats, are crucial for individuals with albinism. Regular eye examinations and appropriate vision aids can greatly enhance the quality of life for those with visual impairments.

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