Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a frequent cause of increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates, and discusses the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] While treatment modalities, including antenatal corticosteroids, surfactants, and advanced respiratory care of the neonate, have improved the outcomes for patients affected by RDS, it continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the preterm infant. […] The goals of optimal management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include decreasing incidence and severity using antenatal corticosteroids, followed by optimal management using respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and overall care of the premature infant.

• #2 Respiratory Distress and Management Strategies in the Newborn | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51856

  Approximately 10% of neonates require respiratory support immediately after delivery due to transitional problems or respiratory disorders, and up to 1% of neonates are in need of resuscitation. […] Respiratory distress is the most frequent cause of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and the individual management strategies should be the main task in NICUs for these infants. […] Therefore, it is imperative that any health care practitioner caring for newborn infants can readily recognize the signs and symptoms of respiratory distress, differentiate various causes, and initiate management strategies to prevent significant complications or death. […] Neonatal respiratory distress is not due to respiratory origin. Thus, after initial resuscitation and stabilization, it is important to attain a detailed history, physical examination, and radiographic and laboratory analyses to determine a more specific diagnosis and tailor an appropriate individual management as soon as possible.

• #3 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a frequent cause of increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates, and discusses the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] While treatment modalities, including antenatal corticosteroids, surfactants, and advanced respiratory care of the neonate, have improved the outcomes for patients affected by RDS, it continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the preterm infant. […] The goals of optimal management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include decreasing incidence and severity using antenatal corticosteroids, followed by optimal management using respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and overall care of the premature infant.

• #4 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurs from a deficiency of surfactant, due to either inadequate surfactant production, or surfactant inactivation in the context of immature lungs. Prematurity affects both these factors, thereby directly contributing to RDS. […] The goals of optimal management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include decreasing incidence and severity using antenatal corticosteroids, followed by optimal management using respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and overall care of the premature infant. […] Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] Surfactant is administered either by standard endotracheal intubation, which needs experienced practitioner or through less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) technique like aerosolized nebulized surfactant preparations, laryngeal mask, pharyngeal instillation, and thin intratracheal catheters.

• #5 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  The INSURE (intubate, administer surfactant, extubate to nasal continuous positive airway pressure) strategy should be used to reduce mechanical ventilation, air leak syndromes, and progression to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. […] Antenatal corticosteroids given between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation decrease respiratory distress syndrome risk with a number needed to treat of 11. […] Prophylactic and rescue therapy with natural surfactants in newborns with RDS reduces air leaks and mortality. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant therapy is 100 mg per kg. An initial dose of 200 mg per kg leads to a statistically significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat, although there is no survival benefit. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recently released guidelines for surfactant use in newborns with respiratory distress.

• #6 Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  The main aim of treatment for NRDS is to help the baby breathe. […] If you’re thought to be at risk of giving birth before week 34 of pregnancy, treatment for NRDS can begin before birth. […] You may have a steroid injection before your baby is delivered. A second dose is usually given 24 hours after the first. […] The steroids stimulate the development of the baby’s lungs. It’s estimated that the treatment helps prevent NRDS in a third of premature births. […] Your baby may be transferred to a ward that provides specialist care for premature babies (a neonatal unit). […] If the symptoms are mild, they may only need extra oxygen. It’s usually given through an incubator, a small mask over their nose or face or tubes into their nose. […] If symptoms are more severe, your baby will be attached to a breathing machine (ventilator) to either support or take over their breathing.

• #7 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/lung-and-breathing-problems-in-newborns/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-newborns

  Surfactant treatments may be repeated several times during the first days of life if respiratory distress continues. […] With treatment, most newborns survive. Natural production of surfactant increases after birth. With continued production of surfactant and sometimes with breathing support and surfactant therapy (see Treatment), respiratory distress syndrome usually resolves within 4 or 5 days. […] Without treatment that increases blood oxygen levels, newborns may develop heart failure and have damage to the brain or other organs or may die. […] When premature birth cannot be avoided, obstetricians may give the mother injections of a corticosteroid (betamethasone). The corticosteroid goes into the fetus through the placenta and accelerates the production of surfactant. […] After delivery, doctors may give a surfactant preparation to newborns who are at high risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome.

• #8 Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  The main aim of treatment for NRDS is to help the baby breathe. […] If you’re thought to be at risk of giving birth before week 34 of pregnancy, treatment for NRDS can begin before birth. […] You may have a steroid injection before your baby is delivered. A second dose is usually given 24 hours after the first. […] The steroids stimulate the development of the baby’s lungs. It’s estimated that the treatment helps prevent NRDS in a third of premature births. […] Your baby may be transferred to a ward that provides specialist care for premature babies (a neonatal unit). […] If the symptoms are mild, they may only need extra oxygen. It’s usually given through an incubator, a small mask over their nose or face or tubes into their nose. […] If symptoms are more severe, your baby will be attached to a breathing machine (ventilator) to either support or take over their breathing.

• #9 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. […] Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] According to European census guidelines, the surfactant is administered to immature babies with FiO2 0.3, and mature babies with FiO2 0.4. […] The standard technique of surfactant administration by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may result in transient airway obstruction, pulmonary injury, pulmonary air leak, and airway injury. […] Emerging evidence shows that the LISA technique is associated with a lower rate of BPD, death, and need for mechanical ventilation compared to surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation. […] Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP.

• #10 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurs from a deficiency of surfactant, due to either inadequate surfactant production, or surfactant inactivation in the context of immature lungs. Prematurity affects both these factors, thereby directly contributing to RDS. […] The goals of optimal management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include decreasing incidence and severity using antenatal corticosteroids, followed by optimal management using respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and overall care of the premature infant. […] Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] Surfactant is administered either by standard endotracheal intubation, which needs experienced practitioner or through less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) technique like aerosolized nebulized surfactant preparations, laryngeal mask, pharyngeal instillation, and thin intratracheal catheters.

• #11 Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Surfactant Replacement Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-treatment

  Approach Considerations: See the Guidelines section for recommendations on the management of respiratory distress syndrome from US and European medical organizations. […] One course of antenatal corticosteroids reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal death. […] The advent of surfactant therapy has reduced the mortality rate from respiratory distress syndrome by approximately 50%. […] Neonates with respiratory distress syndrome who require assisted ventilation with a fraction of inspiratory oxygen (FIO2) of more than 0.40 should receive intratracheal surfactant as soon as possible, preferably within 2 hours after birth. […] In a multicenter, randomized controlled trial, Olivier et al evaluated the efficacy of minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) in moderate and late preterm neonates who required CPAP in the first 24 hours of life.

• #12 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. […] Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] According to European census guidelines, the surfactant is administered to immature babies with FiO2 0.3, and mature babies with FiO2 0.4. […] The standard technique of surfactant administration by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may result in transient airway obstruction, pulmonary injury, pulmonary air leak, and airway injury. […] Emerging evidence shows that the LISA technique is associated with a lower rate of BPD, death, and need for mechanical ventilation compared to surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation. […] Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP.

• #13 Surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: United Kingdom national consensus | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-019-0344-5

  Our aim was to develop consensus recommendations from United Kingdom (UK) neonatal specialists on the use of surfactant for the management of respiratory distress syndrome RDS in preterm infants. […] Treatment with exogenous surfactant reduces requirement for positive pressure ventilation, mitigates risk of pulmonary air leak, and improves survival. […] Early rescue surfactant rather than prophylaxis is recommended. In some situations, this may include surfactant administration in the delivery suite. […] In babies with evolving RDS, rescue surfactant should be administered early in the course of the disease. Inspired oxygen concentration above 30% in the first hours of life is a reasonable predictor of CPAP failure. […] For rescue therapy using natural surfactants, poractant alfa at an initial dose of 200 mg/kg reduces mortality and the need for redosing compared to 100 mg/kg of surfactant.

• #14 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurs from a deficiency of surfactant, due to either inadequate surfactant production, or surfactant inactivation in the context of immature lungs. Prematurity affects both these factors, thereby directly contributing to RDS. […] The goals of optimal management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include decreasing incidence and severity using antenatal corticosteroids, followed by optimal management using respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and overall care of the premature infant. […] Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] Surfactant is administered either by standard endotracheal intubation, which needs experienced practitioner or through less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) technique like aerosolized nebulized surfactant preparations, laryngeal mask, pharyngeal instillation, and thin intratracheal catheters.

• #15 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  Newborn respiratory distress presents a diagnostic and management challenge. […] Most neonates with respiratory distress can be treated with respiratory support and noninvasive methods. Oxygen can be provided via bag/mask, nasal cannula, oxygen hood, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Ventilator support may be used in more severe cases. Surfactant is increasingly used for respiratory distress syndrome. Using the INSURE technique, the newborn is intubated, given surfactant, and quickly extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure. […] Noninvasive ventilation, commonly using nasal continuous positive airway pressure, may replace invasive intubation because of improved clinical and financial outcomes. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant is 100 mg per kg. Initial administration of 200 mg per kg can result in significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat.

• #16 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  The INSURE (intubate, administer surfactant, extubate to nasal continuous positive airway pressure) strategy should be used to reduce mechanical ventilation, air leak syndromes, and progression to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. […] Antenatal corticosteroids given between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation decrease respiratory distress syndrome risk with a number needed to treat of 11. […] Prophylactic and rescue therapy with natural surfactants in newborns with RDS reduces air leaks and mortality. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant therapy is 100 mg per kg. An initial dose of 200 mg per kg leads to a statistically significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat, although there is no survival benefit. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recently released guidelines for surfactant use in newborns with respiratory distress.

• #17 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. […] Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] According to European census guidelines, the surfactant is administered to immature babies with FiO2 0.3, and mature babies with FiO2 0.4. […] The standard technique of surfactant administration by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may result in transient airway obstruction, pulmonary injury, pulmonary air leak, and airway injury. […] Emerging evidence shows that the LISA technique is associated with a lower rate of BPD, death, and need for mechanical ventilation compared to surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation. […] Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP.

• #18 Surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: United Kingdom national consensus | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-019-0344-5

  A second and sometimes a third dose of surfactant can be considered in ongoing RDS. […] There is emerging evidence that the LISA technique may be the preferred method for spontaneously breathing preterm infants kept on NIV, as an alternative to the intubation-surfactant-extubation (INSURE) technique.

• #19 Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Surfactant Replacement Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-treatment

  Approach Considerations: See the Guidelines section for recommendations on the management of respiratory distress syndrome from US and European medical organizations. […] One course of antenatal corticosteroids reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal death. […] The advent of surfactant therapy has reduced the mortality rate from respiratory distress syndrome by approximately 50%. […] Neonates with respiratory distress syndrome who require assisted ventilation with a fraction of inspiratory oxygen (FIO2) of more than 0.40 should receive intratracheal surfactant as soon as possible, preferably within 2 hours after birth. […] In a multicenter, randomized controlled trial, Olivier et al evaluated the efficacy of minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) in moderate and late preterm neonates who required CPAP in the first 24 hours of life.

• #20 The Outcomes of Preterm Infants with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy and Non-Invasive Ventilation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/4/838

  In recent years, the utilization of minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) and Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as the primary respiratory assistance has become increasingly prevalent among preterm infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). […] Less invasive surfactant therapy techniques currently used in clinical practice include InSurE (intubation-surfactant-extubation), LISA (less invasive surfactant administration), MIST (minimally invasive surfactant therapy), and others. […] A systematic review and network meta-analysis highlighted that, among various non-invasive respiratory support, such as nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP), and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), NIPPV is the optimal choice for reducing the risk of BPD and mortality in preterm infants with RDS.

• #21 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  Newborn respiratory distress presents a diagnostic and management challenge. […] Most neonates with respiratory distress can be treated with respiratory support and noninvasive methods. Oxygen can be provided via bag/mask, nasal cannula, oxygen hood, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Ventilator support may be used in more severe cases. Surfactant is increasingly used for respiratory distress syndrome. Using the INSURE technique, the newborn is intubated, given surfactant, and quickly extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure. […] Noninvasive ventilation, commonly using nasal continuous positive airway pressure, may replace invasive intubation because of improved clinical and financial outcomes. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant is 100 mg per kg. Initial administration of 200 mg per kg can result in significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat.

• #22 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  Newborn respiratory distress presents a diagnostic and management challenge. […] Most neonates with respiratory distress can be treated with respiratory support and noninvasive methods. Oxygen can be provided via bag/mask, nasal cannula, oxygen hood, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Ventilator support may be used in more severe cases. Surfactant is increasingly used for respiratory distress syndrome. Using the INSURE technique, the newborn is intubated, given surfactant, and quickly extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure. […] Noninvasive ventilation, commonly using nasal continuous positive airway pressure, may replace invasive intubation because of improved clinical and financial outcomes. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant is 100 mg per kg. Initial administration of 200 mg per kg can result in significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat.

• #23 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  The INSURE (intubate, administer surfactant, extubate to nasal continuous positive airway pressure) strategy should be used to reduce mechanical ventilation, air leak syndromes, and progression to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. […] Antenatal corticosteroids given between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation decrease respiratory distress syndrome risk with a number needed to treat of 11. […] Prophylactic and rescue therapy with natural surfactants in newborns with RDS reduces air leaks and mortality. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant therapy is 100 mg per kg. An initial dose of 200 mg per kg leads to a statistically significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat, although there is no survival benefit. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recently released guidelines for surfactant use in newborns with respiratory distress.

• #24 Surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: United Kingdom national consensus | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-019-0344-5

  Our aim was to develop consensus recommendations from United Kingdom (UK) neonatal specialists on the use of surfactant for the management of respiratory distress syndrome RDS in preterm infants. […] Treatment with exogenous surfactant reduces requirement for positive pressure ventilation, mitigates risk of pulmonary air leak, and improves survival. […] Early rescue surfactant rather than prophylaxis is recommended. In some situations, this may include surfactant administration in the delivery suite. […] In babies with evolving RDS, rescue surfactant should be administered early in the course of the disease. Inspired oxygen concentration above 30% in the first hours of life is a reasonable predictor of CPAP failure. […] For rescue therapy using natural surfactants, poractant alfa at an initial dose of 200 mg/kg reduces mortality and the need for redosing compared to 100 mg/kg of surfactant.

• #25 Surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: United Kingdom national consensus | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-019-0344-5

  A second and sometimes a third dose of surfactant can be considered in ongoing RDS. […] There is emerging evidence that the LISA technique may be the preferred method for spontaneously breathing preterm infants kept on NIV, as an alternative to the intubation-surfactant-extubation (INSURE) technique.

• #26 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/lung-and-breathing-problems-in-newborns/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-newborns

  Surfactant treatments may be repeated several times during the first days of life if respiratory distress continues. […] With treatment, most newborns survive. Natural production of surfactant increases after birth. With continued production of surfactant and sometimes with breathing support and surfactant therapy (see Treatment), respiratory distress syndrome usually resolves within 4 or 5 days. […] Without treatment that increases blood oxygen levels, newborns may develop heart failure and have damage to the brain or other organs or may die. […] When premature birth cannot be avoided, obstetricians may give the mother injections of a corticosteroid (betamethasone). The corticosteroid goes into the fetus through the placenta and accelerates the production of surfactant. […] After delivery, doctors may give a surfactant preparation to newborns who are at high risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome.

• #27 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. […] Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] According to European census guidelines, the surfactant is administered to immature babies with FiO2 0.3, and mature babies with FiO2 0.4. […] The standard technique of surfactant administration by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may result in transient airway obstruction, pulmonary injury, pulmonary air leak, and airway injury. […] Emerging evidence shows that the LISA technique is associated with a lower rate of BPD, death, and need for mechanical ventilation compared to surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation. […] Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP.

• #28 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurs from a deficiency of surfactant, due to either inadequate surfactant production, or surfactant inactivation in the context of immature lungs. Prematurity affects both these factors, thereby directly contributing to RDS. […] The goals of optimal management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome include decreasing incidence and severity using antenatal corticosteroids, followed by optimal management using respiratory support, surfactant therapy, and overall care of the premature infant. […] Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] Surfactant is administered either by standard endotracheal intubation, which needs experienced practitioner or through less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) technique like aerosolized nebulized surfactant preparations, laryngeal mask, pharyngeal instillation, and thin intratracheal catheters.

• #29 Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  Your baby may also be given a dose of artificial surfactant, usually through a breathing tube. […] Evidence suggests early treatment within 2 hours of delivery is more beneficial than if treatment is delayed. […] Some babies with NRDS only need help with breathing for a few days. But some, usually those born extremely prematurely, may need support for weeks or even months.

• #30 Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome-hyaline-membrane-disease

  HMD typically worsens over the first 48 to 72 hours and then improves with treatment. […] Treatment for HMD may include: […] Placing an endotracheal tube (breathing tube, also called an ET) into your baby’s windpipe […] Mechanical breathing machine (to do the work of breathing for your baby) […] Supplemental oxygen (extra amounts of oxygen) […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): A mechanical breathing machine that pushes a continuous flow of air or oxygen to the airways to help keep tiny air passages in the lungs open […] Surfactant replacement with artificial surfactant: This treatment has been shown to reduce the severity of HMD, and is most effective if started in the first six hours of birth. It may be given as preventive treatment for babies at very high risk for HMD, or used as a rescue method. The drug comes as a powder that is mixed with sterile water and given through the ET tube. This treatment is usually administered in several doses. […] Medications (to help sedate and ease your baby’s pain during treatment)

• #31 Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome-hyaline-membrane-disease

  HMD typically worsens over the first 48 to 72 hours and then improves with treatment. […] Treatment for HMD may include: […] Placing an endotracheal tube (breathing tube, also called an ET) into your baby’s windpipe […] Mechanical breathing machine (to do the work of breathing for your baby) […] Supplemental oxygen (extra amounts of oxygen) […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): A mechanical breathing machine that pushes a continuous flow of air or oxygen to the airways to help keep tiny air passages in the lungs open […] Surfactant replacement with artificial surfactant: This treatment has been shown to reduce the severity of HMD, and is most effective if started in the first six hours of birth. It may be given as preventive treatment for babies at very high risk for HMD, or used as a rescue method. The drug comes as a powder that is mixed with sterile water and given through the ET tube. This treatment is usually administered in several doses. […] Medications (to help sedate and ease your baby’s pain during treatment)

• #32 Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Specific treatment for RDS will be determined by your baby’s doctor based on: […] Treatment for RDS may include: […] Surfactant replacement with artificial surfactant. This is most effective if started in the first six hours of birth. Surfactant replacement has been shown to reduce the severity of RDS. Surfactant is given as a prophylactic (preventive) treatment for some babies at very high risk for RDS. For others, it is used as a „rescue” method. The drug comes as a powder to be mixed with sterile water and then is given through the ET tube (breathing tube). Surfactant is usually given in several doses.

• #33 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-problems-in-neonates/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-neonates

  Surfactant hastens recovery and decreases risk of pneumothorax, interstitial emphysema, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and neonatal mortality in the hospital and at 1 year. Options for surfactant replacement include […] Beractant […] Poractant alfa […] Calfactant […] Lung compliance can improve rapidly after therapy. The ventilator peak inspiratory pressure may need to be lowered rapidly to reduce risk of a pulmonary air leak. Other ventilator parameters (eg, FIO2, rate) also may need to be reduced.

• #34 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-problems-in-neonates/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-neonates

  Surfactant hastens recovery and decreases risk of pneumothorax, interstitial emphysema, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and neonatal mortality in the hospital and at 1 year. Options for surfactant replacement include […] Beractant […] Poractant alfa […] Calfactant […] Lung compliance can improve rapidly after therapy. The ventilator peak inspiratory pressure may need to be lowered rapidly to reduce risk of a pulmonary air leak. Other ventilator parameters (eg, FIO2, rate) also may need to be reduced.

• #35 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-problems-in-neonates/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-neonates

  Surfactant hastens recovery and decreases risk of pneumothorax, interstitial emphysema, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and neonatal mortality in the hospital and at 1 year. Options for surfactant replacement include […] Beractant […] Poractant alfa […] Calfactant […] Lung compliance can improve rapidly after therapy. The ventilator peak inspiratory pressure may need to be lowered rapidly to reduce risk of a pulmonary air leak. Other ventilator parameters (eg, FIO2, rate) also may need to be reduced.

• #36 Guidelines for surfactant replacement therapy in neonates | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/guidelines-for-surfactant-replacement-therapy-in-neonates

  In summary, animal-derived and the newer generation synthetic surfactants are both effective for treating RDS and improving survival without BPD. […] When comparing different animal-derived surfactants, emerging evidence suggests that porcine minced lung extract, especially in higher dose, may be superior to bovine surfactant for improving acute respiratory status and reducing mortality or BPD in infants with RDS. […] Generally accepted practice at the present time is to repeat doses of surfactant only when there is evidence of ongoing RDS based on ventilation and oxygen requirements. […] Administering surfactant through a thin catheter instead of an endotracheal tube (ETT) may combine the avoidance of mechanical ventilation with the benefits of early surfactant. […] A recent systematic review of LISA versus INSURE included six trials of preterm infants between 23 and 34 weeks GA with RDS. […] Surfactant for respiratory conditions other than RDS may be considered at clinicians discretion.

• #37 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  Newborn respiratory distress presents a diagnostic and management challenge. […] Most neonates with respiratory distress can be treated with respiratory support and noninvasive methods. Oxygen can be provided via bag/mask, nasal cannula, oxygen hood, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Ventilator support may be used in more severe cases. Surfactant is increasingly used for respiratory distress syndrome. Using the INSURE technique, the newborn is intubated, given surfactant, and quickly extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure. […] Noninvasive ventilation, commonly using nasal continuous positive airway pressure, may replace invasive intubation because of improved clinical and financial outcomes. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant is 100 mg per kg. Initial administration of 200 mg per kg can result in significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat.

• #38 Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Surfactant Replacement Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-treatment

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was introduced as the primary therapeutic modality when Gregory et al demonstrated a marked reduction in respiratory distress syndrome mortality. […] Vapotherm with heated and humidified, high-flow nasal canula (2 L/min) has been used for respiratory support of neonates and to facilitate early extubation. […] Assisted ventilation further decreased respiratory distress syndrome-related morbidity and mortality; however, early ventilators were associated with complications, such as air leaks, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (secondary to barotrauma or volutrauma), airway damage, and intraventricular hemorrhage. […] Although inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a safe and effective treatment for near-term and term newborn infants with pulmonary hypertension and hypoxic respiratory failure, its role in premature infants with respiratory distress is ill defined.

• #39 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Babies who are premature or have other conditions that make them at high risk for the problem need to be treated at birth by a medical team that specializes in newborn breathing problems. […] Infants will be given warm, moist oxygen. However, this treatment needs to be monitored carefully to avoid side effects from too much oxygen. […] Giving extra surfactant to a sick infant has been shown to be helpful. However, the surfactant is delivered directly into the baby’s airway, so some risk is involved. More research still needs to be done on which babies should get this treatment and how much to use. […] Assisted ventilation with a ventilator (breathing machine) can be lifesaving for some babies. However, use of a breathing machine can damage the lung tissue, so this treatment should be avoided if possible. Babies may need this treatment if they have:

• #40 Newborn Respiratory Distress | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p994.html

  Newborn respiratory distress presents a diagnostic and management challenge. […] Most neonates with respiratory distress can be treated with respiratory support and noninvasive methods. Oxygen can be provided via bag/mask, nasal cannula, oxygen hood, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Ventilator support may be used in more severe cases. Surfactant is increasingly used for respiratory distress syndrome. Using the INSURE technique, the newborn is intubated, given surfactant, and quickly extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure. […] Noninvasive ventilation, commonly using nasal continuous positive airway pressure, may replace invasive intubation because of improved clinical and financial outcomes. […] The minimum required amount of surfactant is 100 mg per kg. Initial administration of 200 mg per kg can result in significant improvement in oxygenation and decreased need to retreat.

• #41 Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  The main aim of treatment for NRDS is to help the baby breathe. […] If you’re thought to be at risk of giving birth before week 34 of pregnancy, treatment for NRDS can begin before birth. […] You may have a steroid injection before your baby is delivered. A second dose is usually given 24 hours after the first. […] The steroids stimulate the development of the baby’s lungs. It’s estimated that the treatment helps prevent NRDS in a third of premature births. […] Your baby may be transferred to a ward that provides specialist care for premature babies (a neonatal unit). […] If the symptoms are mild, they may only need extra oxygen. It’s usually given through an incubator, a small mask over their nose or face or tubes into their nose. […] If symptoms are more severe, your baby will be attached to a breathing machine (ventilator) to either support or take over their breathing.

• #42 Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-the-newborn/

  Early evidence demonstrated improved outcomes with prophylactic administration, however, with the advent of nasal CPAP and higher rates of maternal steroid administration there currently exists the optimal timing of surfactant administration in RDS. Typically two doses of surfactant is administered every 12 hours and may be more effective than giving just a single dose. […] Oxygen administration should be delivered to maintain a PaO2 between 55-70 torr or SpO2 between 85-92%. High concentrations of oxygen should be avoided to prevent the risk of retinopathy of prematurity. […] The main ventilatory management of the infant with RDS is the stabilization of gas exchange while minimizing the ventilator-induced lung injury. […] Nasal CPAP 4-6 cmH2O can be delivered via nasal prongs in lieu of mechanical ventilation in larger sized infants and those responding to early surfactant replacement.

• #43 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  A treatment called continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may prevent the need for assisted ventilation or surfactant in many babies. CPAP sends air into the nose to help keep the airways open. It can be given by a ventilator (while the baby is breathing independently) or with a separate CPAP device. […] Babies with RDS need closely monitored care. This includes: […] Having a calm setting […] Gentle handling […] Staying at an ideal body temperature […] Carefully managing fluids and nutrition […] Treating infections right away.

• #44 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/respiratory-conditions/respiratory-distress-syndrome-rds

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a type of respiratory (breathing) support. It passes air with or without oxygen (depending on what your baby needs) through two thin tubes in your babys nose, or through a small mask over their nose. CPAP slightly raises the pressure of the air, which helps to keep your babys lungs inflated. […] Mechanical ventilators are used for babies who need more support with their breathing than other treatments can provide. […] Doctors may give your baby medication for RDS. Some, such as caffeine citrate may be given to reduce the risk of your baby developing something called apnoea of prematurity (pauses in breathing) and chronic lung disease (CLD). […] To ensure that your baby continues to grow and develop, they may be fed mother’s own milk, formula or donor milk through a tube passed into your babys nose or mouth to their stomach. This is called tube feeding. […] Some babies may also need to be fed using nutrition that is given in a liquid form directly into their bloodstream intravenously (into a vein). This is called parenteral nutrition (PN).

• #45 Management of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome in resource-limited settings | Singh | South African Family Practice

  https://safpj.co.za/index.php/safpj/article/view/5938/8816

  Continuous positive airway pressure should be continued in the neonatal unit with CPAP pressure between 5 cm and 9 cm of water for spontaneously breathing preterm neonates with RDS. […] Regular consultation with and advice from a referral centre is recommended. […] Continuous positive airway pressure machine designed exclusively for neonatal use. […] The nasal interface, which can be prongs or a mask (Duke), serves to connect the infants airway with the nCPAP circuit. […] By addressing these key aspects, healthcare facilities can pave the way for the successful implementation of nCPAP, ultimately improving respiratory support for infants in resource-limited settings. […] Utilising non-invasive CPAP emerges as a safe and efficient approach in mitigating both mortality and morbidity among preterm neonates.

• #46 Noninvasive Ventilation for Respiratory Distress Syndrome | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/noninvasive-ventilation-respiratory-distress-syndrome/

  In some cases, NIPPV might be a preferred modality. For instance, one meta-analysis of 10 trials, with 1061 preterm infants requiring respiratory support for RDS, showed that NIPPV was more efficient than nasal CPAP for the prevention of respiratory failure and for reducing need for intubation. […] Research has also shown that NIPPV can reduce the need to intubate, with a slight decrease in BPD incidence and increase in extubation success. […] Lee also recommends CPAP as a leading alternative. Multiple nasal CPAP delivery methods are available, including ventilator derived positive airway pressure, as well as the use of a bubble continuous positive airway pressure machine. […] Research also backs up the use of CPAP for RDS patients. One randomized study showed that infants who received CPAP fared as well as infants who received mechanical ventilation along with prophylactic surfactant therapy.

• #47 Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-the-newborn/

  Another clinical intervention that has been gaining increased utilization in RDS is high-flow oxygen via HFNC. […] In severe or refractory RDS, rescue ventilator or clinical strategies may be needed. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation or high-frequency jet ventilation may be beneficial to improve gas exchange and minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. […] Inhaled nitric oxide can be very helpful in not only improving oxygenation by selective vasodilation but also reducing pulmonary artery pressures and unloading right ventricular work.

• #48 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Babies who are premature or have other conditions that make them at high risk for the problem need to be treated at birth by a medical team that specializes in newborn breathing problems. […] Infants will be given warm, moist oxygen. However, this treatment needs to be monitored carefully to avoid side effects from too much oxygen. […] Giving extra surfactant to a sick infant has been shown to be helpful. However, the surfactant is delivered directly into the baby’s airway, so some risk is involved. More research still needs to be done on which babies should get this treatment and how much to use. […] Assisted ventilation with a ventilator (breathing machine) can be lifesaving for some babies. However, use of a breathing machine can damage the lung tissue, so this treatment should be avoided if possible. Babies may need this treatment if they have:

• #49 Infant respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  The European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome highlight new possibilities for early detection, and therefore treatment of IRDS. […] To improve clinical outcomes very early treatment with surfactant is necessary. […] Oxygen is given with a small amount of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and intravenous fluids are administered to stabilize the blood sugar, blood salts and blood pressure. […] If the baby’s condition worsens, an endotracheal tube (breathing tube) is inserted into the trachea and intermittent breaths are given by a mechanical device. An exogenous preparation of pulmonary surfactant, either synthetic or extracted from animal lungs, is given through the breathing tube into the lungs. […] Henrik Verder is the inventor and pioneer of the INSURE (Intubation Surfactant Extubation) and LISA (Less Invasive Surfactant Administration) methods combined with nasal CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure), very effective approaches to managing preterm neonates with respiratory distress. […] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a potential treatment, providing oxygenation through an apparatus that imitates the gas exchange process of the lungs. […] Giving the baby’s mother glucocorticoids speeds the production of surfactant.

• #50 Understanding Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS): Caus

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/understanding-neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-nrds-causes-symptoms-and-management-17567.html

  Non-invasive respiratory support: Non-invasive respiratory support modalities such as Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) and Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) are preferred over invasive mechanical ventilation whenever possible, particularly in infants with mild-to-moderate respiratory distress. These techniques provide positive pressure support to maintain lung volume, reduce airway resistance, and enhance oxygenation without the need for endotracheal intubation. […] Mechanical ventilation: In severe cases of NRDS characterized by refractory hypoxemia and respiratory failure, invasive mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support gas exchange and maintain adequate oxygenation. Conventional mechanical ventilation strategies such as Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) and Pressure-Controlled Ventilation (PCV) are employed to deliver positive pressure breaths and optimize lung recruitment while minimizing barotrauma and volutrauma.

• #51 Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-the-newborn/

  Another clinical intervention that has been gaining increased utilization in RDS is high-flow oxygen via HFNC. […] In severe or refractory RDS, rescue ventilator or clinical strategies may be needed. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation or high-frequency jet ventilation may be beneficial to improve gas exchange and minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. […] Inhaled nitric oxide can be very helpful in not only improving oxygenation by selective vasodilation but also reducing pulmonary artery pressures and unloading right ventricular work.

• #52 Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-the-newborn/

  Early evidence demonstrated improved outcomes with prophylactic administration, however, with the advent of nasal CPAP and higher rates of maternal steroid administration there currently exists the optimal timing of surfactant administration in RDS. Typically two doses of surfactant is administered every 12 hours and may be more effective than giving just a single dose. […] Oxygen administration should be delivered to maintain a PaO2 between 55-70 torr or SpO2 between 85-92%. High concentrations of oxygen should be avoided to prevent the risk of retinopathy of prematurity. […] The main ventilatory management of the infant with RDS is the stabilization of gas exchange while minimizing the ventilator-induced lung injury. […] Nasal CPAP 4-6 cmH2O can be delivered via nasal prongs in lieu of mechanical ventilation in larger sized infants and those responding to early surfactant replacement.

• #53 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. […] Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] According to European census guidelines, the surfactant is administered to immature babies with FiO2 0.3, and mature babies with FiO2 0.4. […] The standard technique of surfactant administration by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may result in transient airway obstruction, pulmonary injury, pulmonary air leak, and airway injury. […] Emerging evidence shows that the LISA technique is associated with a lower rate of BPD, death, and need for mechanical ventilation compared to surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation. […] Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP.

• #54 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Preterm infants with apnea of prematurity may require caffeine therapy. Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP. […] Optimal fluid and electrolyte management is critical in the initial course of RDS. Some neonates may require volume resuscitation using crystalloids as well as vasopressors for hypotension.

• #55 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/respiratory-conditions/respiratory-distress-syndrome-rds

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a type of respiratory (breathing) support. It passes air with or without oxygen (depending on what your baby needs) through two thin tubes in your babys nose, or through a small mask over their nose. CPAP slightly raises the pressure of the air, which helps to keep your babys lungs inflated. […] Mechanical ventilators are used for babies who need more support with their breathing than other treatments can provide. […] Doctors may give your baby medication for RDS. Some, such as caffeine citrate may be given to reduce the risk of your baby developing something called apnoea of prematurity (pauses in breathing) and chronic lung disease (CLD). […] To ensure that your baby continues to grow and develop, they may be fed mother’s own milk, formula or donor milk through a tube passed into your babys nose or mouth to their stomach. This is called tube feeding. […] Some babies may also need to be fed using nutrition that is given in a liquid form directly into their bloodstream intravenously (into a vein). This is called parenteral nutrition (PN).

• #56 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-overview

  Treat PDA with ibuprofen or indomethacin, which can be repeated during the first 2 weeks if the PDA reopens. […] In a retrospective study, intratracheal surfactant therapy was used successfully, with the rationale that blood inhibits pulmonary surfactant. […] Apnea of prematurity is common in immature infants, and its incidence has increased with surfactant therapy, possibly because of early extubation. Manage apnea of prematurity with methylxanthines (caffeine) and/or bubble or continuous flow nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), nasal intermittent ventilation, or with assisted ventilation in refractory incidents. […] Inhaled nitric oxide in the premature newborn. […] Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation.

• #57 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560779/

  Exogenous surfactant therapy is the targeted treatment for surfactant deficiency via intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy. […] Surfactant administered within 30 to 60 minutes of the birth of a premature neonate is found to be beneficial. […] According to European census guidelines, the surfactant is administered to immature babies with FiO2 0.3, and mature babies with FiO2 0.4. […] The standard technique of surfactant administration by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may result in transient airway obstruction, pulmonary injury, pulmonary air leak, and airway injury. […] Emerging evidence shows that the LISA technique is associated with a lower rate of BPD, death, and need for mechanical ventilation compared to surfactant administration through endotracheal intubation. […] Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP.

• #58 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Preterm infants with apnea of prematurity may require caffeine therapy. Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP. […] Optimal fluid and electrolyte management is critical in the initial course of RDS. Some neonates may require volume resuscitation using crystalloids as well as vasopressors for hypotension.

• #59 Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-the-newborn/

  Another clinical intervention that has been gaining increased utilization in RDS is high-flow oxygen via HFNC. […] In severe or refractory RDS, rescue ventilator or clinical strategies may be needed. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation or high-frequency jet ventilation may be beneficial to improve gas exchange and minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. […] Inhaled nitric oxide can be very helpful in not only improving oxygenation by selective vasodilation but also reducing pulmonary artery pressures and unloading right ventricular work.

• #60 Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-the-newborn/

  Another clinical intervention that has been gaining increased utilization in RDS is high-flow oxygen via HFNC. […] In severe or refractory RDS, rescue ventilator or clinical strategies may be needed. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation or high-frequency jet ventilation may be beneficial to improve gas exchange and minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. […] Inhaled nitric oxide can be very helpful in not only improving oxygenation by selective vasodilation but also reducing pulmonary artery pressures and unloading right ventricular work.

• #61 Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Surfactant Replacement Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-treatment

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was introduced as the primary therapeutic modality when Gregory et al demonstrated a marked reduction in respiratory distress syndrome mortality. […] Vapotherm with heated and humidified, high-flow nasal canula (2 L/min) has been used for respiratory support of neonates and to facilitate early extubation. […] Assisted ventilation further decreased respiratory distress syndrome-related morbidity and mortality; however, early ventilators were associated with complications, such as air leaks, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (secondary to barotrauma or volutrauma), airway damage, and intraventricular hemorrhage. […] Although inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a safe and effective treatment for near-term and term newborn infants with pulmonary hypertension and hypoxic respiratory failure, its role in premature infants with respiratory distress is ill defined.

• #62 Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Surfactant Replacement Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-treatment

  Hypothermia increases oxygen consumption, further compromising neonates with respiratory distress syndrome who are born prematurely. […] Start antibiotics in all infants who present with respiratory distress at birth after blood cultures, a complete blood cell (CBC) count with differential, and C-reactive protein levels are obtained.

• #63 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in neonates | Safer Care Victoria

  https://www.safercare.vic.gov.au/best-practice-improvement/clinical-guidance/neonatal/respiratory-distress-syndrome-rds-in-neonates

  Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD). It presents the greatest risk in premature infants. […] Oxygenation, thermoregulation and antibiotics are indicated to manage RDS. […] Surfactant administration should follow after endotracheal intubation. […] The condition can be prevented, or the severity reduced, by antenatal administration of betamethasone. The course of the disease is altered by exogenous surfactant therapy and assisted ventilation. […] Attention to thermoregulation and oxygenation can decrease the severity of RDS. […] Antibiotics – commence penicillin and gentamicin therapy after initial investigations. […] Surfactant administration should be considered in any premature intubated infant with a presumed diagnosis of RDS.

• #64 Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

  https://patient.info/doctor/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with surfactant is the standard treatment but it is invasive, potentially resulting in airway and lung injury. […] Continuous distending pressure (CDP) keeps the alveoli open at the end of expiration and has been used for the prevention and treatment of IRDS, as well as for weaning from IPPV. […] In preterm infants with infant respiratory distress syndrome, the application of CDP as CPAP or CNP is associated with reduced respiratory failure and mortality and an increased rate of pneumothorax. […] Studies have found that early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) decreases the requirement for endotracheal ventilation in preterm and term infants with IRDS. […] This includes the following: Gentle and minimal handling. […] Antibiotics: start antibiotics in all infants who present with respiratory distress at birth, after obtaining blood cultures. Discontinue antibiotics after three to five days if cultures are negative.

• #65 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in Newborns: Diagnosis & Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/respiratory-distress-syndrome-newborn

  Oxygen – Babies with RDS need extra oxygen. It may be given several ways: […] Surfactant – Surfactant can be given into the babys lungs to replace what they do not have. This is given directly down the breathing tube that was placed in the windpipe. […] Medicines – Sometimes antibiotics are given if an infection is suspected. Calming medicines may be given to help ease pain during treatment.

• #66 Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome-hyaline-membrane-disease

  HMD typically worsens over the first 48 to 72 hours and then improves with treatment. […] Treatment for HMD may include: […] Placing an endotracheal tube (breathing tube, also called an ET) into your baby’s windpipe […] Mechanical breathing machine (to do the work of breathing for your baby) […] Supplemental oxygen (extra amounts of oxygen) […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): A mechanical breathing machine that pushes a continuous flow of air or oxygen to the airways to help keep tiny air passages in the lungs open […] Surfactant replacement with artificial surfactant: This treatment has been shown to reduce the severity of HMD, and is most effective if started in the first six hours of birth. It may be given as preventive treatment for babies at very high risk for HMD, or used as a rescue method. The drug comes as a powder that is mixed with sterile water and given through the ET tube. This treatment is usually administered in several doses. […] Medications (to help sedate and ease your baby’s pain during treatment)

• #67 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-overview

  Treat PDA with ibuprofen or indomethacin, which can be repeated during the first 2 weeks if the PDA reopens. […] In a retrospective study, intratracheal surfactant therapy was used successfully, with the rationale that blood inhibits pulmonary surfactant. […] Apnea of prematurity is common in immature infants, and its incidence has increased with surfactant therapy, possibly because of early extubation. Manage apnea of prematurity with methylxanthines (caffeine) and/or bubble or continuous flow nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), nasal intermittent ventilation, or with assisted ventilation in refractory incidents. […] Inhaled nitric oxide in the premature newborn. […] Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation.

• #68 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  A treatment called continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may prevent the need for assisted ventilation or surfactant in many babies. CPAP sends air into the nose to help keep the airways open. It can be given by a ventilator (while the baby is breathing independently) or with a separate CPAP device. […] Babies with RDS need closely monitored care. This includes: […] Having a calm setting […] Gentle handling […] Staying at an ideal body temperature […] Carefully managing fluids and nutrition […] Treating infections right away.

• #69 Understanding Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS): Caus

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/understanding-neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-nrds-causes-symptoms-and-management-17567.html

  Lung protective ventilation strategies: Lung protective ventilation strategies aim to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury and mitigate the risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants with NRDS. These strategies involve using low tidal volumes, limiting peak inspiratory pressures, and maintaining adequate Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) to prevent alveolar collapse and barotrauma while optimizing oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. […] Supportive care measures: Supportive care measures such as maintaining a neutral thermal environment, providing appropriate nutritional support, and monitoring fluid balance are essential components of NRDS management. Close monitoring of vital signs, oxygen saturation, and blood gas parameters allows for timely adjustment of respiratory support and optimization of therapeutic interventions.

• #70 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  A treatment called continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may prevent the need for assisted ventilation or surfactant in many babies. CPAP sends air into the nose to help keep the airways open. It can be given by a ventilator (while the baby is breathing independently) or with a separate CPAP device. […] Babies with RDS need closely monitored care. This includes: […] Having a calm setting […] Gentle handling […] Staying at an ideal body temperature […] Carefully managing fluids and nutrition […] Treating infections right away.

• #71 Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Surfactant Replacement Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-treatment

  Hypothermia increases oxygen consumption, further compromising neonates with respiratory distress syndrome who are born prematurely. […] Start antibiotics in all infants who present with respiratory distress at birth after blood cultures, a complete blood cell (CBC) count with differential, and C-reactive protein levels are obtained.

• #72 Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/maternity-and-newborn-care/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Your baby may be given surfactant, a drug which replaces the substance that your baby’s lungs lack. This is given directly down the breathing tube. A baby must be intubated to receive surfactant. […] Your baby may have an umbilical arterial catheter (UAC) and/or an umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placed. This consists of placing a very small piece of tubing (catheter) into one or two of the blood vessels in the baby’s umbilical cord stump. These catheters are used to: […] Frequent blood sampling is necessary to: […] Your baby will be in a special bed to help keep him/her warm.

• #73 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Preterm infants with apnea of prematurity may require caffeine therapy. Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP. […] Optimal fluid and electrolyte management is critical in the initial course of RDS. Some neonates may require volume resuscitation using crystalloids as well as vasopressors for hypotension.

• #74 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/37547

  Preterm infants with apnea of prematurity may require caffeine therapy. Caffeine can also be administered to preterm infants 28 weeks with extremely low birth weight (BW 1000 g) to increase respiratory drive and enhance the use of CPAP. […] Optimal fluid and electrolyte management is critical in the initial course of RDS. Some neonates may require volume resuscitation using crystalloids as well as vasopressors for hypotension.

• #75 Respiratory Distress in the Newborn | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1001/p987.html

  Treatment for neonatal respiratory distress can be both generalized and disease-specific. Physicians should be aware of current neonatal resuscitation protocols. Oxygenation can be enhanced with blow-by oxygen, nasal cannula, or mechanical ventilation in severe cases. Surfactant administration may be required. Antibiotics are often administered if bacterial infection is suspected clinically or because of leukocytosis, neutropenia, or hypoxemia. Ampicillin and gentamicin are often used together based on their effectiveness and synergy. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, similar to an artificial external lung, is used as a last resort in critical circumstances. Oral feedings are often withheld if the respiratory rate exceeds 80 breaths per minute. […] Treatment for transient tachypnea of the newborn is supportive because the condition is usually self-limited. Oral furosemide (Lasix) has not been shown to significantly improve status and should not be given. Data suggest that prenatal administration of corticosteroids 48 hours before elective cesarean delivery at 37 to 39 weeks’ gestation reduces the incidence of transient tachypnea of the newborn; however, this has not become common practice.

• #76 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/respiratory-conditions/respiratory-distress-syndrome-rds

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a type of respiratory (breathing) support. It passes air with or without oxygen (depending on what your baby needs) through two thin tubes in your babys nose, or through a small mask over their nose. CPAP slightly raises the pressure of the air, which helps to keep your babys lungs inflated. […] Mechanical ventilators are used for babies who need more support with their breathing than other treatments can provide. […] Doctors may give your baby medication for RDS. Some, such as caffeine citrate may be given to reduce the risk of your baby developing something called apnoea of prematurity (pauses in breathing) and chronic lung disease (CLD). […] To ensure that your baby continues to grow and develop, they may be fed mother’s own milk, formula or donor milk through a tube passed into your babys nose or mouth to their stomach. This is called tube feeding. […] Some babies may also need to be fed using nutrition that is given in a liquid form directly into their bloodstream intravenously (into a vein). This is called parenteral nutrition (PN).

• #77 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborn

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/respiratory-disorders-2154/neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome_2265

  Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a condition related to fetal lung immaturity in premature infants (37 weeks gestational age) and a lack of surfactant. […] Interventions used to treat NRDS include administration of exogenous surfactant, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation. […] Administration of exogenous surfactant can be used as a rescue treatment for infants in respiratory distress. This allows for improved breathing and gas exchange. Surfactant is given via endotracheal tube into the trachea. […] Oxygen therapy may be initiated to maintain adequate oxygenation, while also preventing lactic acidosis related to hypoxia. […] Mechanical ventilation may be indicated if the infants PaCO2 level begins to rise, and the neonate is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation by means of oxygen therapy via nasal cannula or CPAP. […] Bottle and/or gavage feeding with a nasogastric tube is contraindicated in infants with NRDS, as it may increase their respiratory rate and risk of aspiration. Instead, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is used to provide the infant with adequate nutrients.

• #78 Understanding Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS): Caus

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/understanding-neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-nrds-causes-symptoms-and-management-17567.html

  Lung protective ventilation strategies: Lung protective ventilation strategies aim to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury and mitigate the risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants with NRDS. These strategies involve using low tidal volumes, limiting peak inspiratory pressures, and maintaining adequate Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) to prevent alveolar collapse and barotrauma while optimizing oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. […] Supportive care measures: Supportive care measures such as maintaining a neutral thermal environment, providing appropriate nutritional support, and monitoring fluid balance are essential components of NRDS management. Close monitoring of vital signs, oxygen saturation, and blood gas parameters allows for timely adjustment of respiratory support and optimization of therapeutic interventions.

• #79 Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/maternity-and-newborn-care/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Your baby may be given surfactant, a drug which replaces the substance that your baby’s lungs lack. This is given directly down the breathing tube. A baby must be intubated to receive surfactant. […] Your baby may have an umbilical arterial catheter (UAC) and/or an umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placed. This consists of placing a very small piece of tubing (catheter) into one or two of the blood vessels in the baby’s umbilical cord stump. These catheters are used to: […] Frequent blood sampling is necessary to: […] Your baby will be in a special bed to help keep him/her warm.

• #80 Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/maternity-and-newborn-care/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/respiratory-distress-syndrome

  Your baby may be given surfactant, a drug which replaces the substance that your baby’s lungs lack. This is given directly down the breathing tube. A baby must be intubated to receive surfactant. […] Your baby may have an umbilical arterial catheter (UAC) and/or an umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placed. This consists of placing a very small piece of tubing (catheter) into one or two of the blood vessels in the baby’s umbilical cord stump. These catheters are used to: […] Frequent blood sampling is necessary to: […] Your baby will be in a special bed to help keep him/her warm.

• #81 Infant respiratory distress syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome

  The European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome highlight new possibilities for early detection, and therefore treatment of IRDS. […] To improve clinical outcomes very early treatment with surfactant is necessary. […] Oxygen is given with a small amount of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and intravenous fluids are administered to stabilize the blood sugar, blood salts and blood pressure. […] If the baby’s condition worsens, an endotracheal tube (breathing tube) is inserted into the trachea and intermittent breaths are given by a mechanical device. An exogenous preparation of pulmonary surfactant, either synthetic or extracted from animal lungs, is given through the breathing tube into the lungs. […] Henrik Verder is the inventor and pioneer of the INSURE (Intubation Surfactant Extubation) and LISA (Less Invasive Surfactant Administration) methods combined with nasal CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure), very effective approaches to managing preterm neonates with respiratory distress. […] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a potential treatment, providing oxygenation through an apparatus that imitates the gas exchange process of the lungs. […] Giving the baby’s mother glucocorticoids speeds the production of surfactant.

• #82 Treatment Options For Newborn Respiratory Distress – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/treatment-options-for-newborn-respiratory-distress/

  Non-pharmacological therapies, which prioritize improving respiratory function, fostering comfort, and bolstering general well-being, are useful adjuncts in the management of infant respiratory distress. […] In extreme situations of respiratory failure, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) offers temporary heart and lung support, giving the lungs time to heal. […] When treating infant respiratory distress, ethical factors must be considered. […] In conclusion, increasing outcomes for neonates experiencing respiratory distress requires early intervention and multidisciplinary treatment.

• #83 Understanding Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS): Caus

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/understanding-neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-nrds-causes-symptoms-and-management-17567.html

  Neonatal transport and referral: Infants with severe NRDS requiring advanced respiratory support may necessitate transfer to a tertiary care Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) equipped with specialized resources and expertise in neonatal respiratory care. Neonatal transport teams trained in neonatal resuscitation and stabilization ensure safe transfer and continuity of care for critically ill newborns.

• #84

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf9083

  Your baby has been treated for infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). This is a serious breathing problem. It can happen to premature babies who are born before their lungs are fully developed. […] Babies who have IRDS need extra oxygen. And they may need to be on a ventilator. This machine helps your baby breathe. To use the machine, the doctor puts a soft tube through your baby’s mouth into the windpipe. Your baby has been getting oxygen and medicine through the tube. This helped your baby’s lungs get stronger. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your baby has a cough that does not go away. Your baby has a fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your baby vomits repeatedly. Your baby is not eating. You need more information about how to care for your baby, or you have questions or concerns.

• #85

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uf9083

  Your baby has been treated for infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). This is a serious breathing problem. It can happen to premature babies who are born before their lungs are fully developed. […] Babies who have IRDS need extra oxygen. And they may need to be on a ventilator. This machine helps your baby breathe. To use the machine, the doctor puts a soft tube through your baby’s mouth into the windpipe. Your baby has been getting oxygen and medicine through the tube. This helped your baby’s lungs get stronger. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. […] If your baby is sent home with oxygen, follow your doctor’s directions for giving the oxygen. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your baby has a cough that does not go away. Your baby has a fever.

• #86

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uf9083

  Your baby has been treated for infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). This is a serious breathing problem. It can happen to premature babies who are born before their lungs are fully developed. […] Babies who have IRDS need extra oxygen. And they may need to be on a ventilator. This machine helps your baby breathe. To use the machine, the doctor puts a soft tube through your baby’s mouth into the windpipe. Your baby has been getting oxygen and medicine through the tube. This helped your baby’s lungs get stronger. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. […] If your baby is sent home with oxygen, follow your doctor’s directions for giving the oxygen. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your baby has a cough that does not go away. Your baby has a fever.

• #87 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/lung-and-breathing-problems-in-newborns/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-newborns

  Surfactant treatments may be repeated several times during the first days of life if respiratory distress continues. […] With treatment, most newborns survive. Natural production of surfactant increases after birth. With continued production of surfactant and sometimes with breathing support and surfactant therapy (see Treatment), respiratory distress syndrome usually resolves within 4 or 5 days. […] Without treatment that increases blood oxygen levels, newborns may develop heart failure and have damage to the brain or other organs or may die. […] When premature birth cannot be avoided, obstetricians may give the mother injections of a corticosteroid (betamethasone). The corticosteroid goes into the fetus through the placenta and accelerates the production of surfactant. […] After delivery, doctors may give a surfactant preparation to newborns who are at high risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome.

• #88 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rds.html

  Babies with RDS may need treatment with surfactant. Doctors give surfactant through a breathing tube right into the lungs. […] Babies with RDS get treatment in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There, a team of experts cares for these newborns, including: doctors who specialize in newborn care (neonatologists), skilled nurses and neonatal nurse practitioners, respiratory therapists, who help with breathing machines. […] Many babies start to get better within 3 to 4 days, as their lungs start to make surfactant on their own. They’ll start to breathe easier, look comfortable, need less oxygen, and can be weaned from the support of CPAP or a ventilator. But some babies especially very premature babies need treatment for many days or even weeks.

• #89 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rds.html

  Babies with RDS may need treatment with surfactant. Doctors give surfactant through a breathing tube right into the lungs. […] Babies with RDS get treatment in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There, a team of experts cares for these newborns, including: doctors who specialize in newborn care (neonatologists), skilled nurses and neonatal nurse practitioners, respiratory therapists, who help with breathing machines. […] Many babies start to get better within 3 to 4 days, as their lungs start to make surfactant on their own. They’ll start to breathe easier, look comfortable, need less oxygen, and can be weaned from the support of CPAP or a ventilator. But some babies especially very premature babies need treatment for many days or even weeks.

• #90 Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  RDS treatment usually begins with moving the infant to the neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU, where they receive continuous supervision and medical attention from specialists. […] The National Institutes of Health (NIH) list these specific treatment techniques: […] Surfactant replacement therapy. Infants with RDS may receive this until their lungs produce enough surfactant on their own. […] Ventilator or nasal continuous positive airway pressure support. A machine provides breathing support until the lungs make enough surfactant. […] Fluids and nutrients. These help the infants lungs develop. […] Liquid intake checks. This is to make sure that fluid does not accumulate in the lungs. […] If diagnosis and treatment take place shortly after birth, the outlook for infants with RDS is good. Studies show a mortality rate of 210% in developed countries when treatment begins right away. […] If an infant receives immediate treatment, their lungs continue to develop and produce enough surfactant. In this case, after about 45 days, RDS usually resolves. These infants tend to need follow-up care but go on to live healthy, regular lives.

• #91 Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome

  RDS treatment usually begins with moving the infant to the neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU, where they receive continuous supervision and medical attention from specialists. […] The National Institutes of Health (NIH) list these specific treatment techniques: […] Surfactant replacement therapy. Infants with RDS may receive this until their lungs produce enough surfactant on their own. […] Ventilator or nasal continuous positive airway pressure support. A machine provides breathing support until the lungs make enough surfactant. […] Fluids and nutrients. These help the infants lungs develop. […] Liquid intake checks. This is to make sure that fluid does not accumulate in the lungs. […] If diagnosis and treatment take place shortly after birth, the outlook for infants with RDS is good. Studies show a mortality rate of 210% in developed countries when treatment begins right away. […] If an infant receives immediate treatment, their lungs continue to develop and produce enough surfactant. In this case, after about 45 days, RDS usually resolves. These infants tend to need follow-up care but go on to live healthy, regular lives.

• #92 Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/lung-and-breathing-problems-in-newborns/respiratory-distress-syndrome-in-newborns

  Surfactant treatments may be repeated several times during the first days of life if respiratory distress continues. […] With treatment, most newborns survive. Natural production of surfactant increases after birth. With continued production of surfactant and sometimes with breathing support and surfactant therapy (see Treatment), respiratory distress syndrome usually resolves within 4 or 5 days. […] Without treatment that increases blood oxygen levels, newborns may develop heart failure and have damage to the brain or other organs or may die. […] When premature birth cannot be avoided, obstetricians may give the mother injections of a corticosteroid (betamethasone). The corticosteroid goes into the fetus through the placenta and accelerates the production of surfactant. […] After delivery, doctors may give a surfactant preparation to newborns who are at high risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome.

Zobacz więcej