Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxic Hepatitis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/epi-manual-guide-surveillance-investigation-and-reporting/environmental-disease/toxic-hepatitis

  Toxic hepatitis is any acute or sub-acute necrosis of the liver or other unspecified chemical hepatitis caused by exposure to non-medicinal toxic agents other than ethyl alcohol, including, but not limited to, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, phosphorus, TNT, chloronapthalenes, methylenedianilines, ethylene dibromide, and organic solvents. This includes ICD-9 codes 572.2 and 573.3 or ICD-10 codes K71.0 to K71.9. […] Most statistics on toxic hepatitis combine the numbers for toxic hepatitis caused by drugs and toxic hepatitis caused by exposure to chemicals. One source lists the incidence as 8 out of 10,000 people. Another source says toxic hepatitis is implicated in the United States in 2 to 5 percent of hospitalizations for jaundice, an estimated 15 to 30 percent of fulminant liver failure cases, and approximately 40 percent of acute hepatitis cases in people over 50 years.

• #1 Liver Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526106/

  Drug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States and Europe and accounts for 20% to 40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure. […] Although the incidence of drug-induced liver injury has been reported to be as low as 1 in 10,000 to 100,000, the absolute incidence of drug-induced liver injury is still unknown as many cases are missed or underreported. […] Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network has been established in the United States since 2003 to understand the causes, risk factors, and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury by collecting and analyzing suspected cases. […] Multiple risk factors like old age, female gender, chronic alcoholism, and pregnancy have been described in the literature to cause an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury. […] However, some studies have revealed these factors do pose a higher risk to specific drugs and not all-cause liver toxicity (liver toxicity caused by all drugs).

• #1 Surveillance – Hepatitis and Liver Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220037/

  Public-health surveillance is an essential tool in the prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases and the medical management of people who have the diseases. Surveillance data are used to estimate the magnitude of a health problem, to describe the natural history of a disease, to detect epidemics, to document the distribution and spread of a health event or disease, to evaluate control and prevention measures, and to aid in public-health planning (Thacker, 2000). […] The committee has defined (see Box 2-1) the role of surveillance for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) that is within the scope of its study. […] This chapter describes how surveillance data are used or could be used to determine the focus and scope of viral hepatitis prevention and control efforts. The committee reviewed the weaknesses of the current surveillance system for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, including the timeliness, accuracy, and completeness of data collection, analysis, and dissemination. […] The recommendations for surveillance based on the committees findings focus on the development of a model designed to improve the quality and accuracy of information by developing systems to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on acute and chronic HBV and HCV infections.

• #1 Toxic Hepatitis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/epi-manual-guide-surveillance-investigation-and-reporting/environmental-disease/toxic-hepatitis

  All cases diagnosed as chemical hepatitis or toxic hepatitis are required to be reported, including prolonged or possible overexposure to non-medicinal toxic agents other than ethyl alcohol, including, but not limited to, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, phosphorus, TNT, chloronapthalenes, methylenedianilines, ethylene dibromide, and organic solvents (this includes ICD-9 codes 572.2 and 573.3 or ICD-10 codes K71.0 to K71.9). Reporting is also required in cases in which there are any abnormal liver tissue biopsy findings that would be attributable to such exposure.

• #1 Surveillance – Hepatitis and Liver Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220037/

  Surveillance data are often used to determine how to use resources most effectively. […] If surveillance data are not available or understate the disease burden, legislators and public-health officials will not allocate sufficient resources to mount an appropriate public-health response. […] Public-health organizations use surveillance data to design programs that target appropriate populations. […] A key potential role of hepatitis surveillance programs is to evaluate the effect of HBV vaccination programs (Wasley et al., 2007). […] Many of the difficulties that surveillance systems face in identifying and tracking cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C are related to the complexity of the infections and their associated progression. […] The identification of acute hepatitis infection is inherently flawed because the vast majority of cases are asymptomatic and patients do not seek medical care or testing.

• #1 Surveillance – Hepatitis and Liver Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220037/

  Surveillance data are used in a variety of ways by a broad base of state health-department staff, researchers, clinicians, policy-makers, and private industry. Federal and state health-department surveillance systems provide population-based information that can be used to improve the publics health. […] Overall, surveillance data are critical in estimating incidence and prevalence of HBV and HCV infections (CDC, 2008c), and they provide a basis for studying and understanding the mechanisms of diverse outcomes in the natural history of these infections (Thacker, 2000). […] Accurate and timely surveillance data are necessary to identify outbreaks of acute HBV and HCV infection in the health-care and community settings. […] Hepatitis B and hepatitis C surveillance data can be used to identify or quantify new trends in the transmission of HBV and HCV.

• #1 Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i22/2756.htm

  Some studies have suggested that exposure to organic solvents may induce liver toxicity because most chemicals are metabolized in the liver and toxic metabolites generated through the metabolism are the main cause of liver damage. […] Although a number of industrial chemicals are known to be hepatotoxins, liver disease from occupational exposure is rarely suspected or diagnosed. […] Three conditions must be fulfilled for the diagnosis of professional toxic hepatitis: (1) Liver damage should take place after occupational exposure to a substance; patient occupational history and the workplace in question is necessary; (2) Liver enzymes must increase to at least double the upper limit of normal levels; and (3) Tertiary conditions, such as other causes of liver disease, must be excluded. […] The hepatotoxic effects of some of the solvents were recognized as early as 1887. Very little is known about the frequency of occupational liver injury by solvents.

• #1 Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i22/2756.htm

  Clinical presentation of occupational liver disease may be acute/subacute or chronic, but is often insidious. […] Occupational toxic hepatitis can be divided into three types: hepatocellular, cholestatic and mixed. […] Liver damage is likely to be more severe in the hepatocellular type than in the cholestatic or mixed type; a patient with elevated bilirubin levels in hepatocellular liver injury indicates serious liver disease. […] Patients with the cholestatic or mixed type are likely to develop chronic disease more frequently than those with the hepatocellular type. […] The solvents suspected to be responsible for liver occupational disease are: dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, xylene, toluene, and chloroform.

• #1 Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v18/i22/2756.htm

  The pathophysiologic mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are still being explored, but are characterized by organic and functional damage of the liver. […] The main pathogenic mechanisms responsible for functional and organic damage caused by solvents are: inflammation, dysfunction of cytochrome P450, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. […] Toxic effects on the liver have been studied as early as 1887 and it was determined that there must be a change in the rate of the metabolism of these compound in order to create toxic products, otherwise toxicity will not occur. […] There are a few clinical features associated with occupational liver disease including fatigue, appetite loss, arthralgia, hypertransaminasemia, hypergamma glutamyl transferase (GT), and splenomegaly. […] Clinical presentation of occupational liver disease may be acute/subacute or chronic but is often insidious. […] Chronic effects on the liver in long-term occupational exposure to low levels of organic solvents remain undetermined. […] Many cases of liver cirrhosis with no known aetiology raise the suspicion that some may be of occupational origin.

• #1 Industrial Chemicals Associated with Acute Liver Injury

  https://haz-map.com/heptox1.htm

  The secondary effect of liver toxicity, as indicated by elevated liver enzyme levels, could serve as a marker of significant exposure to that chemical. […] Because of the routine use of liver function tests in medical surveillance programs, the occupational medicine physician frequently faces the problem of evaluating the possible work-relatedness of elevated values.

• #1 Industrial Chemicals Associated with Acute Liver Injury

  https://haz-map.com/heptox1.htm

  The following web pages pertaining to „Industrial Chemicals Associated with Toxic Hepatitis” do not reflect the revision of hepatotoxins in the current version of Haz-Map. […] The chemicals in this list are known to cause illness or death due to acute hepatic injury after occupational exposure. […] Workers who improperly handle any one of these 20 chemicals could suffer liver damage as the principal toxic effect of the substance. […] The next list of 156 industrial chemicals (Tables A, B, C) could potentially cause hepatic injury in the occupational setting as a secondary toxic effect. […] Evidence of hepatic injury, such as elevated liver enzymes, has been reported for many of these chemicals after unprotected occupational exposure. […] For hazardous chemicals with long biological half-lives such as the heavy metals, PCBs and organochlorine insecticides, hepatic damage may not occur until a level of body burden is reached after chronic exposure.

• #1 Surveillance – Hepatitis and Liver Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220037/

  Given that both hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are largely asymptomatic, most people do not receive a diagnosis until the infection is chronic. […] For disease-surveillance purposes, it can be challenging for health departments to obtain the complete laboratory results that are necessary to classify a chronic hepatitis B case according to CDCs case definitions. […] Current public-health surveillance systems for hepatitis B and hepatitis C are poorly developed and are inconsistent among jurisdictions. […] The inability of health departments to track all diagnosed cases also seriously undermines case-management and prevention efforts. […] Funding for hepatitis surveillance is highly fragmented. […] The recent survey of AVHPCs conducted by NASTAD found that fewer than one-fourth of the 43 responding jurisdictions reported receiving funding for surveillance for either chronic HBV or chronic HCV infection. […] The committee recommends that a two-tiered model be developed: core surveillance and targeted surveillance. […] Standardization will be accomplished through cooperative agreements, improved guidance, and adequate and consistent funding.

• #1 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  Liver disease stands as a leading cause of global mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2019 study reported that 1.26 million individuals succumbed to cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases in 2019, marking a 13% increase since 1990. Viral hepatitis, especially HBV and HCV, annually leads to around 1.3 million deaths. Moreover, approximately 3.3 million people are diagnosed with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) annually, accounting for 5.9% of global deaths. The rising fatalities from MASLD are also noteworthy, with an estimated 280,000 deaths in 2019. Notably, liver disease mortality rates show significant regional disparities; for example, Mongolia reports the highest liver cancer mortality rate at 71.0 per 100,000 individuals, compared to 6.6 in the United States (U.S.). […] Liver disease incidence is on the rise worldwide, posing an increasing risk of morbidity. Despite intensified global public health interventions, liver diseases continue to represent a significant portion of the global disease burden, underscoring the complexity and multidimensionality of liver disease epidemiology. The shift towards lifestyle-associated liver diseases, such as MASLD and ALD, is particularly alarming. This trend is closely linked to changes in global dietary habits, sedentary behavior, and rising obesity rates. Recent meta-analyses have identified MASLD as the most common chronic liver disease, affecting 38.0% of the global adult population between 2016-2019. Additionally, the incidence of ALD is climbing, paralleling increases in global alcohol consumption.

• #1 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  While new infections of HBV and HCV are declining in many regions due to effective public health interventions, chronic infections continue to pose a global challenge. The reduction in new infections can be attributed primarily to several key health measures beyond vaccination. Enhanced screening protocols for blood and organ donors have significantly reduced the risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Furthermore, harm reduction programs targeting high-risk populations, such as needle and syringe exchange programs, have been instrumental in preventing transmission among intravenous drug users. […] The global incidence of cirrhosis, the end-stage of various chronic liver conditions, increased from 20.7 per 100,000 people in 2000 to 23.4 per 100,000 in 2015. Moreover, the incidence of liver cancer continues to escalate, with around 20 million new cases reported globally in 2022. Emerging risk factors, such as environmental pollution and hepatotoxic drug use, further complicate efforts to reduce the global burden of liver diseases.

• #1 The Mexican consensus on alcoholic hepatitis | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-the-mexican-consensus-on-alcoholic-articulo-S2255534X20300542

  Epidemiologic studies have shown a strong correlation between the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption and the presence of cirrhosis. […] In patients with comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome, or chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, and alcohol consumption, even in quantities below those considered hazardous drinking, can favor and accelerate progression to liver injury. […] Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe condition that frequently behaves as acute-on-chronic liver failure. […] It is characterized by systemic inflammation and a predisposition to the development of infections, kidney failure, encephalopathy, and multiple organ dysfunction, with an elevated mortality rate of 20-50% in the following three months, albeit possibly higher in the Mexican population.

• #1 Alcohol-related hepatitis: A review article

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i17/2551.htm

  The pattern of drinking as well as the type of alcohol consumed also contributes to the risk of developing ARH. […] Studies have shown that there might be a seasonal trend to admissions with alcohol use. […] The amount of alcohol consumption that places patients at risk of ARH is largely unknown. […] The majority of patients with ARH consume more than 100 g/d of alcohol. […] It is well established that the combination of alcohol misuse and chronic hepatitis C (HCV) increases the incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with reduced survival compared to patients with either HCV or alcohol use alone. […] The increase was noted in the mean inpatient cost for ARH hospitalizations from $31189 in 2009 to $62229 in 2019. […] The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the pre-existing trend of rising cases of ARH.

• #1 2020 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report | 2020 Hepatitis Surveillance | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-surveillance-2020/about/index.html

  Tens of thousands of people are newly infected with viral hepatitis every year in the United States. […] The number of viral hepatitis cases reported to CDC in 2020 may be lower than in years before the COVID-19 pandemic began. […] The Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report United States, 2020 represents the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of viral hepatitis-related data. […] The surveillance process is essential to monitor trends that inform planning, implementation, and evaluation that are needed to reverse increasing current trends and improve viral hepatitis public health policy and practice.

• #2 Toxic hepatitis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/toxic-hepatitis-149284884/149284884

  Toxic hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver due to medication or exposure to toxic chemicals, drugs, pollutants and nutritional supplements. In some cases, toxic hepatitis develops within hours or days of exposure to a toxin. It also known as Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI) […] Drug-induced liver injury has an estimated incidence of 10- 15 per 10,000 to 100,000 persons exposed to prescription medications. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases of acute hepatitis and it is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States […] More than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been reported to cause liver injury, and drugs account for 20-40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure. Approximately 75% of the idiosyncratic drug reactions result in liver transplantation or death.

• #2 Liver Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526106/

  Drug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States and Europe and accounts for 20% to 40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure. […] Although the incidence of drug-induced liver injury has been reported to be as low as 1 in 10,000 to 100,000, the absolute incidence of drug-induced liver injury is still unknown as many cases are missed or underreported. […] Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network has been established in the United States since 2003 to understand the causes, risk factors, and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury by collecting and analyzing suspected cases. […] Multiple risk factors like old age, female gender, chronic alcoholism, and pregnancy have been described in the literature to cause an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury. […] However, some studies have revealed these factors do pose a higher risk to specific drugs and not all-cause liver toxicity (liver toxicity caused by all drugs).

• #2 Toxic hepatitis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/toxic-hepatitis-149284884/149284884

  Toxic hepatitis is an inflammatory condition caused by ingestion or inhalation of certain substances Dry cleaning, fluid, Glue, Insecticides pesticides, Poisonous mushrooms, Rat poison, Tylenol, Aspirin, Thorazine, INH, Valium and Alcohol. […] Risk Factors Race Age Sex Alcohol ingestion Liver diseases Genetics Factors Co-morbidities Drug formulations Race-Some drugs appear to have different toxicities based on race. For example, blacks and Hispanics may be more susceptible to isoniazid (INH) toxicity. […] Drug Induced Liver Injury Liver injury may be produced by a large variety of chemical substances The type and degree of injury produced is extremely varied, and may mimic the entire spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders. […] The first and most important step in treating toxic hepatitis is to identify and eliminate the substance that is causing the problem, such as medications, herbs or alcohol. […] Urgent liver transplantation should be considered for patients with life-threatening liver damage caused by a medication, herb or nutritional supplement.

• #2 Hepatitis Surveillance and Reporting

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/surveillance.htm

  Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purposes of planning, implementing and evaluating public health programs. The goals of viral hepatitis surveillance are to measure the burden of disease; determine risk factors; identify outbreaks; monitor trends; evaluate control measures, interventions and programs; and identify infected persons for medical referral, education and counseling. […] Annual reports on the number of cases and rates per 100,000 population of hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C by county and by age group can be found at Communicable Disease Annual Reports. […] New York State Department of Health Communicable Disease Reporting Requirements (PDF) […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Screening and Testing Recommendations for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection) […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Testing Recommendations for Hepatitis C Virus Infection […] Laboratory Reporting Guidelines 2020, New York State Department of Health (PDF)

• #2 Surveillance – Hepatitis and Liver Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220037/

  Given that both hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are largely asymptomatic, most people do not receive a diagnosis until the infection is chronic. […] For disease-surveillance purposes, it can be challenging for health departments to obtain the complete laboratory results that are necessary to classify a chronic hepatitis B case according to CDCs case definitions. […] Current public-health surveillance systems for hepatitis B and hepatitis C are poorly developed and are inconsistent among jurisdictions. […] The inability of health departments to track all diagnosed cases also seriously undermines case-management and prevention efforts. […] Funding for hepatitis surveillance is highly fragmented. […] The recent survey of AVHPCs conducted by NASTAD found that fewer than one-fourth of the 43 responding jurisdictions reported receiving funding for surveillance for either chronic HBV or chronic HCV infection. […] The committee recommends that a two-tiered model be developed: core surveillance and targeted surveillance. […] Standardization will be accomplished through cooperative agreements, improved guidance, and adequate and consistent funding.

• #2 11: Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis Infections | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/11-surveillance-of-viral-hepatitis-infections/

  Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis Infections […] In the United States, public health surveillance activities for viral hepatitis vary among jurisdictions. […] State and local health departments rely on the active participation of clinical providers and laboratories for key laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological information. […] However, because surveillance methodologies across the diseases have not been uniformly funded, established, or assessed, viral hepatitis surveillance systems are still evolving. […] Much of what is known about the epidemiology of viral hepatitis was derived from observations of outbreaks prior to the identification of specific etiologic agents. […] Current studies are further defining the epidemiology of hepatitis E. […] Investigation of the incidence of viral hepatitis in the United States has been pursued in the past via sentinel surveillance studies of acute hepatitis that CDC funded in six counties around the United States. […] The data collected from this study have been instrumental in understanding the epidemiology of viral hepatitis infections in the United States.

• #2 Livers | Special Issue : The Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis: Looking Forward to Global Elimination

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/livers/special_issues/7ODVI0MYI6

  The Special Issue of Livers, entitled „The Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis: Looking forward to Global Elimination” is scheduled to provide an in-depth exploration of the critical components necessary for diagnosing and effectively managing viral hepatitis. Moreover, it will be of great importance to include articles dealing with the global efforts and strategies aimed at preventing and eradicating viral hepatitis, which is recognized as a significant public health challenge. […] Our aim is to encompass a wide range of topics, including the latest research findings on hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E), advancements in treatment options, and the implementation of effective public health policies to achieve the goal of viral hepatitis elimination. […] Overall, this Special Issue aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers, providing insights into the multifaceted approach required to improve the surveillance, prevention, and treatment of viral hepatitis.

• #2 2021 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report | 2021 Hepatitis Surveillance | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-surveillance-2021/about/index.html

  Tens of thousands of people are newly infected with viral hepatitis every year in the United States. It is a serious public health threat that kills thousands of Americans annually and is a leading cause of liver cancer. […] The findings in this report should be interpreted with caution. The number of viral hepatitis cases reported to CDC in 2020 and 2021 may be lower than in years before the COVID-19 pandemic began. […] The Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report United States, 2021 represents the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of viral hepatitis-related data. The surveillance process is essential to monitor trends that inform planning, implementation, and evaluation that are needed to reverse increasing current trends and improve viral hepatitis public health policy and practice. […] The number of acute hepatitis C cases has doubled during 2014-2020, and the rate increased 7% from 2020 to 2021.

• #3 Toxic hepatitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352202

  Toxic hepatitis is an inflammation of your liver in reaction to certain substances to which you’re exposed. […] Toxic hepatitis occurs when your liver develops inflammation because of exposure to a toxic substance. Toxic hepatitis may also develop when you take too much of a prescription or over-the-counter medication. […] The inflammation associated with toxic hepatitis can lead to liver damage and scarring. Over time, this scarring, called cirrhosis, makes it difficult for your liver to do its job. Eventually cirrhosis leads to liver failure. […] Factors that may increase your risk of toxic hepatitis include: Taking a medication or over-the-counter pain reliever that carries a risk of liver damage increases your risk of toxic hepatitis. […] Working with certain industrial chemicals puts you at risk of toxic hepatitis.

• #3 Drug-induced Hepatitis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/drug-induced-hepatitis

  How common is drug-induced hepatitis? (Epidemiology) Drug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the western world. However idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury is an uncommon adverse event when taking prescription or non-prescription medications. […] It is difficult to assess the true incidence because of different diagnostic criteria and under-reporting. However, recent population-based studies estimate the incidence to vary between 13.9-19.1 cases per 100,000 people per year. […] Approximately 15% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis have drug-induced liver disease. […] The development of drug-induced liver disease is dependent on the drug as well as individual patient factors, including genetic predisposition, age, gender, pre-existing liver disease and comorbidities.

• #3 Liver Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526106/

  Drug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States and Europe and accounts for 20% to 40% of all instances of fulminant hepatic failure. […] Although the incidence of drug-induced liver injury has been reported to be as low as 1 in 10,000 to 100,000, the absolute incidence of drug-induced liver injury is still unknown as many cases are missed or underreported. […] Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network has been established in the United States since 2003 to understand the causes, risk factors, and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury by collecting and analyzing suspected cases. […] Multiple risk factors like old age, female gender, chronic alcoholism, and pregnancy have been described in the literature to cause an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury. […] However, some studies have revealed these factors do pose a higher risk to specific drugs and not all-cause liver toxicity (liver toxicity caused by all drugs).

• #3 11: Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis Infections | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/11-surveillance-of-viral-hepatitis-infections/

  Serologic surveys of various population groups have helped to define demographic and risk correlates of infection. […] A particularly valuable source of information on the correlates of infection with hepatitis viruses is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] The purpose of conducting surveillance is to inform public health action. […] Surveillance data can serve as infrastructure to conduct special studies that clarify the role of a specific mode of transmission. […] Primarily because of resource constraints, the potential utility of chronic hepatitis surveillance registries for case management has not been established. […] It has also been suggested that identification and follow-up of all individuals with chronic HBV or HCV infection can be used to detect other at-risk or infected individuals (e.g., family and household contacts, drug sharing partners) and to ensure appropriate preventive screening or care.

• #3 Livers | Special Issue : The Surveillance, Prevention, and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis: Looking Forward to Global Elimination

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/livers/special_issues/7ODVI0MYI6

  Keywords: viral hepatitis surveillance systems, preventive measures (preventive strategies, vaccination programs, awareness campaigns, harm reduction initiatives aimed at reducing transmission rates, and targeted prevention efforts for at-risk populations), diagnostic innovations: advances in diagnostic technologies and new methods for the early detection of hepatitis viruses, antiviral therapies for hepatitis B, C, and D (existing treatments and the emergence of new therapeutic options and strategies), public health policies in addressing the viral hepatitis epidemic, challenges and barriers faced in the surveillance, prevention, and treatment of viral hepatitis (healthcare access disparities, stigma, and the need for integrated healthcare approaches), collaborative efforts among stakeholders, including governments, healthcare providers, and community organizations, in enhancing hepatitis control, digital health solutions that aim to improve awareness, education, and access to care for hepatitis patients.

Zobacz więcej