Zaburzenia osobowości

Zaburzenia osobowości
Leczenie

Zaburzenia osobowości stanowią złożone schorzenia psychiczne wymagające długotrwałego i wieloaspektowego leczenia, w którym podstawową rolę odgrywa psychoterapia. Metody takie jak dialektyczna terapia behawioralna (DBT), terapia poznawczo-behawioralna (CBT), terapia skoncentrowana na schematach, terapia oparta na mentalizacji (MBT) oraz terapia skoncentrowana na przeniesieniu (TFP) wykazują skuteczność w modyfikacji dysfunkcyjnych wzorców myślenia, emocji i zachowań. DBT, szczególnie efektywna w zaburzeniu osobowości z pogranicza, rozwija umiejętności uważności, regulacji emocji, tolerancji na stres oraz efektywności interpersonalnej. Psychoterapia umożliwia redukcję objawów takich jak lęk i depresja, ograniczenie zachowań nieprzystosowawczych oraz poprawę funkcjonowania społecznego, co potwierdzają metaanalizy wskazujące na duże efekty terapeutyczne (średnie efekty przed i po leczeniu: 1,11 dla miar samoopisu i 1,29 dla miar obserwacyjnych).

Zaburzenia osobowości – leczenie i terapia

Zaburzenia osobowości to złożone schorzenia psychiczne, które wpływają na sposób myślenia, odczuwania i zachowania osób nimi dotkniętych. Leczenie zaburzeń osobowości jest procesem długotrwałym, ale z odpowiednim wsparciem terapeutycznym i farmakologicznym, pacjenci mogą osiągnąć znaczną poprawę funkcjonowania i jakości życia. Artykuł ten przedstawia kompleksowe informacje na temat dostępnych metod leczenia zaburzeń osobowości, koncentrując się na terapii i innych formach interwencji medycznych.¹²

Psychoterapia jako główna metoda leczenia

Psychoterapia, znana również jako terapia rozmową, stanowi podstawę leczenia zaburzeń osobowości. Jest to najbardziej skuteczna i zalecana forma interwencji terapeutycznej dla osób zmagających się z tymi schorzeniami. Podczas psychoterapii pacjent ma możliwość lepszego zrozumienia swoich myśli, uczuć i zachowań, a także nauczenia się nowych sposobów radzenia sobie z trudnościami w relacjach interpersonalnych i sytuacjach stresowych.³⁴

Główne cele psychoterapii w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości obejmują:

Zmniejszenie bezpośredniego cierpienia, takiego jak lęk i depresja
Pomoc pacjentowi w zrozumieniu, że jego problemy mają charakter wewnętrzny, a nie są spowodowane przez inne osoby lub sytuacje
Ograniczenie nieprzystosowawczych i społecznie niepożądanych zachowań
Modyfikację cech osobowości, które powodują trudności
Rozwój umiejętności radzenia sobie ze stresem
Rozpoznawanie negatywnych zachowań i modyfikację cech osobowości powodujących problemy⁵⁶

Rodzaje psychoterapii w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości

Istnieje kilka rodzajów psychoterapii, które okazały się skuteczne w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości. Wybór odpowiedniej metody zależy od konkretnego typu zaburzenia osobowości, nasilenia objawów oraz indywidualnych potrzeb pacjenta.⁷

Dialektyczna terapia behawioralna (DBT)

Dialektyczna terapia behawioralna (DBT) została pierwotnie opracowana specjalnie do leczenia osób z zaburzeniem osobowości z pogranicza (borderline). Jest to jedna z najczęściej zalecanych i najlepiej udokumentowanych naukowo metod terapeutycznych w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości. DBT koncentruje się na rozwijaniu czterech kluczowych obszarów umiejętności:⁸⁹

Umiejętności uważności (mindfulness) – zwiększanie świadomości własnych myśli i emocji
Regulacja emocjonalna – nauka rozpoznawania i zarządzania intensywnymi emocjami
Tolerancja na stres – rozwój umiejętności radzenia sobie z trudnymi sytuacjami bez podejmowania destrukcyjnych działań
Efektywność interpersonalna – poprawa komunikacji i budowanie zdrowych relacji¹⁰¹¹

DBT łączy techniki poznawczo-behawioralne z elementami filozofii zen i koncepcją dialektyki. Terapia ta pomaga pacjentom identyfikować myśli, przekonania i założenia, które utrudniają im życie, a następnie uczyć się innych sposobów myślenia, aby życie stało się bardziej satysfakcjonujące. Badania wykazały, że DBT jest szczególnie skuteczna w zmniejszaniu zachowań samobójczych, samookaleczeń, rezygnacji z leczenia i hospitalizacji.¹²¹³

Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna (CBT)

Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna (CBT) koncentruje się na identyfikacji i zmianie dysfunkcyjnych wzorców myślenia oraz zachowań. Pomaga pacjentom rozpoznać związki między ich myślami, uczuciami i zachowaniami oraz nauczyć się bardziej adaptacyjnych sposobów radzenia sobie z codziennymi wyzwaniami.¹⁴

CBT jest szczególnie przydatna w leczeniu osób z zaburzeniami osobowości z klastra C, takimi jak osobowość unikająca, zależna czy anankastyczna (obsesyjno-kompulsyjna). Terapia ta pomaga pacjentom:¹⁵

Zidentyfikować i zmienić negatywne schematy myślowe
Rozwinąć umiejętności rozwiązywania problemów
Poprawić umiejętności społeczne
Zwiększyć tolerancję na niepewność i lęk¹⁶¹⁷

Terapia skoncentrowana na schematach (Schema Therapy)

Terapia skoncentrowana na schematach łączy elementy CBT, teorii psychodynamicznych i teorii przywiązania. Jej celem jest pomoc pacjentom w zidentyfikowaniu i zmianie głęboko zakorzenionych schematów myślowych, które rozwinęły się we wczesnym dzieciństwie i które przyczyniają się do problemów w dorosłym życiu.¹⁸¹⁹

Terapia oparta na mentalizacji (MBT)

Terapia oparta na mentalizacji (MBT) koncentruje się na rozwijaniu zdolności pacjenta do rozumienia stanów umysłowych – zarówno własnych, jak i innych osób. Celem MBT jest poprawa zdolności pacjenta do „mentalizowania”, czyli interpretowania zachowań w kontekście leżących u ich podstaw myśli, uczuć, potrzeb i pragnień.²⁰²¹

MBT może być szczególnie przydatna dla osób z zaburzeniem osobowości z pogranicza, które często mają trudności z rozumieniem własnych stanów emocjonalnych i stanów emocjonalnych innych osób.²²

Terapia skoncentrowana na przeniesieniu (TFP)

Terapia skoncentrowana na przeniesieniu (TFP) jest formą psychoterapii psychodynamicznej opracowaną specjalnie dla osób z zaburzeniem osobowości z pogranicza. TFP koncentruje się na analizie przeniesienia, czyli sposobu, w jaki pacjent przenosi uczucia i oczekiwania z ważnych relacji z przeszłości na relację terapeutyczną.²³²⁴

Terapia grupowa

Terapia grupowa może być cennym uzupełnieniem indywidualnej psychoterapii w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości. Grupa terapeutyczna zapewnia bezpieczne środowisko, w którym pacjenci mogą ćwiczyć umiejętności społeczne, otrzymywać informacje zwrotne od innych członków grupy i uczyć się od siebie nawzajem.²⁵²⁶

Wspólnoty terapeutyczne

Wspólnoty terapeutyczne (Therapeutic Communities, TC) to strukturalne środowiska, w których osoby z różnymi złożonymi problemami psychologicznymi spotykają się, aby wspólnie uczestniczyć w terapii. W ramach TC pacjenci mogą badać doświadczenia związane z zaburzeniem osobowości na głębszym poziomie.²⁷²⁸

Pobyt w wspólnocie terapeutycznej może trwać od kilku tygodni do kilku miesięcy i obejmuje intensywne formy terapii grupowej. Jest to opcja, która może być oferowana niektórym osobom z zaburzeniami osobowości, zwłaszcza tym, które nie reagują dobrze na inne formy leczenia.²⁹

Farmakoterapia w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości

Obecnie nie ma leków zatwierdzonych specjalnie do leczenia zaburzeń osobowości. Amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) nie zatwierdziła żadnego leku do bezpośredniego leczenia tych schorzeń. Jednak w niektórych przypadkach leki mogą być pomocne w łagodzeniu określonych objawów związanych z zaburzeniami osobowości, takich jak lęk, depresja, impulsywność czy niestabilność nastroju.³⁰³¹

Leki, które mogą być stosowane jako uzupełnienie psychoterapii, obejmują:

Leki przeciwdepresyjne – mogą pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów depresji, lęku, impulsywności i gniewu. Szczególnie selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (SSRI) i inhibitory monoaminooksydazy (IMAO) wykazały pewne korzyści w leczeniu zaburzenia osobowości z pogranicza³²³³
Stabilizatory nastroju – mogą być pomocne w łagodzeniu wahań nastroju i impulsywności³⁴
Leki przeciwpsychotyczne – szczególnie atypowe leki przeciwpsychotyczne mogą pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów psychotycznych, takich jak halucynacje i urojenia, a także w regulacji nastroju i kontroli gniewu³⁵
Leki przeciwlękowe – mogą pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów lęku, pobudzenia i bezsenności, ale powinny być stosowane ostrożnie ze względu na ryzyko uzależnienia³⁶

Należy podkreślić, że leki powinny być stosowane jako uzupełnienie psychoterapii, a nie jako główna metoda leczenia zaburzeń osobowości. Decyzja o włączeniu leków do planu leczenia powinna być podejmowana na podstawie indywidualnej oceny stanu pacjenta, z uwzględnieniem potencjalnych korzyści i ryzyka.³⁷³⁸

Hospitalizacja

W niektórych przypadkach zaburzenie osobowości może być na tyle poważne, że pacjent wymaga hospitalizacji w celu zapewnienia odpowiedniej opieki psychiatrycznej. Hospitalizacja jest zwykle zalecana tylko wtedy, gdy pacjent nie jest w stanie prawidłowo zadbać o siebie lub gdy istnieje bezpośrednie zagrożenie samobójstwem lub wyrządzeniem krzywdy innym.³⁹⁴⁰

Po ustabilizowaniu stanu pacjenta w szpitalu, specjalista ds. zdrowia psychicznego może zalecić program dziennego pobytu w szpitalu, program pobytu stacjonarnego lub leczenie ambulatoryjne.⁴¹

Skuteczność leczenia zaburzeń osobowości

Mimo powszechnego przekonania, że zaburzenia osobowości są trudne do leczenia, badania naukowe wskazują, że odpowiednie interwencje terapeutyczne mogą przynieść znaczące pozytywne efekty. Metaanalizy badań klinicznych wykazały duże efekty terapeutyczne w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości.⁴²

Badania wskazują, że psychoterapia jest skuteczną metodą leczenia zaburzeń osobowości i może być związana z nawet siedmiokrotnie szybszym tempem zdrowienia w porównaniu z naturalnym przebiegiem tych zaburzeń. Średnie efekty przed i po leczeniu są duże: 1,11 dla miar samoopisu i 1,29 dla miar obserwacyjnych.⁴³

Efektywność leczenia zależy od wielu czynników, w tym od:

Rodzaju zaburzenia osobowości
Nasilenia objawów
Współistniejących schorzeń
Zaangażowania pacjenta w proces terapeutyczny
Dostępności odpowiedniego wsparcia społecznego⁴⁴⁴⁵

Warto zauważyć, że leczenie zaburzeń osobowości to proces długotrwały, a poprawa może następować stopniowo. Jednak z czasem, przy odpowiednim leczeniu i wsparciu, wiele osób z zaburzeniami osobowości może osiągnąć znaczącą poprawę jakości życia i funkcjonowania społecznego.⁴⁶⁴⁷

Trudności w leczeniu zaburzeń osobowości

Leczenie zaburzeń osobowości wiąże się z pewnymi wyzwaniami, które mogą wpływać na efektywność interwencji terapeutycznych:

Osoby z zaburzeniami osobowości często nie postrzegają swoich zachowań jako problematycznych i mogą nie poszukiwać leczenia⁴⁸
Zaburzenia osobowości mają często charakter głęboko zakorzeniony i ego-syntoniczny, co oznacza, że pacjenci mogą być przywiązani do swoich wzorców myślenia i zachowania, nawet jeśli powodują one cierpienie⁴⁹
Relacja terapeutyczna może być trudna do zbudowania, szczególnie w przypadku pacjentów z paranoidalnym zaburzeniem osobowości, którzy mają wysoki poziom nieufności i podejrzliwości⁵⁰
Leczenie często wymaga długotrwałego zaangażowania, co może być wyzwaniem zarówno dla pacjenta, jak i dla systemu opieki zdrowotnej⁵¹
Współwystępowanie innych zaburzeń psychicznych, takich jak depresja, zaburzenia lękowe czy uzależnienia, może komplikować proces leczenia⁵²

Pomimo tych wyzwań, badania pokazują, że odpowiednio dobrane interwencje terapeutyczne mogą przynieść znaczące korzyści osobom z zaburzeniami osobowości, zwłaszcza gdy są one dostosowane do indywidualnych potrzeb pacjenta i prowadzone przez doświadczonych specjalistów.⁵³

Wnioski i zalecenia

Leczenie zaburzeń osobowości wymaga kompleksowego podejścia, które uwzględnia zarówno psychoterapię, jak i, w razie potrzeby, farmakoterapię. Chociaż zaburzenia osobowości są trudne do leczenia, odpowiednie interwencje terapeutyczne mogą przynieść znaczące korzyści pacjentom.⁵⁴

Kluczowe zalecenia dotyczące leczenia zaburzeń osobowości obejmują:

Psychoterapia powinna być podstawą leczenia, a konkretny rodzaj terapii powinien być dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb pacjenta i typu zaburzenia osobowości⁵⁵
Dialektyczna terapia behawioralna (DBT) jest szczególnie skuteczna w leczeniu zaburzenia osobowości z pogranicza, podczas gdy terapia poznawczo-behawioralna (CBT) może być bardziej odpowiednia dla zaburzeń osobowości z klastra C⁵⁶
Leki powinny być stosowane jako uzupełnienie psychoterapii, głównie w celu łagodzenia określonych objawów, takich jak lęk, depresja czy impulsywność⁵⁷
Leczenie powinno być długoterminowe, ponieważ zmiana głęboko zakorzenionych wzorców myślenia i zachowania wymaga czasu⁵⁸
Wsparcie społeczne, w tym zaangażowanie rodziny i przyjaciół, może znacząco zwiększyć skuteczność leczenia⁵⁹
Regularne monitorowanie postępów i dostosowywanie planu leczenia w razie potrzeby są istotne dla osiągnięcia optymalnych wyników⁶⁰

Przy odpowiednim leczeniu i wsparciu, wiele osób z zaburzeniami osobowości może osiągnąć znaczącą poprawę jakości życia i funkcjonowania społecznego. Ważne jest, aby osoby z zaburzeniami osobowości otrzymały kompleksową opiekę, która uwzględnia ich indywidualne potrzeby i cele.⁶¹⁶²

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview
Personality disorders are some of the most difficult disorders to treat in psychiatry. This is mainly because people with personality disorders dont think their behavior is problematic, so they dont often seek treatment. […] And even if a person with a personality disorder seeks treatment, modern medicine is still lacking in available treatment options there are no medications currently approved to treat any personality disorder. But there are medications that can help with symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are common in people with a personality disorder. […] But psychotherapy (talk therapy) can help manage personality disorders. Psychotherapy is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help you identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Working with a mental health professional, like a psychologist or psychiatrist, can provide support, education and guidance to you and your family.
#2 Personality disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468
The treatment that’s best for you depends on your personality disorder, how serious it is and your life situation. Often, a team approach is needed to meet your mental, medical and social needs. You may need to be treated for months or years. […] Dialectical behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy that also is known as talk therapy, is the main way to treat personality disorders. Medicines also may be used during treatment. […] Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), a form of talk therapy, is used to treat personality disorders. This therapy focuses on treating dangerous behavior, including behavior that can lead to suicide, as well as behavior that can get in the way of treatment or affect quality of life. […] This therapy has been shown to be effective for adolescents and adults, but a group certified in DBT is essential.
#3 Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3330582/
Although personality disorders are often regarded as untreatable by third-party payers, there is actually a growing empirical literature suggesting that Axis II conditions may be eminently treatable by psychotherapy. […] Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy have long been used in the treatment of patients with personality disorders (PDs). […] More recently, other forms of psychotherapy have been widely used to treat PDs. […] Research has been slow to catch up with clinical practice, but in the last 20 years behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, supportive therapy, and short-term and long-term psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy have all been studied, and the results of these studies have given psychotherapists everywhere reason to feel cautiously optimistic about treating long-standing and complex character pathology.
#4 Personality disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468
The treatment that’s best for you depends on your personality disorder, how serious it is and your life situation. Often, a team approach is needed to meet your mental, medical and social needs. You may need to be treated for months or years. […] Dialectical behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy that also is known as talk therapy, is the main way to treat personality disorders. Medicines also may be used during treatment. […] Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), a form of talk therapy, is used to treat personality disorders. This therapy focuses on treating dangerous behavior, including behavior that can lead to suicide, as well as behavior that can get in the way of treatment or affect quality of life. […] This therapy has been shown to be effective for adolescents and adults, but a group certified in DBT is essential.
#5 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview
The main goals of psychotherapy for treating personality disorders include: […] Reducing immediate distress, such as anxiety and depression. […] Helping the person understand that their problems are internal and not caused by other people or situations. […] Decreasing unhealthy and socially undesirable behavior. […] Modifying the personality traits that are causing difficulties. […] There are several different types of psychotherapy, and each personality disorder requires different types. […] For example, studies show that dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is effective for treating those with borderline personality disorder, and people with histrionic personality disorder often benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
#6 Overview of Personality Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/overview-of-personality-disorders
General principles for treatment […] In general, treatment of personality disorders aims to […] Reduce subjective distress […] Enable patients to understand that their problems are internal to themselves […] Decrease significantly maladaptive and socially undesirable behaviors […] Modify problematic personality traits […] Reducing subjective distress (eg, anxiety, depression) is the first goal. These symptoms often respond to increased psychosocial support, which often includes moving the patient out of highly stressful situations or relationships. Pharmacotherapy may also help relieve stress. Reduced stress makes treating the underlying personality disorder easier. […] An effort to enable patients to recognize that their problems are internal should be made early. Patients need to understand that their problems with work or relationships are caused by their maladaptive ways of relating to the world (eg, to tasks, to authority, or in intimate relationships). Achieving such understanding requires a substantial amount of time, patience, and commitment on the part of a clinician. Clinicians also need a basic understanding of the patients areas of emotional sensitivity and usual ways of coping. Family members and friends can help identify problems of which patients and clinicians would otherwise be unaware.
#7 Treatment for Personality Disorders | Ohio State Medical Center
https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/mental-behavioral/personality-disorders
At The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio, our mental and behavioral health experts specialize in treating all types of personality disorders and offer evidence-based care to help you and your family manage your condition. […] Personality disorders are diagnosed by mental health professionals and require treatment for someone to get better, so its important to talk to your doctor and complete a psychiatric evaluation if youre struggling. […] The main way personality disorders are treated is psychotherapy (talk therapy). We have several different types of psychotherapy from which you might benefit. Sometimes medications can help with symptoms of depression or anxiety, which are common in people with a personality disorder. […] Psychotherapy for personality disorders can help you learn coping skills for stress, recognize negative behaviors and modify personality traits causing difficulty. Types of psychotherapy that might be used include:
#8 Treatment – Borderline personality disorder – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment/
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a type of therapy specifically designed to treat people with BPD. […] The goal of DBT is to break this cycle by introducing 2 important concepts: validation and dialectics. […] The ultimate goal of DBT is to help you „break free” of seeing the world, your relationships and your life in a very narrow, rigid way that leads you to engage in harmful and self-destructive behaviour. […] Another type of long-term psychotherapy that can be used to treat BPD is mentalisation-based therapy (MBT). […] The goal of MBT is to improve your ability to recognise your own and others’ mental states, learn to „step back” from your thoughts about yourself and others and examine them to see if they’re valid. […] Therapeutic communities (TCs) are structured environments where people with a range of complex psychological conditions and needs come together to interact and take part in therapy.
#9 Borderline personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242
Management of borderline personality disorder mainly focuses on making sense of moments that are emotionally hard by thinking about what happened in your relationships that led to those moments. Good mental health management tends to include a combination of individual therapy, group therapy, family education and medicines for related conditions. […] Types of talk therapy that have been found to be effective include: […] The Food and Drug Administration hasn’t approved any drugs specifically to treat borderline personality disorder. But some medicines may help with symptoms. And some medicines can help with conditions that occur with borderline personality disorder, such as depression, impulsiveness, aggression or anxiety. […] At times, you may need to be treated in a psychiatric hospital or clinic. Staying in the hospital also may keep you safe from harming yourself or help you talk about thoughts or behaviors related to suicide.
#10 Personality Disorders Treatment – Health Solutions West
https://www.mindspringshealth.org/what-we-treat/personality-disorders-treatment/
Personality Disorders are mental disorders characterized by inflexible, deeply ingrained, maladaptive patterns of adjustment to life that cause either subjective distress or significant impairment in functioning. Generally recognizable by adolescence, these disorders cannot be formally diagnosed before age 18. […] People with personality disorders may be receptive to various kinds of therapies. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) has been effective with Borderline Personality Disorder, and can be modified to work for other disorders as well. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is also used to treat some personality disorders. The success of treatment depends upon many factors including the persons level of insight, circumstances, motivation and severity of symptoms. […] DBT is an evidence-based practice that helps identify the thoughts, beliefs and assumptions that make life harder and helps people learn different ways of thinking to make life more pleasant, leveraging the concepts of mindfulness, relationship effectiveness, distress tolerance and emotional regulation. CBT conceptualizes personality disorders as dysfunctional core beliefs about self, others and the world and helps people learn to identify and change these core beliefs.
#11 Find a Personality Disorders Therapist, Personality Disorders Psychologist, Personality Disorders Counselor – Psychology Today
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists?category=personality-disorders
The best therapy type may differ depending on the specific personality disorder, but one effective approach is Dialectical behavior therapy. Dialectical behavior therapy involves learning skills to tolerate distress, regulate emotions, practice mindfulness, and maintain healthy relationships under the close guidance of a therapist. […] Personality disorders are more difficult to treat than other mental health disorders, but change is always possible with the help of an experienced therapist. The effectiveness of treatment also depends on the particular disorder. For example, a systematic review and meta-analysis of therapies to treat borderline personality disorder concluded that psychotherapy, particularly dialectical behavior therapy and psychodynamic approaches, were effective in reducing borderline symptoms.
#12 Borderline Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9762-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd
Talk therapy is the main treatment for BPD. […] BPD historically has been challenging to treat. But with newer, evidence-based treatment, many people with borderline personality disorder experience fewer and less severe symptoms, improved functioning and better quality of life. […] Treatment may include psychotherapy (talk therapy), medications or both. […] Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is the treatment of choice for borderline personality disorder. The goal of treatment is to help you uncover the motivations and fears associated with your thoughts and behavior and to help you learn to relate to others more positively. […] Types of therapy that can help treat BPD include: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Group therapy. […] Because the benefits of prescription medication for borderline personality disorder are unclear, healthcare providers typically don’t prescribe medications as the main treatment for BPD. […] But in some cases, a psychiatrist may recommend medications to treat specific symptoms or co-occurring mental health conditions.
#13 Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Indications for Hospitalization, Psychotherapy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913575-treatment
DBT is a modification of standard cognitive-behavioral techniques designed specifically for the treatment of BPD. […] Currently, DBT is the only data-supported therapy for BPD. […] In randomized clinical trials, DBT was more effective than usual treatment in reducing suicidal and self-injurious behaviors, treatment dropout, hospitalizations, and self-reports of anger and anxious ruminations. […] Patients usually require long-term psychotherapy with an appropriate therapist in an individual setting, a group setting, or both. […] Recovery from BPD seems difficult for many patients to attain; however, once it is attained, it can be relatively stable over time.
#14 Personality Disorder: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/personality-disorders
Personality disorders are treatable, however. Often a combination of talk therapy and medication can go a long way in helping you live with one of these conditions. […] Treatment can vary depending on the type and severity of your personality disorder. It may include psychotherapy and medications. […] Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, may help in managing personality disorders. During psychotherapy, you and a therapist can discuss your condition, as well as your feelings and thoughts. This can provide you with insight on how to manage your symptoms and behaviors that interfere with your daily life. […] There are many types of psychotherapy. Dialectical behavior therapy can include group and individual sessions where people learn how to tolerate stress and improve relationships. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to teach people how to change negative thinking patterns so they can better cope with everyday challenges.
#15 10.3: Treatment for Personality Disorders – Medicine LibreTexts
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/Nursing%3A_Mental_Health_and_Community_Concepts_(OpenRN)/10%3A_Personality_Disorders/10.03%3A_Treatment_for_Personality_Disorders
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) teaches the client to become more aware of the way they think so they can ultimately change the way they behave. […] Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that was originally created for clients with borderline personality disorder to help them cope with stress, control emotions, and establish healthy relationships. […] Interpersonal therapy focuses on developing healthy relationships with others. […] Psychodynamic therapy promotes self-reflection and self-examination of problematic relationship patterns and unresolved conflicts. […] Psychoeducation teaches the client about their medications, psychotherapies, and support groups available in the community. […] There are no specific medications approved to treat personality disorders. However, clients who have severe symptoms may be prescribed medications as off-label use that are not necessarily approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for personality disorders but are guided by expert opinion and experience.
#16 10.3: Treatment for Personality Disorders – Medicine LibreTexts
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/Nursing%3A_Mental_Health_and_Community_Concepts_(OpenRN)/10%3A_Personality_Disorders/10.03%3A_Treatment_for_Personality_Disorders
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) teaches the client to become more aware of the way they think so they can ultimately change the way they behave. […] Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that was originally created for clients with borderline personality disorder to help them cope with stress, control emotions, and establish healthy relationships. […] Interpersonal therapy focuses on developing healthy relationships with others. […] Psychodynamic therapy promotes self-reflection and self-examination of problematic relationship patterns and unresolved conflicts. […] Psychoeducation teaches the client about their medications, psychotherapies, and support groups available in the community. […] There are no specific medications approved to treat personality disorders. However, clients who have severe symptoms may be prescribed medications as off-label use that are not necessarily approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for personality disorders but are guided by expert opinion and experience.
#17 CBT and Personality Disorders
https://www.healthline.com/health/cbt-and-personality-disorders
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a framework of psychotherapy used for a variety of mental health conditions, including personality disorders. It focuses on helping you identify and restructure unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaving. […] Treating personality disorders can be challenging and nuanced, but cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered effective across multiple conditions because it focuses on identifying and restructuring unhelpful patterns of all types. […] Experts consider CBT an effective treatment for personality disorders. Its one of the primary psychotherapy approaches used during treatment and is evidence-based, meaning its been proven through research as effective across a variety of mental health conditions. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy is acknowledged as one of the most efficient methods applied for the treatment of various types of personality disorders, said Michael Anderson, a licensed professional counselor and clinical director at Healing Pines Recovery in Elizabeth, Colorado.
#18 Treatment for personality disorders – Mental Health UK
https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/personality-disorders/treatments/
There is no single approach to treating personality disorders. If your GP feels you have a complex personality disorder, they may refer you to a community mental health team, or specialist personality disorder service or unit, if there is one locally. […] These services are made up of professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists and therapists who have experience in helping people with personality disorders. Sometimes you can contact these services yourself to get help. […] You and your doctor or healthcare team should agree on a treatment plan that works best for you. One-to-one and group psychological treatments or talking therapies are often recommended. […] CBT helps you understand the links between your thoughts, feelings and behaviour. […] DBT can help you see negative behaviours and control them by learning new ways of coping.
#19 Personality Disorders – HelpGuide.org
https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/personality-disorders
Schema-focused therapy (SFT). SFT focuses on uncovering how negative thought patterns, perceptions, and behaviors are formed in childhood and how to overcome them. SFT employs a more flexible approach than CBT, perhaps making it more useful for people with personality disorders. […] Currently, theres no medication thats been proven to treat or cure a personality disorder. However, certain drugs might be prescribed to manage symptoms, such as aggression or impulsivity, or treat co-occurring conditions like depression and anxiety.
#20 Treatment – Borderline personality disorder – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment/
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a type of therapy specifically designed to treat people with BPD. […] The goal of DBT is to break this cycle by introducing 2 important concepts: validation and dialectics. […] The ultimate goal of DBT is to help you „break free” of seeing the world, your relationships and your life in a very narrow, rigid way that leads you to engage in harmful and self-destructive behaviour. […] Another type of long-term psychotherapy that can be used to treat BPD is mentalisation-based therapy (MBT). […] The goal of MBT is to improve your ability to recognise your own and others’ mental states, learn to „step back” from your thoughts about yourself and others and examine them to see if they’re valid. […] Therapeutic communities (TCs) are structured environments where people with a range of complex psychological conditions and needs come together to interact and take part in therapy.
#21
https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment/
Treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) may involve individual or group psychotherapy. You will get this from professionals within a community mental health team (CMHT). […] Treatment for BPD usually involves psychological therapy, also known as psychotherapy. There are different types of psychotherapy. They all involve taking time to help you get a better understanding of how you think and feel. […] Some of the recommended therapies are: dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), mentalisation-based therapy (MBT), arts therapies. […] Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a type of therapy designed to treat people with BPD. It is delivered by a DBT Team. […] Mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) is a type of long-term psychotherapy used to treat BPD. […] Arts or creative therapies are not the first treatments you can get for BPD. But they have shown some benefits for people with BPD. […] You may get a short course of medicine, such as a tranquiliser, to calm your mood. This happens in a small number of cases. […] Mood stabilisers or antipsychotics are sometimes prescribed to help mood swings, ease psychotic symptoms, reduce impulsive behaviour.
#22 Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder â Talkspace
https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/therapy-treatment-types/
DBT for BPD has proven extremely successful. […] This type of therapy focuses on mindfulness, emotion regulation, and building strong, healthy relationships. […] Schema therapy (ST) is a borderline personality disorder therapy that seeks to reshape someones schemas (ingrained patterns of thinking). […] The goal of schema therapy is to replace negative schemas with positive and healthy thought patterns. […] Another promising BPD therapy is transference-focused therapy (TFP). […] In TFP, a therapist helps people recognize that their reactions are based on their own experiences, not reality, and helps them begin to develop better coping strategies. […] Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) is a type of therapy for borderline personality disorder that helps people with BPD better understand their own mental state and the mental states of the people around them.
#23 Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder â Talkspace
https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/therapy-treatment-types/
DBT for BPD has proven extremely successful. […] This type of therapy focuses on mindfulness, emotion regulation, and building strong, healthy relationships. […] Schema therapy (ST) is a borderline personality disorder therapy that seeks to reshape someones schemas (ingrained patterns of thinking). […] The goal of schema therapy is to replace negative schemas with positive and healthy thought patterns. […] Another promising BPD therapy is transference-focused therapy (TFP). […] In TFP, a therapist helps people recognize that their reactions are based on their own experiences, not reality, and helps them begin to develop better coping strategies. […] Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) is a type of therapy for borderline personality disorder that helps people with BPD better understand their own mental state and the mental states of the people around them.
#24 Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment
https://www.verywellmind.com/borderline-personality-disorder-treatment-425451
There are a variety of effective treatments for borderline personality disorder (BPD). […] Usually, BPD is treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy, although during times of crisis, individuals with BPD may require brief periods of hospitalization to remain safe. More recently, self-help tools have been developed to supplement traditional treatments for BPD. […] Long-term outpatient psychotherapy, or „talk therapy,” is an important part of any treatment for BPD. Research has shown that several types of psychotherapy are effective in reducing the symptoms of BPD, including: […] Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was the first form of psychotherapy found to be effective for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). […] Schema-focused therapy is an integrative psychotherapy incorporating aspects from cognitive behavior therapy and psychoanalytic theories.
#25 Personality disorders – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/personality-disorder/
Treatment for a personality disorder usually involves a talking therapy and can also include other types of therapy and medicine. […] This is where the person talks to a therapist to get a better understanding of their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Treatment can last several months or years, depending on the severity of the condition and other problems the person may have. As well as listening and discussing important issues with the person, the therapist may identify strategies to resolve problems and, if necessary, help them change their attitudes and behaviour. […] Treatment at a therapeutic community may be offered to some people with personality disorders. Therapeutic communities (TCs) are places where someone visits or stays for an intensive form of group therapy. The experience of having a personality disorder is explored in depth. The person usually attends for a number of weeks or months.
#26 Personality Disorders | Treatment and Counselling | TalktoAngel
https://www.talktoangel.com/area-of-expertise/personality-disorder
Skills training programs, such as dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) or social skills training, can be helpful in teaching individuals with personality disorders practical coping skills, emotion regulation techniques, and interpersonal effectiveness skills. […] Supportive therapy, which focuses on providing emotional support, empathy, and guidance, may be helpful for individuals with personality disorders who have difficulty with emotional regulation, self-esteem, or managing life stressors. […] Family therapy can be valuable in addressing interpersonal dynamics and communication patterns within the family that may contribute to the development or maintenance of personality disorders. […] Self-help strategies, such as self-care practices, mindfulness techniques, and stress reduction techniques, may be incorporated into the treatment plan to help individuals with personality disorders develop healthy coping skills and improve their overall well-being.
#27 Treatment – Borderline personality disorder – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment/
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a type of therapy specifically designed to treat people with BPD. […] The goal of DBT is to break this cycle by introducing 2 important concepts: validation and dialectics. […] The ultimate goal of DBT is to help you „break free” of seeing the world, your relationships and your life in a very narrow, rigid way that leads you to engage in harmful and self-destructive behaviour. […] Another type of long-term psychotherapy that can be used to treat BPD is mentalisation-based therapy (MBT). […] The goal of MBT is to improve your ability to recognise your own and others’ mental states, learn to „step back” from your thoughts about yourself and others and examine them to see if they’re valid. […] Therapeutic communities (TCs) are structured environments where people with a range of complex psychological conditions and needs come together to interact and take part in therapy.
#28 Personality disorders – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/personality-disorder/
Treatment for a personality disorder usually involves a talking therapy and can also include other types of therapy and medicine. […] This is where the person talks to a therapist to get a better understanding of their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Treatment can last several months or years, depending on the severity of the condition and other problems the person may have. As well as listening and discussing important issues with the person, the therapist may identify strategies to resolve problems and, if necessary, help them change their attitudes and behaviour. […] Treatment at a therapeutic community may be offered to some people with personality disorders. Therapeutic communities (TCs) are places where someone visits or stays for an intensive form of group therapy. The experience of having a personality disorder is explored in depth. The person usually attends for a number of weeks or months.
#29 Personality disorders – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/personality-disorder/
Treatment for a personality disorder usually involves a talking therapy and can also include other types of therapy and medicine. […] This is where the person talks to a therapist to get a better understanding of their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Treatment can last several months or years, depending on the severity of the condition and other problems the person may have. As well as listening and discussing important issues with the person, the therapist may identify strategies to resolve problems and, if necessary, help them change their attitudes and behaviour. […] Treatment at a therapeutic community may be offered to some people with personality disorders. Therapeutic communities (TCs) are places where someone visits or stays for an intensive form of group therapy. The experience of having a personality disorder is explored in depth. The person usually attends for a number of weeks or months.
#30 Personality disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medicines to treat personality disorders specifically. But several types of psychiatric medicines may help with personality disorder symptoms: […] In some cases, a personality disorder may be so serious that you need to stay in a hospital for mental health care. This is generally recommended only when you cannot care for yourself properly or when you’re in immediate danger of harming yourself or someone else. After you become stable in the hospital, your mental health professional may recommend a day hospital program, residential program or outpatient treatment. […] Having a personality disorder makes it hard to take actions that may help you feel better. Doctors or mental health professionals can help you learn better coping skills and get the support you need. […] Prepare for your appointment by making a list of: […] Basic questions to ask your doctor include: […] Do not hesitate to ask any other questions during your appointment.
#31 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview
Personality disorders are some of the most difficult disorders to treat in psychiatry. This is mainly because people with personality disorders dont think their behavior is problematic, so they dont often seek treatment. […] And even if a person with a personality disorder seeks treatment, modern medicine is still lacking in available treatment options there are no medications currently approved to treat any personality disorder. But there are medications that can help with symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are common in people with a personality disorder. […] But psychotherapy (talk therapy) can help manage personality disorders. Psychotherapy is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help you identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Working with a mental health professional, like a psychologist or psychiatrist, can provide support, education and guidance to you and your family.
#32 Drug treatment for personality disorders | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/drug-treatment-for-personality-disorders/3EB4D2AA201F8994A32AAE0691C880FD
All patients with personality disorders show high levels of symptomatic distress, and groups of symptoms may be defining features of the disorders themselves. Affective and dissociative symptoms and brief psychotic experiences are operational criteria for the definition of borderline personality disorder; and perceptual distortions are an alleged core symptom of paranoid personality disorder. Thus, it becomes possible to develop a symptom-specific approach to drug treatment. […] Despite greater use of drugs, most people with personality disorders do not wish to have treatment and the minority that do should not be regarded as typical. […] As there is little to indicate that any form of psychotropic drug treatment is specific to any one personality disorder it is best to examine each drug class for its usage in the group as a whole, although it is in borderline personality that we have the most evidence.
#33 Personality Disorder: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/personality-disorders
There arent any medications approved for the treatment of personality disorders. However, certain types of prescription medications might be helpful in reducing various personality disorder symptoms, such as: antidepressants, which can help improve a depressed mood, anger, or impulsivity; mood stabilizers, which prevent intense mood changes and reduce irritability and aggression; antipsychotic medications, also known as neuroleptics, which can help reduce symptoms of psychosis like hallucinations and delusions; anti-anxiety medications, which can help relieve anxiety, agitation, and insomnia. […] The most important aspect of treating a personality disorder is determining the condition in the first place. When you recognize that you have a mental health condition, it will be easier for you to seek and stick with treatment. […] Once you find a treatment that works for you, you should see an improvement in your symptoms. […] You may have to try a few different types of treatment to find what works best. Thats OK. What matters is that you find a good fit.
#34
https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment/
Treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) may involve individual or group psychotherapy. You will get this from professionals within a community mental health team (CMHT). […] Treatment for BPD usually involves psychological therapy, also known as psychotherapy. There are different types of psychotherapy. They all involve taking time to help you get a better understanding of how you think and feel. […] Some of the recommended therapies are: dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), mentalisation-based therapy (MBT), arts therapies. […] Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a type of therapy designed to treat people with BPD. It is delivered by a DBT Team. […] Mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) is a type of long-term psychotherapy used to treat BPD. […] Arts or creative therapies are not the first treatments you can get for BPD. But they have shown some benefits for people with BPD. […] You may get a short course of medicine, such as a tranquiliser, to calm your mood. This happens in a small number of cases. […] Mood stabilisers or antipsychotics are sometimes prescribed to help mood swings, ease psychotic symptoms, reduce impulsive behaviour.
#35 Table: Treatment of Personality Disorders-MSD Manual Professional Edition
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/treatment-of-personality-disorders
Treatment of Personality Disorders […] Psychotherapy […] Medications […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy […] Psychodynamic psychotherapy […] Supportive psychotherapy […] Dialectical behavioral therapy […] Mentalization-based treatment […] Transference-focused psychotherapy […] Schema-focused therapy […] Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving […] Antidepressants (SSRIs) […] Antidepressants (MAOIs, SSRIs) […] Atypical (2nd-generation) antipsychotics for transient psychotic symptoms, mood regulation, and anger problems […] Avoidance of benzodiazepines and stimulants […] Social skills training […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety management […] There is controversy about whether antisocial personality disorder is treatable.
#36 Personality Disorder: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/personality-disorders
There arent any medications approved for the treatment of personality disorders. However, certain types of prescription medications might be helpful in reducing various personality disorder symptoms, such as: antidepressants, which can help improve a depressed mood, anger, or impulsivity; mood stabilizers, which prevent intense mood changes and reduce irritability and aggression; antipsychotic medications, also known as neuroleptics, which can help reduce symptoms of psychosis like hallucinations and delusions; anti-anxiety medications, which can help relieve anxiety, agitation, and insomnia. […] The most important aspect of treating a personality disorder is determining the condition in the first place. When you recognize that you have a mental health condition, it will be easier for you to seek and stick with treatment. […] Once you find a treatment that works for you, you should see an improvement in your symptoms. […] You may have to try a few different types of treatment to find what works best. Thats OK. What matters is that you find a good fit.
#37 Personality disorders: Overview of pharmacotherapy – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/personality-disorders-overview-of-pharmacotherapy
Personality disorders cause significant distress and impairment of social, occupational, and role functioning. They are associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and high risks of morbidity and mortality. […] First-line treatment of these disorders is psychotherapy; however, patients with personality disorders may be highly symptomatic and are often prescribed multiple medications in a manner unsupported by evidence. In the absence of comprehensive trials assessing efficacy and/or comparing medications, there is limited information to guide adjunctive pharmacotherapy. Preliminary evidence from meta-analyses of clinical trials provides an early basis to guide treatment and limit the practice of polypharmacy. However, the evidence remains limited by lack of published studies and limitations in study design and sample size. Therefore, clinical practice is largely guided by expert opinion and experience, which support the assessing the relative risks and benefits for individual patients of low-dose antipsychotics and mood stabilizers when applied to specified symptom domains. […] On overview of pharmacotherapy for personality disorders are reviewed here. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of individual personality disorders are reviewed separately.
#38 Comprehensive Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Medications, Psychotherapy & More — Psychiatry & Psychotherapy Podcast
https://www.psychiatrypodcast.com/psychiatry-psychotherapy-podcast/bpd-treatment-medications-and-therapy
High-risk medications, including those with high addictive potential (e.g., benzodiazepines) and those with increased lethality in the setting of overdose (e.g., TCAs or MAOIs), should be avoided given the increased rates of addictive behaviors and suicidality in BPD patients. Additionally, exercise and omega-3 supplementation can be considered as a low-risk intervention that may help reduce impulsivity and depressive symptoms, while also offering physical health benefits.
#39 Personality disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medicines to treat personality disorders specifically. But several types of psychiatric medicines may help with personality disorder symptoms: […] In some cases, a personality disorder may be so serious that you need to stay in a hospital for mental health care. This is generally recommended only when you cannot care for yourself properly or when you’re in immediate danger of harming yourself or someone else. After you become stable in the hospital, your mental health professional may recommend a day hospital program, residential program or outpatient treatment. […] Having a personality disorder makes it hard to take actions that may help you feel better. Doctors or mental health professionals can help you learn better coping skills and get the support you need. […] Prepare for your appointment by making a list of: […] Basic questions to ask your doctor include: […] Do not hesitate to ask any other questions during your appointment.
#40 Borderline personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242
Learning to manage your emotions, thoughts and behaviors takes time. Most people improve greatly, but some people always struggle with some symptoms of borderline personality disorder. You may have times when your symptoms are better or worse. But treatment can make it easier to function and help you feel better about yourself. […] You have the best chance for success when you work with a mental health professional who has experience treating borderline personality disorder. […] In addition to getting professional treatment, you can help manage and cope with your condition if you: […] Seek professional help and stick to your treatment plan. Attend all therapy sessions and take medicines as directed. […] Don’t blame yourself for the condition. But take responsibility for treating it.
#41 Personality disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medicines to treat personality disorders specifically. But several types of psychiatric medicines may help with personality disorder symptoms: […] In some cases, a personality disorder may be so serious that you need to stay in a hospital for mental health care. This is generally recommended only when you cannot care for yourself properly or when you’re in immediate danger of harming yourself or someone else. After you become stable in the hospital, your mental health professional may recommend a day hospital program, residential program or outpatient treatment. […] Having a personality disorder makes it hard to take actions that may help you feel better. Doctors or mental health professionals can help you learn better coping skills and get the support you need. […] Prepare for your appointment by making a list of: […] Basic questions to ask your doctor include: […] Do not hesitate to ask any other questions during your appointment.
#42 Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484939/
Objective: The authors examined the evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders in psychotherapy outcome studies. […] Results: All studies reported improvement in personality disorders with psychotherapy. The mean pre-post effect sizes within treatments were large: 1.11 for self-report measures and 1.29 for observational measures. […] Conclusions: Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for personality disorders and may be associated with up to a sevenfold faster rate of recovery in comparison with the natural history of disorders. Future studies should examine specific therapies for specific personality disorders, using more uniform assessment of core pathology and outcome.
#43 Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484939/
Objective: The authors examined the evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders in psychotherapy outcome studies. […] Results: All studies reported improvement in personality disorders with psychotherapy. The mean pre-post effect sizes within treatments were large: 1.11 for self-report measures and 1.29 for observational measures. […] Conclusions: Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for personality disorders and may be associated with up to a sevenfold faster rate of recovery in comparison with the natural history of disorders. Future studies should examine specific therapies for specific personality disorders, using more uniform assessment of core pathology and outcome.
#44 Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3330582/
Evidence is accumulating that PD patients who can remain in a consistent, stable psychotherapy process over an extended period of time fare better than those who get in and out of therapy on the basis of whether crises are present or absent in their lives. […] Despite the frequent statements from insurance and managed care companies that personality disorders are not treatable, there is substantial evidence that they respond to psychotherapy. […] Extended therapy appears to be necessary for the full effect of the treatment. […] Medications may be helpful adjuncts to the psychotherapy with some personality disorders. […] Moreover, although intensive and extended psychotherapy may be expensive, in the long run it is highly cost-effective because it reduces inpatient stays and other costs.
#45 Personality disorders: an overview | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/personality-disorders
No specific medicine treats personality disorders, but medicines can help treat associated conditions. […] Medicine is often more effective if it is used in combination with psychotherapy. […] Some people with personality disorders have trouble coping with stressful events. This means that they may need more support in a crisis, especially if they develop suicidal thoughts or behaviours. […] A personality disorder is hard to deal with alone. Talking to a doctor or mental health professional is the first step towards getting support and treatment.
#46 Psychiatry.org – What are Personality Disorders?
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/personality-disorders/what-are-personality-disorders
There are no medications specifically used to treat personality disorders. However, in some cases, medication, such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication or mood-stabilizing medication, may be helpful in treating some symptoms. More severe or long-lasting symptoms may require a team approach involving a primary care doctor, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker and family members. […] In addition to actively participating in a treatment plan, some self-care and coping strategies can be helpful for people with personality disorders. […] Family members can be important in an individuals recovery and can work with the individuals health care provider on the most effective ways to help and support. But having a family member with a personality disorder can also be distressing and stressful. Family members may benefit from talking with a mental health provider who can provide help coping with difficulties.
#47 Borderline personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242
Learning to manage your emotions, thoughts and behaviors takes time. Most people improve greatly, but some people always struggle with some symptoms of borderline personality disorder. You may have times when your symptoms are better or worse. But treatment can make it easier to function and help you feel better about yourself. […] You have the best chance for success when you work with a mental health professional who has experience treating borderline personality disorder. […] In addition to getting professional treatment, you can help manage and cope with your condition if you: […] Seek professional help and stick to your treatment plan. Attend all therapy sessions and take medicines as directed. […] Don’t blame yourself for the condition. But take responsibility for treating it.
#48 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview
Personality disorders are some of the most difficult disorders to treat in psychiatry. This is mainly because people with personality disorders dont think their behavior is problematic, so they dont often seek treatment. […] And even if a person with a personality disorder seeks treatment, modern medicine is still lacking in available treatment options there are no medications currently approved to treat any personality disorder. But there are medications that can help with symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are common in people with a personality disorder. […] But psychotherapy (talk therapy) can help manage personality disorders. Psychotherapy is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help you identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Working with a mental health professional, like a psychologist or psychiatrist, can provide support, education and guidance to you and your family.
#49 Treatments for Personality Disorders | Abnormal Psychology
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/treatments-for-personality-disorders/
Personality disorders are oftentimes difficult to treat. […] Most people are relatively unique because they are often ego-syntonic; that is, most people are largely comfortable with themselves, with their characteristic manner of behaving, feeling, and relating to others. […] It is a misnomer, though, to suggest that personality disorders cannot themselves be treated. Personality disorders are among the most difficult of disorders to treat because they involve well-established behaviors that can be integral to a clients self-image. […] Nevertheless, much has been written on the treatment of personality disorder, and there is empirical support for clinically and socially meaningful changes in response to psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments. […] Some modalities of treatment used for personality disorders include individual psychotherapy; family therapy, including couples therapy; group therapy for personality dysfunction; psychological-education and self-help groups; psychiatric medications for treating symptoms of personality dysfunction or co-occurring conditions; Milieu therapy; and the practice of mindfulness that includes developing the ability to be nonjudgmentally aware of unpleasant emotions.
#50 Paranoid personality disorder: Treatment and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/paranoid-personality-disorder-treatment
Paranoid personality disorder treatment typically involves psychotherapy and medications. […] Treatment for paranoid personality disorder is generally the same as those for other personality disorders. However, due to the high levels of mistrust and suspicion, the rapport between the therapist and the individual can be difficult to build. This may mean that treatment is less effective for paranoid personality disorder than for other personality disorders. […] Research from 2018 states that CBT has been shown to be the most effective treatment for mental health conditions, such as personality disorders. […] Since there is no definitive treatment for paranoid personality disorder, there is no cure for it. […] However, treatment with medications and CBT may help individuals manage their symptoms. […] Treatment tends to be the same as those for other personality disorders, and healthcare professionals will tailor interventions to the individuals needs. […] Treatment may include medications and cognitive behavioral therapy.
#51 Personality Disorder Symptoms & Treatment Options | San Antonio Behavioral Healthcare Hospital
https://www.sanantoniobehavioral.com/news/personality-disorders-symptoms-treatment-options/
For more severe cases of personality disorders, especially when the patient is at high risk of harming self or others, inpatient treatment options are available. […] Treatment for personality disorders can take months or even years because of the longstanding nature of the disorder. It may also require a reliable team of caring professionals, including a primary care provider, psychiatrist, psychologist or other therapist, psychiatric nurse, pharmacist, and social worker. […] If you or someone you love might be suffering from a debilitating personality disorder, please call our 24/7 toll-free Admission Line at 210.541.5350 to arrange a visit with our qualified professionals.
#52 Overview of Personality Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/overview-of-personality-disorders
Treatment of Personality Disorders […] Psychotherapy […] Sometimes medications for specific symptoms or coexisting psychiatric disorders […] The gold standard of treatment for personality disorders is psychotherapy. Both individual and group psychotherapy are effective for many of these disorders if the patient is seeking treatment and is motivated to change. […] Typically, personality disorders are not very responsive to medications, although some medications can effectively target specific symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety). […] Disorders that often coexist with personality disorders (eg, depressive disorders, anxiety, substance-related disorders, somatic symptom disorders, and eating disorders) can make treatment challenging, lengthening time to remission, increasing risk of relapse, and decreasing response to otherwise effective treatment.
#53 Borderline Personality Disorder and Resistance to Treatment
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/borderline-personality-disorder-and-resistance-treatment
Historically, borderline patients were considered help-rejecting complainers. Clinicians should actively treat both mood/anxiety symptoms and BPD symptoms. […] Findings from longitudinal research and the development of empirically validated BPD-specific treatments have since helped transform its reputation as an untreatable disorder into one that can be quite responsive to treatment. […] Empirically validated treatments have demonstrated how therapies need to be specifically tailored for successful treatment of BPD. […] Clinicians should actively treat both mood/anxiety symptoms and BPD symptoms, but comorbid BPD decreases the likely response to medications. Psychotherapeutic interventions that require activity and responsibility on the patients part are most effective. […] This helps them begin to focus inwardly rather than depend on rescue by others.
#54 Integrated Treatment for Personality Disorder: A Modular Approach
https://www.guilford.com/books/Integrated-Treatment-for-Personality-Disorder/Livesley-Dimaggio-Clarkin/9781462529858?srsltid=AfmBOopf1osHKjR9X-5WAGoW9Yq2awOmyyEWsTv8aAVzuRLzj3Y0cgUr
Rather than arguing for one best approach for treating personality disorder, this pragmatic book emphasizes the benefits of weaving together multiple well-established intervention strategies to meet each patient’s needs. […] A framework is provided for constructing a comprehensive case formulation, planning treatment, and developing a strong therapeutic alliance. […] The clinician is guided to utilize techniques from all major therapeutic orientations to address transdiagnostic personality symptoms and problems involving emotion regulation, interpersonal functioning, and self and identity.
#55 Overview of Personality Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/overview-of-personality-disorders
Key Points […] Personality disorders involve rigid, maladaptive personality traits that are marked enough to cause significant distress or to impair work and/or interpersonal functioning. […] Treatments become effective only after patients see that their problems are within themselves, not just externally caused. […] Psychosocial therapy is the mainstay of treatment. […] Medications help control specific symptoms only in selected caseseg, to control significant anxiety, angry outbursts, and depression. […] Personality disorders are slow to change, and may gradually become less severe over time.
#56 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview
The main goals of psychotherapy for treating personality disorders include: […] Reducing immediate distress, such as anxiety and depression. […] Helping the person understand that their problems are internal and not caused by other people or situations. […] Decreasing unhealthy and socially undesirable behavior. […] Modifying the personality traits that are causing difficulties. […] There are several different types of psychotherapy, and each personality disorder requires different types. […] For example, studies show that dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is effective for treating those with borderline personality disorder, and people with histrionic personality disorder often benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
#57 Personality disorders: Overview of pharmacotherapy – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/personality-disorders-overview-of-pharmacotherapy
Personality disorders cause significant distress and impairment of social, occupational, and role functioning. They are associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and high risks of morbidity and mortality. […] First-line treatment of these disorders is psychotherapy; however, patients with personality disorders may be highly symptomatic and are often prescribed multiple medications in a manner unsupported by evidence. In the absence of comprehensive trials assessing efficacy and/or comparing medications, there is limited information to guide adjunctive pharmacotherapy. Preliminary evidence from meta-analyses of clinical trials provides an early basis to guide treatment and limit the practice of polypharmacy. However, the evidence remains limited by lack of published studies and limitations in study design and sample size. Therefore, clinical practice is largely guided by expert opinion and experience, which support the assessing the relative risks and benefits for individual patients of low-dose antipsychotics and mood stabilizers when applied to specified symptom domains. […] On overview of pharmacotherapy for personality disorders are reviewed here. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of individual personality disorders are reviewed separately.
#58 Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3330582/
Evidence is accumulating that PD patients who can remain in a consistent, stable psychotherapy process over an extended period of time fare better than those who get in and out of therapy on the basis of whether crises are present or absent in their lives. […] Despite the frequent statements from insurance and managed care companies that personality disorders are not treatable, there is substantial evidence that they respond to psychotherapy. […] Extended therapy appears to be necessary for the full effect of the treatment. […] Medications may be helpful adjuncts to the psychotherapy with some personality disorders. […] Moreover, although intensive and extended psychotherapy may be expensive, in the long run it is highly cost-effective because it reduces inpatient stays and other costs.
#59 Psychiatry.org – What are Personality Disorders?
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/personality-disorders/what-are-personality-disorders
There are no medications specifically used to treat personality disorders. However, in some cases, medication, such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication or mood-stabilizing medication, may be helpful in treating some symptoms. More severe or long-lasting symptoms may require a team approach involving a primary care doctor, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker and family members. […] In addition to actively participating in a treatment plan, some self-care and coping strategies can be helpful for people with personality disorders. […] Family members can be important in an individuals recovery and can work with the individuals health care provider on the most effective ways to help and support. But having a family member with a personality disorder can also be distressing and stressful. Family members may benefit from talking with a mental health provider who can provide help coping with difficulties.
#60 Types of Personality Disorders and Their Treatment Options
https://boldhealthinc.com/types-of-personality-disorders-and-their-treatment-options/
When you seek help at BOLD Health, your treatment program is created specifically for you and your needs. You will experience an individualized treatment approach focusing on you and only you. […] We stick to only evidence-based treatments backed by research and proven effectiveness. […] If you and your clinician believe our San Diego IOP will suit your needs best, youâll benefit from our 10-week treatment plan incorporating both group and individual therapy sessions in a relaxing, uplifting environment. […] At BOLD Health, we take the necessary precautions and steps to coordinate the best possible program for you by understanding your specific needs. […] We have built a solid reputation for outpatient mental health care in San Diego. Whether through our San Diego IOP or other therapeutic options, we will help relieve your symptoms and arm you with the tools and strategies you need to live a happier, more fulfilling life. […] You deserve freedom from your personality disorders, and we are more than happy to support and guide you toward recovery.
#61 Borderline personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242
Learning to manage your emotions, thoughts and behaviors takes time. Most people improve greatly, but some people always struggle with some symptoms of borderline personality disorder. You may have times when your symptoms are better or worse. But treatment can make it easier to function and help you feel better about yourself. […] You have the best chance for success when you work with a mental health professional who has experience treating borderline personality disorder. […] In addition to getting professional treatment, you can help manage and cope with your condition if you: […] Seek professional help and stick to your treatment plan. Attend all therapy sessions and take medicines as directed. […] Don’t blame yourself for the condition. But take responsibility for treating it.
#62 Personality disorders – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/personality-disorder/
Medicine may be prescribed to treat problems associated with a personality disorder, such as depression, anxiety or psychotic symptoms. For example, moderate to severe symptoms of depression might be treated with a type of antidepressant called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). […] Many people with a personality disorder recover over time. Psychological or medical treatment is often helpful, but support is sometimes all that’s needed. There’s no single approach that suits everyone treatment should be tailored to the individual.