Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder

  The prevalence of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the median rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of cocaine, is described as a major public health concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians. […] A screening survey across 13 countries by the World Health Organization using DSM-IV criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with demographic and socioeconomic factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders. […] A UK national epidemiological study (based on DSM-IV screening criteria), reclassified into levels of severity rather than just diagnosis, reported in 2010 that the majority of people show some personality difficulties in one way or another (short of threshold for diagnosis), while the prevalence of the most complex and severe cases (including meeting criteria for multiple diagnoses in different clusters) was estimated at 1.3%. Even low levels of personality symptoms were associated with functional problems, but the most severely in need of services was a much smaller group.

• #1 Personality disorder epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Personality_disorder_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide pooled prevalence of personality disorder as found by meta-analysis of studies conducted from 21 countries is 7.8%. Global rates of cluster-A PD is 3.8%, cluster-B is 2.8% and cluster-C PD is 5% […] In 2008 the median rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of services, is described as a major public health concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians. According to the National Co-morbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), the prevalence of personality disorders in 18 years and older in the last year was 9.1%. It was a nationally conducted household survey between 2001-2003. […] A screening survey across 13 countries by the World Health Organization using DSM-IV criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with demographic and socioeconomic factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders.

• #1 Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556058/

  The World Health Organization has estimated the prevalence of having a personality disorder to be 6.1%. […] The estimated prevalence of the 3 clusters (A, B, and C) are 3.6%, 1.5%, and 2.7%, respectively. […] Within the psychiatric population, estimates for the prevalence of personality disorders can reach up to 30% and even higher in incarcerated populations. […] Those with personality disorders are likely to be younger, unmarried, men of lower socioeconomic status, and lower education levels. […] These findings are likely congruent with certain personality disorders known to be partially self-resolving or at least decreasing symptom severity with age.

• #1 Personality Disorders – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/personality-disorders

  Based on diagnostic interview data from the National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows the past year prevalence of U.S. adults aged 18 and older with personality disorders. The prevalence of any personality disorder was 9.1% and borderline personality disorder was 1.4%. […] A large proportion of people with past year personality disorders also had one or more other mental disorder(s) (84.5%). […] Based on diagnostic interview data from the NCS-R, Table 2 shows the past year treatment of personality disorders among U.S. adults 18 and older. Over a third (39.0%) of respondents with any personality disorder and 42.4% of respondents with borderline personality disorder reported receiving mental health treatment at some time in the past 12 months.

• #1 Personality Disorders (Types, Symptoms and Management)

  https://patient.info/doctor/personality-disorders-and-psychopathy

  Personality disorders are common. A review based on 13 studies conducted in the USA and Europe, reported prevalence figures varying from 3.9% to 15.5%. A WHO World Mental Health Survey, carried out in 13 countries, found a prevalence rate of 6.1%. […] One preliminary study using the ICD-11 classification found that 45% of the population had no personality dysfunction. 48% personality difficulty. 5.3% mild personality disorder. 1.5% moderate personality disorder. 0.2% severe personality disorder. […] Personality disorders are quite prevalent in later life, and have a serious impact on quality of life, such as high levels of suffering and decreased functioning. In the elderly, personality disorders may complicate the recognition and treatment of comorbid disorders. Treatment outcomes are poorer and rates of relapse and readmission higher in older patients.

• #1 Personality Disorder Statistics | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/research/personality-disorder-statistics

  Data that separates myth from fact about the often misunderstood conditions, including information on the prevalence of certain personality disorders and how they co-occur with other conditions. […] Studies have found that as many as 15% of Americans, or 30.8 million adults, meet diagnostic criteria for at least one personality disorder (other studies put the prevalence at closer to one in 10). […] According to a 2020 literature review, the worldwide prevalence is lower—sitting at about 8%. The review, which analyzed 46 studies from 21 countries across six continents, found that personality disorder prevalence rates in high-income countries were about 10%, whereas low- and middle-income countries had rates of 4.3% on average. […] One study in the US found that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is the most common (7.9%), followed by NPD (6.2%) and BPD (5.9%).

• #1 The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-community-a-global-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/360C242E0AE8E6010D43AC2941964DE4

  Personality disorders are now internationally recognised as a mental health priority. Nevertheless, there are no systematic reviews examining the global prevalence of personality disorders. […] The worldwide pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was 7.8% (95% CI 6.19.5). Rates were greater in high-income countries (9.6%, 95% CI 7.911.3%) compared with LMICs (4.3%, 95% CI 2.66.1%). […] Personality disorders are prevalent globally. Nevertheless, pooled prevalence rates should be interpreted with caution due to high levels of heterogeneity. More large-scale studies with standardised methodologies are now needed to increase our understanding of population needs and regional variations. […] Approximately 80% of the global population live in LMICs, and mental health is now recognised as a public health priority in these areas.

• #1 Personality disorder epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Personality_disorder_epidemiology_and_demographics

  According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the most common PD in US is Obsessive-compulsive PD which is 7.9% followed by narcissistic 6.2% and borderline PD 5.9%. […] The studies regarding epidemiology of individual types of PDs are lacking. According to National Institute of Health (NIH), the point prevalence of BPD is 1.6% and lifetime prevalence is 5.9%. The data by NESARC revealed no difference in gender for prevalence of BPD. The prevalence of paranoid in US ranges between 2.3-4.4% and more common in males. […] The prevalence of PDs according to NCS and NESARC are summarised as follows: […] There are also some gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders.

• #1 Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpd

  Estimated prevalence is 2% of the general population (1). The prevalence in females and males is similar. Prior reports of an increased prevalence among females was possibly influenced by ascertainment bias from hospital-based studies. […] Comorbidities are common, particularly other personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, narcissistic) (2). Some patients also have somatic symptom disorder, which may be the reason they present for evaluation. Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and conversion disorder may also coexist. […] 1. Morgan TA, Zimmerman M: Epidemiology of personality disorders. In Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 2nd ed, edited by WJ Livesley, R Larstone, New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2018, pp. 173-196. […] 2. Zimmerman M, Rothschild L, Chelminski I: The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 162:1911-1918, 2005. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001270050138

  This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the frequency, natural history, risk factors and associations of antisocial personality disorder. […] Epidemiological surveys have shown that antisocial personality disorder is a common disorder, with a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3% among community samples, rising to 60% among male prisoners. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a chronic condition, and is associated with a multitude of medical and social problems. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. […] However, despite the large amount of research into antisocial personality disorder, longitudinal data are missing and the validity of the diagnosis, therefore, remains questionable. […] The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.

• #1 Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/dependent-personality-disorder-dpd

  Fewer than 1% of the general US population are estimated to have dependent personality disorder (1). It is diagnosed more often in females. […] Information about the causes of dependent personality disorder is limited. Cultural factors, negative early experiences, and biologic vulnerabilities associated with anxiety and genetics are thought to contribute to the development of dependent personality disorder (1). […] General principles for treatment of dependent personality disorder are similar to those for all personality disorders. […] Evidence about pharmacotherapy for dependent personality disorder is sparse. There are no placebo-controlled studies for dependent personality disorder.

• #1 Module 13: Personality Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-13-personality-disorders/

  Disorders within Cluster A have a prevalence rate of around 2-5%. More specifically, according to Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the estimated prevalence of paranoid personality disorder was 2.3%, schizoid personality disorder was 4.9%, and schizotypal personality disorder was 3.3%. […] Using Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, it was found that for Cluster B personality disorders prevalence rates were: 0.6% for antisocial, 1.4% for borderline, 0.0% for histrionic, and 0.0% for narcissistic. […] Using Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, it was found that for Cluster C personality disorders prevalence rates were: 5.2% for avoidant, 0.6% for dependent, and 2.4% for OCPD. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with avoidant and dependent personality disorders while OCPD appears to be equally prevalent in women and men.

• #1 The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195581

  Personality disorders in DSM-IV are grouped into three clusters, based on descriptive similarities: Cluster A (the odd or eccentric group, including paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PDs), Cluster B (the dramatic, emotional or erratic group, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic PDs), and Cluster C (the anxious or fearful group, including avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive PDs). […] The prevalence of any PD in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area was 6.8%. […] The most frequent subtype was Cluster C (4.6%), followed by Clusters A and B (4.3% and 2.7%, respectively). […] Men had increased odds of presenting a personality disorder (OR = 2.2) and, more specifically, a Cluster A diagnosis (OR = 6.8). […] Education was inversely associated with Cluster C (OR = 0.7).

• #1 Epidemiology of Personality Disorders | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/epidemiology-of-personality-disorders/

  In these studies, the sample sizes ranged between 200 and 2053 subjects, with an average sample of 565.4; all surveyed individuals were evaluated by means of a specific PD assessment instrument, mainly a structured interview. […] The median prevalence rate of any PDs in these eight studies is 12.5 per cent. […] In the surveys considered here, the rate of PDs decreases in older age groups; although the sex ratio is different for specific types of PD (e.g. more schizoid, narcissistic, and antisocial PDs among males, more dependent, avoidant, and histrionic PDs among females), the overall rates of PD are about equal for both sexes. […] Finally, prevalence rates are generally higher in urban populations and lower socio-economic groups.

• #1 Borderline personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder

  BPD has a point prevalence of 1.6% and a lifetime prevalence of 5.9% of the global population. […] Within clinical settings, the occurrence of BPD is 6.4% among urban primary care patients, 9.3% among psychiatric outpatients, and approximately 20% among psychiatric inpatients. […] Despite the high utilization of healthcare resources by individuals with BPD, up to half may show significant improvement over a ten-year period with appropriate treatment. […] Regarding gender distribution, women are diagnosed with BPD three times more frequently than men in clinical environments. […] Nonetheless, epidemiological research in the United States indicates no significant gender difference in the lifetime prevalence of BPD within the general population. […] The overall prevalence of BPD in the U.S. prison population is thought to be 17%.

• #1 Borderline personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242

  Personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder, are diagnosed based on a: […] A diagnosis of borderline personality disorder usually is made in adults not in children or teenagers. […] Learning to manage your emotions, thoughts and behaviors takes time. Most people improve greatly, but some people always struggle with some symptoms of borderline personality disorder. […] You have the best chance for success when you work with a mental health professional who has experience treating borderline personality disorder.

• #1 Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1519417-overview

  Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is estimated to affect approximately 0.5%6.2% of the general population, with higher prevalence reported in clinical settings. […] Some studies suggest that narcissistic traits may be more common in certain groups, such as military personnel and medical students, though the prevalence of clinically diagnosed NPD in these populations remains unclear. […] In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10), NPD was not listed as a distinct personality disorder but was included under „Other Specific Personality Disorders” (F60.8). The ICD-11 has shifted to a dimensional model of personality disorders, focusing on severity and trait domains rather than specific types. […] NPD manifests by young adulthood (early to middle 20s) and may worsen in middle or old age as a consequence of the onset of physical infirmities or declining physical attractiveness. […] NPD is more commonly found in males than in females; of those diagnosed with the disorder, approximately 75% are male. […] No racial or ethnic predilection has been identified.

• #1 Personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder

  Personality disorders (especially Cluster A) are found more commonly among homeless people. […] There are some sex differences in the frequency of personality disorders which are shown in the table below. The known prevalence of some personality disorders, especially borderline PD and antisocial PD are affected by diagnostic bias. This is due to many factors including disproportionately high research towards borderline PD and antisocial PD, alongside social and gender stereotypes, and the relationship between diagnosis rates and prevalence rates.

• #1 Personality Disorder Statistics: OCD, PPD, APD, SPD BPD, HBD and More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/personality-disorders/personality-disorder-statistics/

  Personality disorder statistics reveal important information regarding prevalence, incidence of co-occurring conditions and suicidal and high-risk behaviors that are attributed to each of the personality disorders. They can also provide valuable information about risk factors, treatment and prognosis. […] The prevalence of personality disorders provides approximations about how common each of the personality disorders are in various populations and geographical locations. Prevalence rates are important in understanding and researching effective treatment options. […] The percent of the population with a personality disorder is 10-13% of the universal population. It is estimated that 9% of adults in the United States have at least one personality disorder. Personality disorders are diagnosed in 40-60% of psychiatric patients, rendering them the most common of all psychiatric diagnoses.

• #1 An Update on Personality Disorders and Common Comorbidities

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/an-update-on-personality-disorders-and-common-comorbidities

  In patients seen in the medical setting, as many as 20% have personality disorders. […] Overall, DSM-5-TR notes the prevalence of personality disorders to be 10.5%, with variations across countries and ethnic groups. […] The World Health Organization estimates the prevalence of personality disorders to be 6.1%. […] In patients seen in the medical setting, as many as 20% have personality disorders. The most common are borderline (28.5% of patients), avoidant (24.6%), dependent (15%), and obsessive-compulsive (10.5%) personality disorders. […] Individuals with personality disorders are at risk for self-induced harm as well as injuries resultant from impulsive behaviors. They also have shortened life spans.

• #1 Personality Disorder Statistics: OCD, PPD, APD, SPD BPD, HBD and More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/personality-disorders/personality-disorder-statistics/

  Studies estimate that between 65-90% of people treated for a substance use disorder have at least one personality disorder. […] The prevalence of the condition in people receiving outpatient mental health treatment is 2-10%. Rates of paranoid personality disorder in a population of people in psychiatric inpatient facilities is 10-30%. […] Approximately 3% of the United States population has antisocial personality disorder. Approximately 80% of individuals with antisocial personality disorder will have started to show symptoms by the age of 11. Antisocial personality disorder occurs in 0.2-3.3% of the general population at any given time. […] Studies show that 65-90% of people receiving treatment for a substance use disorder have at least one personality disorder. […] Research demonstrates that cluster B and cluster C personality disorders are often associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and actions. For example, the borderline personality disorder suicide rate is high, as impulsivity, poor emotional regulation and propensity towards self-harm converge simultaneously. Around 75% of people with borderline personality disorder attempt suicide at least one time in their lives and 10% are successful in their attempts. Avoidant personality disorder suicide rates are also high due to shame, self-loathing, isolation, and lack of close friendships and relationships.

• #1 The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195581

  After adjustment for age, sex and all urban stressors simultaneously, there was no significant difference between being raised on the rural zone, a small town or a large city on the prevalence of personality disorders. […] However, with the exception of Cluster A, personality disorders were associated with cumulative exposure to crime-related traumatic experiences and this respected a dose-response gradient. […] Personality pathology frequently co-occurred with other mental disorders. […] Almost two thirds of individuals with any PD had at least one co-occurring diagnosis, being anxiety the most common condition (46.3%). […] Personality disorders are associated with significant impairment in the previous month. […] According to Table 7, approximately 20% of those with any PD had received treatment for emotional or substance use problems in the year previous to the interview. […] This study may offer some relevant contributions to scientific knowledge, to public health policies and to clinical practice.

• #1 Personality Disorder Statistics | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/research/personality-disorder-statistics

  Data from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) shows that about two-thirds of people with any personality disorder also have another mental health condition (67%). […] Whereas about one in 10 people may struggle with a personality disorder, rates are much higher among those treated for SUD—with prevalence up to one in seven addiction treatment patients (73%), according to a 2018 study. […] A 2016 study found that about two-thirds of people (65%) with personality disorders and co-occurring conditions had made multiple suicide attempts, as compared to about one-quarter (24%) of those with other co-occurring conditions, excluding personality disorders. […] According to NIMH data, only about a third of people with any personality disorder (39%) received treatment, with rates slightly higher (42.4%) for those with BPD.

• #1 Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/paranoid-personality-disorder-ppd

  Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of unwarranted distrust and suspicion of others that involves interpreting their motives as malicious. […] The estimated median prevalence is 3.2% but may be as high as 4.4%. It is thought to be more common among men. […] There is some evidence of increased prevalence in families. Some evidence suggests a link between this disorder and emotional and/or physical abuse and victimization during childhood. […] Paranoid personality disorder is rarely the sole diagnosis. Common comorbidities include thought disorders (eg, schizophrenia), anxiety disorders (eg, social phobia [social anxiety disorder]), posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorders, and another personality disorder (eg, borderline personality disorder). […] No treatments have been proved effective for paranoid personality disorder. […] The overall high levels of suspicion and mistrust in patients make establishing rapport difficult.

• #1 Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd

  A review of 5 epidemiological studies found a median prevalence of 1.6%. It is more common among males than females. […] Comorbidities are common. Patients often also have a depressive disorder (eg, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder), anorexia nervosa, a substance use disorder (especially cocaine), or another personality disorder (histrionic, borderline, paranoid).

• #1 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview

  Approximately 9% of adults in the U.S. have some type of personality disorder, and about 6% of the global population has a personality disorder. […] Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder are the most frequently diagnosed personality disorders. […] Personality disorders are generally underdiagnosed because providers sometimes focus on the symptoms of anxiety or depression, which are much more common in the general population than personality disorders. These symptoms may overshadow the features of any underlying personality disorder. […] Since people with personality disorders often don’t seek proper medical attention, the overall prognosis for personality disorders is poor. […] Studies show that personality disorders are associated with elevated rates of unemployment, divorce, domestic abuse, substance use, homelessness, and crime (especially antisocial personality disorder). […] In addition, people with personality disorders are more likely to visit the emergency room (ER), experience traumatic accidents and have early deaths by suicide.

• #1 9.2: Cluster A Personality Disorders – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/09%3A_Personality_Disorders/9.02%3A_Cluster_A_Personality_Disorders

  The cluster A personality disorders have a prevalence rate of around 3-5%. More specifically, paranoid personality disorder is estimated to affect approximately 4.4% of the general population, with no reported diagnosis discrepancy between genders. Schizoid personality disorder occurs in 3.1% of the general population, whereas the prevalence rate for schizotypal personality disorder is 3.9%. Both schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females, with males also reportedly being more impaired by the disorder than females. […] Individuals with personality disorders within cluster A often do not seek out treatment as they do not identify themselves as someone who needs help. Of those that do seek treatment, the majority do not enter it willingly. Furthermore, due to the nature of these disorder, individuals in treatment often struggle to trust the clinician as they are suspicious of the clinicians intentions or are emotionally distant from the clinician as they do not have a desire to engage in treatment due to a lack of overall emotion and desire for relationships.

• #1 The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-community-a-global-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/360C242E0AE8E6010D43AC2941964DE4

  Personality disorders are associated with high levels of mental, physical and functional impairment and premature mortality. […] The global pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was 7.8% (95% CI 6.19.5%). This figure exceeds the WHO World Mental Health personality disorder prevalence estimate of 6.1%. […] The pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was significantly lower in LMICs (4.3%) than in high-income countries (9.4%) in univariate meta-regression, although this difference became non-significant in the final meta-regression. […] Cluster B (1.5 v. 3.7%, P = 0.048) and C personality disorders (3.3 v. 6.6%, not significant) were also less common in LMICs. […] Despite substantial inter-survey heterogeneity, we found that personality disorders are prevalent globally, affecting a substantial proportion of the population. Epidemiological research on personality disorders is relatively sparse, with a paucity of data from lower-income countries from which to draw comparative conclusions.

• #1 Personality Disorders: Types, Symptoms and Treatment | The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health

  https://www.floridarehab.com/co-occurring-disorders/personality-disorders/

  Personality disorders can negatively impact a persons relationships, career and day-to-day life. […] Understanding the types of personality disorders, how theyre caused and how theyre treated can contribute to better outcomes for people struggling with these disorders. […] Genetic causes can be seen particularly in studies on twins, which show a strong genetic component in the development of personality disorders. […] Personality disorder diagnosis must be done by a medical professional, such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. […] Personality disorders typically stem from childhood events and are also influenced by genetic predispositions. […] The prevalence of personality disorders is rather low, especially when compared to mood and anxiety disorders like depression or generalized anxiety disorder.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-001-0071-5

  Epidemiology is concerned with the occurrence of disease in populations. Epidemiologic studies measure the prevalence and distribution of disorders, investigate questions of case definition, determine risk factors, and evaluate the natural history and consequences of disorders. This paper reviews and discusses empiric advances made over the past 2 years in the epidemiologic study of personality disorders. […] Neugenbauer R, Hoek HW, Susser E: Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. The authors performed a retrospective cohort study to explore possible prenatal ancients to the development of antisocial personality disorder. They found that subjects exposed to severe nutritional deficiency during the prenatal development had an increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder. […] Hueston WJ, Werth J, Mainous AG, III: Personality disorder traits: prevalence and effects on health status in primary care patients.

• #1 Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-general-adult-population-in-western-countries-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/4A8D81B3BB7564E2E561D99E2F80CB89

  Personality disorder is a severe health issue. However, the epidemiology of personality disorders is insufficiently described and surveys report very heterogeneous rates. […] Epidemiological studies on personality disorders in community samples are rare, whereas prevalence rates are fairly high and vary substantially depending on samples and methods. Future studies investigating the epidemiology of personality disorders based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11 and models of personality functioning and traits are needed, and efficient treatment should be a priority for healthcare systems to reduce disease burden. […] Despite the significant individual and societal burden associated with personality disorders, the epidemiology appears insufficiently described. At the same time, prevalence rates in different studies are very heterogeneous, ranging between 4 and 15% in European and North American cross-sectional studies. These differences may be attributable to the use of different study populations, sampling methods and diagnostic assessment. However, establishing reliable epidemiological data can enable adequate planning of mental healthcare provision.

• #1 Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-general-adult-population-in-western-countries-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/4A8D81B3BB7564E2E561D99E2F80CB89

  Because of the large heterogeneity in prevalence rates, a larger authoritative database on the epidemiology of personality disorders in the general adult population is required. Furthermore, the prevalence of personality disorders in other non-Western countries and clinical populations could prove informative.

• #1 The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195581

  Most studies on the epidemiology of personality disorders (PDs) have been conducted in high-income countries and may not represent what happens in most part of the world. […] Our aim is to estimate the prevalence of PDs in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, one of the largest megacities of the world. […] Prevalence estimates were 4.3% (Cluster A), 2.7% (Cluster B), 4.6% (Cluster C) and 6.8% (any PD). […] Lack of treatment is a reality in Greater Sao Paulo, and this is especially true for PDs. […] Personality disorders are prevalent, clinically significant and undertreated, and public health strategies must address the unmet needs of these subjects. […] The epidemiology of personality disorders (PDs) in the general population was largely unclear and speculative until the 1990s. […] Now it is known that the community prevalence of personality disorders in adults varies between 4.4 and 13.4%.

• #1 Community and Clinical Epidemiology of Borderline Personality Disorder

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2885830468

  Several studies of the prevalence of borderline personality disorder in community and clinical settings have been carried out to date. […] Although results vary according to sampling method and assessment method, median point prevalence is roughly 1%, with higher or lower rates in certain community subpopulations. […] In clinical settings, the prevalence is around 10% to 12% in outpatient psychiatric clinics and 20% to 22% among inpatient clinics. […] Further research is needed to identify the prevalence and correlates of borderline personality disorder in other clinical settings (eg, primary care) and to investigate the impact of demographic variables on borderline personality disorder prevalence.

• #1 Status of Epidemiological Data Related to Personality Disorders in Iranian Clinical and General Populations

  https://brieflands.com/articles/mejrh-109891

  According to the above considerations, it seems that psychiatric therapists and clinicians need to screen PDs comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders in the initial evaluation of patients. Given the resistance of PDs to psychotherapy and pharmacological therapies, neglecting these disorders in the initial assessment can be a serious obstacle to the successful treatment of other psychiatric conditions. On the other hand, we found that more than one-third of the general population of adults and adolescents are exposed to threshold PDs. Even if the epidemiologic data obtained in the reported studies are somewhat biased due to the use of self-report tools such as Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), the epidemiological findings summarized in the current report do not diminish the importance of screening, diagnosing, and treating the symptoms of these disorders in Iranian clinical and general populations. However, future studies can provide more valuable results with a focus on population-based nationwide epidemiological surveys using more valid tools.

• #2 Epidemiology of Personality Disorders – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/339488/article/epidemiology-of-personality-disorders

  Epidemiology of Personality Disorders – 08/08/11 […] The prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in the nonclinical community population was largely unknown through the early 1990s. […] Over the past 10 years the epidemiology of PD in the community has been resolved through the study of large, nonclinical populations that have used validated structured psychiatric interviews designed specifically for PDs. […] The median prevalence for any PD is 10.6%, which is reasonably consistent across six major studies spanning three nations. […] Because 1 in 10 people suffers from a diagnosable PD and the disorders are associated with high levels of service use, it follows that personality pathology represents a major public health concern, a major research target for psychopathologists, and a consuming focus for clinicians.

• #2 The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-community-a-global-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/360C242E0AE8E6010D43AC2941964DE4

  Personality disorders are now internationally recognised as a mental health priority. Nevertheless, there are no systematic reviews examining the global prevalence of personality disorders. […] The worldwide pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was 7.8% (95% CI 6.19.5). Rates were greater in high-income countries (9.6%, 95% CI 7.911.3%) compared with LMICs (4.3%, 95% CI 2.66.1%). […] Personality disorders are prevalent globally. Nevertheless, pooled prevalence rates should be interpreted with caution due to high levels of heterogeneity. More large-scale studies with standardised methodologies are now needed to increase our understanding of population needs and regional variations. […] Approximately 80% of the global population live in LMICs, and mental health is now recognised as a public health priority in these areas.

• #2 An Update on Personality Disorders and Common Comorbidities

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/an-update-on-personality-disorders-and-common-comorbidities

  In patients seen in the medical setting, as many as 20% have personality disorders. […] Overall, DSM-5-TR notes the prevalence of personality disorders to be 10.5%, with variations across countries and ethnic groups. […] The World Health Organization estimates the prevalence of personality disorders to be 6.1%. […] In patients seen in the medical setting, as many as 20% have personality disorders. The most common are borderline (28.5% of patients), avoidant (24.6%), dependent (15%), and obsessive-compulsive (10.5%) personality disorders. […] Individuals with personality disorders are at risk for self-induced harm as well as injuries resultant from impulsive behaviors. They also have shortened life spans.

• #2 Personality disorder epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Personality_disorder_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide pooled prevalence of personality disorder as found by meta-analysis of studies conducted from 21 countries is 7.8%. Global rates of cluster-A PD is 3.8%, cluster-B is 2.8% and cluster-C PD is 5% […] In 2008 the median rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of services, is described as a major public health concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians. According to the National Co-morbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), the prevalence of personality disorders in 18 years and older in the last year was 9.1%. It was a nationally conducted household survey between 2001-2003. […] A screening survey across 13 countries by the World Health Organization using DSM-IV criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for personality disorders. The rate sometimes varied with demographic and socioeconomic factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring mental disorders.

• #2 Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-general-adult-population-in-western-countries-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/4A8D81B3BB7564E2E561D99E2F80CB89

  Personality disorder is a severe health issue. However, the epidemiology of personality disorders is insufficiently described and surveys report very heterogeneous rates. […] Epidemiological studies on personality disorders in community samples are rare, whereas prevalence rates are fairly high and vary substantially depending on samples and methods. Future studies investigating the epidemiology of personality disorders based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11 and models of personality functioning and traits are needed, and efficient treatment should be a priority for healthcare systems to reduce disease burden. […] Despite the significant individual and societal burden associated with personality disorders, the epidemiology appears insufficiently described. At the same time, prevalence rates in different studies are very heterogeneous, ranging between 4 and 15% in European and North American cross-sectional studies. These differences may be attributable to the use of different study populations, sampling methods and diagnostic assessment. However, establishing reliable epidemiological data can enable adequate planning of mental healthcare provision.

• #2 Personality Disorders: Types, Symptoms and Treatment | The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health

  https://www.floridarehab.com/co-occurring-disorders/personality-disorders/

  Personality disorder statistics indicate that the prevalence of these disorders ranges from approximately 6% to 9% in the United States. […] A co-occurring disorder is when two disorders present themselves at the same time. In this context, co-occurring disorders include substance misuse and personality disorders. […] Personality disorder treatment is not simple, and many people are unresponsive to different forms of therapy and medications.

• #2 The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-community-a-global-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/360C242E0AE8E6010D43AC2941964DE4

  Personality disorders are associated with high levels of mental, physical and functional impairment and premature mortality. […] The global pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was 7.8% (95% CI 6.19.5%). This figure exceeds the WHO World Mental Health personality disorder prevalence estimate of 6.1%. […] The pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was significantly lower in LMICs (4.3%) than in high-income countries (9.4%) in univariate meta-regression, although this difference became non-significant in the final meta-regression. […] Cluster B (1.5 v. 3.7%, P = 0.048) and C personality disorders (3.3 v. 6.6%, not significant) were also less common in LMICs. […] Despite substantial inter-survey heterogeneity, we found that personality disorders are prevalent globally, affecting a substantial proportion of the population. Epidemiological research on personality disorders is relatively sparse, with a paucity of data from lower-income countries from which to draw comparative conclusions.

• #2 Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-general-adult-population-in-western-countries-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/4A8D81B3BB7564E2E561D99E2F80CB89

  Overall personality disorders have been investigated in only very few epidemiological studies compared with other mental disorders. The low number of available epidemiological studies may be because the diagnosis of personality disorders is more complex and resource intensive. […] This meta-analysis shows that prevalence rates of personality disorders are fairly high, with a rate of 12.16% for any personality disorder in the general adult population in Western countries, which is comparable with earlier cross-sectional, community-based studies in Western countries that used the DSM-III-R. The comparison between the three personality disorder clusters shows that prevalence estimates are highest for Cluster A (7.23%). With regard to individual personality disorders, the prevalence rate is highest for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (4.32%), and lowest for dependent personality disorder (0.78%).

• #2 Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1519417-overview

  Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is estimated to affect approximately 0.5%6.2% of the general population, with higher prevalence reported in clinical settings. […] Some studies suggest that narcissistic traits may be more common in certain groups, such as military personnel and medical students, though the prevalence of clinically diagnosed NPD in these populations remains unclear. […] In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10), NPD was not listed as a distinct personality disorder but was included under „Other Specific Personality Disorders” (F60.8). The ICD-11 has shifted to a dimensional model of personality disorders, focusing on severity and trait domains rather than specific types. […] NPD manifests by young adulthood (early to middle 20s) and may worsen in middle or old age as a consequence of the onset of physical infirmities or declining physical attractiveness. […] NPD is more commonly found in males than in females; of those diagnosed with the disorder, approximately 75% are male. […] No racial or ethnic predilection has been identified.

• #2 Personality disorder epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Personality_disorder_epidemiology_and_demographics

  According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the most common PD in US is Obsessive-compulsive PD which is 7.9% followed by narcissistic 6.2% and borderline PD 5.9%. […] The studies regarding epidemiology of individual types of PDs are lacking. According to National Institute of Health (NIH), the point prevalence of BPD is 1.6% and lifetime prevalence is 5.9%. The data by NESARC revealed no difference in gender for prevalence of BPD. The prevalence of paranoid in US ranges between 2.3-4.4% and more common in males. […] The prevalence of PDs according to NCS and NESARC are summarised as follows: […] There are also some gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders.

• #2 Paranoid Personality Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/personality/paranoid

  The prevalence for paranoid personality disorder is estimated to be between 2.3 to 4.4%. […] It is more common in males, minorities, and in those with hearing impairment.

• #2 Module 13: Personality Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-13-personality-disorders/

  Disorders within Cluster A have a prevalence rate of around 2-5%. More specifically, according to Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the estimated prevalence of paranoid personality disorder was 2.3%, schizoid personality disorder was 4.9%, and schizotypal personality disorder was 3.3%. […] Using Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, it was found that for Cluster B personality disorders prevalence rates were: 0.6% for antisocial, 1.4% for borderline, 0.0% for histrionic, and 0.0% for narcissistic. […] Using Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, it was found that for Cluster C personality disorders prevalence rates were: 5.2% for avoidant, 0.6% for dependent, and 2.4% for OCPD. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with avoidant and dependent personality disorders while OCPD appears to be equally prevalent in women and men.

• #2 9.2: Cluster A Personality Disorders – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/09%3A_Personality_Disorders/9.02%3A_Cluster_A_Personality_Disorders

  The cluster A personality disorders have a prevalence rate of around 3-5%. More specifically, paranoid personality disorder is estimated to affect approximately 4.4% of the general population, with no reported diagnosis discrepancy between genders. Schizoid personality disorder occurs in 3.1% of the general population, whereas the prevalence rate for schizotypal personality disorder is 3.9%. Both schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females, with males also reportedly being more impaired by the disorder than females. […] Individuals with personality disorders within cluster A often do not seek out treatment as they do not identify themselves as someone who needs help. Of those that do seek treatment, the majority do not enter it willingly. Furthermore, due to the nature of these disorder, individuals in treatment often struggle to trust the clinician as they are suspicious of the clinicians intentions or are emotionally distant from the clinician as they do not have a desire to engage in treatment due to a lack of overall emotion and desire for relationships.

• #2 Personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder

  Personality disorders (especially Cluster A) are found more commonly among homeless people. […] There are some sex differences in the frequency of personality disorders which are shown in the table below. The known prevalence of some personality disorders, especially borderline PD and antisocial PD are affected by diagnostic bias. This is due to many factors including disproportionately high research towards borderline PD and antisocial PD, alongside social and gender stereotypes, and the relationship between diagnosis rates and prevalence rates.

• #2 Science Pub | The Nature of Personality Disorder | Season 2021 | PBS

  https://www.pbs.org/video/the-nature-of-personality-disorder-iml2cc/

  We know about 1.3 to 1.9% of the population has this disorder. […] This is not just a disorder that affects women. […] It occurs equally often in men and women in the general population. […] There was a review of the literature done in 2018. It appeared in the British Journal of Psychiatry. And it showed remarkably similar figures from data sets around the world. […] The very first prevalence estimate we generated years ago at Cornell University in Ithaca was about 9%. About 10 years later when I was at Harvard working with the national comorbidity study, headed by Professor Kessler, we did the nationwide study, we came up with a number of pretty similar, about 11%. […] When these investigators have aggravated data from around the world, it’s about the same, it’s about 11%, 10%. […] So it’s the one in 10 number holds up worldwide.

• #2 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview

  Personality disorders affect 10-15% of the adult US population. The following are prevalences for specific personality disorders in the general population, across five studies from 2001 to 2010: […] Variance in prevalence rates across studies mostly reflects different thresholds of severity adopted by investigators. […] Because the DSM-5 criteria are heavily bound to North American cultural definitions, epidemiologic data about personality disorders in other countries are notoriously unreliable. […] Personality disorders generally should not be diagnosed in children and adolescents because personality development is not complete and symptomatic traits may not persist into adulthood. Therefore, the rule of thumb is that personality diagnosis cannot be made until the person is at least 18 years of age. Because the criteria for diagnosis of personality disorders are closely related to behaviors of young and middle adulthood, DSM-5 diagnoses of personality disorders are notoriously unreliable in the elderly population.

• #2 Personality Disorder Statistics: OCD, PPD, APD, SPD BPD, HBD and More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/personality-disorders/personality-disorder-statistics/

  Personality disorder prognosis is somewhat poor, as personality is generally rigid and fixed. Individuals are likely to maintain abnormal personality characteristics throughout their lifespan. Antisocial personality disorder prognosis, in particular, is poor, as people have low motivation for treatment and are often distrusting of help. However, aggressive and illegal behaviors tend to lessen with age.

• #2 The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195581

  Personality disorders in DSM-IV are grouped into three clusters, based on descriptive similarities: Cluster A (the odd or eccentric group, including paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PDs), Cluster B (the dramatic, emotional or erratic group, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic PDs), and Cluster C (the anxious or fearful group, including avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive PDs). […] The prevalence of any PD in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area was 6.8%. […] The most frequent subtype was Cluster C (4.6%), followed by Clusters A and B (4.3% and 2.7%, respectively). […] Men had increased odds of presenting a personality disorder (OR = 2.2) and, more specifically, a Cluster A diagnosis (OR = 6.8). […] Education was inversely associated with Cluster C (OR = 0.7).

• #2 The epidemiology and clinical features of personality disorders in later life; a study of secondary care data.

  https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/items/b05ef68a-12a3-4fb3-9c22-edec2931e23e

  OBJECTIVES: Personality disorders (PDs) are often conceptualised as impacting individuals throughout their life. However, there has been limited study of the disorders in those over the age of 65. […] We have used the psychiatric secondary care medical records of 21,971 individuals over the age of 65 from Cambridgeshire, UK, who received care between 2014 and 2021 to characterise older patients with a PD diagnosis. […] RESULTS: Compared to younger patients with PD, older patients were more likely to be male, married, suffering from a mixed PD and live in less deprived areas. Compared to patients 65 with diagnoses other than PD, older patients were more likely to be female, single or divorced and had a higher level of social deprivation. Our most striking finding was that older patients with PDs were more likely to experience polypharmacy. A mean of 18.48 different drugs had been prescribed over their lifetime, compared to 9.51 for patients 65 with other mental health diagnoses. […] CONCLUSION: Here we present the largest ever description of this group of patients and provide insights that could inform clinical practice and future research.

• #2 The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195581

  There is a paucity of data coming from less developed regions, despite their being home to 83% of the world population. […] The Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA), situated in southeast Brazil, is one of the largest megacities of the world, with approximately 20.5 million inhabitants. […] This fast and concentrated process was associated with intense internal migration from rural and poorer regions, resulting in fast-paced, unplanned urban growth. […] Being born and raised in urban areas or even living in a city at a given moment in time may have deleterious effects on mental health. […] To our knowledge, there is no study on the epidemiology of PDs in the Brazilian general population. […] The main goal of this study is to help fill this gap and contribute to expand the scarce literature from less developed regions.

• #2 Personality Disorder Statistics: OCD, PPD, APD, SPD BPD, HBD and More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/personality-disorders/personality-disorder-statistics/

  Personality disorder statistics reveal important information regarding prevalence, incidence of co-occurring conditions and suicidal and high-risk behaviors that are attributed to each of the personality disorders. They can also provide valuable information about risk factors, treatment and prognosis. […] The prevalence of personality disorders provides approximations about how common each of the personality disorders are in various populations and geographical locations. Prevalence rates are important in understanding and researching effective treatment options. […] The percent of the population with a personality disorder is 10-13% of the universal population. It is estimated that 9% of adults in the United States have at least one personality disorder. Personality disorders are diagnosed in 40-60% of psychiatric patients, rendering them the most common of all psychiatric diagnoses.

• #2 Epidemiology of borderline personality disorder. | University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences

  https://ssr.as.uky.edu/bibcite/reference/2328

  Epidemiology of borderline personality disorder. The limited epidemiological data available on borderline personality disorder suggest that the prevalence of the disorder is between .2 and 1.8 percent in the general community, 15 percent among psychiatric inpatients, and 50 percent among psychiatric inpatients with a diagnosis of personality disorder. […] No data on the incidence–the rate of new cases–of the disorder have been reported, and inferences about incidence based on prevalence rates are complicated by differences in the formal designation of personality disorders before and after DSM-III was issued. […] Current findings suggest that about 76 percent of borderline patients are female. […] Epidemiological study of borderline personality disorder has been hindered by the lack of a brief semistructured interview that can be used with large population samples and that does not require substantial clinical expertise. The authors discuss alternative research methods, including use of lay interviewers, recoding of existing data, telephone interviews, and self-report inventories.

• #2 Personality Disorder Statistics | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/research/personality-disorder-statistics

  Data from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) shows that about two-thirds of people with any personality disorder also have another mental health condition (67%). […] Whereas about one in 10 people may struggle with a personality disorder, rates are much higher among those treated for SUD—with prevalence up to one in seven addiction treatment patients (73%), according to a 2018 study. […] A 2016 study found that about two-thirds of people (65%) with personality disorders and co-occurring conditions had made multiple suicide attempts, as compared to about one-quarter (24%) of those with other co-occurring conditions, excluding personality disorders. […] According to NIMH data, only about a third of people with any personality disorder (39%) received treatment, with rates slightly higher (42.4%) for those with BPD.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001270050138

  This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the frequency, natural history, risk factors and associations of antisocial personality disorder. […] Epidemiological surveys have shown that antisocial personality disorder is a common disorder, with a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3% among community samples, rising to 60% among male prisoners. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a chronic condition, and is associated with a multitude of medical and social problems. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. […] However, despite the large amount of research into antisocial personality disorder, longitudinal data are missing and the validity of the diagnosis, therefore, remains questionable. […] The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.

• #2 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview

  Approximately 9% of adults in the U.S. have some type of personality disorder, and about 6% of the global population has a personality disorder. […] Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder are the most frequently diagnosed personality disorders. […] Personality disorders are generally underdiagnosed because providers sometimes focus on the symptoms of anxiety or depression, which are much more common in the general population than personality disorders. These symptoms may overshadow the features of any underlying personality disorder. […] Since people with personality disorders often don’t seek proper medical attention, the overall prognosis for personality disorders is poor. […] Studies show that personality disorders are associated with elevated rates of unemployment, divorce, domestic abuse, substance use, homelessness, and crime (especially antisocial personality disorder). […] In addition, people with personality disorders are more likely to visit the emergency room (ER), experience traumatic accidents and have early deaths by suicide.

• #2 Personality Disorders: Types, Symptoms and Treatment | The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health

  https://www.floridarehab.com/co-occurring-disorders/personality-disorders/

  Personality disorders can negatively impact a persons relationships, career and day-to-day life. […] Understanding the types of personality disorders, how theyre caused and how theyre treated can contribute to better outcomes for people struggling with these disorders. […] Genetic causes can be seen particularly in studies on twins, which show a strong genetic component in the development of personality disorders. […] Personality disorder diagnosis must be done by a medical professional, such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. […] Personality disorders typically stem from childhood events and are also influenced by genetic predispositions. […] The prevalence of personality disorders is rather low, especially when compared to mood and anxiety disorders like depression or generalized anxiety disorder.

• #2 The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195581

  After adjustment for age, sex and all urban stressors simultaneously, there was no significant difference between being raised on the rural zone, a small town or a large city on the prevalence of personality disorders. […] However, with the exception of Cluster A, personality disorders were associated with cumulative exposure to crime-related traumatic experiences and this respected a dose-response gradient. […] Personality pathology frequently co-occurred with other mental disorders. […] Almost two thirds of individuals with any PD had at least one co-occurring diagnosis, being anxiety the most common condition (46.3%). […] Personality disorders are associated with significant impairment in the previous month. […] According to Table 7, approximately 20% of those with any PD had received treatment for emotional or substance use problems in the year previous to the interview. […] This study may offer some relevant contributions to scientific knowledge, to public health policies and to clinical practice.

• #2 Epidemiology and course | 3 | v2 | Personality Disorders | Paul M.G. E

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781351055901-3/epidemiology-course-paul-emmelkamp-katharina-meyerbr%C3%B6ker

  The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview and a synthesis of the information available on the epidemiology of personality disorders, comorbidity with other mental disorders, and current conceptual models to explain the co-occurrence of personality disorders and other mental disorders. Personality disorders are highly prevalent in community studies, estimates ranging from 4.4% to 13%. […] There is a high level of comorbidity among the various personality disorders and between personality disorders and mental disorders.

• #2 Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-general-adult-population-in-western-countries-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/4A8D81B3BB7564E2E561D99E2F80CB89

  Because of the large heterogeneity in prevalence rates, a larger authoritative database on the epidemiology of personality disorders in the general adult population is required. Furthermore, the prevalence of personality disorders in other non-Western countries and clinical populations could prove informative.

• #3 The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-community-a-global-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/360C242E0AE8E6010D43AC2941964DE4

  Personality disorders are associated with high levels of mental, physical and functional impairment and premature mortality. […] The global pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was 7.8% (95% CI 6.19.5%). This figure exceeds the WHO World Mental Health personality disorder prevalence estimate of 6.1%. […] The pooled prevalence of any personality disorder was significantly lower in LMICs (4.3%) than in high-income countries (9.4%) in univariate meta-regression, although this difference became non-significant in the final meta-regression. […] Cluster B (1.5 v. 3.7%, P = 0.048) and C personality disorders (3.3 v. 6.6%, not significant) were also less common in LMICs. […] Despite substantial inter-survey heterogeneity, we found that personality disorders are prevalent globally, affecting a substantial proportion of the population. Epidemiological research on personality disorders is relatively sparse, with a paucity of data from lower-income countries from which to draw comparative conclusions.

• #3 Module 13: Personality Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-13-personality-disorders/

  Disorders within Cluster A have a prevalence rate of around 2-5%. More specifically, according to Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the estimated prevalence of paranoid personality disorder was 2.3%, schizoid personality disorder was 4.9%, and schizotypal personality disorder was 3.3%. […] Using Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, it was found that for Cluster B personality disorders prevalence rates were: 0.6% for antisocial, 1.4% for borderline, 0.0% for histrionic, and 0.0% for narcissistic. […] Using Part II of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, it was found that for Cluster C personality disorders prevalence rates were: 5.2% for avoidant, 0.6% for dependent, and 2.4% for OCPD. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with avoidant and dependent personality disorders while OCPD appears to be equally prevalent in women and men.

• #3 Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd

  A review of 5 epidemiological studies found a median prevalence of 1.6%. It is more common among males than females. […] Comorbidities are common. Patients often also have a depressive disorder (eg, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder), anorexia nervosa, a substance use disorder (especially cocaine), or another personality disorder (histrionic, borderline, paranoid).

• #3 Borderline personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder

  BPD has a point prevalence of 1.6% and a lifetime prevalence of 5.9% of the global population. […] Within clinical settings, the occurrence of BPD is 6.4% among urban primary care patients, 9.3% among psychiatric outpatients, and approximately 20% among psychiatric inpatients. […] Despite the high utilization of healthcare resources by individuals with BPD, up to half may show significant improvement over a ten-year period with appropriate treatment. […] Regarding gender distribution, women are diagnosed with BPD three times more frequently than men in clinical environments. […] Nonetheless, epidemiological research in the United States indicates no significant gender difference in the lifetime prevalence of BPD within the general population. […] The overall prevalence of BPD in the U.S. prison population is thought to be 17%.

• #3 Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/paranoid-personality-disorder-ppd

  Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of unwarranted distrust and suspicion of others that involves interpreting their motives as malicious. […] The estimated median prevalence is 3.2% but may be as high as 4.4%. It is thought to be more common among men. […] There is some evidence of increased prevalence in families. Some evidence suggests a link between this disorder and emotional and/or physical abuse and victimization during childhood. […] Paranoid personality disorder is rarely the sole diagnosis. Common comorbidities include thought disorders (eg, schizophrenia), anxiety disorders (eg, social phobia [social anxiety disorder]), posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorders, and another personality disorder (eg, borderline personality disorder). […] No treatments have been proved effective for paranoid personality disorder. […] The overall high levels of suspicion and mistrust in patients make establishing rapport difficult.

• #3 Epidemiology of Personality Disorders | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/epidemiology-of-personality-disorders/

  In these studies, the sample sizes ranged between 200 and 2053 subjects, with an average sample of 565.4; all surveyed individuals were evaluated by means of a specific PD assessment instrument, mainly a structured interview. […] The median prevalence rate of any PDs in these eight studies is 12.5 per cent. […] In the surveys considered here, the rate of PDs decreases in older age groups; although the sex ratio is different for specific types of PD (e.g. more schizoid, narcissistic, and antisocial PDs among males, more dependent, avoidant, and histrionic PDs among females), the overall rates of PD are about equal for both sexes. […] Finally, prevalence rates are generally higher in urban populations and lower socio-economic groups.

• #4 Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prevalence-of-personality-disorders-in-the-general-adult-population-in-western-countries-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/4A8D81B3BB7564E2E561D99E2F80CB89

  Overall personality disorders have been investigated in only very few epidemiological studies compared with other mental disorders. The low number of available epidemiological studies may be because the diagnosis of personality disorders is more complex and resource intensive. […] This meta-analysis shows that prevalence rates of personality disorders are fairly high, with a rate of 12.16% for any personality disorder in the general adult population in Western countries, which is comparable with earlier cross-sectional, community-based studies in Western countries that used the DSM-III-R. The comparison between the three personality disorder clusters shows that prevalence estimates are highest for Cluster A (7.23%). With regard to individual personality disorders, the prevalence rate is highest for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (4.32%), and lowest for dependent personality disorder (0.78%).

• #4 Borderline personality disorder: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, course, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/borderline-personality-disorder-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-features-course-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 6 percent. The disorder is associated with receiving extensive clinical attention and the disorder is more widely studied than any other personality disorder. Despite these efforts, patients with BPD continue to suffer considerable morbidity and increased mortality compared with the general population. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, course, assessment, and diagnosis of BPD are reviewed here.

• #5 Introduction to Personality Disorders – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/personality/introduction

  Prevalence estimates for any personality disorder is 9.1%, with Cluster A personality disorders at 5.7%, Cluster B at 1.5%, and Cluster C at 6%. The prevalence for any personality disorder ranges from 9%-15%.[1][2] […] Personality disorders are highly co-morbid with other personality disorders, and there is high overlap between the different clusters.

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