Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20360557

  Pelvic organ prolapse is when one or more pelvic organs drop from their position. This makes a bulge in the vagina, called a prolapse. […] The muscles and connective tissues of the pelvic floor typically hold the pelvic organs in place. Pelvic organ prolapse happens when the muscles and tissues of the pelvic floor weaken. This may be due to pregnancy, childbirth or menopause. […] The cause of pelvic organ prolapse is the weakening of the tissues and the muscles that support the pelvic organs. The most common cause is having a baby vaginally.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse happens when the muscles and tissues supporting the pelvic organs (the uterus, bladder, or rectum) become weak or loose. […] A prolapse happens when the pelvis muscles and tissues can no longer support these organs because the muscles and tissues are weak or damaged. This causes one or more pelvic organs to drop or press into or out of the vagina. […] Pelvic organ prolapse happens when the muscles or connective tissues of the pelvis do not work as they should. The most common risk factors are: […] Vaginal childbirth, which can stretch and strain the pelvic floor. Multiple vaginal childbirths raise your risk for pelvic organ prolapse later in life. […] Long-term pressure on your abdomen, including pressure from obesity, chronic coughing, or straining often during bowel movements.

• #2 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24046-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition where weak muscles in your pelvis cause one or more organs (vagina, uterus, bladder and rectum) to sag. […] Pelvic organ prolapse is when the support in your pelvis weakens, causing one or more organs to sag or bulge into your vagina. […] Your pelvic floor can weaken due to things like childbirth or aging. […] Your pelvic floor can weaken for many reasons. It happens most often when your pelvic floor muscles, ligaments and tissues overstretch. It can also happen due to underuse when the muscles don’t work enough. […] Any of the following factors make you more at risk for pelvic organ prolapse: Vaginal childbirth. This is the most common cause of prolapse. […] The aging process. Your muscles lose strength with age. One factor is declining estrogen.

• #2 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24046-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Having a heavier body weight. Studies have shown that people who have overweight or obesity are more likely to develop POP than people who are within a weight range that’s healthy for them. […] Long-term pressure in your abdominal cavity. Pressure on your pelvic floor muscles can weaken them. […] Family history. Research into the genetic components of POP is ongoing, but it’s possible that you inherited a weaker pelvic floor. […] Connective tissue diseases. People with conditions like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome or joint hypermobility syndrome are at risk of POP.

• #3 Pelvic organ prolapse – causes, diagnosis, symptomatology and treatment

  https://www.termedia.pl/Pelvic-organ-prolapse-causes-diagnosis-symptomatology-and-treatment,4,16950,0,1.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects almost 50% of peri- and postmenopausal women and this condition is one of the main reasons for surgical treatment in this period of womens life. The aetiology of pelvic floor dysfunction is multifactorial, but vaginal birth and aging (decrease of oestrogen levels and changes in the structure of connective tissue) are the most important risk factors for POP. […] The main goal of this type of surgery is to restore not only the appropriate anatomical conditions but also functions of pelvic floor organs.

• #4 Epidemiology and Etiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-40862-6_45

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition with a prevalence increasing with age. The worldwide prevalence of POP has recently been reported to be around 9%. […] Other risk factors or pathophysiological mechanisms have been reported such as familiar or genetic, obstetric, age and hormonal status, socioeconomic, general medical conditions, and previous pelvic surgery. […] In this chapter we will illustrate the actual evidence related to the abovementioned epidemiological data as well as the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in POP.

• #5 5 Risk Factors for Pelvic Organ Prolapse – Center for Women

  https://centerforwomen.com/five-risk-factors-for-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Under normal circumstances, the organs housed within your pelvis maintain their positions due to supportive tissues, which include your pelvic floor as well neighboring organs. When this support is lost, certain organs can shift out of position and push into your vaginal canal, creating issues such as incontinence. […] Between 35% and 50% of women worldwide develop pelvic organ prolapse (POP) to some degree, which makes this women’s health concern exceedingly common. […] Let’s first start with a POP risk factor that’s well outside your power to influence — menopause. When you transition out of your reproductive stage, you lose a fair amount of estrogen production. While these hormones were largely responsible for regulating your ovulation, they also maintained the health of your vaginal support tissues.

• #5 5 Risk Factors for Pelvic Organ Prolapse – Center for Women

  https://centerforwomen.com/five-risk-factors-for-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  With the absence of estrogen, tissues in your pelvis can weaken, including your pelvic floor, which is the band of tissue that lies underneath your organs, supporting them and helping them maintain their positions. […] As you get older, your tissues naturally weaken, which is also true of your pelvic floor. Your risks for POP tend to rise with age — approximately 37% of women with pelvic floor disorders are 60-79 years old and about 50% are 80 or older. […] If you’ve delivered a baby vaginally or you’ve delivered a baby that was on the larger side (more than 8.5 pounds), it may stretch your pelvic floor beyond its ability to bounce back. As a result, these tissues aren’t able to support your pelvic organs as well as they once did. […] If you have a condition that causes a chronic cough or you’re carrying extra pounds, these added pressures on your pelvic floor can weaken them over time, hampering their ability to adequately support your pelvic organs.

• #5 5 Risk Factors for Pelvic Organ Prolapse – Center for Women

  https://centerforwomen.com/five-risk-factors-for-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Women who undergo a hysterectomy are at a higher risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse. The removal of the uterus can cause other organs, namely your bladder, to fall into your vaginal canal, as your bladder relied on your uterus for support. […] Outside of a hysterectomy, any surgery in your pelvic region can also increase your chances for POP.

• #6 What Causes Pelvic Organ Prolapse?: Arizona Urology: Urologists

  https://www.arizona-urology.com/blog/what-causes-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  There are two points we want to make about pelvic organ prolapse (POP) upfront. First, its very common, with a global prevalence among women that ranges between 35% and 50%. […] One of the primary drivers of pelvic floor dysfunction is age, as these muscles tend to weaken over time. […] Beyond the natural aging process, if youve delivered children vaginally and/or given birth to a larger-than-normal baby (more than 8.5 pounds), these, too, can weaken your pelvic floor. […] As well, if you have a chronic cough, obesity, chronic constipation, or any other condition that places more pressure on your pelvic floor, you can prematurely weaken this muscle group. […] Lastly, women who pass through menopause are at higher risk of POP, as their reproductive hormones fall preciptiously.

• #7 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a gynecological condition in which the pelvic organs herniate into the vagina due to ligament or muscular weakness. […] Although the etiology of POP is multifactorial, there is a high correlation between pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which can lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. […] Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition that is multifactorial in etiology. […] Combinations of anatomical, physiological, genetic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors contribute to pelvic floor dysfunction throughout a woman’s lifespan. […] Many studies have correlated parity with a high incidence of POP.

• #8 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, the uterus (cervix), or the apex of the vagina (vaginal vault or cuff scar after hysterectomy). […] The cause of prolapse is multifactorial but is primarily associated with pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. […] The cause of pelvic organ prolapse is multifactorial, but pregnancy is the most commonly associated risk factor. […] Additional risk factors for prolapse are listed in Table 1.

• #9 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28762694/

  Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, the uterus (cervix), or the apex of the vagina (vaginal vault or cuff scar after hysterectomy). […] The cause of prolapse is multifactorial but is primarily associated with pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. […] Hysterectomy, pelvic surgery, and conditions associated with sustained episodes of increased intra-abdominal pressure, including obesity, chronic cough, constipation, and repeated heavy lifting, also contribute to prolapse.

• #10 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276259-overview

  Pelvic floor defects may be created as a result of childbirth and are caused by the stretching and tearing of the endopelvic fascia and the levator muscles and perineal body. Pregnancy itself, without vaginal birth, has been sited as a risk factor as well. A study by Handa et al suggests that vaginal birth and operative vaginal birth increase an individuals risk for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse 5-10 years after delivery when compared with cesarean delivery without labor. […] Partial pudendal and perineal neuropathies are also associated with labor. […] Impaired nerve transmission to the muscles of the pelvic floor may predispose the muscles to decreased tone, leading to further sagging and stretching. Therefore, multiparous women are at particular risk for pelvic organ prolapse. Genital atrophy and hypoestrogenism also play important contributory roles in the pathogenesis of prolapse. However, the exact mechanisms are not completely understood. Prolapse may potentially result from pelvic tumors, sacral nerve disorders, and diabetic neuropathy.

• #10 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276259-overview

  Other medical conditions that may result in prolapse are those associated with increases in intra-abdominal pressure (eg, obesity, chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, constipation). Certain rare abnormalities in connective tissue (collagen), such as Marfan disease, have also been linked to genitourinary prolapse. […] A thorough evaluation and definition of all support defects is of critical importance because most women with pelvic organ prolapse have multiple defects.

• #11 Pelvic organ prolapse | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bladder-prolapse

  A pelvic organ prolapse happens when the ligaments and muscles that support pelvic organs stretch, causing the organs to drop down. […] Risk factors include pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and heavy lifting. […] Anything that puts pressure on your pelvic floor muscles can cause a prolapse. […] For example: pregnancy and childbirth, constipation or regularly straining when trying to go to the toilet, being overweight or obese, coughing due to smoking or chronic lung disease, repetitive lifting of heavy weights at work, home or the gym, squatting for long periods of time. […] The risk of prolapse increases with previous pelvic or gynaecological surgery, after menopause when oestrogen levels drop, causing pelvic floor muscles to lose elasticity.

• #12 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/genitourinary-prolapse-leaflet

  Pelvic organ prolapse (also known as genitourinary prolapse) occurs when these normal support structures are weakened and are no longer effective. The result is that one (or more) of the organs inside the pelvis drops down (prolapses). […] It is not known for sure why pelvic organ prolapse happens to some women but not to others. It is thought that a number of things may increase the risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse. They include the following: […] Pelvic organ prolapse does not affect everyone who gives birth. It may be more likely after a difficult, prolonged labour, a forceps or suction delivery, or if a woman gives birth to a large baby. […] The chance of having a prolapse increases as a woman becomes older. The lack of oestrogen hormone that occurs after the menopause affects the pelvic floor muscles and structures around the vagina, making them less springy and supportive.

• #12 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/genitourinary-prolapse-leaflet

  Anything that causes an increase in the pressure inside a woman’s abdomen and pelvis can also be a risk factor for the development of pelvic organ prolapse. […] If a woman has had her womb (uterus) removed (a hysterectomy), or other gynaecological surgery, she may be more likely to develop pelvic organ prolapse. […] Very rarely, pelvic organ prolapse can occur because of a congenital problem (a problem that someone is born with) that causes deficiency, in the body, of a substance called collagen.

• #13 Uterine Prolapse: Stages, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment,

  https://www.webmd.com/women/prolapsed-uterus

  Uterine prolapse happens when the muscles and tissues that support your uterus get weak. The most common causes of this weakening include: […] Vaginal childbirth, especially if you’ve had several babies, large babies (over 9 pounds), or difficult labors and deliveries […] Low estrogen after menopause […] Frequent constipation or straining to poop […] Chronic cough or bronchitis […] Repeated heavy lifting.

• #14 Uterine Prolapse – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/uterine-prolapse

  When your pelvic floor muscles weaken, they cannot hold your uterus in place and prevent its sagging into the vagina. The causes of weak pelvic muscles are obesity, pregnancy, multiple vaginal childbirth, vaginal childbirth for babies weighing more than 4 kgs, chronic constipation or straining, chronic coughing, and repetitive heavy lifting. […] Menopause. When your ovaries no longer produce estrogen that keeps your pelvic muscles strong, you are at higher risk of developing uterine prolapse.

• #15 Prolapsed uterus | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/prolapsed-uterus

  Uterine prolapse occurs when weakened or damaged muscles and connective tissues such as ligaments allow the uterus to drop into the vagina. […] Common causes of uterine prolapse include vaginal childbirth, obesity, severe coughing, straining on the toilet and hormonal changes after menopause which can damage the pelvic organ support structures. […] The pelvic floor and associated supporting connective tissues can be weakened or damaged in many ways including: pregnancy, especially in the case of multiple births (such as twins or triplets), or multiple pregnancies; vaginal childbirth, especially if the baby was large or delivered quickly, or if there was a prolonged pushing phase; obesity; straining on the toilet to pass a bowel motion; low levels of the sex hormone oestrogen after menopause; severe coughing associated with conditions such as chronic bronchitis or asthma; fibroids; in rare cases, pelvic tumour.

• #16 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse is a type of hernia, which occurs when part of an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the muscle or tissue that surrounds it. In pelvic organ prolapse, the connective tissue and pelvic floor muscles that support the pelvic organs (uterus, vagina, bladder, bowels and rectum) become weak or tear, so these organs move out of their normal position. […] Pregnancy and childbirth are the most common risk factors for prolapse. Childbirth can damage the muscles and ligaments that support the pelvic organs. Each pregnancy and delivery increases your chance of having prolapse. Having an assisted vaginal delivery (operative vaginal delivery with forceps) or a large baby also raise your risk for pelvic organ prolapse. […] In addition to pregnancy and childbirth, other causes of pelvic organ prolapse include: Chronic coughing, constipation, obesity and heavy lifting, which put pressure on the pelvic floor and weaken the muscles; Menopause, which is associated with a decrease in estrogen levels causing weakening of the supportive tissues in the pelvis; Aging; Genetics, which determine the strength of the connective tissue in your pelvis; if your mother or sister had pelvic organ prolapse, you have a higher risk for developing prolapse.

• #17 What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse? Causes & Symptoms | FemiCushion | FemiCushionicon-plusicon-plusicon-plusicon-plusicon-plusicon-plusicon-plusicon-plusAmerican ExpressVisaMastercardPayPalShop PayApple PayGoogle Pay

  https://www.femicushion.com/pages/pop?srsltid=AfmBOop-DiYvtKnesh6DZv4ZVf_6WTMbqvHAPll0cGVAKP0PZrlTzVGw

  Affecting more than 20 million women worldwide, Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) leads to around 200,000 corrective surgeries and procedures annually in the United States. What is pelvic organic prolapse? It is a prolapse, or a „falling out of place,” of the pelvic organs from their regular healthy positions. The causes of prolapsed organs can vary from giving birth to having a hysterectomy, or even for no identifiable reason. […] There are many causes of pelvic organ prolapse, but chronically applying pressure on the abdomen is one that is not often considered. Some of the ways this can occur are: […] Putting constant pressure on the abdomen with a corset or girdle for long periods of time, or lifting heavy objects while doing daily tasks can also lead to pelvic organ prolapse. Menopause and aging are also major factors, and women who have previously had a hysterectomy are more susceptible. This causes a loss of support in the pelvis because the uterus was previously supported by ligaments. In addition, because a cavity is formed in the abdomen, other organs may begin to descend. […] Risks due to childbirth include having: […] There are also cases in which the uterus comes out with the baby (sudden uterine prolapse) through vacuum-assisted delivery or the use of forceps during delivery.

• #18 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments —

  https://www.pelvicorganprolapsesupport.org/pelvic-organ-prolapse-help-and-hope

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has been on medical record for nearly 4000 years, dating back to the Kahun Gynaecologic Papyrus circa 1835 B.C., yet remains shrouded in stigmatized silence because of embarrassing symptoms. […] Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the support structures above and below weaken and/or become damaged for a variety of reasons. […] Vaginal childbirth and menopause are the 2 leading causes of pelvic organ prolapse, but there are multiple lifestyle, behavioral, and comorbid conditions that compound risk for all women. […] The most common causes of POP are: Vaginal childbirth: complications from large birth weight babies, long 2nd stage labor, nerve damage, damage from forceps or suction deliveries, multiple childbirths, improperly repaired episiotomy. […] Menopause: age related loss of muscle tissue integrity is typically the result of a drop in estrogen level.

• #18 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments —

  https://www.pelvicorganprolapsesupport.org/pelvic-organ-prolapse-help-and-hope

  Chronic constipation: a hernia in the colon (rectocele) is a leading cause of constipation in women. […] Chronic coughing: smoking, allergies, bronchitis, and emphysema may cause chronic coughing which repetitively jerks tissues downward. […] Heavy lifting: lifting children, employment related heavy lifting, fitness related weight lifting. […] Hard foot-strike fitness activities: jogging, marathon running, aerobics, or gymnastics repetitively jerk internal structures downward. […] Genetics: a family member with POP, especially mother/sister, may indicate an increased risk of POP. […] Neuromuscular disease: MS, Marfan (collagen deficiency). […] Spina-bifida or stages of paralysis or wheelchair bound setting can predispose women to a weak pelvic floor; bladder exstophy (born with bladder outside the body) predisposes women to POP.

• #19

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse happens when the group of muscles and tissues that normally support the pelvic organs, called the pelvic floor, becomes weakened and cannot hold the organs in place firmly. […] A number of things can weaken your pelvic floor and increase your chance of developing pelvic organ prolapse. […] These include: pregnancy and childbirth especially if you had a long, difficult birth, or if you gave birth to a large baby or multiple babies, getting older and going through the menopause, being overweight, having long-term constipation or a long-term health condition that causes you to cough and strain, having a hysterectomy, a job that requires a lot of heavy lifting. […] Some health conditions can also make a prolapse more likely, including: joint hypermobility syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

• #20 Pelvic organ prolapse

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Aging. Pelvic floor disorders are more common in older women. […] Hormonal changes during menopause. Loss of the female hormone estrogen during and after menopause can raise your risk for pelvic organ prolapse. […] Family history. Researchers are studying how genetics can play a role in pelvic organ prolapse.

• #21 Pelvic organ prolapse | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse can happen when the pelvic floor weakens. A weak pelvic floor can be due to the following: pregnancy and childbirth, ageing prolapse is more common as you get older, particularly after your menopause, being overweight, persistent constipation, coughing or heavy lifting, a natural tendency to develop prolapse. […] Often it is a combination of these factors that result in you having a prolapse.

• #22 Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Overview | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-19598-3_29

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition that adversely impacts quality of life for women. The etiology of POP is multifactorial but risk factors for development include higher parity, history of vaginal delivery, older age, and higher body mass index. […] POP can occur in younger women, but peak incidence of symptoms is in women aged 70-79.

• #23 Pelvic organ prolapse | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/vulva-vagina/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse is when the ligaments, connective tissues and muscles that support the pelvic organs stretch, causing the organs to drop down. The word prolapse means to 'fall out of place’. […] Anything that puts pressure on your pelvic floor muscles can cause a prolapse. […] For example: pregnancy and childbirth, constipation or regularly straining when going to the toilet, repetitive lifting of heavy weights at the gym, at work, in the garden or even lifting children, squatting for long periods of time, being overweight or obese, coughing caused by smoking and chronic lung diseases, connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers Danlos syndrome and Marfans syndrome. […] The risk of prolapse increases with previous pelvic surgery and after menopause when oestrogen (the hormone that keeps pelvic floor muscles toned) decreases and the muscles weaken.

• #24 Causes of Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Garden OBGYN: Obstetrics

  https://www.gardenobgyn.com/blog/causes-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition that affects a significant number of women, causing organs in the pelvic region to descend or herniate. Understanding the causes of prolapse is crucial for prevention, early detection, and effective management. […] One of the primary causes of pelvic organ prolapse is childbirth, particularly vaginal delivery. The process of labor and delivery places immense stress on the pelvic floor muscles and supportive tissues. The stretching and weakening of these structures during childbirth can lead to the displacement of pelvic organs over time. […] The aging process itself is a significant factor in the development of pelvic organ prolapse. As women age, hormonal changes, especially during menopause, can result in a decrease in collagen production. Collagen is a key component of the connective tissues that provide support to pelvic organs. The natural aging of these tissues can contribute to weakness and a higher likelihood of prolapse.

• #24 Causes of Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Garden OBGYN: Obstetrics

  https://www.gardenobgyn.com/blog/causes-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Previous pelvic surgeries, especially those involving the removal of the uterus (hysterectomy), can alter the anatomical support of pelvic organs. This change in structure may contribute to the development of prolapse. […] Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause, can impact the strength and elasticity of pelvic tissues. Changes in hormone levels can contribute to the weakening of supportive structures and increase the susceptibility to prolapse. […] Pelvic organ prolapse is a complex condition influenced by a combination of factors. Understanding the causes of prolapse empowers individuals, healthcare professionals, and researchers to develop effective prevention strategies and treatment approaches.

• #25 What Causes Pelvic Organ Prolapse? – Desert Sky Urology

  https://desertskyurology.com/blog/what-causes-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  The risk of developing POP rises with increasing body weight. This is because increased abdominal pressure on the pelvic floor leads to structural changes in this region, which makes them more vulnerable to POP. […] Pelvic organ prolapse (or POC) is one of the most common conditions women experience after menopause. One of the reasons for this is that lower estrogen levels directly correlate with lower collagen levels, which are essential to keeping pelvic tissues intact.

• #26 Uterine prolapse: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001508.htm

  Uterine prolapse occurs when the womb (uterus) drops down and presses into the vaginal area. […] Muscles, ligaments, and other structures hold the uterus in the pelvis. If these tissues are weak or stretched, the uterus drops into the vaginal canal. This is called prolapse. […] Other things that can cause or lead to uterine prolapse include: Normal aging, Lack of estrogen after menopause, Conditions that put pressure on the pelvic muscles, such as chronic cough and obesity, Pelvic tumor (rare). […] Repeated straining to have a bowel movement due to long-term constipation can make the problem worse. […] Tightening the pelvic floor muscles using Kegel exercises helps to strengthen the muscles and reduces the risk of developing uterine prolapse. Estrogen therapy after menopause may help with vaginal muscle tone.

• #27 What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse? Types, causes and treatment

  https://www.healinghandsclinic.co.in/pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the muscles and tissues in the area that hold up these organs in place are weakened. It is most commonly seen in women after childbearing and with increasing age. […] Childbirth – Multiple pregnancies, long or difficult vaginal delivery. The increased pressure of childbirth on the internal organs in the abdomen can lead to their prolapse. […] Old age, Post menopausal women – Due to weakening of tissues with age and dropping levels of the hormone, Oestrogen. […] Obesity – 40-75% increased risk of POP. […] Heredity – You are more likely to have it if you have a family member (mother/sister) who has POP. This is because our genes decide the strength of our bones, muscles and tissues. […] Following hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus sometimes leaves other organs in the area with less support.

• #28

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/pelvic-organ-prolapse/symptoms-causes

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occurs when the pelvic organs drop from their original position in the pelvis. […] The condition occurs when the pelvic floor muscles are weak or damaged, and can no longer support the organs of the pelvis. […] A prolapse is caused by the continuous weakening of the supporting tissues of the pelvic organs. This weakening may be caused by: collagen deficiency, chronic cough or strain from constipation, congenital (present at birth) weakness of the pelvic floor muscles, ligaments and fascia, menopause, where the supporting tissues become weaker with age and menopause, pregnancy and childbirth, especially after a difficult and prolonged labour, obesity, large fibroid (fibrous growth), tumour or previous pelvic surgery, strenuous physical work or heavy lifting.

• #29 What Causes Pelvic Floor Prolapse?: Colon and Rectal Surgeons of Greater Hartford: Colon and Rectal Surgeons

  https://www.crsgh.com/blog/what-causes-pelvic-floor-prolapse

  Childbirth can stretch or tear the pelvic floor muscles. […] Any kind of trauma to your pelvic organs can cause nerve damage that increases your risk for pelvic organ prolapse. […] If you eat a low-fiber diet or dont drink enough water, you may develop stools that are hard to pass. […] If you try to push out your feces by bearing down with your muscles, that exerts pressure on your pelvic floor, which can weaken it. […] Even straining your pelvic muscles through overexertion can cause prolapse.

• #29 What Causes Pelvic Floor Prolapse?: Colon and Rectal Surgeons of Greater Hartford: Colon and Rectal Surgeons

  https://www.crsgh.com/blog/what-causes-pelvic-floor-prolapse

  Pelvic floor prolapse also called pelvic organ prolapse is a common type of pelvic floor dysfunction that affects both women and men. […] A weak pelvic floor allows the organs it holds to prolapse (or sink) into areas where they dont belong, such as the vagina in women or rectum in both women and men. […] Following are some of the most common causes of this condition. […] Carrying too much weight even temporarily, as happens in pregnancy puts extra pressure on your pelvic floor. […] Women who are pregnant may wish to start Kegel exercises to strengthen their pelvic floor to either reduce their chances of developing pelvic organ prolapse or prevent it from becoming worse. […] Aging is inevitable, and even if you have a healthy lifestyle, your muscles and tendons gradually weaken. […] If you had pelvic surgery, or were injured in that area of your body, youre at increased risk for pelvic floor prolapse.

• #30 Pelvic organ prolapse | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse can affect the front, top or back of vagina. The main types of prolapse are: anterior prolapse (cystocele) where the bladder bulges into the front wall of the vagina […] There isnt usually one cause, but the risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse is increased by: age prolapse is more common as you get older, but its not an inevitable part of ageing […] childbirth particularly if you had a long or difficult labour, or have given birth to a large baby or multiple babies […] menopause related to lower levels of oestrogen or weaker tissue […] being overweight […] having large fibroids or pelvic cysts which create a lot of pressure in the pelvis […] previous surgery on the pelvis such as a hysterectomy […] repeated heavy lifting or manual work […] long term coughing or sneezing (caused by smoking, a lung condition or allergies) […] straining too much when going to the toilet for a poo because of long term constipation.

• #31 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes: Pregnancy, Genetics & More

  https://www.femalepelvicsolutions.com/prolapse/causes-of-prolapse/

  Injury to the pelvic floor can occur during vaginal delivery, surgery, pelvic radiation, or fractures to the back and pelvis caused by falls or accidents. […] Straining to fully eliminate your bowels puts a lot of stress on the body. Repetitive pressure caused by contracting forcefully and regularly over years can lead pelvic floor muscles to weaken or become overworked, causing them to function less reliably. […] Coughing can cause a consistent, repetitive motion that tightens and releases muscles in the pelvic floor. Muscles can weaken or stretch out if this type of movement occurs over a long period of time. […] Obese women have an increased risk of POP. […] As you enter menopause, your body begins to produce less estrogen. This can cause the support structure of the pelvic floor muscles to thin, and organs to fall out of place. […] Nerve and muscle diseases can contribute to the deterioration of pelvic floor strength and increase the risk for POP.

• #31 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes: Pregnancy, Genetics & More

  https://www.femalepelvicsolutions.com/prolapse/causes-of-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse is common. Up to 50% of women will experience pelvic organ prolapse. […] Some of the causes of prolapse are more obvious than others, and some are more common. Understanding the cause of your prolapse may help you better understand next steps for treating it effectively. […] Pregnancy and childbirth are main causes of POP. Childbirth can cause injury to the muscles of the pelvic floor and increased pressure on the internal organs in the abdomen, which can lead to POP. […] Difficult labor, delivery or trauma during childbirth can increase the chance of prolapse. […] POP runs in families. Our genes influence the strength of our bones, muscles and connective tissue. Some women are born with weaker tissues and are at a higher risk for prolapse. […] Smoking increases your risk of developing POP.

• #32 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/womens/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse is when pelvic organs drop out of their normal position. They can prolapse when the muscles and connective tissue that hold them in place weaken or tear. […] Any activity that puts pressure on your belly can weaken or damage the muscles and tissues that hold your pelvic organs in place, leading to pelvic organ prolapse. Age plays a role, too. Some women develop pelvic organ prolapse at a young age, but it is more likely to happen after menopause. […] Common causes of pelvic organ prolapse include: Pregnancy can weaken the vagina and supporting tissues; Vaginal childbirth can damage muscles and nerves; one in three women who deliver vaginally later develop prolapse; Aging and menopause come with estrogen loss and other changes that can weaken the pelvic floor; Repeated pressure on the pelvic floor from obesity, constipation, chronic cough, or frequent heavy lifting; Inherited risk if prolapse runs in the family or with inherited diseases that affect connective tissue strength.

• #33 5 Things I Wish All Women Knew About Pelvic Organ Prolapse | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/5-things-i-wish-all-women-knew-about-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) happens when one or more pelvic organs drop from their normal position. […] Its caused by a weak pelvic floor, the collection of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues that hold these organs in place. […] Its often caused by changes during pregnancy and childbirth that weaken the pelvic floor. But women who have never given birth can have POP too. It runs in families and can be caused by many factors, including aging, changes in hormones with menopause, obesity, diseases that weaken connective tissue, including genetic disorders, pelvic floor injuries, and hysterectomy. […] Other conditions and habits that strain pelvic floor muscles also can lead to POP. These include ongoing constipation and straining during bowel movements, continual coughing caused by smoking or lung disease, and very high-impact exercise or jobs that require heavy lifting.

• #34 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/womens-health/obgyn/pelvic-health/pelvic-organ-prolapse/causes-and-diagnoses

  There are a number of things that may cause damage or weakening to the pelvic floor. These may include: […] Pregnancy and childbirth: As many as one in three women who have given birth develop prolapse. Pregnancy and vaginal delivery can damage the pelvic muscles and nerves, allowing pelvic organs to descend. […] Aging and menopause: Pelvic organ prolapse becomes more common with age, as loss of estrogen and other changes that occur with aging can weaken the pelvic floor muscles and support. […] Health conditions: Certain health conditions that involve repeated straining, including: obesity, chronic coughing and constipation can weaken and injure the pelvic floor muscles over time. […] Genetics/family history: The strength of your connective tissues is determined by your genetics. If your mother had pelvic organ prolapse, you are more likely to develop it.

• #35 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Your genetics play a role in how strong your bones, muscles, and connective tissues are. Some conditions that affect the strength of connective tissues put certain people at a higher risk of POP. […] Pelvic floor muscles can weaken as you age and during menopause, which is why pelvic organ prolapse is more common in older people.

• #36 Vaginal prolapse: Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vaginal-prolapse

  This is a condition that affects the joints, blood vessels, and skin. It can affect collagen, which is a key component in connective tissue. According to the International Urogynecology Journal, females with the condition are at a high risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse. […] An article in BJOG notes that pelvic organ prolapse is more severe with those who have joint hypermobility syndrome. […] Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the connective tissue weakens, causing the organs to drop. […] It can occur for a variety of reasons, such as childbirth, straining, heavy lifting, or certain medical conditions.

• #37 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Pelvic-Organ-Prolapse.aspx

  Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition in women, especially following one or more vaginal deliveries. […] Prolapse of the pelvic organs occurs because the supporting structures of the pelvic floor become or are too weak to resist their weight. […] The weakness of the pelvic supporting tissues is usually acquired, but may rarely be congenital. Acquired weakness of the pelvic supports may be caused by: […] Congenital conditions such as the connective tissue disorders lead to weakness of the collagen fibers, so that the pelvic supports are already unnaturally thin.

• #38 Understanding Pelvic Organ Prolapse | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/videos/understanding-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse is a disorder in which one or more of the pelvic organs drop from their normal position. It is caused by injury to the muscles or tissues that support the pelvic organs. […] The main cause of pelvic organ prolapse is pregnancy and childbirth, especially vaginal childbirth. Other causes can include aging and obesity. This problem also runs in families. […] Pelvic organ prolapse also can occur after hysterectomy (an operation to remove the uterus).

• #39 What causes pelvic organ prolapse? | Urology Associates P.C.

  https://www.urologynashville.com/blog/what-causes-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common urologic condition in which one of the pelvic organs moves out of position. […] Childbirth is among the most common causes of POP. […] Some women who undergo a hysterectomy will later develop POP. […] The pelvic organs may also shift out of place due to the pressure exerted on the region by excessive body weight. Specifically, obesity results in increased pressure to the pelvic floor muscles, which can allow hernias to form.

• #40 What Causes Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

  https://mobileptnj.com/what-causes-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  As women age, the decrease in estrogen levels during menopause can contribute to the weakening of pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues, elevating the risk of prolapse. […] Chronic coughing (often associated with smokers or those with chronic lung conditions), constipation, and regularly lifting heavy objects can put continuous pressure on the pelvic floor. Over time, this pressure can weaken the pelvic support structures, leading to prolapse. […] Carrying excess weight significantly increases the strain on the pelvic floor muscles. Obesity is a known risk factor for developing pelvic organ prolapse due to the constant added pressure on the pelvic region. […] Evidence suggests that genetics play a role in the strength and resilience of connective tissue and muscle. Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to having weaker pelvic support structures, making them more likely to experience POP. […] Surgical procedures within the pelvic region, such as a hysterectomy, can alter the support system of the pelvic organs. The removal or alteration of any pelvic organ can lead to a redistribution of pressure within the pelvic cavity, potentially leading to prolapse.

• #41 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition that occurs when the normal support of the vagina is lost, resulting in sagging or dropping of the bladder, urethra, cervix and rectum. […] Loss of pelvic support can occur when any part of the pelvic floor is injured during vaginal delivery or during gynecologic surgery, such as hysterectomy. Some other conditions that promote prolapse include: constipation and chronic straining, smoking, chronic coughing and heavy lifting. Obesity, like smoking, is one of the few modifiable risk factors. […] Aging, menopause, debilitating nerve and muscle diseases contribute to the deterioration of pelvic floor strength and the development of prolapse. Additionally, inheritance of weak connective tissue is a major contributing factor.

• #42 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | BIDMC of Boston

  https://www.bidmc.org/conditions-and-treatments/reproductive-and-sexual-health/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), described by some as a „woman’s hernia,” can be an uncomfortable and bothersome condition. The condition occurs when the muscles and ligaments that support the pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, vagina or lower bowel) are stretched, thinned out or torn. As a result of that, one or more of the pelvic organs may slip out of place, or „prolapse.” […] There are several risk factors that have been found to predispose, cause, promote or worsen pelvic organ prolapse. Injury to the pelvic floor predisposes to prolapse, particularly vaginal childbirth. Having had a vaginal delivery is the strongest risk factor, and the risk increases with increased numbers of vaginal deliveries. Other ways that the pelvic floor might be injured include pelvic surgery, pelvic radiation, back and pelvic fractures from falls or motor vehicle accidents. Additional conditions that may contribute to a woman developing pelvic organ prolapse include chronic constipation, chronic cough, obesity, repetitive heavy lifting, advancing age, as well as genetics. Studies have shown that Caucasian women are more likely to have prolapse than African Americans.

• #43 Etiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/etiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence/

  Etiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence […] Disease models are helpful in conceptualizing the development of prolapse and UI. In 1998, Bump and Norton described how risk factors can be sorted into those that predispose, incite, promote, or decompensate structure or function and how medication or surgery can intervene and return structure or function to normal. […] There is a complex interplay of genetics and environment with evidence that heritability is a factor in the development of prolapse. […] Vaginal childbirth influences the risk of developing prolapse. […] Aging is frequently cited as a factor in prolapse. […] Hysterectomy is associated with an increased risk of vaginal prolapse. […] Obesity is a risk factor for POP. […] Chronic straining also plays a role in prolapse. […] Physical stressors and socioeconomic status (SES) are risk factors about which little is known.

• #44 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/pelvic-floor-disorders/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when one or more of the pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum) fall downward and bulge out through the opening of the vagina. This happens when the pelvic floor muscles become weak or damaged and can no longer support the pelvic organs. […] The causes of prolapse include: Childbirth, Menopause, Obesity, Chronic cough, Prior pelvic floor surgery, Neurologic diseases, such as Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis or a spinal cord injury, Ethnicity (prolapse is found more often in Caucasian and Hispanic women).

• #45 Uterine prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_prolapse

  Uterine prolapse is a form of pelvic organ prolapse in which the uterus and a portion of the upper vagina protrude into the vaginal canal and, in severe cases, through the opening of the vagina. It is most often caused by injury or damage to structures that hold the uterus in place within the pelvic cavity. […] Risk factors include older age, pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, obesity, chronic constipation, and chronic cough. […] Conditions that chronically increase the pressure within the abdomen can predispose people to uterine prolapse. This includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, chronic cough, straining due to chronic constipation, and repetitive heavy lifting. […] Tobacco smoking has been found to be correlated to pelvic organ prolapse both due to the risk of developing lung conditions that lead to chronic cough or COPD as well as the negative effects of tobacco chemicals on connective tissue.

• #45 Uterine prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_prolapse

  Weakening of the levator ani muscles can occur during vaginal childbirth, in which portions of the muscle can detach from the bony pelvis, or through age-related changes to musculature, and this can lead to a loss of support for the uterus. […] Pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, or injury can also stretch and weaken the uterosacral ligaments, leading to poor suspension or positioning of the uterus so that it is no longer supported by pelvic floor muscles. […] Estrogen deficiency, which can occur during menopause, can affect the production of collagen that is needed to build connective tissue that makes up ligaments and fascia, which can contribute to uterine prolapse. […] This is also a reason that connective tissue disorders can predispose certain people to uterine prolapse.

• #46 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0501/p1111.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse, or genital prolapse, is the descent of one or more of the pelvic structures (bladder, uterus, vagina) from the normal anatomic location toward or through the vaginal opening. […] The cause is a loss of pelvic support from multiple factors, including direct injury to the levator ani, as well as neurologic injury from stretching of the pudendal nerves that may occur with vaginal childbirth. […] The cause of pelvic organ prolapse is multi-factorial, resulting from loss of the support maintained by a complex interaction among the levator ani, the vagina, and the connective tissue, as well as neurologic injury from stretching of the pudendal nerves that may occur during childbirth. […] When the levator ani loses tone, it moves from a horizontal to a semi-vertical position, creating a widened genital hiatus (i.e., the distance between the external urethral meatus and the posterior midline hymen) that forces the pelvic structures to rely on connective tissue for support. […] When the connective tissue support also fails, as a result of possible collagen decrease and tearing, prolapse may occur.

• #47 Vaginal Prolapse: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/vaginal-prolapse

  Vaginal prolapse happens when the muscles that support the organs in a females pelvis weaken. This allows the uterus, urethra, bladder, or rectum to droop into and sometimes protrude out of the vagina. […] A hammock of muscles, called the pelvic floor muscles, supports your pelvic organs. Childbirth can stretch and weaken these muscles, especially if you had a difficult delivery. […] Aging and the loss of estrogen during menopause can further weaken these muscles, allowing the pelvic organs to droop down into the vagina. […] Other causes of vaginal prolapse include: constant coughing from chronic lung disease, pressure from excess weight, chronic constipation, lifting heavy objects. […] You’re more likely to have vaginal prolapse if you: had vaginal deliveries, especially a complicated one, have gone through menopause, smoke, are overweight, cough a lot from lung disease, are chronically constipated and have to strain to have a bowel movement, had a family member, such as a mother or sister, with prolapse, often lift heavy things, have fibroids.

• #48 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Causes And Treatments – National Association For Continence

  https://nafc.org/pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic Organ Prolapse has been documented as far back as 2000 B.C. Even then, the physical trauma of vaginal childbirth created issues within a mothers body. […] In addition to childbirth, risk factors for the development of POP include a family history of POP, obesity, advancing age, prior hysterectomy, and conditions that chronically increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as asthma or constipation. […] Depending on where the weakness in the pelvic floor occurs, it may affect one or multiple organs of the pelvis. Weakness of the front side vaginal wall near the bladder results in a cystocele often called a dropped bladder. An enterocele refers to a weak spot in the vaginal ceiling causing uterine prolapse. Defects of the backside vaginal wall near the rectum result in a rectocele. Determining the location of the weakness is crucial in prescribing the right treatment.

• #49 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | CU Urogynecology | Colorado

  https://urogyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/conditions/pelvic-floor-disorders/pelvic-organ-prolapse.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) happens when one or more of a womans organs in the pelvic area drops (prolapses) from its normal position to push against the walls of the vagina. […] Causes of POP include vaginal childbirth, trauma, nerve damage, muscle strain, increased abdominal pressure (often due to being overweight, chronic cough, or straining), and age, which naturally weakens muscles. Older women are more likely to experience POP, and the number of women affected is increasing due to longer lifespan. […] Cystocele is a prolapse of the bladder into the front wall of the vagina due to a weakening and stretching of supporting tissues and muscles. Also called a prolapsed bladder, a cystocele is often caused by aging, genetic factors that cause some women to be born with weaker connective tissues, and by straining that occurs during childbirth, heavy lifting and chronic constipation or violent coughing.

• #49 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | CU Urogynecology | Colorado

  https://urogyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/conditions/pelvic-floor-disorders/pelvic-organ-prolapse.html

  Urethrocele occurs when tissues of the urethra drop down into the vagina. Also called a urethral prolapse, an urethrocele often happens in conjunction with a cystocele, or with other types of pelvic organ prolapse. […] An enterocele happens when a space develops between the vagina and the rectum allowing the small bowel (small intestine) to drop into the top of the vagina, creating a bulge. […] Rectocele prolapse occurs when the wall of tissue (fascia) separating the rectum from the vagina weakens and, typically, the front wall of the rectum pushes into the vagina. […] Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus drops into the vagina due to weak supporting tissue structure. […] Vaginal prolapse occurs when the upper portion of the vagina drops into the vaginal canal, sometimes protruding outside the vagina. Vaginal vault prolapse is due to a weakening of the pelvic supporting tissues and muscles that support the top of the vagina, which then loses its normal shape and prolapses downward.

• #50

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/womens-health/services-treatments/pelvic-floor-dysfunction/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Hysterectomy: The surgical removal of the uterus can be a risk factor, leading to a vaginal prolapse. […] Pregnancy and childbirth: The strain and stretching from childbirth is a risk factor that can lead to prolapse later in life. […] Genetics: If someone in your family had pelvic organ prolapse, you may be more at risk of developing the condition.

• #51 Pelvic organ prolapse in women: Diagnostic evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-diagnostic-evaluation

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), the herniation of the pelvic organs to or beyond the vaginal walls, occurs in up to 50 percent of parous women and causes a variety of pelvic, urinary, bowel, and sexual symptoms. […] A medical history is also important to elicit commonly associated symptoms since treatment of urinary or fecal symptoms is typically coordinated with treatment for POP.

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