Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. […] Exercise-associated muscle cramps are the most frequent condition requiring medical/therapeutic intervention during sports. […] This activity highlights the importance of collaboration and communication among the interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients suffering from muscle cramps. […] Describe the diagnostic approach for evaluating a patient who presents with muscle cramping. […] Review some of the key differentials that must be considered when evaluating a patient presenting with what appears to be muscle cramping. […] Outline the various management strategies that can be employed for a patient with muscle cramps.

• #1 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) are painful contractions and tightening of your muscles. […] Muscle spasms (also called muscle cramps) occur when your muscle involuntarily and forcibly contracts uncontrollably and cant relax. […] If you have chronic muscle cramps, along with other symptoms like pain, muscle weakness or poor coordination, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. They can help determine if you have an underlying neurological issue. […] In addition to reviewing your health history and medications, your provider may ask questions, including: How bad is your pain? When do your muscle spasms usually happen? How long do your cramps last? What do your muscle spasms feel like? When did your muscle spasms start? […] Theres no pill or injection that instantly relieves muscle spasms. But there are things you can do to try and stop muscle cramps fast: Stretch the affected area. Massage the affected area with your hands or a massage roller. Stand up and walk around. Apply heat or ice. Take over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

• #1 Muscle cramp – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350825

  See a health care provider if you have muscle cramps often that are severe and not getting better with self-care. […] For muscle cramps, questions to ask your provider might include: […] What tests do I need? […] Your provider is likely to ask you questions, including: […] What, if anything, do you do before you get a cramp? Do cramps usually happen after exercise? […] Do you have other symptoms, such as muscle weakness or numbness?

• #1 Muscle Cramp: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm

  Muscle cramps are extremely common. Almost everyone (one estimate is about 95%) experiences a cramp at some time in their life. […] How are muscle cramps diagnosed? There are no special tests for cramps. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of muscle cramps is relatively easy. Most people know what cramps are and when they have one. If present during a cramp, the doctor, or any other bystander, can feel the tense, firm bulge of the cramped muscle. […] Severe cramps, or those associated with heat exhaustion or dehydration may require blood tests to check electrolyte levels. If these levels are low, the electrolytes must be replaced by mouth or intravenously (I.V.).

• #1 Muscle cramps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/569

  Muscle cramps are mostly benign and self-limited, but may also be indicative of a wide variety of potentially serious systemic disorders. […] The diagnostic approach for idiopathic muscle cramps is one of exclusion. Cramps due to known pathologies can be ruled out reasonably quickly and easily by medical history and targeted physical examination. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, nocturnal onset, gastrocnemius muscle involvement, duration of 10 minutes, unilateral occurrence, precipitation by trivial movements, visible or palpable muscular knotting, good response to passive/active stretching, and normal neurological examination. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include serum or urine hCG, fasting serum metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), HbA1c, serum liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT) and INR, serum myoglobin and urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK)-MM, serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), serum zinc, electromyogram, nerve conduction studies, serum aldolase, muscle biopsy, and genetic studies.

• #1 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-aug-july/muscle-cramps

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The conventional definition of a muscle cramp is a painful contraction of a muscle or muscle group, relieved by contraction of antagonist muscles. […] Most often, a muscle cramp is confirmed with clinical history. Although cramps are not usually induced during motor examination or electrophysiologic tests, muscle cramps can rarely be seen incidentally during these assessments. If a cramp occurs in a muscle during needle EMG, the electrically silent nature of myogenic cramps or the characteristic high frequency (150 Hz) of involuntary cramp potentials in neurogenic muscle cramps may be seen along with classic EMG neurogenic or myopathic recruitment and morphologic features.

• #1 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The conventional definition of a muscle cramp is a painful contraction of a muscle or muscle group, relieved by contraction of antagonist muscles. Care must be taken to avoid confusing muscle cramps with other phenomena including central hyperexcitability (eg, dystonia, spasticity, seizures, and stiff person/stiff limb syndromes) and peripheral processes, including tetany, myokymia, myotonia, neuromyotonia (focal muscle stiffness), or myalgia. […] Most often, a muscle cramp is confirmed with clinical history. Although cramps are not usually induced during motor examination or electrophysiologic tests, muscle cramps can rarely be seen incidentally during these assessments. If a cramp occurs in a muscle during needle EMG, the electrically silent nature of myogenic cramps or the characteristic high frequency (150 Hz) of involuntary cramp potentials in neurogenic muscle cramps may be seen along with classic EMG neurogenic or myopathic recruitment and morphologic features. Needle EMG can identify electric activity that often accompanies muscle cramps (eg, fasciculations) or distinguish between other peripheral hyperexcitable phenomena (eg, myokymia, myotonia, or neuromyotonia).

• #1 Muscle Cramps: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are usually harmless and dont require medical attention. However, you should see a doctor if your muscle cramps are severe, dont improve with stretching, or persist for a long time. This could be a sign of an underlying medical condition. […] To learn the cause of muscle cramps, your doctor will perform a physical examination. They may ask you questions, such as: […] You may also need a blood test to check the levels of potassium and calcium in your blood, as well as your kidney and thyroid function. You may also take a pregnancy test. […] Your doctor may order an electromyography (EMG). This is a test that measures muscle activity and checks for muscle abnormalities. An MRI may also be a helpful test. Its an imaging tool that creates a picture of your spinal cord. […] Let your doctor know if youre experiencing weakness, pain, or a loss of sensation. These symptoms can be signs of a nerve disorder.

• #1 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal.

• #1 Muscle Cramps: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://lonestarneurology.net/muscular-dystrophy/muscle-cramps/

  Diagnosing muscle cramps is a challenge for medical professionals. It is because many other conditions also cause muscle contractions and pain. To make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor must gather a complete medical history and physical examination to determine the risk factors for developing muscle cramps. […] The doctor may then request laboratory tests. This way, they will rule out any underlying medical conditions. Further diagnostic tests may include: […] Nerve conduction or electromyogram (EMG) studies. The doctor needs this information to assess the presence of certain neuromuscular diseases. […] X-rays. It will help to detect any muscle or joint abnormalities that may be causing muscle spasms. […] Ultrasound scans. The ultrasound measures muscle activity. And it identifies muscle fibers that are failing to contract and relax usually.

• #1 Muscle Cramp Symptoms , Causes, Remedies & Treatment Methods

  https://www.sprintdiagnostics.in/symptoms/muscle-cramp

  Muscle cramps can be caused by various factors, including muscle fatigue or overuse, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (such as low levels of potassium, calcium, or magnesium), inadequate stretching or warm-up before exercise, poor blood circulation, nerve compression, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions (such as peripheral artery disease or nerve disorders). […] Diagnosing the underlying causes of muscle cramps often involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and, if necessary, additional tests or investigations. These may include blood tests to check for electrolyte imbalances or other abnormalities, nerve conduction studies to evaluate nerve function, or imaging studies (such as Ultrasound or MRI) to assess the muscles and surrounding structures. […] The common differential diagnoses for muscle cramps include muscle fatigue or overuse, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, nerve compression or entrapment, peripheral artery disease, restless leg syndrome, hypothyroidism, or certain medications. A healthcare professional can help determine the specific cause based on the symptoms and medical evaluation.

• #1 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] When patients complain of cramps it is important to clarify exactly what they mean, as the term is frequently used to describe any muscular 'tightness’. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. […] This is a diagnosis of exclusion but represents the majority of those experiencing the condition. Familial forms exist which appear to have an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.

• #1 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are very common (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, case series), and most cases have no detectable cause (SOR: C, expert opinion). […] History and physical should focus on detecting precipitating factors for iron deficiency anemia (gastrointestinal bleeding, frequent blood donations, menorrhagia), electrolyte imbalance (renal disease, fluid losses), endocrine disorders (thyroid, Addison’s disease), neuromuscular disorders (neuropathies and myopathies), and medication use (antidepressants and diuretics). Laboratory testing is guided by the history and physical and may include ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (SOR: C, expert opinion and nonsystematic review). […] All reviews suggest that the best diagnostic approach to leg cramps is a thorough history, and careful physical and neurological examination.

• #1 Muscle cramp | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscle-cramp

  A muscle cramp is an uncontrollable and painful spasm of a muscle. […] Regular cramping or severe cramping that lasts longer than a few minutes should always be investigated by your doctor. […] The exact cause of muscle cramp is not known, but risk factors may include: tight, inflexible muscles, poor physical condition, poor muscle tone, inadequate diet, physical overexertion, physical exertion of cold muscles, muscle injury, muscle fatigue, excessive perspiration, dehydration caused by, for example, a bout of gastroenteritis, reduced blood supply (ischaemia), wearing high-heeled shoes for lengthy periods. […] Certain diseases or conditions may increase the risk of muscle cramp, including: Atherosclerosis a condition characterised by narrowed arteries due to the formation of fatty plaques. Muscles are more likely to cramp if their blood supply is inadequate. […] See your doctor if you experience regular muscle cramping or if cramps last longer than a few minutes. You may have an undiagnosed medical condition that requires treatment.

• #1 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are painful, involuntary muscle contractions that can last seconds or minutes. […] Leg cramps can be a sign of serious conditions, including: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Lou Gehrigs disease): Progressive neuromuscular disease. […] Your healthcare provider will need to know your medical history, medications and a description of what youre experiencing. […] Theres no specific test to diagnose leg cramps. […] See a healthcare provider if your leg cramps are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. […] Go to the emergency room if a leg cramp lasts longer than 10 minutes or becomes unbearably painful.

• #1 Muscle Cramps / Leg Cramps, Differential Diagnosis | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/muscle-cramps-leg-cramps-differential-diagnosis/

  Idiopathic cramps (the most common type) Dehydration; volume depletion Exercise-induced cramps Pregnancy Hemodialysis (volume and electrolyte shifts); ESRD Muscle injury e.g. from sports; Exercise-associated muscle cramping; excessive running Diabetes Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Alkalosis (e.g. respiratory from hyperventilating or vomiting) McArdles disease (glycogen storage disease: muscle fatigue, cramping, high CK) Writers cramp Ehlers Danlos (hypermobility) syndrome Peripheral vascular disease; Vascular insufficiency; Claudication; Venous insufficiency Celiac disease (from impaired calcium absorption) Black widow spider bite Medications: Statins, Intravenous iron sucrose, raloxifene, Naproxen, conjugated estrogens, nifedipine, inhaled beta agonists, thiazides, beta blockers, cisplatin, vincristine, oral contraceptives, others) Lower motor neuron (injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, compression) Parkinson disease Hypnic myoclonus; Sleep starts and myoclonic jerks Myositis, myalgias Periodic limb movement disorder Restless leg syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Dystonias Neurologic deficit Compartment syndromes

• #1

  https://www.performancelab.com/blogs/fitness/muscle-cramps?srsltid=AfmBOor9LfgrcQoklasdWItVlm9C9M-8MZEfDHiz2gKvdV8eDUY01lwe

  Muscle cramps are sharp, sudden muscle contractions. Exercise-associated cramps after affect the calves, quadriceps and hamstrings. […] The underpinning pathophysiology of cramps has always been poorly understood. With many theories incorrect about why and how they occur. […] And through electrophysiological testing, medical professionals are able to determine the clinical root cause of cramps. Which usually include: Acute pain which is localized to a single muscle (or part of a muscle). Sudden, explosive pain with no warning. Quick, spontaneous resolution. Much like how it begins. And can be eased with gentle stretching or palpitation. […] The clinical presentation of EAMC is easily recognized, but its cause continues to be unresolved. […] The most common theory of exercise-associated muscle cramps is the dehydration-electrolyte imbalance theory.

• #1 Nocturnal muscle cramps – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nocturnal-leg-cramps

  Nocturnal muscle cramps, also termed nocturnal leg cramps and sleep-related leg cramps, are a common lower extremity condition that produces pain and can disrupt sleep. Symptoms result from involuntary muscle contractions, which are sudden in onset, usually affecting the calf or foot. […] Nocturnal muscle cramps are common and frequently unreported to clinicians. In the general population, they are present in 40 percent of those over the age of 50, have an increased frequency with age, show no sex preference, and are associated with sleep disturbance and overall poor health. […] Patients with chronic nocturnal muscle cramps exhibit nonperiodic bursts of gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. These episodes occur during sleep without preceding physiologic changes.

• #1 Leg Cramps | Side Effects of Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/pain/leg-cramps.html

  Cancer and its treatment may cause leg cramps and other types of muscle cramps. Cramps or spasms are painful tightening of the muscles in the leg, ankle, or foot. […] Your cancer care team can help create a plan to manage leg cramps. They might want you to take mineral and vitamin supplements if there is a problem with your electrolytes on a lab test. They might also prescribe a muscle relaxant if your leg cramps are severe or frequent. […] Tell your cancer care team if you are having leg cramps. Tell your team when they happen, how long they last, what they keep you from doing, what helps, what doesn’t help. […] Contact the cancer care team if your loved one has cramping that’s not relieved by cold, heat, massage, or by stretching the cramped muscle.

• #1 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  The majority of muscle cramps subside on their own and hence medical treatment is unnecessary. […] Patients with ongoing muscle cramps need to be referred to the relevant specialist to determine the cause and management. […] The prevention of cramps through the intake of magnesium in healthy people, in neurological patients or in pregnant women, is not confirmed in the literature.

• #1 Muscle Cramp Symptoms , Causes, Remedies & Treatment Methods

  https://www.sprintdiagnostics.in/symptoms/muscle-cramp

  For muscle cramps, it is advisable to consult with a primary care physician, a sports medicine specialist, or a healthcare professional specializing in orthopedics or neurology, depending on the nature and severity of your symptoms. They can evaluate your condition, perform necessary examinations or tests, and provide appropriate guidance or treatment.

• #2 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Summarize the importance of collaboration and communication among the interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients suffering from muscle cramps. […] The diagnosis is relatively simple: cramps and nighttime leg pains, which can disappear with stretching of the muscles involved. […] For a further differential diagnosis between a cramp of a physiological condition and a cramp in the presence of pathology, the simplest examination is electromyography. […] In healthy subjects, the prognosis for the appearance of cramps is always benign. […] Muscle cramps are not life-threatening but they may be indicative of a wide range of systemic disorders. […] Because of the varied causes and no definitive test to make the diagnosis, the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team.

• #2 Muscle cramps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/569

  Muscle cramps are mostly benign and self-limited, but may also be indicative of a wide variety of potentially serious systemic disorders. […] The diagnostic approach for idiopathic muscle cramps is one of exclusion. Cramps due to known pathologies can be ruled out reasonably quickly and easily by medical history and targeted physical examination. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, nocturnal onset, gastrocnemius muscle involvement, duration of 10 minutes, unilateral occurrence, precipitation by trivial movements, visible or palpable muscular knotting, good response to passive/active stretching, and normal neurological examination. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include serum or urine hCG, fasting serum metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), HbA1c, serum liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT) and INR, serum myoglobin and urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK)-MM, serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), serum zinc, electromyogram, nerve conduction studies, serum aldolase, muscle biopsy, and genetic studies.

• #2 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) are painful contractions and tightening of your muscles. […] Muscle spasms (also called muscle cramps) occur when your muscle involuntarily and forcibly contracts uncontrollably and cant relax. […] If you have chronic muscle cramps, along with other symptoms like pain, muscle weakness or poor coordination, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. They can help determine if you have an underlying neurological issue. […] In addition to reviewing your health history and medications, your provider may ask questions, including: How bad is your pain? When do your muscle spasms usually happen? How long do your cramps last? What do your muscle spasms feel like? When did your muscle spasms start? […] Theres no pill or injection that instantly relieves muscle spasms. But there are things you can do to try and stop muscle cramps fast: Stretch the affected area. Massage the affected area with your hands or a massage roller. Stand up and walk around. Apply heat or ice. Take over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

• #2 Charley horse: Causes, prevention, and pain relief

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312241

  When a person visits a doctor about a charley horse problem, the doctor may ask about their symptoms, including: […] A doctor may also ask the person to perform stretches around the area affected by cramps or move nearby muscles. This can help the doctor determine the potential cause. […] If there are signs that an underlying problem may be causing the cramps, a doctor can suggest further tests. If the person is taking a drug that increases the chance of cramping, a doctor may change this or the dosage. […] Anyone who notices an increase in the frequency or severity of muscle cramps should contact a doctor, as they may have an underlying problem that needs addressing.

• #2 Muscle cramps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/569

  Muscle cramps are mostly benign and self-limited, but may also be indicative of a wide variety of potentially serious systemic disorders. […] The diagnostic approach for idiopathic muscle cramps is one of exclusion. Cramps due to known pathologies can be ruled out reasonably quickly and easily by medical history and targeted physical exam. […] Key diagnostic factors include concurrent hemodialysis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, strenuous exercise, medication use, nocturnal onset, gastrocnemius muscle involvement, duration of 10 minutes, unilateral cramps, and good response to passive/active stretching. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include serum or urine hCG, fasting serum metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), HbA1c, serum liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT) and INR, serum myoglobin and urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK)-MM, serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), serum zinc, EMG, nerve conduction studies, serum aldolase, muscle biopsy, and genetic studies.

• #2 Muscle Cramps – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/symptoms-of-neurologic-disorders/muscle-cramps

  A muscle cramp (charley horse) is a sudden, brief, involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. […] Cramps must be differentiated from claudication and dystonias; clinical evaluation is usually adequate. […] Evaluation of muscle cramps focuses on recognition of what is treatable. […] Stretching can help relieve and prevent cramps. […] The most common causes are benign idiopathic leg cramps and exercise-associated muscle cramping. […] Medications are usually not recommended.

• #2 Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of muscle cramps: a clinical approach – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19078696/

  Muscle cramps are one of the most frequently occurring neuromuscular features. They occur normally in healthy persons, can be the manifestation of one of several cramp syndromes, but can also be the expression of various underlying neuromuscular disorders. […] We review the various types and boundaries of cramps, ranging from true muscle cramps to electromyographic silent muscle contractures (for example, Brody’s disease) and cramps associated with dystrophinopathies. […] In addition, we delineate true muscle cramp from muscle stiffness and muscle twitching. […] Finally, we propose a workup in a patient suspected of having muscle cramps.

• #2 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The conventional definition of a muscle cramp is a painful contraction of a muscle or muscle group, relieved by contraction of antagonist muscles. Care must be taken to avoid confusing muscle cramps with other phenomena including central hyperexcitability (eg, dystonia, spasticity, seizures, and stiff person/stiff limb syndromes) and peripheral processes, including tetany, myokymia, myotonia, neuromyotonia (focal muscle stiffness), or myalgia. […] Most often, a muscle cramp is confirmed with clinical history. Although cramps are not usually induced during motor examination or electrophysiologic tests, muscle cramps can rarely be seen incidentally during these assessments. If a cramp occurs in a muscle during needle EMG, the electrically silent nature of myogenic cramps or the characteristic high frequency (150 Hz) of involuntary cramp potentials in neurogenic muscle cramps may be seen along with classic EMG neurogenic or myopathic recruitment and morphologic features. Needle EMG can identify electric activity that often accompanies muscle cramps (eg, fasciculations) or distinguish between other peripheral hyperexcitable phenomena (eg, myokymia, myotonia, or neuromyotonia).

• #2 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-aug-july/muscle-cramps

  Investigation can be directed when muscle cramps are particularly bothersome, severe, or frequent. A practical approach is to consider first whether cramps are neurogenic or myogenic. Nerve conduction studies and needle EMG can be helpful in differentiating neurogenic from myogenic cramps. […] If cramps are found to be an isolated finding not associated with any identifiable neurogenic, myogenic, or metabolic source, they can be labelled as idiopathic and treated as such. […] If cramps remain frequent, severe, and disabling, pharmacologic prescription level intervention should be considered.

• #2 Muscle Cramps: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are usually harmless and dont require medical attention. However, you should see a doctor if your muscle cramps are severe, dont improve with stretching, or persist for a long time. This could be a sign of an underlying medical condition. […] To learn the cause of muscle cramps, your doctor will perform a physical examination. They may ask you questions, such as: […] You may also need a blood test to check the levels of potassium and calcium in your blood, as well as your kidney and thyroid function. You may also take a pregnancy test. […] Your doctor may order an electromyography (EMG). This is a test that measures muscle activity and checks for muscle abnormalities. An MRI may also be a helpful test. Its an imaging tool that creates a picture of your spinal cord. […] Let your doctor know if youre experiencing weakness, pain, or a loss of sensation. These symptoms can be signs of a nerve disorder.

• #2 Muscle Cramps: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://lonestarneurology.net/muscular-dystrophy/muscle-cramps/

  MRT. Magnetic resonance imaging can identify muscle and joint injuries. They can be a cause of muscle spasms. […] The doctor can make an accurate diagnosis using a combination of these tests. After identifying the cause, the doctor will find a way to treat it. Muscle cramps all over the body will no longer be a problem.

• #2 Muscle Cramps / Leg Cramps, Differential Diagnosis | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/muscle-cramps-leg-cramps-differential-diagnosis/

  Idiopathic cramps (the most common type) Dehydration; volume depletion Exercise-induced cramps Pregnancy Hemodialysis (volume and electrolyte shifts); ESRD Muscle injury e.g. from sports; Exercise-associated muscle cramping; excessive running Diabetes Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Alkalosis (e.g. respiratory from hyperventilating or vomiting) McArdles disease (glycogen storage disease: muscle fatigue, cramping, high CK) Writers cramp Ehlers Danlos (hypermobility) syndrome Peripheral vascular disease; Vascular insufficiency; Claudication; Venous insufficiency Celiac disease (from impaired calcium absorption) Black widow spider bite Medications: Statins, Intravenous iron sucrose, raloxifene, Naproxen, conjugated estrogens, nifedipine, inhaled beta agonists, thiazides, beta blockers, cisplatin, vincristine, oral contraceptives, others) Lower motor neuron (injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, compression) Parkinson disease Hypnic myoclonus; Sleep starts and myoclonic jerks Myositis, myalgias Periodic limb movement disorder Restless leg syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Dystonias Neurologic deficit Compartment syndromes

• #2 Muscle Cramps – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are more likely when you exercise in hot weather because sweat drains your body’s fluids, salt, and minerals (i.e., potassium, magnesium, and calcium). Loss of these nutrients may also cause a muscle to spasm. […] Although the vast majority of muscle cramps are harmless, muscle cramps can sometimes be a sign of a more serious health condition, such as: spinal nerve irritation or compression (radiculopathy), hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis), thyroid disease, chronic infection, cirrhosis of the liver, Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS), though this disease is rare. […] See your doctor if your cramps: are severe, happen frequently, respond poorly to the simple treatments mentioned above, are not related to obvious causes like strenuous exercise or dehydration.

• #2 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals may cause muscle cramps: Calcium. Potassium. Magnesium (hypomagnesemia). Vitamin D. […] Severe muscle cramps all over your body could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or a serious underlying medical condition like atherosclerosis, thyroid disease or multiple sclerosis (MS). […] If muscle cramps keep you from sleeping well or doing the things you love, like playing sports, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #2

  https://www.performancelab.com/blogs/fitness/muscle-cramps?srsltid=AfmBOor9LfgrcQoklasdWItVlm9C9M-8MZEfDHiz2gKvdV8eDUY01lwe

  The neuromuscular theory of EAMC suggests that cramps are in fact caused by neural overwork. […] In the event of muscle cramps, stretching seems to be the most appropriate treatment. […] Stretching can help to alleviate the immediate discomfort of muscle cramps, but a preventative approach is recommended. […] Hydration, nutrition supplemented if necessary pre and during high-intensity exercise is a smart strategy for all athletes in all conditions.

• #2 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal.

• #2 Leg Cramps and Cancer: What’s the Connection?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/leg-cramps

  You may have had leg cramps and muscle spasms before cancer, such as after intense exercise or when you weren’t hydrated enough. But for some cancer patients, what once was an occasional annoyance may become a constant issue. Persistent cramping of the leg and other muscles is a common side effect of cancer and cancer treatment, especially at night, which may affect sleep. […] A muscle cramp or spasm is a painful tightening of a muscle. It may be sudden, and the muscle may feel tight or stiff. It may make it hard to move the muscle, but it usually lasts only a few minutes. […] Some conditions and treatments associated with cancer may worsen leg cramps. These include: […] More generally, everyday causes of leg cramps may be exacerbated by cancer, cancer-related conditions or cancer treatment. General factors that may lead to more leg cramps include:

• #2 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  If you have severe or frequent muscle spasms, a healthcare provider may prescribe muscle relaxers to help ease your symptoms. […] Muscle spasms can strike at any time. Because theyre so unpredictable, they can be difficult to prevent. […] Muscle spasms can worsen and happen more frequently with age. Preventive techniques, like the exercises outlined above, can reduce your overall risk for muscle spasms. […] See your healthcare provider if the spasms are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. […] You should call 911 (or your local emergency service number) or go to your nearest emergency room if you have: Unbearable pain. Muscle cramps all over your body. Spasms that began after touching a potentially poisoning substance. […] If youre having frequent muscle spasms, here are some questions you might want to ask your healthcare provider: Should I see a specialist? Could my muscle spasms be a symptom of a disease?

• #3 Muscle Cramps – Causes and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/muscle-cramps

  Your doctor will ask you some questions about your symptoms, such as: […] How severe are your muscle cramps? […] When do you usually experience pain? […] How long does it last? […] Are there any other associated symptoms?

• #3 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The conventional definition of a muscle cramp is a painful contraction of a muscle or muscle group, relieved by contraction of antagonist muscles. Care must be taken to avoid confusing muscle cramps with other phenomena including central hyperexcitability (eg, dystonia, spasticity, seizures, and stiff person/stiff limb syndromes) and peripheral processes, including tetany, myokymia, myotonia, neuromyotonia (focal muscle stiffness), or myalgia. […] Most often, a muscle cramp is confirmed with clinical history. Although cramps are not usually induced during motor examination or electrophysiologic tests, muscle cramps can rarely be seen incidentally during these assessments. If a cramp occurs in a muscle during needle EMG, the electrically silent nature of myogenic cramps or the characteristic high frequency (150 Hz) of involuntary cramp potentials in neurogenic muscle cramps may be seen along with classic EMG neurogenic or myopathic recruitment and morphologic features. Needle EMG can identify electric activity that often accompanies muscle cramps (eg, fasciculations) or distinguish between other peripheral hyperexcitable phenomena (eg, myokymia, myotonia, or neuromyotonia).

• #3 Muscle cramps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/569

  Muscle cramps are mostly benign and self-limited, but may also be indicative of a wide variety of potentially serious systemic disorders. […] The diagnostic approach for idiopathic muscle cramps is one of exclusion. Cramps due to known pathologies can be ruled out reasonably quickly and easily by medical history and targeted physical exam. […] Key diagnostic factors include concurrent hemodialysis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, strenuous exercise, medication use, nocturnal onset, gastrocnemius muscle involvement, duration of 10 minutes, unilateral cramps, and good response to passive/active stretching. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include serum or urine hCG, fasting serum metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), HbA1c, serum liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT) and INR, serum myoglobin and urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK)-MM, serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), serum zinc, EMG, nerve conduction studies, serum aldolase, muscle biopsy, and genetic studies.

• #3 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Nocturnal Leg Cramp Diagnosis […] If you often have severe leg cramps, talk to your doctor, who can determine what’s causing them. […] You will be asked about your medical history and your symptoms. You’ll likely talk about your current medications in case one of them could be the culprit. You may also undergo a physical exam to look for possible causes of your cramps. For example, your doctor will examine your legs for telltale signs of blood-flow problems, such as swelling and varicose veins. You likely will undergo both blood and urine tests to help your doctor spot less obvious problems and to rule out possible causes. […] These tests may include: Blood glucose (sugar) […] Hemoglobin A1c test, which measures your average blood sugar level over the past 3 months […] Complete blood count […] Blood tests that measure your electrolytes, such as iron, sodium, potassium, and calcium […] Creatinine, a urine test that helps evaluate how well your kidneys are working […] Thyroid-stimulating hormone, a blood test to check on the functioning of your thyroid gland.

• #3 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are very common (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, case series), and most cases have no detectable cause (SOR: C, expert opinion). […] History and physical should focus on detecting precipitating factors for iron deficiency anemia (gastrointestinal bleeding, frequent blood donations, menorrhagia), electrolyte imbalance (renal disease, fluid losses), endocrine disorders (thyroid, Addison’s disease), neuromuscular disorders (neuropathies and myopathies), and medication use (antidepressants and diuretics). Laboratory testing is guided by the history and physical and may include ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (SOR: C, expert opinion and nonsystematic review). […] All reviews suggest that the best diagnostic approach to leg cramps is a thorough history, and careful physical and neurological examination.

• #3 Muscle Cramps: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://lonestarneurology.net/muscular-dystrophy/muscle-cramps/

  Diagnosing muscle cramps is a challenge for medical professionals. It is because many other conditions also cause muscle contractions and pain. To make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor must gather a complete medical history and physical examination to determine the risk factors for developing muscle cramps. […] The doctor may then request laboratory tests. This way, they will rule out any underlying medical conditions. Further diagnostic tests may include: […] Nerve conduction or electromyogram (EMG) studies. The doctor needs this information to assess the presence of certain neuromuscular diseases. […] X-rays. It will help to detect any muscle or joint abnormalities that may be causing muscle spasms. […] Ultrasound scans. The ultrasound measures muscle activity. And it identifies muscle fibers that are failing to contract and relax usually.

• #3 Muscle Pain – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/muscle-pain

  If the cause of your muscle pain is unknown or you experience severe or chronic muscle pain, doctors may order additional tests. […] Blood tests can help determine your enzyme, hormone, and electrolyte levels and check for signs of infections. […] CT scan or MRI can identify muscle damage. […] Electromyography (EMG) can measure the electrical activity in nerves and muscles and evaluate nerve and muscle function. […] Muscle biopsy. […] These additional tests can help your doctor make a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

• #3 Back Spasms: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/back-pain/lower-back-spasms

  Your doctor may order an X-ray to look for signs of arthritis or bone fracture. […] They may also order an MRI or CT scan to gain a better look at the muscles and other soft tissues. These scans can also help identify possible problems with the discs or with blood supply to the affected area. […] You can help your doctor arrive at an accurate diagnosis by explaining your symptoms in detail. Be ready to discuss: the severity of your back pain, how often it flares up, what relieves the pain, when it started. […] Be sure to tell your doctor if you started getting spasms after a sports injury or after some other physical activity such as moving furniture. That may help determine whether a muscle injury caused the spasms.

• #3 Muscle Weakness in Adults: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p95.html

  If the etiology remains unclear, specialist consultation or muscle biopsy may be necessary to reach a diagnosis. […] Muscle biopsy should be considered to clarify the diagnosis in patients who have objective muscle weakness with elevated creatine kinase levels or abnormal findings on electromyography or muscle magnetic resonance imaging. […] Muscle biopsy is considered the definitive test for diagnosing myopathies; however, it is invasive and used sparingly. […] Muscle biopsy should be considered to clarify the diagnosis in patients who have objective weakness with elevated creatine kinase levels or abnormal findings on electromyography or on muscle magnetic resonance imaging.

• #3 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals may cause muscle cramps: Calcium. Potassium. Magnesium (hypomagnesemia). Vitamin D. […] Severe muscle cramps all over your body could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or a serious underlying medical condition like atherosclerosis, thyroid disease or multiple sclerosis (MS). […] If muscle cramps keep you from sleeping well or doing the things you love, like playing sports, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #3 Symptoms of PAD | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/symptoms-of-pad

  The most common symptom of lower-extremity peripheral artery disease, or PAD, is painful or uncomfortable muscle cramping in the hips, thighs or calves when walking, climbing stairs or exercising. […] The cramping pain (called intermittent claudication) is the muscles’ way of warning the body that it isn’t receiving enough blood during exercise to meet the increased demand. […] For an accurate diagnosis, consider the source of your pain. PAD leg pain occurs in the muscles, not the joints.

• #3 Muscle Cramps / Leg Cramps, Differential Diagnosis | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/muscle-cramps-leg-cramps-differential-diagnosis/

  Idiopathic cramps (the most common type) Dehydration; volume depletion Exercise-induced cramps Pregnancy Hemodialysis (volume and electrolyte shifts); ESRD Muscle injury e.g. from sports; Exercise-associated muscle cramping; excessive running Diabetes Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Alkalosis (e.g. respiratory from hyperventilating or vomiting) McArdles disease (glycogen storage disease: muscle fatigue, cramping, high CK) Writers cramp Ehlers Danlos (hypermobility) syndrome Peripheral vascular disease; Vascular insufficiency; Claudication; Venous insufficiency Celiac disease (from impaired calcium absorption) Black widow spider bite Medications: Statins, Intravenous iron sucrose, raloxifene, Naproxen, conjugated estrogens, nifedipine, inhaled beta agonists, thiazides, beta blockers, cisplatin, vincristine, oral contraceptives, others) Lower motor neuron (injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, compression) Parkinson disease Hypnic myoclonus; Sleep starts and myoclonic jerks Myositis, myalgias Periodic limb movement disorder Restless leg syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Dystonias Neurologic deficit Compartment syndromes

• #3 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] When patients complain of cramps it is important to clarify exactly what they mean, as the term is frequently used to describe any muscular 'tightness’. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. […] This is a diagnosis of exclusion but represents the majority of those experiencing the condition. Familial forms exist which appear to have an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.

• #3 Muscle cramp – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350825

  See a health care provider if you have muscle cramps often that are severe and not getting better with self-care. […] For muscle cramps, questions to ask your provider might include: […] What tests do I need? […] Your provider is likely to ask you questions, including: […] What, if anything, do you do before you get a cramp? Do cramps usually happen after exercise? […] Do you have other symptoms, such as muscle weakness or numbness?

• #3 Leg Cramps and Cancer: What’s the Connection?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/leg-cramps

  If your muscle cramps are severe or frequent, your doctor may prescribe a temporary muscle relaxant or a prescription pain medication. […] There are a few things to watch out for, as these may be signs of other health issues. These include: […] If any of these things happen to you or a loved one, call the doctor. If symptoms combine—such as you’re feeling lightheaded, have a racing heart rate, coughing and pain in the chest, back, arm, shoulder or jaw—go to the emergency room right away.

• #3 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are painful, involuntary muscle contractions that can last seconds or minutes. […] Leg cramps can be a sign of serious conditions, including: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Lou Gehrigs disease): Progressive neuromuscular disease. […] Your healthcare provider will need to know your medical history, medications and a description of what youre experiencing. […] Theres no specific test to diagnose leg cramps. […] See a healthcare provider if your leg cramps are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. […] Go to the emergency room if a leg cramp lasts longer than 10 minutes or becomes unbearably painful.

• #4 Hand or foot spasms: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003194.htm

  If you notice recurrent spasms of your hands or feet, contact your provider. […] The provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your medical history and symptoms. Blood and urine tests may be done. Tests may include: Potassium, calcium and magnesium levels, Hormone levels, Kidney function tests, Vitamin D levels (25-OH vitamin D), Nerve conduction and electromyography tests may be ordered to determine if nerve or muscle disease is present. Treatment depends on the cause of the spasms. For example, if they are due to dehydration, your provider will likely suggest you drink more fluids. Some studies suggest that certain medicines and vitamins may help.

• #4 Muscle Spasms: Causes, Symptoms, Duration, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_spasms/article.htm

  For patients with recurrent muscle spasms where the cause is not easily diagnosed by history and physical examination, testing may be necessary to give direction as to potential causes. […] If there is concern that the spasms are due to a nerve or muscle disorder, electromyography (EMG) may be done to determine whether there may be an abnormality of the muscle, of the nerves, or both. […] If there is concern about the potential for peripheral artery disease, tests of blood flow to the legs may be considered, including an ankle-brachial index (ABI), which compares blood pressures in the arms and legs, and ultrasound and angiography (often using CT or MRI) to directly assess the blood vessels.

• #4 Muscle Pain – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/muscle-pain

  If the cause of your muscle pain is unknown or you experience severe or chronic muscle pain, doctors may order additional tests. […] Blood tests can help determine your enzyme, hormone, and electrolyte levels and check for signs of infections. […] CT scan or MRI can identify muscle damage. […] Electromyography (EMG) can measure the electrical activity in nerves and muscles and evaluate nerve and muscle function. […] Muscle biopsy. […] These additional tests can help your doctor make a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

• #4 Muscle Cramps – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are more likely when you exercise in hot weather because sweat drains your body’s fluids, salt, and minerals (i.e., potassium, magnesium, and calcium). Loss of these nutrients may also cause a muscle to spasm. […] Although the vast majority of muscle cramps are harmless, muscle cramps can sometimes be a sign of a more serious health condition, such as: spinal nerve irritation or compression (radiculopathy), hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis), thyroid disease, chronic infection, cirrhosis of the liver, Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS), though this disease is rare. […] See your doctor if your cramps: are severe, happen frequently, respond poorly to the simple treatments mentioned above, are not related to obvious causes like strenuous exercise or dehydration.

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