Skolioza – Epidemiologia

Skolioza
Epidemiologia

Skolioza, definiowana jako boczne skrzywienie kręgosłupa z rotacją kręgów, występuje z częstością od 0,47% do 5,2%, ze średnią globalną około 3,1% (95% CI: 1,5%-5,2%) w populacji dzieci i młodzieży. Epidemiologia wykazuje znaczne zróżnicowanie regionalne, np. w Chinach częstość waha się od 0,33% do 2,52%, a w USA wynosi około 2-3%. Skolioza idiopatyczna stanowi około 80% przypadków, z częstością 1,7% (95% CI: 1,1%-2,4%), natomiast skolioza wrodzona i nerwowo-mięśniowa występują rzadziej (odpowiednio 0,215% i zmienna w zależności od choroby podstawowej, np. 41% u pacjentów z mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym). Występowanie skoliozy rośnie z wiekiem, osiągając 8% u dorosłych powyżej 25 lat i aż 68% u osób powyżej 60 roku życia, głównie z powodu zmian zwyrodnieniowych. Stosunek płci wskazuje na większą predyspozycję dziewcząt, szczególnie w przypadku krzywizn o kącie Cobba ≥40°, gdzie stosunek dziewcząt do chłopców wynosi 7,2:1, a dla krzywizn powyżej 30° u młodzieży 10:1.

Scoliosis – Epidemiologia i nadzór

Skolioza to jedno z najczęstszych zniekształceń kręgosłupa, charakteryzujące się bocznym skrzywieniem kręgosłupa z towarzyszącą rotacją kręgów. Dokładne dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące skoliozy różnią się znacząco w zależności od badanej populacji, zastosowanych kryteriów diagnostycznych oraz metod badawczych. Przegląd aktualnych informacji epidemiologicznych jest kluczowy dla zrozumienia skali problemu i planowania odpowiednich działań profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych.¹²

Globalna częstość występowania

Częstość występowania skoliozy waha się w granicach od 0,47% do 5,2% w aktualnej literaturze. Nowsze meta-analizy wskazują na globalną częstość występowania na poziomie 3,1% (95% CI: 1,5%-5,2%), co dotyczy populacji dzieci i młodzieży. Badania systematyczne, obejmujące ponad 55 milionów dzieci i młodzieży, zidentyfikowały ponad 284 000 przypadków skoliozy.¹²³

W Stanach Zjednoczonych skolioza dotyka około 2-3% populacji, co przekłada się na szacunkowo 6-9 milionów osób. Rocznie pacjenci ze skoliozą odbywają ponad 600 000 wizyt w gabinetach prywatnych, około 30 000 dzieci jest dopasowywanych do gorsetów, a 38 000 pacjentów poddawanych jest operacji spondylodezy kręgosłupa.⁴⁵

Różnice regionalne

Epidemiologia skoliozy wykazuje znaczące różnice regionalne, co sugeruje wpływ czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych. Badania przeprowadzone w różnych częściach świata wykazały zróżnicowane wskaźniki częstości występowania:⁶⁷

Chiny: częstość występowania skoliozy wśród dzieci w wieku szkolnym na wyspie Chongming wynosiła 2,52%, co jest wyższe niż wcześniej raportowane wskaźniki w innych prowincjach Chin (0,70% do 2,09%)⁸
Singapur: 0,38% do 1,2%⁹
Japonia: 0,87%¹⁰
Turcja: 0,25%¹¹
Arabia Saudyjska: 0,78%¹²
Indie: 0,13%¹³
Minnesota (USA): 1,2%¹⁴
Brazylia: 1,4-2,2%¹⁵
Grecja: 1,7%¹⁶
Nigeria: 1,2%¹⁷

W Chinach występuje znacząca różnica w częstości występowania skoliozy idiopatycznej pomiędzy regionami geograficznymi – najwyższa w północno-zachodnich Chinach (1,54%, 95% CI: 0,75%-2,65%), a najniższa w północnych Chinach (0,33%, 95% CI: 0,11%-0,73%).¹⁸

Rozkład według wieku i płci

Skolioza może dotykać pacjentów w każdym wieku, jednak charakteryzuje się wyraźnymi wzorcami występowania w zależności od wieku i płci:¹⁹

Skolioza wrodzona: rozwija się w wieku 0-3 lat i ma częstość występowania około 1000 na 100 000 osób (1%)²⁰
Skolioza młodzieńcza: rozwija się w wieku 11-18 lat i stanowi około 90% przypadków skoliozy idiopatycznej u dzieci²¹
Skolioza dorosłych: częstość występowania powyżej 8000 na 100 000 (8%) u dorosłych powyżej 25 roku życia i wzrasta do 68 000 na 100 000 (68%) u osób powyżej 60 roku życia, głównie z powodu zmian zwyrodnieniowych w starzejącym się kręgosłupie²²²³

Stosunek liczby dziewcząt do chłopców waha się od 1,5:1 do 3:1 i znacząco wzrasta wraz z wiekiem. W szczególności częstość występowania krzywizn o większych kątach Cobba jest znacznie wyższa u dziewcząt niż u chłopców: stosunek dziewcząt do chłopców wzrasta z 1,4:1 w przypadku krzywizn od 10° do 20° do 7,2:1 w przypadku krzywizn ≥40°.²⁴²⁵

W przypadku młodzieńczej skoliozy idiopatycznej stosunek płci żeńskiej do męskiej dla krzywizn powyżej 30° wynosi 10:1, podczas gdy dla mniejszych krzywizn stosunek płci wynosi 1:1.²⁶²⁷

Częstość występowania według typu skoliozy

Skolioza może być klasyfikowana na podstawie etiologii jako idiopatyczna, wrodzona lub nerwowo-mięśniowa:²⁸

Skolioza idiopatyczna: stanowi około 80% wszystkich przypadków skoliozy, z częstością występowania oszacowaną na 1,7% (95% CI: 1,1%-2,4%)²⁹³⁰
Skolioza wrodzona: częstość występowania wynosi około 0,215% (95% CI: 0,12%-1,2%)³¹
Skolioza nerwowo-mięśniowa: występowanie zależy od choroby podstawowej, np. częstość występowania skoliozy u osób z mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym wynosi 41%³²

Badanie przeprowadzone na podstawie Narodowej Bazy Danych Ubezpieczenia Zdrowotnego wykazało, że ogólna średnia częstość występowania skoliozy wrodzonej w ciągu 5-letniego okresu wynosiła 3,08 na 100 000 osób, z najwyższym wskaźnikiem w wieku 0 lat i drugim najwyższym w wieku 12-16 lat.³³

Charakterystyka krzywizn kręgosłupa

Wielkość krzywizny

Większość krzywizn skoliotycznych jest niewielka. W badaniu przeprowadzonym na wyspie Chongming stwierdzono, że małe krzywizny skoliotyczne (10° do 19°) są najczęstsze (94,2%). To ustalenie jest zgodne z doniesieniami z Korei, Tokio, Turcji i Indii.³⁴

Częstość występowania skoliozy w populacji dla różnych wartości kąta Cobba:³⁵³⁶

Kąt Cobba ≥10°: 1-4% populacji (do 14% według niektórych źródeł)
Kąt Cobba ≥20°: 0,3-0,5% populacji
Kąt Cobba ≥40°: 0,1-0,4% populacji

Lokalizacja i typ krzywizny

Najczęstsze typy krzywizn skoliotycznych to piersiowe i piersiowo-lędźwiowe. To ustalenie jest zgodne z doniesieniami z Brazylii, Singapuru, Nigerii i Krety, ale różni się od doniesień z Grecji, gdzie proporcja pojedynczych krzywizn piersiowo-lędźwiowych i lędźwiowych znacznie przewyższała wszystkie inne.³⁷

Rozkład typów krzywizn z badania przeprowadzonego w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej:³⁸

Piersiowe: 53,8%
Lędźwiowe: 9,4%
Piersiowo-lędźwiowe: 36,8%

Krzywizny wypukłe w prawo są częstsze niż te w lewo, a pojedyncze krzywizny w kształcie „C” są nieco częstsze niż podwójne krzywizny w kształcie „S”. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej, krzywizna była pojedyncza w 83% przypadków i podwójna w 17% przypadków. Wypukłość była prawostronna w 65,1% przypadków i lewostronna w 34,9% przypadków.³⁹⁴⁰

Badania przesiewowe i nadzór

Programy badań przesiewowych w szkołach

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku skoliozy są prowadzone na całym świecie, chociaż ich wdrożenie i efektywność różnią się w zależności od kraju. W Chinach badania przesiewowe w kierunku skoliozy nie były przeprowadzane aż do 1985 roku. Do 2012 roku tylko trzy prowincje i jedna gmina w Chinach przeprowadziły takie badania przesiewowe. Obecnie program badań przesiewowych w kierunku skoliozy nie jest uwzględniony w chińskiej Szkolnej Służbie Zdrowia i nie ma zalecenia, aby go włączyć.⁴¹

W Stanach Zjednoczonych ponad połowa stanów nakazuje lub zaleca badania przesiewowe w kierunku skoliozy w szkołach. Dzieci i młodzież są zwykle badane za pomocą testu skłonu w przód (forward bend test), z lub bez pomiaru skoliometrem.⁴²

Odsetek uczniów kierowanych na zdjęcia rentgenowskie w badaniu na wyspie Chongming (6,5%, 442 z 6824) mieścił się w zakresie podawanym z innych krajów (0,9% do 9,6%).⁴³

Skuteczność badań przesiewowych

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku skoliozy są kluczowe dla wczesnego wykrywania i interwencji. Dokładność badań przesiewowych była najwyższa (93,8% czułości i 99,2% swoistości), gdy stosowano 3 odrębne testy przesiewowe (np. test skłonu w przód, pomiar skoliometrem i topografię Moiré); czułość była niższa, gdy programy przesiewowe stosowały tylko 1 lub 2 testy przesiewowe (np. 71,1% dla testu skłonu w przód i pomiaru skoliometrem oraz 84,4% dla samego testu skłonu w przód).⁴⁴

Fałszywie dodatnie wyniki wahały się od 0,8% dla testu skłonu w przód w połączeniu z pomiarem skoliometrem i topografią Moiré do 21,5% dla samej oceny garbu.⁴⁵

Wytyczne dotyczące nadzoru

Badania epidemiologiczne są wykorzystywane do opracowania wytycznych dotyczących nadzoru nad skoliozą, szczególnie u pacjentów z grup wysokiego ryzyka, takich jak osoby z mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym lub dystrofinopatiami.⁴⁶⁴⁷

Badania sugerują, że kortykosteroidy mogą opóźnić progresję krzywizny kręgosłupa i potrzebę operacji skoliozy u pacjentów z dystrofinopatią. Kontynuowanie stosowania kortykosteroidów po utracie zdolności chodzenia wykazało również potencjalne korzyści w opóźnianiu progresji krzywizny.⁴⁸

Czynniki ryzyka i predyktory

Czynniki genetyczne

Różnice regionalne w epidemiologii skoliozy sugerują podstawę genetyczną. Badania wskazują, że skolioza idiopatyczna ma silny komponent genetyczny, choć dokładne geny odpowiedzialne za jej rozwój nie zostały w pełni zidentyfikowane.⁴⁹

Wywiad rodzinny skoliozy jest obecny w niektórych przypadkach. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej wywiad rodzinny skoliozy stwierdzono w 1,8% przypadków.⁵⁰

Predyktory demograficzne

Istotne predyktory skoliozy obejmują płeć, wiek, wskaźnik masy ciała (BMI), rasę, czynniki środowiskowe i wybory dotyczące stylu życia.⁵¹

Henderson i wsp. sugerowali, że skolioza może rozwijać się częściej u dzieci urodzonych przez matki, które są w wieku 27 lat lub starsze. Można postawić hipotezę, że może być zaangażona fragmentacja genów (np. wyższy wskaźnik niemowląt z zespołem Downa urodzonych przez starsze matki). Dokładne wyjaśnienie, dlaczego tak może być, nie zostało wyjaśnione. Ponadto, żadni inni autorzy nie powielili tych wyników.⁵²

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Niedostateczna umiarkowana do intensywnej aktywność fizyczna (MVPA), szczególnie MVPA w stanie nieaktywności, oraz nadmierny czas spędzany przed ekranem są czynnikami ryzyka młodzieńczej skoliozy idiopatycznej. Ponadto, wspólne efekty niewystarczającej MVPA i nadmiernego czasu przed ekranem prawdopodobnie zwiększają ryzyko młodzieńczej skoliozy idiopatycznej.⁵³

Korelacja pomiędzy BMI a skoliozą jest złożona i przyciąga znaczną uwagę w badaniach epidemiologicznych. Osoby z nadwagą mogą być w grupie zwiększonego ryzyka rozwoju skoliozy.⁵⁴

Ryzyko progresji

Ryzyko progresji młodzieńczej skoliozy idiopatycznej ma implikacje dla zarządzania. Jednak niemożliwe jest dokładne przewidzenie, które krzywizny będą postępować, a które nie. Krzywe postępują u około dwóch trzecich pacjentów z niedojrzałym szkieletem przed osiągnięciem dojrzałości szkieletowej.⁵⁵

Progresja krzywizny jest przede wszystkim związana z wielkością krzywizny i potencjałem wzrostu. Kąt Cobba przy prezentacji jest najbardziej predykcyjnym czynnikiem progresji skoliozy:⁵⁶

Kąt Cobba <25° prawdopodobnie nie będzie postępować
Kąt Cobba 25-50° prawdopodobnie będzie postępować podczas niedojrzałości szkieletowej
Kąt Cobba >50° prawdopodobnie będzie postępować nawet po dojrzałości szkieletowej

Częstość skoliozy idiopatycznej (IS) zatrzymuje się po okresie dojrzewania, gdy osiągana jest dojrzałość szkieletowa, jednak dalsze skrzywienie może wystąpić w późnej dorosłości z powodu osteoporozy kręgów i osłabionej muskulatury.⁵⁷

Chociaż mężczyźni i kobiety są równie dotknięci skoliozą, to u kobiet jest osiem razy większe prawdopodobieństwo progresji do wielkości krzywizny, która wymaga leczenia.⁵⁸

Jedno z nielicznych artykułów napisanych na temat skoliozy idiopatycznej u mężczyzn pochodzi od Karol i wsp. z Texas Scottish Rite Hospital. Autorzy ci wykazali, że chłopcy ze skoliozą są narażeni na ryzyko progresji krzywizny przez dłuższy okres niż dziewczęta. Sugerowali również, że wysiłki mające na celu badanie przesiewowe chłopców w kierunku skoliozy powinny być wykonywane nieco później niż podobne badania przesiewowe dziewcząt.⁵⁹

Epidemiologia leczenia

Statystyki leczenia

Leczenie skoliozy zależy od etiologii, wielkości krzywizny i potencjału wzrostu:⁶⁰

Obserwacja jest odpowiednia dla krzywizn <20° u pacjentów z dużym potencjałem wzrostu (Risser 0-2) i krzywizn <40° u pacjentów z minimalnym potencjałem wzrostu (Risser 3-5)
Gorsetowanie jest odpowiednie dla pacjentów z krzywiznami 20-40° z dużym potencjałem wzrostu
Wskazania do operacji różnią się w zależności od czynników pacjenta i krzywizny. Operacja może być wskazana, gdy krzywizna wynosi >40°

Corocznie około 30 000 dzieci jest dopasowywanych do gorsetu, a 38 000 pacjentów poddaje się operacji spondylodezy kręgosłupa w Stanach Zjednoczonych.⁶¹

W badaniu skoliozy wrodzonej tylko 5,5% pacjentów ze skoliozą wrodzoną przeszło operację w ciągu 5 lat od początkowej diagnozy.⁶²

Podejścia do leczenia

Najbardziej istotnym podejściem, w którym pacjenci ze skoliozą mogą aktywnie i niezależnie uczestniczyć w terapii, są skoiozo-specyficzne ćwiczenia fizjoterapeutyczne (PSSE). Wytyczne Międzynarodowego Towarzystwa Ortopedycznego i Rehabilitacyjnego Leczenia Skoliozy (SOSORT) zalecają PSSE w formie ambulatoryjnej fizjoterapii lub 3-6-tygodniowych programów intensywnej rehabilitacji skoliozy (SIR) w specjalistycznych placówkach, w zależności od kąta Cobba.⁶³

Główne elementy terapii powinny obejmować autokorektę 3D, trening w czynnościach życia codziennego (postawa podczas siedzenia, stania, chodzenia), stabilizację skorygowanej postawy i edukację pacjenta.⁶⁴

W leczeniu skoliozy u pacjentów z dystrofinopatią, kortykosteroidy mogą opóźnić progresję krzywizny kręgosłupa i potrzebę operacji skoliozy.⁶⁵

Strategie prewencyjne

Wczesne wykrywanie

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku skoliozy są przeprowadzane w wielu krajach, ale ich wdrożenie i efektywność różnią się. W Chinach od 2014 roku przeprowadzane są badania przesiewowe młodzieży w kierunku skoliozy w szkołach, jednak brak jednolitego schematu badań przesiewowych prowadzi do dużej heterogeniczności, co stanowi duże wyzwanie dla rządu w przeprowadzeniu ogólnokrajowych badań przesiewowych i formułowaniu strategii zapobiegania i kontroli skoliozy.⁶⁶

W wielu krajach rutynowe badania przesiewowe w kierunku skoliozy są obecnie przeprowadzane w szkołach średnich. Takie badania przesiewowe pomogły wykryć wczesną skoliozę u wielu dzieci.⁶⁷

Kompleksowa prewencja

W celu skutecznego ograniczenia ryzyka związanego ze skoliozą, kluczowa jest kompleksowa i ustrukturyzowana strategia prewencyjna. Strategia ta powinna obejmować regularne badania przesiewowe, edukację publiczną, modyfikacje stylu życia, interwencje żywieniowe, poprawę ergonomii, interwencje medyczne i wsparcie psychospołeczne.⁶⁸

Wzmocnienie mięśni brzucha i pleców może pomóc stabilizować krzywiznę.⁶⁹

Edukacja pacjentów

Edukacja pacjentów i ich rodzin jest kluczowa dla skutecznego zarządzania skoliozą. Regularne monitorowanie i zindywidualizowane zarządzanie przez pracowników służby zdrowia są niezbędne do rozwiązania różnorodnych wyzwań i zapewnienia odpowiedniego wsparcia dla satysfakcjonującego życia dorosłego z młodzieńczą skoliozą idiopatyczną.⁷⁰

Częstość występowania skoliozy w różnych populacjach
Populacja/Region	Częstość występowania (%)	Uwagi
Globalna (meta-analiza)	3,1% (95% CI: 1,5%-5,2%)	Wśród dzieci i młodzieży
Stany Zjednoczone	2-3%	6-9 milionów osób
Chiny (wyspa Chongming)	2,52%	Wyższe niż w innych prowincjach Chin (0,70%-2,09%)
Singapur	0,38%-1,2%
Japonia	0,87%
Turcja	0,25%
Arabia Saudyjska	0,78%
Indie	0,13%
Minnesota (USA)	1,2%
Brazylia	1,4%-2,2%
Grecja	1,7%
Nigeria	1,2%
Chiny (północno-zachodnie)	1,54% (95% CI: 0,75%-2,65%)	Najwyższy wskaźnik w Chinach
Chiny (północne)	0,33% (95% CI: 0,11%-0,73%)	Najniższy wskaźnik w Chinach
Dorośli >25 lat	8%
Dorośli >60 lat	68%	Głównie z powodu zmian zwyrodnieniowych
Pacjenci z mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym	41%
Skolioza wrodzona	0,00308%	3,08 na 100 000 osób

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3566258/
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease with an overall prevalence of 0.475.2 % in the current literature. The female to male ratio ranges from 1.5:1 to 3:1 and increases substantially with increasing age. In particular, the prevalence of curves with higher Cobb angles is substantially higher in girls than in boys: The female to male ratio rises from 1.4:1 in curves from 10 to 20 up to 7.2:1 in curves 40. […] Present data show an overall prevalence of AIS of 0.475.2 %. The prevalence and severity of scoliosis is higher in girls than in boys. All data were obtained by school screening, and yet school screening is the most effective method for creating epidemiological data of adolescent scoliosis. […] The current epidemiologic data have to be interpreted with caution since methods and cohorts of the existing studies are not comparable.
#2 Idiopathic Scoliosis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266097-overview
Scoliosis is almost always discussed in terms of its prevalence (ie, the total number of existing cases within a defined population at risk). Rates may vary quite significantly according to what particular definition of scoliosis is used and what patient population is being studied. Several important studies are included below. […] Stirling et al studied almost 16,000 patients aged 6-14 years in England and found the point prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle 10) to be 0.5% (76/15,799). The prevalence of scoliosis was highest (1.2%) in patients aged 12-14 years. Data such as these have helped reinforce the idea that the focus of screening efforts should be on children in this age group. When smaller Cobb angle measurements (eg, 6) have been accepted, a significantly higher scoliotic rate may be identified, such as the 4.5% rate reported by Rogala et al. Other studies using the 10 definition of scoliosis have placed the overall prevalence in the 1.9-3.0% range.
#2 Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11300313/
The understanding of the prevalence and early predictive factors of scoliosis in children and adolescents is limited, which poses challenges to developing preventative strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the prevalence and predictors of scoliosis among children and adolescents. […] From 32 studies encompassing 55,635,351 children and adolescents, we identified 284,114 cases of scoliosis, resulting in a prevalence rate of 3.1% (95% CI: 1.5%5.2%). This rate varied by gender, degrees of scoliosis severity, and between idiopathic vs. congenital forms. Notable predictors included gender, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), race, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. […] Scoliosis is a significant condition affecting a minority of children and adolescents, particularly adolescent girls and individuals who are overweight. It is recommended that guardians and schools enhance educational efforts towards its prevention.
#3 Scoliosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scoliosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
Scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity. The prevalence of scoliosis is approximately 470-5200 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Patients of all age groups may develop scoliosis. Curves convex to the right are more common than those to the left, and single or 'C’ curves are slightly more common than double or 'S’ curve patterns. Scoliosis usually affects individuals of African-American race more than any other race. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.5-3 to 1 for idiopathic scoliosis, whereas its equal gender predilection for congenital scoliosis. […] Scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity. Highest incidence of scoliosis is in adolescent women. Epidemiology and demographics of scoliosis is as follows: […] The prevalence of scoliosis is approximately 470-5200 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
#4 Scoliosis – AANS
https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/scoliosis/
Scoliosis affects 2-3 percent of the population, or an estimated six to nine million people in the United States. […] Every year, scoliosis patients make more than 600,000 visits to private physician offices, an estimated 30,000 children are fitted with a brace and 38,000 patients undergo spinal fusion surgery.
#5 Epidemiology Insights: Scoliosis – CmaxInsight
https://www.cmaxinsight.com/blog/epidemiology-insights-scoliosis/
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine. It occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. Several diseases such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and other diseases, birth defects, spinal injuries, and genetic conditions lead to the development of Scoliosis. […] According to the American Associations of Neurological Surgeons, approximately, six to nine million people i.e. 2%-3% of the population are suffering from scoliosis in the United States. […] Scoliosis can develop in infancy or early childhood. […] The primary age of onset for scoliosis is 10-15 years old. […] Males and females are equally affected by scoliosis. […] Females are eight times more likely to progress to a curve magnitude that requires treatment. […] Every year, scoliosis patients make more than 600,000 visits to private physician offices.
#6 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) […] School scoliosis screening has been carried out around the world. This study was designed to examine scoliotic parameters in children from Chongming Island and determine whether the parameters differed from those of the published data. […] The prevalence of scoliosis on Chongming Island was 2.52 %. This study indicates that epidemiology of scoliosis has regional variation, and genetic differences may contribute such difference. […] SSS is conducted around the world. In China, SSS was not performed until 1985. As of 2012, only three provinces and one municipality in China had conducted SSS. At present, a SSS program is not included in the Chinese School Health Service, and there is no recommendation to include one.
#7 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#8 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#9 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#10 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#11 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#12 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#13 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#14 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#15 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#16 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#17 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#18 Variations in the prevalence of scoliosis by age, sex, geographic region, and subtype among Chinese children: A systematic review and modelling study â JOGH
https://jogh.org/2024/jogh-14-04062/
Scoliosis is a prevalent spinal condition typically detected in children, yet its prevalence in China has not been fully understood. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of scoliosis among Chinese children and explore its variations by age, sex, geographic region, and subtype. […] A total of 46 articles covering 1,112,163 Chinese children were included. The prevalence of IS ranged from 0.06% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.00â0.26) among children aged five years to 1.44% (95% CI = 0.89â2.13) among those aged 18 years, peaking at 1.79% (95% CI = 1.18â2.53) among those aged 16 years. In 2020, the overall prevalence of IS among Chinese children aged 5â18 was 0.79% (95% CI = 0.45â1.27), translating to an estimated 1.81 million (95% CI = 1.04â2.91) affected children. Notably, IS prevalence was nearly double in girls compared to boys (1.03%, 95% CI = 0.63â1.57 vs. 0.58%, 95% CI = 0.29â1.01). Among the six geographic regions, the prevalence of IS was the highest in Northwest China (1.54%, 95% CI = 0.75â2.65) and the lowest in North China (0.33%, 95% CI = 0.11â0.73).
#19 Scoliosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scoliosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
Patients of all age groups may develop scoliosis. […] Congenital scoliosis develops at the age of 03 years and have a prevalence of 1000 per 100,000 individuals. […] Adolescent scoliosis develops at the age of 11-18 years and accounts for approximately 90 % of cases of idiopathic scoliosis in children. […] Scoliosis has a prevalence of more than 8000 per 100,000 in adults over the age of 25 and rises up to 68000 per 100,000 individuals in the age of over 60 years, caused by degenerative changes in the aging spine. […] Scoliosis usually affects individuals of African-American race. […] Females are more commonly affected by idiopathic scoliosis than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.5-3 to 1. […] Congenital scoliosis affects males and females equally. […] The majority of scoliosis cases are reported in Germany.
#20 Scoliosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scoliosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
Patients of all age groups may develop scoliosis. […] Congenital scoliosis develops at the age of 03 years and have a prevalence of 1000 per 100,000 individuals. […] Adolescent scoliosis develops at the age of 11-18 years and accounts for approximately 90 % of cases of idiopathic scoliosis in children. […] Scoliosis has a prevalence of more than 8000 per 100,000 in adults over the age of 25 and rises up to 68000 per 100,000 individuals in the age of over 60 years, caused by degenerative changes in the aging spine. […] Scoliosis usually affects individuals of African-American race. […] Females are more commonly affected by idiopathic scoliosis than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.5-3 to 1. […] Congenital scoliosis affects males and females equally. […] The majority of scoliosis cases are reported in Germany.
#21 Scoliosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scoliosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
Patients of all age groups may develop scoliosis. […] Congenital scoliosis develops at the age of 03 years and have a prevalence of 1000 per 100,000 individuals. […] Adolescent scoliosis develops at the age of 11-18 years and accounts for approximately 90 % of cases of idiopathic scoliosis in children. […] Scoliosis has a prevalence of more than 8000 per 100,000 in adults over the age of 25 and rises up to 68000 per 100,000 individuals in the age of over 60 years, caused by degenerative changes in the aging spine. […] Scoliosis usually affects individuals of African-American race. […] Females are more commonly affected by idiopathic scoliosis than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.5-3 to 1. […] Congenital scoliosis affects males and females equally. […] The majority of scoliosis cases are reported in Germany.
#22 Scoliosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scoliosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
Patients of all age groups may develop scoliosis. […] Congenital scoliosis develops at the age of 03 years and have a prevalence of 1000 per 100,000 individuals. […] Adolescent scoliosis develops at the age of 11-18 years and accounts for approximately 90 % of cases of idiopathic scoliosis in children. […] Scoliosis has a prevalence of more than 8000 per 100,000 in adults over the age of 25 and rises up to 68000 per 100,000 individuals in the age of over 60 years, caused by degenerative changes in the aging spine. […] Scoliosis usually affects individuals of African-American race. […] Females are more commonly affected by idiopathic scoliosis than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.5-3 to 1. […] Congenital scoliosis affects males and females equally. […] The majority of scoliosis cases are reported in Germany.
#23 Adult spinal deformity epidemiology [Neurosurgery Education Wiki]
https://neurosurgery.education/wiki/doku.php?id=adult_spinal_deformity_epidemiology
The purpose of a overview from the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) Adult Deformity Committee is to provide current information on the epidemiology and impact of adult deformity. […] The prevalence of adult spinal deformity and scoliosis is not well established, with estimates ranging from 2.5% to 25% of the population. […] ASD is more prevalent in patients age 60 years, however true prevalence is not well defined. More than 50 % of adults hospitalized with spinal deformity are 65 years. Incidence of asymptomatic scoliosis ranges from 1.4 %- 32 % and up to 68 % in patients 60. […] The elderly population (age 60 years) is the fastest-growing age group in the US. Spinal deformity is a major problem affecting the elderly and, therefore, the demand for surgery for spinal deformity is becoming increasingly prevalent in elderly patients. […] Previous reports note a prevalence of adult scoliosis up to 32%. In this study, results indicate a scoliosis rate of 68% in a healthy adult population, with an average age of 70.5 years.
#24 Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3566258/
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease with an overall prevalence of 0.475.2 % in the current literature. The female to male ratio ranges from 1.5:1 to 3:1 and increases substantially with increasing age. In particular, the prevalence of curves with higher Cobb angles is substantially higher in girls than in boys: The female to male ratio rises from 1.4:1 in curves from 10 to 20 up to 7.2:1 in curves 40. […] Present data show an overall prevalence of AIS of 0.475.2 %. The prevalence and severity of scoliosis is higher in girls than in boys. All data were obtained by school screening, and yet school screening is the most effective method for creating epidemiological data of adolescent scoliosis. […] The current epidemiologic data have to be interpreted with caution since methods and cohorts of the existing studies are not comparable.
#25
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11832-012-0457-4
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease with an overall prevalence of 0.475.2 % in the current literature. The female to male ratio ranges from 1.5:1 to 3:1 and increases substantially with increasing age. In particular, the prevalence of curves with higher Cobb angles is substantially higher in girls than in boys: The female to male ratio rises from 1.4:1 in curves from 10 to 20 up to 7.2:1 in curves 40. […] These data obtained from school screening programs have to be interpreted with caution, since methods and cohorts of the different studies are not comparable as age groups of the cohorts and diagnostic criteria differ substantially. We do need data from studies with clear standards of diagnostic criteria and study protocols that are comparable to each other.
#26
https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2053/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis is a coronal plane spinal deformity which most commonly presents in adolescent girls from ages 10 to 18. […] Epidemiology […] Incidence […] most common type of scoliosis […] incidence of 3% for curves between 10 to 20 […] incidence of 0.3% for curves 30. […] Demographics […] most commonly presents in children 10 to 18 yrs […] 10:1 female to male ratio for curves 30 […] 1:1 male to female ratio for small curves […] right thoracic curve most common […] left thoracic curves are rare and indicate an MRI to rule out cyst or syrinx.
#27 Scoliosis | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14026/all/Scoliosis?q=Bone+pain
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis […] Female-to-male ratios: 1.4:1 for curves 11 to 20 degrees […] 5.4:1 for curves 20 degrees. […] 14% of population for curves 10 degrees […] 0.30.5% of population have curves 20 degrees.
#28 Epidemiology Insights: Scoliosis – CmaxInsight
https://www.cmaxinsight.com/blog/epidemiology-insights-scoliosis/
Around 30,000 children are fitted with a brace and 38,000 patients undergo spinal fusion surgery. […] Scoliosis is classified as the idiopathic, congenital or neuromuscular scoliosis based on etiology. Idiopathic Scoliosis is the most prevalent form of Scoliosis. Idiopathic Scoliosis accounts for 80% of all Scoliosis cases. […] Majority of the Scoliosis cases are observed among the adolescents.
#29 Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11300313/
Currently, there is limited research available regarding the worldwide prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents, and a comprehensive investigation of associated risk factors is lacking. Consequently, the development of preventive strategies for children and adolescents faces considerable challenges. […] This study highlighted a relatively high prevalence of scoliosis among children and adolescents, with idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis warranting particular attention. The outcomes of our research indicated that the prevalence of scoliosis stood at 3.1% (95% CI: 1.5%5.2%), idiopathic scoliosis at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.1%2.4%), and congenital scoliosis at 0.215% (95% CI: 0.12%1.2%). […] The correlation between BMI and scoliosis is intricate, drawing considerable focus in epidemiological research.
#30 Epidemiology Insights: Scoliosis – CmaxInsight
https://www.cmaxinsight.com/blog/epidemiology-insights-scoliosis/
Around 30,000 children are fitted with a brace and 38,000 patients undergo spinal fusion surgery. […] Scoliosis is classified as the idiopathic, congenital or neuromuscular scoliosis based on etiology. Idiopathic Scoliosis is the most prevalent form of Scoliosis. Idiopathic Scoliosis accounts for 80% of all Scoliosis cases. […] Majority of the Scoliosis cases are observed among the adolescents.
#31 Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11300313/
Currently, there is limited research available regarding the worldwide prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents, and a comprehensive investigation of associated risk factors is lacking. Consequently, the development of preventive strategies for children and adolescents faces considerable challenges. […] This study highlighted a relatively high prevalence of scoliosis among children and adolescents, with idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis warranting particular attention. The outcomes of our research indicated that the prevalence of scoliosis stood at 3.1% (95% CI: 1.5%5.2%), idiopathic scoliosis at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.1%2.4%), and congenital scoliosis at 0.215% (95% CI: 0.12%1.2%). […] The correlation between BMI and scoliosis is intricate, drawing considerable focus in epidemiological research.
#32 Epidemiology of scoliosis in cerebral palsy: A population-based study at skeletal maturity – CP-ACHIEVE
https://www.cp-achieve.org.au/resources/publications/2022/epidemiology-of-scoliosis-in-cerebral-palsy-a-population-based-study-at-skeletal-maturity/
Scoliosis, or an abnormal curvature of the spine is known to be common in young people with cerebral palsy but this study has established the risk factors: who is likely to develop a significant spinal problem and who is not. […] The good news is that although scoliosis was very common, affecting 41% of young adults with cerebral palsy, most curves were small and did not need treatment if the person with cerebral palsy was able to walk. […] The information from this study is now being used to design a National Spine Surveillance Guideline for children with cerebral palsy: who should get a check-up or an x ray and when.
#33 Incidence rate of congenital scoliosis estimated from a nationwide health insurance database | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-85088-7
To investigate the epidemiology of congenital scoliosis (CS) and treatment trends. An age-matched, nationwide, population-based study was conducted using the National Health Insurance and Health Insurance Review and Assessment databases from 2010 to 2015. […] The overall average incidence rate of CS over the 5-year period was 3.08 per 100,000 persons, with the highest and second highest rates at 0 years and 12-16 years of age, respectively. […] The overall average incidence rate of CS over a 5-year period was 3.08 per 100,000 persons. […] The total number of patients who were initially diagnosed with CS between 2011 and 2015 was 1664 (895 males and 769 females). The overall average incidence rate of CS over the 5-year study period was 3.08 per 100,000 persons. […] The age-specific CS incidence rate was highest at 0 years of age, and showed a downward-pointing parabolic shape, with a second peak during adolescence, at the time of the second growth spurt. Additionally, only 5.5% of patients with CS underwent surgery within 5 years of the initial diagnosis.
#34 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The prevalence rate of scoliosis in schoolchildren from Chongming Island aged 6 to 17 years was 2.52 %. There is an increase in the scoliosis prevalence of schoolchildren on Chongming Island compared to those reported by previous studies in other provinces of China (0.70 to 2.09 %), Singapore (0.38 to 1.2 %), Japan (0.87 %), Turkey (0.25 %), Saudi Arabia (0.78 %), India (0.13 %), Minnesota (1.2 %), Brazil (1.42.2 %), Greece (1.7 %), and Nigeria (1.2 %). […] We found that girls had a significantly higher prevalence of scoliosis than boys. The male/female ratio in the present study was 1:1.5, similar to that reported from the Shanxi Province of China (1:1.2) in 1995. […] The findings of the present study indicate that small scoliotic curves (10 to 19) are the most common (94.2 %). This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Korea, Tokyo, Turkey and India.
#35 Scoliosis | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14026/all/Scoliosis?q=Bone+pain
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis […] Female-to-male ratios: 1.4:1 for curves 11 to 20 degrees […] 5.4:1 for curves 20 degrees. […] 14% of population for curves 10 degrees […] 0.30.5% of population have curves 20 degrees.
#36 Recommendation: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-screening
The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient and that the balance of benefits and harms of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cannot be determined. […] The prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (defined as a Cobb angle 10) ranges from 1% to 3% among children and adolescents aged 10 to 16 years. Cumulative incidence estimates for spinal curvature of greater severity are 1.0% (Cobb angle 20) and 0.4% (Cobb angle 40). […] Various organizations have recommended routine screening for scoliosis in children and adolescents since the 1980s. More than half of US states either mandate or recommend school-based screening for scoliosis. Children and adolescents are usually screened with the forward bend test, with or without scoliometer measurement. […] The USPSTF identified several research gaps. Prospective, controlled screening studies that allow for comparison of screened and nonscreened populations and different screening settings, personnel, and procedures are needed. High-quality studies on the potential harms of screening and treatment are also needed.
#37 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The most common types of scoliotic curves in the present study were thoracic and thoracolumbar. This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Brasil, Singapore, Nigeria and Crete, but differs from those described in reports from Greece, where the proportion of single thoracolumbar and lumbar curves greatly outweighed that of all others. […] The percentage of schoolchildren referred for radiographs in the present study (6.5 %, 442 of 6824) is within the range reported from other countries (0.9 to 9.6 %). In this study, we have reported a prevalence that we think is representative of the scoliotic population on Chongming Island and have further checked factors such as age, male/female ratio, curve magnitude, curve type, and curve side. […] According to these results, epidemiological regional variability, possibly with genetic basis, should be considered.
#38
https://journals.lww.com/ajps/fulltext/2022/19030/epidemiological_and_diagnostic_characteristics_of.11.aspx
Scoliosis is the most frequent spine deformity in children. Epidemiological data are available in Western countries due to the systematic screening policies implemented at school. Unfortunately, in our country, there are neither national data nor screening policy for scoliosis. The mean frequency of scoliosis was 10 cases/year. The male-to-female sex ratio was 1:1.3. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.2 2.13 years. There was a family history of scoliosis in two cases (1.8%). The mean time from noticing deformity to consultation was 17.9 21.9 months. Lateral deviation of the spine (n = 77; 72.6%), hump (n = 12; 11.3%) and pain (n = 3; 2.8%) were the main complaints for consultation. The curvature was single in 88 cases (83%) and double in 18 (17%). The convexity was right in 69 cases (65.1%) and left in 37 (34.9%). Curvatures were thoracic (n = 57; 53.8%), lumbar (n = 10; 9.4%) and thoracolumbar (n = 39; 36.8%). The average Cobb angle was 35.2 10.71 (range: 1190). Curvatures were moderate (2040) in 49 cases (46.2) and severe (40) in 18 (17%). The aetiologies were predominated by idiopathic causes (n = 79; 74.5%), followed by congenital (n = 16; 15.1%) and neuromuscular (n = 11; 10.4%) causes. Scoliosis is uncommon in our practice. It is characterised by single curvature. The predominance of moderate and severe curvatures was due to delayed consultation. The prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) was 2.5%. In sub-Saharan Africa, this IS prevalence varies between 2.3% and 55% in the school population. The scoliosis screening must be early. It helps to identify forms with high risk of progression and contribute to early treatment. In our country, there is no school screening policy. In the absence of screening and a national database, we believe that this relative hospital frequency is underestimated.
#39 Scoliosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scoliosis_epidemiology_and_demographics
Scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity. The prevalence of scoliosis is approximately 470-5200 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Patients of all age groups may develop scoliosis. Curves convex to the right are more common than those to the left, and single or 'C’ curves are slightly more common than double or 'S’ curve patterns. Scoliosis usually affects individuals of African-American race more than any other race. The female to male ratio is approximately 1.5-3 to 1 for idiopathic scoliosis, whereas its equal gender predilection for congenital scoliosis. […] Scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity. Highest incidence of scoliosis is in adolescent women. Epidemiology and demographics of scoliosis is as follows: […] The prevalence of scoliosis is approximately 470-5200 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
#40
https://journals.lww.com/ajps/fulltext/2022/19030/epidemiological_and_diagnostic_characteristics_of.11.aspx
Scoliosis is the most frequent spine deformity in children. Epidemiological data are available in Western countries due to the systematic screening policies implemented at school. Unfortunately, in our country, there are neither national data nor screening policy for scoliosis. The mean frequency of scoliosis was 10 cases/year. The male-to-female sex ratio was 1:1.3. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.2 2.13 years. There was a family history of scoliosis in two cases (1.8%). The mean time from noticing deformity to consultation was 17.9 21.9 months. Lateral deviation of the spine (n = 77; 72.6%), hump (n = 12; 11.3%) and pain (n = 3; 2.8%) were the main complaints for consultation. The curvature was single in 88 cases (83%) and double in 18 (17%). The convexity was right in 69 cases (65.1%) and left in 37 (34.9%). Curvatures were thoracic (n = 57; 53.8%), lumbar (n = 10; 9.4%) and thoracolumbar (n = 39; 36.8%). The average Cobb angle was 35.2 10.71 (range: 1190). Curvatures were moderate (2040) in 49 cases (46.2) and severe (40) in 18 (17%). The aetiologies were predominated by idiopathic causes (n = 79; 74.5%), followed by congenital (n = 16; 15.1%) and neuromuscular (n = 11; 10.4%) causes. Scoliosis is uncommon in our practice. It is characterised by single curvature. The predominance of moderate and severe curvatures was due to delayed consultation. The prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) was 2.5%. In sub-Saharan Africa, this IS prevalence varies between 2.3% and 55% in the school population. The scoliosis screening must be early. It helps to identify forms with high risk of progression and contribute to early treatment. In our country, there is no school screening policy. In the absence of screening and a national database, we believe that this relative hospital frequency is underestimated.
#41 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) […] School scoliosis screening has been carried out around the world. This study was designed to examine scoliotic parameters in children from Chongming Island and determine whether the parameters differed from those of the published data. […] The prevalence of scoliosis on Chongming Island was 2.52 %. This study indicates that epidemiology of scoliosis has regional variation, and genetic differences may contribute such difference. […] SSS is conducted around the world. In China, SSS was not performed until 1985. As of 2012, only three provinces and one municipality in China had conducted SSS. At present, a SSS program is not included in the Chinese School Health Service, and there is no recommendation to include one.
#42 Recommendation: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-screening
The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient and that the balance of benefits and harms of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cannot be determined. […] The prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (defined as a Cobb angle 10) ranges from 1% to 3% among children and adolescents aged 10 to 16 years. Cumulative incidence estimates for spinal curvature of greater severity are 1.0% (Cobb angle 20) and 0.4% (Cobb angle 40). […] Various organizations have recommended routine screening for scoliosis in children and adolescents since the 1980s. More than half of US states either mandate or recommend school-based screening for scoliosis. Children and adolescents are usually screened with the forward bend test, with or without scoliometer measurement. […] The USPSTF identified several research gaps. Prospective, controlled screening studies that allow for comparison of screened and nonscreened populations and different screening settings, personnel, and procedures are needed. High-quality studies on the potential harms of screening and treatment are also needed.
#43 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The most common types of scoliotic curves in the present study were thoracic and thoracolumbar. This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Brasil, Singapore, Nigeria and Crete, but differs from those described in reports from Greece, where the proportion of single thoracolumbar and lumbar curves greatly outweighed that of all others. […] The percentage of schoolchildren referred for radiographs in the present study (6.5 %, 442 of 6824) is within the range reported from other countries (0.9 to 9.6 %). In this study, we have reported a prevalence that we think is representative of the scoliotic population on Chongming Island and have further checked factors such as age, male/female ratio, curve magnitude, curve type, and curve side. […] According to these results, epidemiological regional variability, possibly with genetic basis, should be considered.
#44 Recommendation: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-screening
The USPSTF found adequate evidence that currently available screening tests can accurately detect adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The accuracy of screening was highest (93.8% sensitivity and 99.2% specificity) when 3 separate screening tests were used (eg, the forward bend test, scoliometer measurement, and Moir topography); sensitivity was lower when screening programs used just 1 or 2 screening tests (eg, 71.1% for the forward bend test and scoliometer measurement and 84.4% for the forward bend test alone). […] The USPSTF found no direct evidence regarding the effect of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on patient-centered health outcomes. The USPSTF found inadequate evidence on the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle 50 at diagnosis) in adolescents with exercise (2 small studies) or surgery (no studies) or its effects on health outcomes or the degree of spinal curvature in childhood or adulthood.
#45 Recommendation: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-screening
The USPSTF found no studies on the direct harms of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. False-positive rates ranged from 0.8% for the forward bend test combined with scoliometer measurement and Moir topography to 21.5% for hump assessment alone. Potential harms associated with false-positive results include psychological harms, chest radiation, and other harms of unnecessary treatment. […] The USPSTF found inadequate evidence on the association between reduction in spinal curvature in adolescence and long-term health outcomes in adulthood.
#46 Epidemiology of scoliosis in cerebral palsy: A population-based study at skeletal maturity – CP-ACHIEVE
https://www.cp-achieve.org.au/resources/publications/2020/epidemiology-of-scoliosis-in-cerebral-palsy-a-population-based-study-at-skeletal-maturity/
The most serious orthopaedic complication of cerebral palsy is a severe curvature of the spine, called scoliosis. […] Researchers at The Royal Children’s Hospital and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, supported by CP-Achieve, have conducted a population-based study of scoliosis to see if they could identify characteristics of a childs cerebral palsy that might place them at greater risk of developing scoliosis. […] This information will be helpful to young people with cerebral palsy, their parents and carers and health care professionals. In addition, a major purpose of the study will be to use the results to design scoliosis surveillance programs to detect scoliosis before curves become severe and are harder to treat. […] We now have the information needed to develop guidelines for scoliosis surveillance programs.
#47 A Population-based Study of Scoliosis among Males Diagnosed with a Dystrophinopathy Identified by the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet)
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113361
Scoliosis is a common comorbidity among individuals diagnosed with a dystrophinopathy. […] We examined associations between clinical predictors and scoliosis in childhood-onset dystrophinopathy. […] The progression and treatment of scoliosis were obtained from data collected by the US population-based Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network. […] Our retrospective observational study suggests corticosteroids may delay spinal curvature progression and need for scoliosis surgery. […] Continuing corticosteroids after LoA also showed potential benefits of delaying curvature progression, additional studies are needed to confirm this finding or address the magnitude of benefit.
#48 A Population-based Study of Scoliosis among Males Diagnosed with a Dystrophinopathy Identified by the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet) – Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders
https://ircid.public-health.uiowa.edu/a-population-based-study-of-scoliosis-among-males-diagnosed-with-a-dystrophinopathy-identified-by-the-muscular-dystrophy-surveillance-tracking-and-research-network-md-starnet/
Scoliosis is a common comorbidity among individuals diagnosed with a dystrophinopathy. […] The progression and treatment of scoliosis were obtained from data collected by the US population-based Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network. […] Our retrospective observational study suggests corticosteroids may delay spinal curvature progression and need for scoliosis surgery. Continuing corticosteroids after LoA also showed potential benefits of delaying curvature progression, additional studies are needed to confirm this finding or address the magnitude of benefit.
#49 Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: a study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China) | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-016-1140-6
The most common types of scoliotic curves in the present study were thoracic and thoracolumbar. This finding is in agreement with those described in reports from Brasil, Singapore, Nigeria and Crete, but differs from those described in reports from Greece, where the proportion of single thoracolumbar and lumbar curves greatly outweighed that of all others. […] The percentage of schoolchildren referred for radiographs in the present study (6.5 %, 442 of 6824) is within the range reported from other countries (0.9 to 9.6 %). In this study, we have reported a prevalence that we think is representative of the scoliotic population on Chongming Island and have further checked factors such as age, male/female ratio, curve magnitude, curve type, and curve side. […] According to these results, epidemiological regional variability, possibly with genetic basis, should be considered.
#50
https://journals.lww.com/ajps/fulltext/2022/19030/epidemiological_and_diagnostic_characteristics_of.11.aspx
Scoliosis is the most frequent spine deformity in children. Epidemiological data are available in Western countries due to the systematic screening policies implemented at school. Unfortunately, in our country, there are neither national data nor screening policy for scoliosis. The mean frequency of scoliosis was 10 cases/year. The male-to-female sex ratio was 1:1.3. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.2 2.13 years. There was a family history of scoliosis in two cases (1.8%). The mean time from noticing deformity to consultation was 17.9 21.9 months. Lateral deviation of the spine (n = 77; 72.6%), hump (n = 12; 11.3%) and pain (n = 3; 2.8%) were the main complaints for consultation. The curvature was single in 88 cases (83%) and double in 18 (17%). The convexity was right in 69 cases (65.1%) and left in 37 (34.9%). Curvatures were thoracic (n = 57; 53.8%), lumbar (n = 10; 9.4%) and thoracolumbar (n = 39; 36.8%). The average Cobb angle was 35.2 10.71 (range: 1190). Curvatures were moderate (2040) in 49 cases (46.2) and severe (40) in 18 (17%). The aetiologies were predominated by idiopathic causes (n = 79; 74.5%), followed by congenital (n = 16; 15.1%) and neuromuscular (n = 11; 10.4%) causes. Scoliosis is uncommon in our practice. It is characterised by single curvature. The predominance of moderate and severe curvatures was due to delayed consultation. The prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) was 2.5%. In sub-Saharan Africa, this IS prevalence varies between 2.3% and 55% in the school population. The scoliosis screening must be early. It helps to identify forms with high risk of progression and contribute to early treatment. In our country, there is no school screening policy. In the absence of screening and a national database, we believe that this relative hospital frequency is underestimated.
#51 Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11300313/
The understanding of the prevalence and early predictive factors of scoliosis in children and adolescents is limited, which poses challenges to developing preventative strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the prevalence and predictors of scoliosis among children and adolescents. […] From 32 studies encompassing 55,635,351 children and adolescents, we identified 284,114 cases of scoliosis, resulting in a prevalence rate of 3.1% (95% CI: 1.5%5.2%). This rate varied by gender, degrees of scoliosis severity, and between idiopathic vs. congenital forms. Notable predictors included gender, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), race, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. […] Scoliosis is a significant condition affecting a minority of children and adolescents, particularly adolescent girls and individuals who are overweight. It is recommended that guardians and schools enhance educational efforts towards its prevention.
#52 Idiopathic Scoliosis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266097-overview
Henderson et al suggested that scoliosis may develop more frequently in children born to mothers who are aged 27 years or older. It could be hypothesized that gene fragility might be involved (eg, higher rate of infants with Down syndrome born to older mothers). The precise explanation as to why this might be the case has not been elucidated. In addition to this, no other authors have duplicated these results. […] As mentioned previously, most patients with idiopathic scoliosis are female, and the vast majority of research has focused on females. One of the relatively few articles written on idiopathic scoliosis in males is that by Karol et al, from the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital. These authors showed that boys with scoliosis are at risk for curve progression for a longer period than girls are. They also suggested that efforts to screen for boys with scoliosis should be performed a little later than similar screenings for girls.
#53 Associations of physical activity and screen time with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ehpm/28/0/28_23-00004/_article/-char/en
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis, affecting approximately 0.61%6.15% adolescents worldwide. […] This study reported that the insufficient MVPA, especially MVPA in inactive status, and excessive ST were risk factors for AIS. Additionally, the joint effects of insufficient MVPA and excessive ST probably increase the risk of AIS.
#54 Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11300313/
Currently, there is limited research available regarding the worldwide prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents, and a comprehensive investigation of associated risk factors is lacking. Consequently, the development of preventive strategies for children and adolescents faces considerable challenges. […] This study highlighted a relatively high prevalence of scoliosis among children and adolescents, with idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis warranting particular attention. The outcomes of our research indicated that the prevalence of scoliosis stood at 3.1% (95% CI: 1.5%5.2%), idiopathic scoliosis at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.1%2.4%), and congenital scoliosis at 0.215% (95% CI: 0.12%1.2%). […] The correlation between BMI and scoliosis is intricate, drawing considerable focus in epidemiological research.
#55 Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Management and prognosis – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-management-and-prognosis
Scoliosis, lateral curvature of the spine with associated rotation of the spinal column, is a structural alteration that occurs in a variety of conditions. Progression of the curvature during periods of rapid growth can result in significant deformity, which may be accompanied by cardiopulmonary compromise. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis. Other types include congenital scoliosis, neuromuscular scoliosis, and syndromic scoliosis. […] The risk for progression of AIS has implications for management. However, it is impossible to predict with complete accuracy which curves will progress and which will not. Clinical predictorsâCurves progress in approximately two-thirds of skeletally immature patients before they reach skeletal maturity. Natural history studies indicate that the magnitude of progression is increased in:
#56 Paediatric scoliosis: Update on assessment and treatment
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/december/paediatric-scoliosis
Curve progression is primarily related to curve magnitude and growth potential.17 Presentation Cobb angle is the most predictive factor of scoliosis progression.18 Cobb angle 25 is unlikely to progress, 2550 will likely progress during skeletal immaturity and 50 will likely progress even after skeletal maturity.19 Assessment of growth potential is important in clinical decision making. […] Treatment of paediatric scoliosis is dependent on the aetiology, magnitude of curve and growth potential. The goal of management is to enter skeletal maturity with a balanced spine that will not progress. If the curve is 4050 degrees at skeletal maturity, progression will likely occur. The treatment chosen should be the most minimally invasive option available that can achieve these goals for a specific patient. Referral to a paediatric spinal specialist is appropriate for immature patients with curves 20, significant rotation (7 on scoliometer) or red flags.
#57 Scoliosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoliosis
Scoliosis affects 2-3% of the United States population, or about five to nine million cases. A scoliosis (spinal column curve) of 10 or less affects 1.53% of individuals. The age of onset is usually between 10 years and 15 years (but can occur younger) in children and adolescents, making up to 85% of those diagnosed. This is due to rapid growth spurts during puberty when spinal development is most susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. […] Although fewer cases are present since using Cobb angle analysis for diagnosis, scoliosis remains significant, appearing in otherwise healthy children. Despite the fact that scoliosis is a disfigurement of the spine, it has been shown to influence the pneumonic function, balance while standing and stride execution in children. The impact of carrying backpacks on these three side effects have been broadly researched. […] Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) stops after puberty when skeletal maturity is attained, however further curvature may occur during late adulthood due to vertebral osteoporosis and weakened musculature.
#58 Epidemiology Insights: Scoliosis – CmaxInsight
https://www.cmaxinsight.com/blog/epidemiology-insights-scoliosis/
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine. It occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. Several diseases such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and other diseases, birth defects, spinal injuries, and genetic conditions lead to the development of Scoliosis. […] According to the American Associations of Neurological Surgeons, approximately, six to nine million people i.e. 2%-3% of the population are suffering from scoliosis in the United States. […] Scoliosis can develop in infancy or early childhood. […] The primary age of onset for scoliosis is 10-15 years old. […] Males and females are equally affected by scoliosis. […] Females are eight times more likely to progress to a curve magnitude that requires treatment. […] Every year, scoliosis patients make more than 600,000 visits to private physician offices.
#59 Idiopathic Scoliosis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266097-overview
Henderson et al suggested that scoliosis may develop more frequently in children born to mothers who are aged 27 years or older. It could be hypothesized that gene fragility might be involved (eg, higher rate of infants with Down syndrome born to older mothers). The precise explanation as to why this might be the case has not been elucidated. In addition to this, no other authors have duplicated these results. […] As mentioned previously, most patients with idiopathic scoliosis are female, and the vast majority of research has focused on females. One of the relatively few articles written on idiopathic scoliosis in males is that by Karol et al, from the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital. These authors showed that boys with scoliosis are at risk for curve progression for a longer period than girls are. They also suggested that efforts to screen for boys with scoliosis should be performed a little later than similar screenings for girls.
#60 Paediatric scoliosis: Update on assessment and treatment
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/december/paediatric-scoliosis
Curve progression is primarily related to curve magnitude and growth potential.17 Presentation Cobb angle is the most predictive factor of scoliosis progression.18 Cobb angle 25 is unlikely to progress, 2550 will likely progress during skeletal immaturity and 50 will likely progress even after skeletal maturity.19 Assessment of growth potential is important in clinical decision making. […] Treatment of paediatric scoliosis is dependent on the aetiology, magnitude of curve and growth potential. The goal of management is to enter skeletal maturity with a balanced spine that will not progress. If the curve is 4050 degrees at skeletal maturity, progression will likely occur. The treatment chosen should be the most minimally invasive option available that can achieve these goals for a specific patient. Referral to a paediatric spinal specialist is appropriate for immature patients with curves 20, significant rotation (7 on scoliometer) or red flags.
#61 Epidemiology Insights: Scoliosis – CmaxInsight
https://www.cmaxinsight.com/blog/epidemiology-insights-scoliosis/
Around 30,000 children are fitted with a brace and 38,000 patients undergo spinal fusion surgery. […] Scoliosis is classified as the idiopathic, congenital or neuromuscular scoliosis based on etiology. Idiopathic Scoliosis is the most prevalent form of Scoliosis. Idiopathic Scoliosis accounts for 80% of all Scoliosis cases. […] Majority of the Scoliosis cases are observed among the adolescents.
#62 Incidence rate of congenital scoliosis estimated from a nationwide health insurance database | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-85088-7
To investigate the epidemiology of congenital scoliosis (CS) and treatment trends. An age-matched, nationwide, population-based study was conducted using the National Health Insurance and Health Insurance Review and Assessment databases from 2010 to 2015. […] The overall average incidence rate of CS over the 5-year period was 3.08 per 100,000 persons, with the highest and second highest rates at 0 years and 12-16 years of age, respectively. […] The overall average incidence rate of CS over a 5-year period was 3.08 per 100,000 persons. […] The total number of patients who were initially diagnosed with CS between 2011 and 2015 was 1664 (895 males and 769 females). The overall average incidence rate of CS over the 5-year study period was 3.08 per 100,000 persons. […] The age-specific CS incidence rate was highest at 0 years of age, and showed a downward-pointing parabolic shape, with a second peak during adolescence, at the time of the second growth spurt. Additionally, only 5.5% of patients with CS underwent surgery within 5 years of the initial diagnosis.
#63 JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies – Improving Home-Based Scoliosis Therapy: Findings From a Web-Based Survey
https://rehab.jmir.org/2023/1/e46217
Mild scoliosis (Cobb angle up to 20) does not require therapeutic measures in most cases, except for education and motivation to be physically active. […] Moderate scoliosis (Cobb angle 20-40) is treated conservatively with scoliosis-specific braces and physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE). […] In the case of severe scoliosis (Cobb angle of 40 or more), surgical interventions are used depending on the localization of the scoliosis and the patient’s age. […] The most important approach in which patients with scoliosis can actively and independently participate in therapy is PSSE. […] The International Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) guidelines recommend PSSE in the form of outpatient physical therapy or 3- to 6-week scoliosis intensive rehabilitation (SIR) programs in specific facilities, depending on the Cobb angle.
#64 JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies – Improving Home-Based Scoliosis Therapy: Findings From a Web-Based Survey
https://rehab.jmir.org/2023/1/e46217
The core elements of the therapy should be 3D autocorrection, training in activities of daily living (posture while sitting, standing, walking), stabilization of the corrected posture, and education of the patient. […] The positive effects of self-contained regular training sessions at home have been proven in various studies. […] Nevertheless, compared to training sessions assisted by therapists, some of the results were worse. […] Particularly critical factors in this context may be patient adherence and inaccurately performed exercises in an unsupervised environment. […] Increasing digitization in the health care sector offers opportunities to address some of these issues.
#65 A Population-based Study of Scoliosis among Males Diagnosed with a Dystrophinopathy Identified by the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet)
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/113361
Scoliosis is a common comorbidity among individuals diagnosed with a dystrophinopathy. […] We examined associations between clinical predictors and scoliosis in childhood-onset dystrophinopathy. […] The progression and treatment of scoliosis were obtained from data collected by the US population-based Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network. […] Our retrospective observational study suggests corticosteroids may delay spinal curvature progression and need for scoliosis surgery. […] Continuing corticosteroids after LoA also showed potential benefits of delaying curvature progression, additional studies are needed to confirm this finding or address the magnitude of benefit.
#66 The prevalence of scoliosis among adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text
https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-024-05077-0
Since 2014, a series of screening for scoliosis has been carried out in the Chinese mainland, but the lack of a unified screening scheme among the studies has led to great heterogeneity, which poses a great challenge for the government to carry out nationwide screening and formulate prevention and control strategies for scoliosis. […] This study showed that the prevalence of scoliosis in Chinese adolescents aged 10-18 years was 1.2%, which is closer to the findings of Miao et al. and Shao et al. […] In addition, we speculate that the possible factors leading to the increase in the prevalence of scoliosis are as follows: With the progress of medical diagnosis technology, especially MRI, CT, and other imaging technology, more congenital scoliosis cases may be diagnosed early. […] This study is currently the most geographically diverse and the highest quality of included studies in the epidemiological study of scoliosis in Chinese adolescents aged 10-18 years.
#67 Scoliosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001241.htm
Scoliosis most often affects girls. Some people are more likely to have curving of the spine. Curving generally gets worse during a growth spurt. […] Routine scoliosis screening is now done in middle schools. Such screening has helped detect early scoliosis in many children. Back and abdominal muscle strengthening can help stabilize the curvature.
#68 Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11300313/
To effectively mitigate the risks associated with scoliosis, a comprehensive and structured prevention strategy is paramount. This strategy should include regular screening, public education, lifestyle modifications, nutritional interventions, ergonomic improvements, medical interventions, and psychosocial support. […] By integrating these multi-faceted and logically structured prevention strategies, we can reduce the prevalence and severity of scoliosis in children and adolescents, leading to improved long-term health outcomes.
#69 Scoliosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001241.htm
Scoliosis most often affects girls. Some people are more likely to have curving of the spine. Curving generally gets worse during a growth spurt. […] Routine scoliosis screening is now done in middle schools. Such screening has helped detect early scoliosis in many children. Back and abdominal muscle strengthening can help stabilize the curvature.
#70 Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in adulthood in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 9 Issue 7 (2024)
https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/9/7/EOR-23-0162.xml
Scoliosis affects roughly 8% of adults over the age of 25 years and its prevalence rises to 68% in those over 60 years with the development of degenerative changes in the spine. While it is known that AIS affects 0.5-5.2% of children ages 10-18 years, it is not known what proportion of these patients continue to have symptomatic AIS in adulthood. The natural history of AIS is curve progression, mainly in curves that reach a Cobb angle 40 at the end of growth; thus, an adolescent with AIS will eventually become an adult with AIS. […] Regular monitoring and individualized management by healthcare professionals are crucial to address the diverse challenges and provide appropriate support for a fulfilling adult life with AIS. […] This review examines the prevalence, risk factors, presenting symptoms, diagnosis, management, and complications of AIS in the adult population, informing targeted interventions by clinicians caring for adult patients with AIS.