Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

  Anal carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor that accounts for approximately 2% of gastrointestinal malignancies and less than 7% of anorectal cancers. […] Risk factors for the disease include human papillomavirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco use, immunosuppression, female sex, and older age. […] The incidence of anal cancer has steadily increased from 1.2 in 1992 up to 1.9 per 100000 persons in the United States alone, according to data from the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program in 2024. […] In the United States, between the period of 1994 to 2000, the incidence of anal cancer almost doubled, with a rate of 2.04 per 100000 in males and 2.06 per 100000 in females. […] The growing trend of anal cancer is believed to be linked to the rising rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

• #2 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v14/i3/98525.htm

  Anal carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor that accounts for approximately 2% of gastrointestinal malignancies and less than 7% of anorectal cancers. Most anal tumors originate between the anorectal junction and the anal verge. Risk factors for the disease include human papillomavirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco use, immunosuppression, female sex, and older age. The pathogenesis of anal carcinoma is believed to be linked to human papillomavirus-related inflammation, leading to dysplasia and progression to cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal tumor, with an annual incidence of approximately 1 to 2 per 100000 persons. Treatment regarding anal cancer has emerged over time. However, chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay approach for early localized disease. Patients with metastatic disease are treated with systemic therapy, and salvage surgery is reserved for disease recurrence following chemoradiation. This article aims to provide background information on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and current trends in the management of anal cancer. Future directions are briefly discussed.

• #3 Anatomy, pathology, epidemiology, and risk factors of anal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-and-epidemiology-of-anal-cancer

  Anal cancer is an uncommon disease, with approximately 11,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States and over 50,000 cases diagnosed annually worldwide. However, the incidence of anal cancer is increasing globally. […] The anatomy, histopathologic classification, epidemiology, and risk factors for anal cancer are presented here. […] The clinical presentation and diagnosis and the treatment of anal cancer are discussed separately.

• #4 Anal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 10,930 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,030 […] Anal cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 10,930 new cases of anal cancer and an estimated 2,030 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of anal cancer was 2.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new anal cancer cases have been rising on average 2.2% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 4.1% each year over 20142023.

• #5 Anal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 10,930 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,030 […] Anal cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 10,930 new cases of anal cancer and an estimated 2,030 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of anal cancer was 2.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new anal cancer cases have been rising on average 2.2% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 4.1% each year over 20142023.

• #6 The epidemiology of anal cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22958581/

  Anal cancer comprises malignancies of the anal canal principally of two morphologic variants: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma. In most settings, SCC compromises more than 70% of cases. In the general population, anal cancer is uncommon, with age-standardised incidence rates mostly between 1 and 2 per 100000 per year. However, incidence of anal SCC is increasing by 1-3% per year in developed country settings. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types can be detected in 80-90% of all anal SCC cases, making it second only to cervical cancer in the closeness of its association with this virus. HPV-16 can be detected in ~90% of HPV-positive cases of anal SCC. Case-control studies have demonstrated that sexual risk factors (homosexuality in men and multiple sexual partners in women) are strongly associated with anal cancer risk. Other risk factors include immune deficiency and tobacco exposure. Anal cancer rates are highest in homosexual men, particularly in those who are HIV-positive, in whom anal cancer is among the most common of all cancers. Vaccination against HPV holds great promise for anal cancer prevention for those not already HPV-infected. For the current generation of adult high-risk populations, screening programs to allow early detection and treatment are under investigation.

• #7 Anal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_cancer

  Anal cancer is a cancer which arises from the anus, the distal opening of the gastrointestinal tract. […] Risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV/AIDS, receptive anal sex, smoking, and many sexual partners. […] Prevention includes avoiding risk factors and HPV vaccination. […] As the incidence of anal cancer has increased in recent years, screening and early detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) has become a necessity in patients at risk. […] Anal Pap smears similar to those used in cervical cancer screening have been studied for early detection of anal cancer in high-risk individuals. […] In 2014 about 7,060 new cases of anal cancer were diagnosed in the United States (4,430 in women and 2,630 in men). […] In the United States, an estimated 800 to 900 people die of anal cancer annually. […] Worldwide in 2002 there were an estimated 30,400 new cases of anal cancer. […] An estimated 90% (27,400) were attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV).

• #8 Anal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer

  There are around 1,600 new anal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 4 every day (2017-2019). […] Anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, anal cancer incidence rates have increased by more than three-quarters (77%) in the UK. Rates in females have around doubled (118%), and rates in males have increased by more than a quarter (29%) (2017-2019). […] Anal cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Anal cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 45% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 91% of anal cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 91% of anal cancer cases in the UK are caused by infections.

• #9 What is anal cancer? – Bowel Cancer Australia

  https://www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/bowel-cancer/what-is-bowel-cancer/anal-cancer/

  Anal cancer is a rare disease, with 513 people diagnosed each year in Australia. It claims the lives of 134 Australians every year. It is more common in women (63%) than in men (37%). […] In the general population, 90% of anal cancers are caused by a particular strain of the human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV 16, however there is no current system of screening in place for anal HPV and pre-cancerous changes. […] The rate of progression from anal HSIL (High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions the term used to describe the microscopic appearances of pre-cancer) to anal cancer isnt known but it is thought it may be of the order of 1 in 4,000 in the general population and 1 in 100 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] The Australian Multidisciplinary Working Group for Anal Cancer Prevention in People Living With HIV, is a nationwide group aiming to assess guidelines, treatment recommendations and implementation of research for screening for anal cancer in people living with HIV in Australia.

• #10 Anal cancer statistics | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/anal/statistics

  It can take several years to collect and confirm cancer data, so the number of new cancer cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) from recent years may not be available for some time. […] The most recent incidence statistics for anal cancer are from 2019: 675 Canadians were diagnosed with anal cancer. 200 men were diagnosed with anal cancer. 475 women were diagnosed with anal cancer. […] The most recent mortality statistics for anal cancer are from 2022: 188 Canadians died from anal cancer. 69 men died from anal cancer. 119 women died from anal cancer.

• #11 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  Anal cancer cases rose 2.7% and anal cancer deaths rose 3.1% each year between 2001 and 2015. […] Both the number of cases of anal cancer and deaths from the disease have been on the rise in the United States since 2001, according to a new study. […] From 2001 to 2015, the overall incidence of anal cancer increased by 2.7% per year and mortality jumped by 3.1% each year, according to the study, published November 19 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. […] Higher vaccine uptake than has been achieved to date is needed to reverse the rise of anal cancer incidence and mortality, said Ashish Deshmukh, Ph.D., M.P.H., of the UTHealth School of Public Health in Houston, who led the study. […] To understand trends in anal cancer over the last few decades, Dr. Deshmukh and his colleagues used data on cancer incidence collected by NCIs Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the CDCs National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR).

• #12 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  Anal cancer cases rose 2.7% and anal cancer deaths rose 3.1% each year between 2001 and 2015. […] Both the number of cases of anal cancer and deaths from the disease have been on the rise in the United States since 2001, according to a new study. […] From 2001 to 2015, the overall incidence of anal cancer increased by 2.7% per year and mortality jumped by 3.1% each year, according to the study, published November 19 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. […] Higher vaccine uptake than has been achieved to date is needed to reverse the rise of anal cancer incidence and mortality, said Ashish Deshmukh, Ph.D., M.P.H., of the UTHealth School of Public Health in Houston, who led the study. […] To understand trends in anal cancer over the last few decades, Dr. Deshmukh and his colleagues used data on cancer incidence collected by NCIs Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the CDCs National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR).

• #13 Anal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 10,930 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,030 […] Anal cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 10,930 new cases of anal cancer and an estimated 2,030 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of anal cancer was 2.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new anal cancer cases have been rising on average 2.2% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 4.1% each year over 20142023.

• #14 Anal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 10,930 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 2,030 […] Anal cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 10,930 new cases of anal cancer and an estimated 2,030 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of anal cancer was 2.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new anal cancer cases have been rising on average 2.2% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 4.1% each year over 20142023.

• #15 Anal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer

  There are around 1,600 new anal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 4 every day (2017-2019). […] Anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, anal cancer incidence rates have increased by more than three-quarters (77%) in the UK. Rates in females have around doubled (118%), and rates in males have increased by more than a quarter (29%) (2017-2019). […] Anal cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Anal cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 45% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 91% of anal cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 91% of anal cancer cases in the UK are caused by infections.

• #16 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Age-specific incidence rates rise from around age 35-39, more steeply for females than males. […] For anal cancer, like most cancer types, incidence increases with age. This largely reflects cell DNA damage accumulating over time. […] Anal cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 77% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] The increase was larger in females than in males. […] For females, anal cancer AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 118% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. For males, anal cancer AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 29% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] Over the last decade in the UK (between 2007-2009 and 2017-2019), anal cancer AS incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 31%.

• #17 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  Between 2001 and 2015, they found, almost 70,000 people in the United States received a diagnosis of anal cancer. […] In addition to the overall rising incidence, the number of cases of anal cancer diagnosed at a later stage when the cancer had already spread to nearby or distant parts of the body also increased between 2001 and 2015. […] These rising rates of advanced-stage disease likely underly the increases seen in deaths from the disease, particularly in older adults, noted the authors. […] For example, they saw a nearly 5% increase in deaths from anal cancer per year in people aged 60 to 69. […] The rising incidence of anal cancer has been on researchers radars for some time, even if the extent of the increase wasn’t highlighted until now. […] Even with the rising incidence over the last two decades, only about 8,000 cases of anal cancer are diagnosed in the United States each year, said Dr. Shiels.

• #18 Anal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052-overview

  Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a distinct disease entity that, like cervical cancer, is primarily linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In both diseases, HPV-related inflammation leads to dysplasia and progression to cancer. […] The presence of AIN in high-risk groups, especially HIV-positive patients, is an indication for ongoing surveillance by means of high-resolution anoscopy, close followup, topical medications, or other methods. […] A study of trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA), using the US Cancer Statistics dataset, found that in 2001-2015 the incidence of SCCA rose 2.7% annually, with pronounced increases in persons age 50 years and older. The incidence of distant-stage SCCA tripled over that period, and that of regional-stage SCCA nearly doubled. From 2001-2016, anal cancer mortality rates increased 3.1% per year, with statistically significant increases in those age 50 years and older.

• #19 Key Statistics for Anal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/anal-cancer/about/what-is-key-statistics.html

  Anal cancer is fairly rare much less common than cancer of the colon or rectum. The American Cancer Society estimates for anal cancer in the United States for 2024 are: […] The number of new anal cancer cases has been rising for many years. Anal cancer is rare in people younger than 35 and is found mainly in older adults, with an average age being in the early 60s. It is also more common in White women and Black men. […] The risk of being diagnosed with anal cancer during ones lifetime is about 1 in 500. The risk is higher in people with certain risk factors for anal cancer. […] The number of people who die from anal cancer each year has been rising, but treatment for anal cancer is often very effective, and many patients with this cancer can be cured. But anal cancer can be a serious condition.

• #20 Key Statistics for Anal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/anal-cancer/about/what-is-key-statistics.html

  Anal cancer is fairly rare much less common than cancer of the colon or rectum. The American Cancer Society estimates for anal cancer in the United States for 2024 are: […] The number of new anal cancer cases has been rising for many years. Anal cancer is rare in people younger than 35 and is found mainly in older adults, with an average age being in the early 60s. It is also more common in White women and Black men. […] The risk of being diagnosed with anal cancer during ones lifetime is about 1 in 500. The risk is higher in people with certain risk factors for anal cancer. […] The number of people who die from anal cancer each year has been rising, but treatment for anal cancer is often very effective, and many patients with this cancer can be cured. But anal cancer can be a serious condition.

• #21 Anal cancer: How common is it?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-anal-cancer

  Anal cancer is rare in individuals under 35 years, with the average age of diagnosis being people in their early 60s. Data from 2023 shows that the risk of receiving a diagnosis of anal cancer is 1 in 500. […] Anal cancer is relatively rare. It is less common than cancers of the colon and rectum, affecting about 1 in 500 people in America in their lifetime. […] The ACS estimates that in 2023, there will be 9,760 new diagnoses of anal cancer in the United States, with more than 60% of these being females. […] It also estimates there to be 1,870 deaths from anal cancer 860 in females and 1,010 in males. […] The most common type of anal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Nearly 9 out of 10 instances of anal cancer in the U.S. are squamous cell carcinoma. […] According to data between 2015 and 2019, over 30% of people with anal cancer are between 55 and 64 years.

• #22 Anal cancer: How common is it?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-anal-cancer

  Anal cancer is rare in individuals under 35 years, with the average age of diagnosis being people in their early 60s. Data from 2023 shows that the risk of receiving a diagnosis of anal cancer is 1 in 500. […] Anal cancer is relatively rare. It is less common than cancers of the colon and rectum, affecting about 1 in 500 people in America in their lifetime. […] The ACS estimates that in 2023, there will be 9,760 new diagnoses of anal cancer in the United States, with more than 60% of these being females. […] It also estimates there to be 1,870 deaths from anal cancer 860 in females and 1,010 in males. […] The most common type of anal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Nearly 9 out of 10 instances of anal cancer in the U.S. are squamous cell carcinoma. […] According to data between 2015 and 2019, over 30% of people with anal cancer are between 55 and 64 years.

• #23 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] In females in the UK, anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new female cancer cases). In males in the UK, it is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new male cancer cases). […] 66% of anal cancer cases in the UK are in females, and 34% are in males. […] Anal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rate) for persons are similar to the UK average in all the UK constituent countries. […] Anal cancer is one of the few non-sex-specific cancer types which is more common in women than in men, this is probably due to sex differences in risk factor prevalence. […] In the UK in 2017-2019, on average each year a quarter of new cases (25%) were in people aged 75 and over.

• #24 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

  The development of anal carcinoma in older patients is primarily reflected by the accumulation of cell DNA damage over time. […] Patients should be re-evaluated with a digital rectal examination and anoscopy 8 weeks to 12 weeks after completion of CRT. […] Patients with complete remission should have digital rectal examinations and lymph node exams every 3 months to 6 months for 5 years after treatment. […] HPV vaccination is a proven and cost-effective approach to the prevention of anal cancer in the younger population.

• #25 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Age-specific incidence rates rise from around age 35-39, more steeply for females than males. […] For anal cancer, like most cancer types, incidence increases with age. This largely reflects cell DNA damage accumulating over time. […] Anal cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 77% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] The increase was larger in females than in males. […] For females, anal cancer AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 118% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. For males, anal cancer AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 29% between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] Over the last decade in the UK (between 2007-2009 and 2017-2019), anal cancer AS incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 31%.

• #26 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] In females in the UK, anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new female cancer cases). In males in the UK, it is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new male cancer cases). […] 66% of anal cancer cases in the UK are in females, and 34% are in males. […] Anal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rate) for persons are similar to the UK average in all the UK constituent countries. […] Anal cancer is one of the few non-sex-specific cancer types which is more common in women than in men, this is probably due to sex differences in risk factor prevalence. […] In the UK in 2017-2019, on average each year a quarter of new cases (25%) were in people aged 75 and over.

• #27 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] In females in the UK, anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new female cancer cases). In males in the UK, it is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new male cancer cases). […] 66% of anal cancer cases in the UK are in females, and 34% are in males. […] Anal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rate) for persons are similar to the UK average in all the UK constituent countries. […] Anal cancer is one of the few non-sex-specific cancer types which is more common in women than in men, this is probably due to sex differences in risk factor prevalence. […] In the UK in 2017-2019, on average each year a quarter of new cases (25%) were in people aged 75 and over.

• #28 Anal cancer: How common is it?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-anal-cancer

  Anal cancer is rare in individuals under 35 years, with the average age of diagnosis being people in their early 60s. Data from 2023 shows that the risk of receiving a diagnosis of anal cancer is 1 in 500. […] Anal cancer is relatively rare. It is less common than cancers of the colon and rectum, affecting about 1 in 500 people in America in their lifetime. […] The ACS estimates that in 2023, there will be 9,760 new diagnoses of anal cancer in the United States, with more than 60% of these being females. […] It also estimates there to be 1,870 deaths from anal cancer 860 in females and 1,010 in males. […] The most common type of anal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Nearly 9 out of 10 instances of anal cancer in the U.S. are squamous cell carcinoma. […] According to data between 2015 and 2019, over 30% of people with anal cancer are between 55 and 64 years.

• #29 Anal cancer statistics | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/anal/statistics

  It can take several years to collect and confirm cancer data, so the number of new cancer cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) from recent years may not be available for some time. […] The most recent incidence statistics for anal cancer are from 2019: 675 Canadians were diagnosed with anal cancer. 200 men were diagnosed with anal cancer. 475 women were diagnosed with anal cancer. […] The most recent mortality statistics for anal cancer are from 2022: 188 Canadians died from anal cancer. 69 men died from anal cancer. 119 women died from anal cancer.

• #30 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

• #31 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] In females in the UK, anal cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new female cancer cases). In males in the UK, it is not among the 20 most common cancers (less than 1% of all new male cancer cases). […] 66% of anal cancer cases in the UK are in females, and 34% are in males. […] Anal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rate) for persons are similar to the UK average in all the UK constituent countries. […] Anal cancer is one of the few non-sex-specific cancer types which is more common in women than in men, this is probably due to sex differences in risk factor prevalence. […] In the UK in 2017-2019, on average each year a quarter of new cases (25%) were in people aged 75 and over.

• #32 Key Statistics for Anal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/anal-cancer/about/what-is-key-statistics.html

  Anal cancer is fairly rare much less common than cancer of the colon or rectum. The American Cancer Society estimates for anal cancer in the United States for 2024 are: […] The number of new anal cancer cases has been rising for many years. Anal cancer is rare in people younger than 35 and is found mainly in older adults, with an average age being in the early 60s. It is also more common in White women and Black men. […] The risk of being diagnosed with anal cancer during ones lifetime is about 1 in 500. The risk is higher in people with certain risk factors for anal cancer. […] The number of people who die from anal cancer each year has been rising, but treatment for anal cancer is often very effective, and many patients with this cancer can be cured. But anal cancer can be a serious condition.

• #33 Anal cancer rates rising most among older, white and Hispanic women | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082175

  Anal cancer has been steadily increasing in the United States, with the biggest jumps among older women, especially white and Hispanic women a shift that challenges assumptions about high-risk groups and who should be screened, according to a study to be presented today at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2025. […] Rates of anal cancer are rising fastest among white and Hispanic women over 65 groups not traditionally considered high risk, said lead author Ashley Robinson, MD, a second-year internal medicine resident at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital. […] Researchers analyzed data from the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, known as SEER, from 2017 to 2021. […] Its crucial that we promote HPV vaccination as a key tool for preventing anal cancer, while also keeping health care providers informed as screening guidelines evolve, Dr. Robinson said. […] While screening for anal HPV, dysplasia and cancer is recommended for high-risk groups identified as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunocompromised populations older women addressed in this study are not included.

• #34 Anal Cancer Rates Rising Most Among Older White and Hispanic Women – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/may-2025/anal-cancer-rates-rising-most-among-older-white-and-hispanic-women/

  Anal cancer has been steadily increasing in the United States, with the biggest jumps among older women, especially White and Hispanic women, a new study presented at Digestive Disease Week 2025 (Abstract 76) found. […] Rates of anal cancer are rising fastest among White and Hispanic women over 65 groups not traditionally considered high risk, said coauthor Ashley Robinson, MD, a second-year internal medicine resident at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital. […] Researchers led by Eli D. Ehrenpreis, MD, AGAF, FACG, Research Director, Internal Medicine residency at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital analyzed data from the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2017 to 2021. […] Its crucial that we promote HPV vaccination as a key tool for preventing anal cancer, while also keeping health-care providers informed as screening guidelines evolve, Dr. Robinson said. […] While screening for anal HPV, dysplasia, and cancer is recommended for high-risk groups identified as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients, and other immunocompromised populations older women addressed in this study are not included.

• #35 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250505/Anal-cancer-rates-increasing-among-older-white-and-Hispanic-women-in-the-US.aspx

  Anal cancer has been steadily increasing in the United States, with the biggest jumps among older women, especially white and Hispanic women – a shift that challenges assumptions about high-risk groups and who should be screened, according to a study to be presented today at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2025. […] Rates of anal cancer are rising fastest among white and Hispanic women over 65 – groups not traditionally considered high risk. […] Researchers analyzed data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, known as SEER, from 2017 to 2021. […] Anal cancers increased fastest among white women over 65, who saw a 4.3% increase during the five-year study period, reaching 11.4 cases per 100,000 in 2021. […] If the trend continues, the incidence of anal cancer in women over age 65 would double in less than 17 years.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250505/Anal-cancer-rates-increasing-among-older-white-and-Hispanic-women-in-the-US.aspx

  Hispanic women over age 65 had the second-highest rate of anal cancer, with 7.5 cases per 100,000 people in 2021 and a slower annual increase of 1.7%. […] While screening for anal HPV, dysplasia and cancer is recommended for high-risk groups – identified as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunocompromised populations – older women addressed in this study are not included.

• #37 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250505/Anal-cancer-rates-increasing-among-older-white-and-Hispanic-women-in-the-US.aspx

  Anal cancer has been steadily increasing in the United States, with the biggest jumps among older women, especially white and Hispanic women – a shift that challenges assumptions about high-risk groups and who should be screened, according to a study to be presented today at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2025. […] Rates of anal cancer are rising fastest among white and Hispanic women over 65 – groups not traditionally considered high risk. […] Researchers analyzed data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, known as SEER, from 2017 to 2021. […] Anal cancers increased fastest among white women over 65, who saw a 4.3% increase during the five-year study period, reaching 11.4 cases per 100,000 in 2021. […] If the trend continues, the incidence of anal cancer in women over age 65 would double in less than 17 years.

• #38 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, anal canal, and anorectum (SCCA) has increased over time. […] However, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] To determine whether such a screening program allows for earlier detection of abnormalities and consequently, improves patient survival, we conducted an ecological study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to compare the San Francisco-Oakland catchment area (SF-O) to other SEER sites where routine screening has not been as accessible. […] This is the first ecological study to evaluate whether access to anal cancer screening programs may help improve patient survival by allowing for earlier detection of lesions. […] Our results imply that routine screening programs may help detect SCCA at an earlier stage and thus, potentially impact patient survival.

• #39 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v14/i3/98525.htm

  Patients who are at increased risk for AIN 2/3, which includes MSM, solid organ transplant recipients, immunocompromised patients, and women with any history of vulvar, vaginal, and cervical cancer should undergo regular screening with anal cytology. […] Anal cancer is a rare disease that accounts for approximately 0.5% of all new cancers in the United States and less than 3% of cancers of the intestine. While the incidence of anal cancer is too low for general population screening, there is a specific subset of groups with increased risk for AIN 2/3, including HIV-positive patients, MSM, solid organ transplant recipients, women with any history of cervical, vulvar, or vaginal cancer, and immunocompromised patients not due to HIV. […] HPV vaccination is a proven and cost-effective approach to the prevention of anal cancer in the younger population. The administering of the 9-valent HPV vaccine to children could effectively prevent almost all anal tumors (primary prevention of anal SCC).

• #40 Anal Cancer | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/analcancer.html

  Anyone can get anal cancer, but you are more likely to develop it if you: […] Most anal cancers are related to HPV infection. […] You may be able to lower your risk of getting anal cancer by getting an HPV vaccine and not smoking. […] If you are an adult with HIV, it’s important to get an anal cancer screening every year.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250505/Anal-cancer-rates-increasing-among-older-white-and-Hispanic-women-in-the-US.aspx

  Hispanic women over age 65 had the second-highest rate of anal cancer, with 7.5 cases per 100,000 people in 2021 and a slower annual increase of 1.7%. […] While screening for anal HPV, dysplasia and cancer is recommended for high-risk groups – identified as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunocompromised populations – older women addressed in this study are not included.

• #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250505/Anal-cancer-rates-increasing-among-older-white-and-Hispanic-women-in-the-US.aspx

  Hispanic women over age 65 had the second-highest rate of anal cancer, with 7.5 cases per 100,000 people in 2021 and a slower annual increase of 1.7%. […] While screening for anal HPV, dysplasia and cancer is recommended for high-risk groups – identified as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunocompromised populations – older women addressed in this study are not included.

• #43 Anal Cancer Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, ASCRS Practice Parameters, NCCN Guidelines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052-guidelines

  Guidelines for the management of anal cancer have been published by the following organizations: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) [34] National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) [35] European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) [82] […] Practice parameters, issued by the ASCRS in 2012 and revised in 2018, cover prevention, pretreatment evaluation, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance of anal squamous neoplasms. Recommendations for anal margin and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) are also provided. [34, 83] […] The ASCRS recommends that patients treated for anal cancer receive follow-up involving digital rectal examination, anoscopy, and imaging. Surveillance should typically start 8 to 12 weeks from the completion of chemoradiotherapy and should be continued for 5 years (strong recommendation based on moderate-quality evidence, 1B).

• #44 Anal Cancer Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, ASCRS Practice Parameters, NCCN Guidelines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052-guidelines

  The NCCN guidelines cover the workup, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance of anal carcinoma. [35] […] For primary treatment of locoregional SCC of the anal canal, preferred chemoradiation regimens include the following; Mitomycin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus radiation therapy (RT) Mitomycin/capecitabine plus RT […] For metastatic SCC of the anal canal, the NCCN recommends primary treatment with 5-FU/cisplatin or carboplatin/paclitaxel, or enrolling the patient in a clinical trial. […] ESMO recommendations for diagnosis of anal cancer include the following: Digital anorectal examination (DRE) is essential for detection of lesions in the anal area. […] Patients in complete remission should be evaluated every 3-6 months for a period of 2 years, and every 6-12 months until 5 years, with clinical examination including DRE and palpation of the inguinal lymph nodes. Patients with locally advanced anal cancer may benefit from intensive MRI surveillance in the first 12 months.

• #45 Anal Cancer Guidelines: Guidelines Summary, ASCRS Practice Parameters, NCCN Guidelines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052-guidelines

  The NCCN guidelines cover the workup, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance of anal carcinoma. [35] […] For primary treatment of locoregional SCC of the anal canal, preferred chemoradiation regimens include the following; Mitomycin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus radiation therapy (RT) Mitomycin/capecitabine plus RT […] For metastatic SCC of the anal canal, the NCCN recommends primary treatment with 5-FU/cisplatin or carboplatin/paclitaxel, or enrolling the patient in a clinical trial. […] ESMO recommendations for diagnosis of anal cancer include the following: Digital anorectal examination (DRE) is essential for detection of lesions in the anal area. […] Patients in complete remission should be evaluated every 3-6 months for a period of 2 years, and every 6-12 months until 5 years, with clinical examination including DRE and palpation of the inguinal lymph nodes. Patients with locally advanced anal cancer may benefit from intensive MRI surveillance in the first 12 months.

• #46 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  Despite its increasing incidence and the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] Cytologic screening and/or HPV DNA testing for SCCA could potentially reduce both incidence and mortality by allowing for early detection and treatment of its associated precursor lesions, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). […] Our results indicated that a large proportion of cases reported from the SF-O region had in situ SCCA at the time of diagnosis. […] However, we found that being reported by the SF-O registry was significantly protective against SCCA mortality, compared to being reported from other SEER registries both inside and outside of California. […] Our study is one of the first to attempt to investigate what potential impact anal cancer screening programs have on patient survival. […] Therefore, the impact such programs may make on patient survival warrants additional study.

• #47 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  Despite its increasing incidence and the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] Cytologic screening and/or HPV DNA testing for SCCA could potentially reduce both incidence and mortality by allowing for early detection and treatment of its associated precursor lesions, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). […] Our results indicated that a large proportion of cases reported from the SF-O region had in situ SCCA at the time of diagnosis. […] However, we found that being reported by the SF-O registry was significantly protective against SCCA mortality, compared to being reported from other SEER registries both inside and outside of California. […] Our study is one of the first to attempt to investigate what potential impact anal cancer screening programs have on patient survival. […] Therefore, the impact such programs may make on patient survival warrants additional study.

• #48 Key Statistics for Anal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/anal-cancer/about/what-is-key-statistics.html

  Anal cancer is fairly rare much less common than cancer of the colon or rectum. The American Cancer Society estimates for anal cancer in the United States for 2024 are: […] The number of new anal cancer cases has been rising for many years. Anal cancer is rare in people younger than 35 and is found mainly in older adults, with an average age being in the early 60s. It is also more common in White women and Black men. […] The risk of being diagnosed with anal cancer during ones lifetime is about 1 in 500. The risk is higher in people with certain risk factors for anal cancer. […] The number of people who die from anal cancer each year has been rising, but treatment for anal cancer is often very effective, and many patients with this cancer can be cured. But anal cancer can be a serious condition.

• #49 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

• #50 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

• #51 NCI DCEG Research Summary: Anal Cancer Risk and Survival in People with HIV | AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource

  https://acsr1.com/nci-dceg-research-summary-anal-cancer-risk-and-survival-in-people-with-hiv/

  The National Cancer Institutes Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics released a summary of 3 studies that have the potential for informing recommendations for anal cancer screening, the importance of early detection, risk and survival in people living with HIV. […] The incidence rate for anal cancer among PLWH is 19-fold greater when compared to the general population (Colon-Lopez V, et al 2018). […] To date, there are no official anal cancer screening guidelines in the U.S.

• #52 Epidemiology of Anal Cancer | Anal Neoplasia Clinic, Research and Education Center

  https://ancre.ucsf.edu/epidemiology-anal-cancer-0

  Anal cancer is relatively uncommon compared to other cancers. In the general population only 1.5 men per 100000 and 1.9 women per 100000 will develop anal cancer. In HIV positive people the estimated rates are between 46-131 men per 100000 people, and 30 women per 100000. HIV positive men who have sex with men have the highest rates, and African American men are much more likely than other men to develop it. […] Almost all cases are in people over 35 years of age. […] It is still unknown why HIV positive people undergoing retroviral therapy have increased rates of anal cancer. Compared to many other cancers anal cancer is usually slow to develop so it is possible that the increased life span provided by retrovirals allows more time for the cancer to develop.

• #53 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  The data also revealed an increasing incidence of anal cancer in the PLWH population over time. […] However, some evidence suggests that prolonged ART (24 months) may be associated with a decrease in the incidence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). […] A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence across risk groups found that the incidence of anal cancer in solid organ transplant recipients increased both by age and years since transplant. […] Incidence rates rose from 0.0 and 3.1 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 30 years to 13.4 and 25.9 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 60 years. […] Years since transplant appeared to identify an even higher risk than age, with an incidence rate of 24.5 and 29.6 per 100,000 person-years in males and females 10 years posttransplant, respectively.

• #54 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  The data also revealed an increasing incidence of anal cancer in the PLWH population over time. […] However, some evidence suggests that prolonged ART (24 months) may be associated with a decrease in the incidence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). […] A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence across risk groups found that the incidence of anal cancer in solid organ transplant recipients increased both by age and years since transplant. […] Incidence rates rose from 0.0 and 3.1 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 30 years to 13.4 and 25.9 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 60 years. […] Years since transplant appeared to identify an even higher risk than age, with an incidence rate of 24.5 and 29.6 per 100,000 person-years in males and females 10 years posttransplant, respectively.

• #55 Epidemiology of Anal Cancer | Anal Neoplasia Clinic, Research and Education Center

  https://ancre.ucsf.edu/epidemiology-anal-cancer-0

  Anal cancer is relatively uncommon compared to other cancers. In the general population only 1.5 men per 100000 and 1.9 women per 100000 will develop anal cancer. In HIV positive people the estimated rates are between 46-131 men per 100000 people, and 30 women per 100000. HIV positive men who have sex with men have the highest rates, and African American men are much more likely than other men to develop it. […] Almost all cases are in people over 35 years of age. […] It is still unknown why HIV positive people undergoing retroviral therapy have increased rates of anal cancer. Compared to many other cancers anal cancer is usually slow to develop so it is possible that the increased life span provided by retrovirals allows more time for the cancer to develop.

• #56 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

• #57 Anal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data, the annual incidence rate of new anal cancer cases did not change significantly over 2012-2021, averaging 1.9 cases per 100,000 persons per year, while age-adjusted death rates rose on average 5.1% each year over 2013-2022, reaching 0.4 per 100,000 persons in 2022. […] Risk factors for anal cancer include any of the following: Active HPV infection, Smoking, Men having sex with men (MSM), Anoreceptive sex, Immunosuppression, with a correlation with low T-cell counts, HIV infection, Solid organ transplantation, especially in females 10 years after transplantation, HPV-related gynecological precancerous lesions or cancer (vulvar, cervical, or vaginal). […] Combinations of two or more factors pose particular risk. For example, a meta-analysis found that the highest incidence of anal cancer was in HIV-positive MSM age 60 years or older; in this group, the incidence rate was 107.5 per 100,000 person-years. […] Cancer types other than squamous cell carcinoma are varied and account for only a minority of anal cancers approximately 20%. The epidemiology of nonsquamous cell cancers of the anus (eg, melanoma, adenocarcinoma) tends to correlate more closely to those histologic entities at other body sites.

• #58 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  In PLWH, the standardized incidence rate of anal carcinoma per 100,000 person-years in the United States, estimated to be 19.0 in 1992 through 1995, increased to 78.2 during 2000 through 2003. […] This result likely reflects both the survival benefits of modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the lack of an impact of ART on the progression of anal cancer precursors. […] The incidence rate of anal cancer has been reported to be 131 per 100,000 person-years in males who have sex with males (MSM) with HIV in North America, and in the range of 3.9 to 30 per 100,000 person-years in females living with HIV. […] An analysis of the French Hospital Database on HIV showed a highly elevated risk of anal cancer in PLWH, including in those who were on therapy and whose CD4+T-cell counts were high.

• #59 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  The data also revealed an increasing incidence of anal cancer in the PLWH population over time. […] However, some evidence suggests that prolonged ART (24 months) may be associated with a decrease in the incidence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). […] A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence across risk groups found that the incidence of anal cancer in solid organ transplant recipients increased both by age and years since transplant. […] Incidence rates rose from 0.0 and 3.1 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 30 years to 13.4 and 25.9 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 60 years. […] Years since transplant appeared to identify an even higher risk than age, with an incidence rate of 24.5 and 29.6 per 100,000 person-years in males and females 10 years posttransplant, respectively.

• #60 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  The data also revealed an increasing incidence of anal cancer in the PLWH population over time. […] However, some evidence suggests that prolonged ART (24 months) may be associated with a decrease in the incidence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). […] A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence across risk groups found that the incidence of anal cancer in solid organ transplant recipients increased both by age and years since transplant. […] Incidence rates rose from 0.0 and 3.1 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 30 years to 13.4 and 25.9 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 60 years. […] Years since transplant appeared to identify an even higher risk than age, with an incidence rate of 24.5 and 29.6 per 100,000 person-years in males and females 10 years posttransplant, respectively.

• #61 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  The data also revealed an increasing incidence of anal cancer in the PLWH population over time. […] However, some evidence suggests that prolonged ART (24 months) may be associated with a decrease in the incidence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). […] A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence across risk groups found that the incidence of anal cancer in solid organ transplant recipients increased both by age and years since transplant. […] Incidence rates rose from 0.0 and 3.1 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 30 years to 13.4 and 25.9 per 100,000 person-years in men and women 60 years. […] Years since transplant appeared to identify an even higher risk than age, with an incidence rate of 24.5 and 29.6 per 100,000 person-years in males and females 10 years posttransplant, respectively.

• #62 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  This study also assessed risk in patients with autoimmune diseases and found incidence rates of 10, 6, and 3 per 100,000 person-years for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, and Crohns disease, respectively. […] High-grade AIN can be a precursor to anal cancer, and treatment of high-grade AIN may prevent the development of anal cancer. […] AIN can be identified by cytology, HPV testing, digital rectal examination (DRE), high-resolution anoscopy, and/or biopsy. […] The spontaneous regression rate of high-grade AIN is not known, and estimates suggest that the progression rates of AIN to cancer in MSM might be quite low. […] However, a prospective cohort study of 550 HIV-positive MSM found the rate of conversion of high-grade AIN to anal cancer to be 18% (7/38) at a median follow-up of 2.3 years, despite treatment.

• #63 Anal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500052-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data, the annual incidence rate of new anal cancer cases did not change significantly over 2012-2021, averaging 1.9 cases per 100,000 persons per year, while age-adjusted death rates rose on average 5.1% each year over 2013-2022, reaching 0.4 per 100,000 persons in 2022. […] Risk factors for anal cancer include any of the following: Active HPV infection, Smoking, Men having sex with men (MSM), Anoreceptive sex, Immunosuppression, with a correlation with low T-cell counts, HIV infection, Solid organ transplantation, especially in females 10 years after transplantation, HPV-related gynecological precancerous lesions or cancer (vulvar, cervical, or vaginal). […] Combinations of two or more factors pose particular risk. For example, a meta-analysis found that the highest incidence of anal cancer was in HIV-positive MSM age 60 years or older; in this group, the incidence rate was 107.5 per 100,000 person-years. […] Cancer types other than squamous cell carcinoma are varied and account for only a minority of anal cancers approximately 20%. The epidemiology of nonsquamous cell cancers of the anus (eg, melanoma, adenocarcinoma) tends to correlate more closely to those histologic entities at other body sites.

• #64 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v14/i3/98525.htm

  The growing trend of anal cancer is believed to be linked to the rising rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The development of anal cancer is linked to multiple risk factors. Social and cultural dynamics over the last few decades have played a significant role in patient exposure and increased rates of anal tumors. The most notable risk factors are as follows. […] HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide, with prevalence variation regionally. The lifetime risk of infection at least once among men and women is 50%, and HPV serves as the underlying cause of cervical cancer. In fact, female patients with cervical cancers are at increased risk for anal cancer. […] Anal malignancies are often associated with HPV infection, although it is relatively uncommon for most patients with this infection to acquire anal cancer. Anal carcinoma is commonly linked to HPV infection, most notably subtype 16.

• #65 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, anal canal, and anorectum (SCCA) has increased over time. […] However, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] To determine whether such a screening program allows for earlier detection of abnormalities and consequently, improves patient survival, we conducted an ecological study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to compare the San Francisco-Oakland catchment area (SF-O) to other SEER sites where routine screening has not been as accessible. […] This is the first ecological study to evaluate whether access to anal cancer screening programs may help improve patient survival by allowing for earlier detection of lesions. […] Our results imply that routine screening programs may help detect SCCA at an earlier stage and thus, potentially impact patient survival.

• #66 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  In this study, screening led to the identification of high-grade AIN and/or anal cancer in 8% of the cohort. […] Routine screening for AIN in individuals at high risk such as PLWH or MSM is controversial, because randomized controlled trials showing that such screening programs are efficacious at reducing anal cancer incidence and mortality are lacking, whereas the potential benefits are quite large. […] Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested that anal cytology is effective in detection of AIN, particularly for individuals at high risk. […] Most guidelines do not recommend anal cancer screening even in people at high risk at this time or state that there may be some benefit with anal cytology. […] Few guidelines recommend screening for anal cancer with DRE in PLWH. […] Guidelines for the treatment of AIN have been developed by several groups, including the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS).

• #67

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/anal-cancer

  There are several screening methods used, especially in high-risk patient populations. […] Regular examinationAny patient with a history of anal and genital warts should have a regular examination for recurrence. […] Anal cytologyThis is the same testing as a Pap smear in a gynecology exam. […] High resolution anoscopy (HRA) showed that examination with HRA inhigh-riskpatients, and treatment ofhigh-gradedysplasia (HSIL) led to decreased rates of anal cancer. […] HPV vaccines (for those ages 9 to 26) have been shown to not only lower the risk of HPV infection, but also reduce the risk of anal cancer in men and women. […] People at increased risk should talk to their physicians about getting an anal cancer screening. […] Careful surveillance ofhigh-gradedysplasia is needed due to a high recurrence rate, andredevelopment of dysplasia over time due to chronic HPV infection. […] Patients with an increased risk of anal cancer or with a known HPV infection history should get regular exams so that any cancer that develops is caught early when treatment is most successful.

• #68

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/anal-cancer

  There are several screening methods used, especially in high-risk patient populations. […] Regular examinationAny patient with a history of anal and genital warts should have a regular examination for recurrence. […] Anal cytologyThis is the same testing as a Pap smear in a gynecology exam. […] High resolution anoscopy (HRA) showed that examination with HRA inhigh-riskpatients, and treatment ofhigh-gradedysplasia (HSIL) led to decreased rates of anal cancer. […] HPV vaccines (for those ages 9 to 26) have been shown to not only lower the risk of HPV infection, but also reduce the risk of anal cancer in men and women. […] People at increased risk should talk to their physicians about getting an anal cancer screening. […] Careful surveillance ofhigh-gradedysplasia is needed due to a high recurrence rate, andredevelopment of dysplasia over time due to chronic HPV infection. […] Patients with an increased risk of anal cancer or with a known HPV infection history should get regular exams so that any cancer that develops is caught early when treatment is most successful.

• #69

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/anal-cancer

  There are several screening methods used, especially in high-risk patient populations. […] Regular examinationAny patient with a history of anal and genital warts should have a regular examination for recurrence. […] Anal cytologyThis is the same testing as a Pap smear in a gynecology exam. […] High resolution anoscopy (HRA) showed that examination with HRA inhigh-riskpatients, and treatment ofhigh-gradedysplasia (HSIL) led to decreased rates of anal cancer. […] HPV vaccines (for those ages 9 to 26) have been shown to not only lower the risk of HPV infection, but also reduce the risk of anal cancer in men and women. […] People at increased risk should talk to their physicians about getting an anal cancer screening. […] Careful surveillance ofhigh-gradedysplasia is needed due to a high recurrence rate, andredevelopment of dysplasia over time due to chronic HPV infection. […] Patients with an increased risk of anal cancer or with a known HPV infection history should get regular exams so that any cancer that develops is caught early when treatment is most successful.

• #70

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/anal-cancer

  There are several screening methods used, especially in high-risk patient populations. […] Regular examinationAny patient with a history of anal and genital warts should have a regular examination for recurrence. […] Anal cytologyThis is the same testing as a Pap smear in a gynecology exam. […] High resolution anoscopy (HRA) showed that examination with HRA inhigh-riskpatients, and treatment ofhigh-gradedysplasia (HSIL) led to decreased rates of anal cancer. […] HPV vaccines (for those ages 9 to 26) have been shown to not only lower the risk of HPV infection, but also reduce the risk of anal cancer in men and women. […] People at increased risk should talk to their physicians about getting an anal cancer screening. […] Careful surveillance ofhigh-gradedysplasia is needed due to a high recurrence rate, andredevelopment of dysplasia over time due to chronic HPV infection. […] Patients with an increased risk of anal cancer or with a known HPV infection history should get regular exams so that any cancer that develops is caught early when treatment is most successful.

• #71 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  In this study, screening led to the identification of high-grade AIN and/or anal cancer in 8% of the cohort. […] Routine screening for AIN in individuals at high risk such as PLWH or MSM is controversial, because randomized controlled trials showing that such screening programs are efficacious at reducing anal cancer incidence and mortality are lacking, whereas the potential benefits are quite large. […] Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested that anal cytology is effective in detection of AIN, particularly for individuals at high risk. […] Most guidelines do not recommend anal cancer screening even in people at high risk at this time or state that there may be some benefit with anal cytology. […] Few guidelines recommend screening for anal cancer with DRE in PLWH. […] Guidelines for the treatment of AIN have been developed by several groups, including the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS).

• #72 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  Despite its increasing incidence and the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] Cytologic screening and/or HPV DNA testing for SCCA could potentially reduce both incidence and mortality by allowing for early detection and treatment of its associated precursor lesions, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). […] Our results indicated that a large proportion of cases reported from the SF-O region had in situ SCCA at the time of diagnosis. […] However, we found that being reported by the SF-O registry was significantly protective against SCCA mortality, compared to being reported from other SEER registries both inside and outside of California. […] Our study is one of the first to attempt to investigate what potential impact anal cancer screening programs have on patient survival. […] Therefore, the impact such programs may make on patient survival warrants additional study.

• #73 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  Despite its increasing incidence and the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] Cytologic screening and/or HPV DNA testing for SCCA could potentially reduce both incidence and mortality by allowing for early detection and treatment of its associated precursor lesions, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). […] Our results indicated that a large proportion of cases reported from the SF-O region had in situ SCCA at the time of diagnosis. […] However, we found that being reported by the SF-O registry was significantly protective against SCCA mortality, compared to being reported from other SEER registries both inside and outside of California. […] Our study is one of the first to attempt to investigate what potential impact anal cancer screening programs have on patient survival. […] Therefore, the impact such programs may make on patient survival warrants additional study.

• #74 Anal cancer in the United States linked to AIDS and inequalities | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2023/anal-cancer-united-states-linked-aids-and-inequalities

  They say that a focus on screening for anal cancer in people with HIV is unlikely to have an impact on the incidence of anal cancer in women, among whom smoking is the more substantial risk factor. […] The lack of screening facilities is a serious challenge. Nationally, the study identified 181 clinics that provide high-resolution anoscopy screening. Almost half (47%) are in five states (California, New York, Florida, Maryland and Massachusetts). Poorly served states include Tennessee and Indiana (one site each) and Pennsylvania (three sites). Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Mississippi, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota and all the Mountain states except Colorado and Utah lack screening sites.

• #75

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20170227/surging-burden-of-anal-cancer-requires-more-investigation-education

  Anal cancer accounts for less than 3% of gastrointestinal malignancies and 0.5% of all new cancer diagnoses in the United States. […] However, the incidence rate has more than doubled in the past 3 decades, according to SEER statistics. […] The trend appears driven primarily by sharp increases in anal squamous cell carcinoma, a subtype almost always caused by HPV infection. […] However, delayed diagnosis dramatically reduces the likelihood of survival. This can be problematic due to a lack of awareness about early warning signs, as well as societal taboos regarding the anatomical site of the cancer and its association with sexual behavior. […] In addition, due to the rarity of the disease, the clinical community’s understanding of the disease as well as treatment options are limited. There also is no consensus on screening, even for high-risk individuals.

• #76

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20170227/surging-burden-of-anal-cancer-requires-more-investigation-education

  Nonmetastatic anal cancer can be cured with concurrent chemoradiation. […] We do have effective therapies, Petrelli said. […] The optimal time for assessment of persistent disease is controversial, Petrelli said. […] About two-thirds (66.4%) of Americans diagnosed with anal cancer survive 5 years, according to SEER statistics. […] However, survival depends greatly on disease stage. Five-year relative survival rates are 80.7% for those with localized disease, 60.8% for those with regional disease and 30.4% for those with distant disease. […] The study has been accepted for publication in The Lancet Oncology, and researchers plan to move on to a randomized extension study that will assess combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab (Yervoy, Bristol-Myers Squibb), a CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitor. […] This information could potentially lead to novel therapeutic and preventive strategies, but it really is too early to tell until we have more research.

• #77 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Anal cancer incidence rates have increased overall in most broad age groups in females in the UK since the early 1990s, but have remained stable in some. […] For anal cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] Anal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 60% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 89% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 260 more cases of anal cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.

• #78 Anal Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/anal-carcinoma

  Anal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in the UK (2016-2018). […] Incidence rates for anal cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 80 to 84. Each year 25% of all new anal cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2016-2018). […] Since the early 1990s, anal cancer incidence rates have increased by 76% in the UK. Rates in females have increased by 117%, and rates in males have increased by 26% (2016-2018). […] Anal cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Anal cancer incidence rates in England in females are 60% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 89% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] Although randomised controlled trials evaluating screening and treatment outcomes are lacking, experts support routine screening for AIN in high-risk populations. […] Reductions in AIN and anal cancer rates have been shown in studies where high-risk populations were vaccinated against the oncogenic strains of HPV. […] HPV vaccination continues to be underutilised as a method of preventing HPV-associated cancers.

• #79 Anal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence

  Anal cancer incidence rates have increased overall in most broad age groups in females in the UK since the early 1990s, but have remained stable in some. […] For anal cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] Anal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 60% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 89% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 260 more cases of anal cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.

• #80 Anal cancer in the United States linked to AIDS and inequalities | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2023/anal-cancer-united-states-linked-aids-and-inequalities

  Anal cancer diagnoses in men in the United States aged 50 and over rose over a decade and states with a higher frequency of AIDS diagnoses tended to have a higher frequency of anal cancer diagnoses too, a national study of anal cancer mortality published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology reports. […] The study authors suggest that structural inequalities leading to late HIV diagnosis, poor access to care and a diagnosis of AIDS contribute to a higher risk of anal cancer in some parts of the United States for men. […] Anal cancer incidence was correlated with AIDS prevalence in men (r=0.47, p0.01) but not in women. The study authors suggest that barriers to HIV care leading to late HIV diagnosis and a higher incidence of AIDS may explain the increased incidence of anal cancer, especially in young men in southern states.

• #81

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20170227/surging-burden-of-anal-cancer-requires-more-investigation-education

  The HPV vaccine truly does have a lot of promise as a preventive tool in specific groups of at-risk patients by minimizing the risk for acquiring precursors of anal carcinoma lesions, Willett told HemOnc Today. […] The association between HPV and anal cancer is between 80% and 90%, which is comparable to the association between HPV and cervical cancer, Eng said. […] Anal cancer incidence among men who have sex with men and adult males with HIV/AIDS is 10 to 50 times higher than in the general population. […] Among women, invasive anal cancer incidence is seven to 28 times higher among those with HIV/AIDS than the general population. […] Some specialists support annual screening for all high-risk individuals, as the use of anal cytology essentially an anal Pap test can lead to earlier diagnosis of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and reduce a person’s risk for developing anal cancer.

• #82

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20170227/surging-burden-of-anal-cancer-requires-more-investigation-education

  The HPV vaccine truly does have a lot of promise as a preventive tool in specific groups of at-risk patients by minimizing the risk for acquiring precursors of anal carcinoma lesions, Willett told HemOnc Today. […] The association between HPV and anal cancer is between 80% and 90%, which is comparable to the association between HPV and cervical cancer, Eng said. […] Anal cancer incidence among men who have sex with men and adult males with HIV/AIDS is 10 to 50 times higher than in the general population. […] Among women, invasive anal cancer incidence is seven to 28 times higher among those with HIV/AIDS than the general population. […] Some specialists support annual screening for all high-risk individuals, as the use of anal cytology essentially an anal Pap test can lead to earlier diagnosis of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and reduce a person’s risk for developing anal cancer.

• #83 Cancers Linked With HPV Each Year | Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/cases.html

  An HPV-attributable cancer is a cancer that is probably caused by HPV. HPV causes nearly all cervical cancers and many cancers of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, rectum, and oropharynx. […] To find the number of HPV-attributable cancers, multiply the number of HPV-associated cancers by the percentage of these cancers that are probably caused by HPV. For example, about 7,854 people are diagnosed with anal cancer each year, and about 91% (7,200) of anal cancers are thought to be caused by HPV.

• #84 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v14/i3/98525.htm

  Patients who are at increased risk for AIN 2/3, which includes MSM, solid organ transplant recipients, immunocompromised patients, and women with any history of vulvar, vaginal, and cervical cancer should undergo regular screening with anal cytology. […] Anal cancer is a rare disease that accounts for approximately 0.5% of all new cancers in the United States and less than 3% of cancers of the intestine. While the incidence of anal cancer is too low for general population screening, there is a specific subset of groups with increased risk for AIN 2/3, including HIV-positive patients, MSM, solid organ transplant recipients, women with any history of cervical, vulvar, or vaginal cancer, and immunocompromised patients not due to HIV. […] HPV vaccination is a proven and cost-effective approach to the prevention of anal cancer in the younger population. The administering of the 9-valent HPV vaccine to children could effectively prevent almost all anal tumors (primary prevention of anal SCC).

• #85 Anal carcinoma – exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11372733/

  The development of anal carcinoma in older patients is primarily reflected by the accumulation of cell DNA damage over time. […] Patients should be re-evaluated with a digital rectal examination and anoscopy 8 weeks to 12 weeks after completion of CRT. […] Patients with complete remission should have digital rectal examinations and lymph node exams every 3 months to 6 months for 5 years after treatment. […] HPV vaccination is a proven and cost-effective approach to the prevention of anal cancer in the younger population.

• #86 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  A quadrivalent HPV vaccine is available and has been shown to be effective in preventing persistent cervical infection with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 as well as in preventing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia related to these strains of the virus. […] The vaccine has also been shown to be efficacious in young males at preventing genital lesions associated with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 infection. […] A substudy of a larger double-blind study assessed the efficacy of the vaccine for the prevention of AIN and anal cancer related to infection with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 in MSM. […] In this study, 602 healthy MSM aged 16 to 26 years were randomized to receive the vaccine or a placebo. […] Although none of the participants in either arm developed anal cancer during the 3-year follow-up period, there were 5 cases of grade 2/3 AIN associated with one of the vaccine strains in the vaccine arm and 24 such cases in the placebo arm in the per-protocol population, giving an observed efficacy of 77.5% (95% CI, 39.693.3).

• #87 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  A quadrivalent HPV vaccine is available and has been shown to be effective in preventing persistent cervical infection with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 as well as in preventing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia related to these strains of the virus. […] The vaccine has also been shown to be efficacious in young males at preventing genital lesions associated with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 infection. […] A substudy of a larger double-blind study assessed the efficacy of the vaccine for the prevention of AIN and anal cancer related to infection with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 in MSM. […] In this study, 602 healthy MSM aged 16 to 26 years were randomized to receive the vaccine or a placebo. […] Although none of the participants in either arm developed anal cancer during the 3-year follow-up period, there were 5 cases of grade 2/3 AIN associated with one of the vaccine strains in the vaccine arm and 24 such cases in the placebo arm in the per-protocol population, giving an observed efficacy of 77.5% (95% CI, 39.693.3).

• #88 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  This vaccine was compared with the quadrivalent vaccine in an international, randomized phase IIbIII study that included more than 14,000 female patients. […] The 9-valent vaccine was noninferior to the quadrivalent vaccine for antibody response to HPV-6, -11, -16, and -18 and prevented infection and disease related to the other viral strains included in the vaccine. […] The calculated efficacy of the 9-valent vaccine was 96.7% (95% CI, 80.999.8) for the prevention of high-grade cervical, vulvar, or vaginal disease related to those strains. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine use of the 9-valent vaccine in children aged 11 and 12 years, as well as catch-up vaccination for individuals through 26 years of age who have not been previously vaccinated.

• #89 Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 21 Issue 6 (2023)

  https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/21/6/article-p653.xml

  The American Academy of Pediatrics concurs with this vaccination schedule. […] ASCO released a statement regarding HPV vaccination for cancer prevention with the goal of increasing vaccine update. […] In 2018, the FDA expanded use of the 9-valent vaccine to include individuals aged 27 through 45 years, and the ACIP voted in 2019 to recommend vaccination, based on shared clinical decision-making, for individuals in this age range who are not adequately vaccinated. […] The TNM staging system for anal canal cancer developed by the AJCC is detailed in the guidelines. […] Because current recommendations for the primary treatment of anal canal cancer do not involve a surgical excision, most tumors are staged clinically with an emphasis on the size of the primary tumor as determined by direct examination and microscopic confirmation.

• #90 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  In the absence of evidence of effective screening tests, like the Pap and HPV tests for cervical cancer, to prevent the incidence of anal cancer from continuing to rise in the future, emphasis should be on rapidly scaling up HPV vaccination rates, said Dr. Deshmukh. […] Overcoming physicians reluctance to recommend the HPV vaccine has great potential to improve its use, he said. […] There is also a need for more awareness and less stigma around anal cancer, explained Haisar E. Dao, M.D., of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, who was not involved with the study. […] Symptoms of anal cancer can include bleeding, pain in the anal region, and swelling or lumps in the area. […] And earlier diagnosis can be important, Dr. Deshmukh stressed.

• #91 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  Anal cancer cases rose 2.7% and anal cancer deaths rose 3.1% each year between 2001 and 2015. […] Both the number of cases of anal cancer and deaths from the disease have been on the rise in the United States since 2001, according to a new study. […] From 2001 to 2015, the overall incidence of anal cancer increased by 2.7% per year and mortality jumped by 3.1% each year, according to the study, published November 19 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. […] Higher vaccine uptake than has been achieved to date is needed to reverse the rise of anal cancer incidence and mortality, said Ashish Deshmukh, Ph.D., M.P.H., of the UTHealth School of Public Health in Houston, who led the study. […] To understand trends in anal cancer over the last few decades, Dr. Deshmukh and his colleagues used data on cancer incidence collected by NCIs Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the CDCs National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR).

• #92 Anal cancer rates rising most among older, white and Hispanic women | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082175

  Anal cancer has been steadily increasing in the United States, with the biggest jumps among older women, especially white and Hispanic women a shift that challenges assumptions about high-risk groups and who should be screened, according to a study to be presented today at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2025. […] Rates of anal cancer are rising fastest among white and Hispanic women over 65 groups not traditionally considered high risk, said lead author Ashley Robinson, MD, a second-year internal medicine resident at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital. […] Researchers analyzed data from the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, known as SEER, from 2017 to 2021. […] Its crucial that we promote HPV vaccination as a key tool for preventing anal cancer, while also keeping health care providers informed as screening guidelines evolve, Dr. Robinson said. […] While screening for anal HPV, dysplasia and cancer is recommended for high-risk groups identified as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunocompromised populations older women addressed in this study are not included.

• #93 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  Anal cancer cases rose 2.7% and anal cancer deaths rose 3.1% each year between 2001 and 2015. […] Both the number of cases of anal cancer and deaths from the disease have been on the rise in the United States since 2001, according to a new study. […] From 2001 to 2015, the overall incidence of anal cancer increased by 2.7% per year and mortality jumped by 3.1% each year, according to the study, published November 19 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. […] Higher vaccine uptake than has been achieved to date is needed to reverse the rise of anal cancer incidence and mortality, said Ashish Deshmukh, Ph.D., M.P.H., of the UTHealth School of Public Health in Houston, who led the study. […] To understand trends in anal cancer over the last few decades, Dr. Deshmukh and his colleagues used data on cancer incidence collected by NCIs Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the CDCs National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR).

• #94 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  In the absence of evidence of effective screening tests, like the Pap and HPV tests for cervical cancer, to prevent the incidence of anal cancer from continuing to rise in the future, emphasis should be on rapidly scaling up HPV vaccination rates, said Dr. Deshmukh. […] Overcoming physicians reluctance to recommend the HPV vaccine has great potential to improve its use, he said. […] There is also a need for more awareness and less stigma around anal cancer, explained Haisar E. Dao, M.D., of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, who was not involved with the study. […] Symptoms of anal cancer can include bleeding, pain in the anal region, and swelling or lumps in the area. […] And earlier diagnosis can be important, Dr. Deshmukh stressed.

• #95 Anal Cancer Incidence and Survival: Comparing the Greater San-Francisco Bay Area to Other SEER Cancer Registries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058919

  Despite its increasing incidence and the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, there are still no national guidelines on screening for SCCA among high-risk populations. […] Cytologic screening and/or HPV DNA testing for SCCA could potentially reduce both incidence and mortality by allowing for early detection and treatment of its associated precursor lesions, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). […] Our results indicated that a large proportion of cases reported from the SF-O region had in situ SCCA at the time of diagnosis. […] However, we found that being reported by the SF-O registry was significantly protective against SCCA mortality, compared to being reported from other SEER registries both inside and outside of California. […] Our study is one of the first to attempt to investigate what potential impact anal cancer screening programs have on patient survival. […] Therefore, the impact such programs may make on patient survival warrants additional study.

• #96 Anal Cancer Incidence and Deaths Rise in the United States – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/anal-cancer-incidence-mortality-rise

  In the absence of evidence of effective screening tests, like the Pap and HPV tests for cervical cancer, to prevent the incidence of anal cancer from continuing to rise in the future, emphasis should be on rapidly scaling up HPV vaccination rates, said Dr. Deshmukh. […] Overcoming physicians reluctance to recommend the HPV vaccine has great potential to improve its use, he said. […] There is also a need for more awareness and less stigma around anal cancer, explained Haisar E. Dao, M.D., of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, who was not involved with the study. […] Symptoms of anal cancer can include bleeding, pain in the anal region, and swelling or lumps in the area. […] And earlier diagnosis can be important, Dr. Deshmukh stressed.

• #97 Anal cancer is on the rise; it’s a shame …

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/april/anal-cancer-is-on-the-rise-it-s-a-shame

  The study of the prevention of anal cancer (SPANC) is currently underway at The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society at the University of New South Wales. The goal of the study is to determine the best recommendations for screening for anal cancer in the high-risk population of gay and bisexual men. […] Anal cancer is almost exclusively caused by infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), types 16 and 18. In decades to come, HPV vaccination will lead to reductions in the incidence of anal cancer among men and women, but other interventions are needed until then. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware of patient groups that are at increased risk of anal cancer HIV-positive men and women, gay and bisexual men, women with previous anogenital HPV, organ transplant recipients and other patients on long-term immunosuppression therapy and the possibility of anal cancer should come to mind during consultations with these patients, particularly if symptoms of anal disease are present.

• #98

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/anal-cancer

  There are several screening methods used, especially in high-risk patient populations. […] Regular examinationAny patient with a history of anal and genital warts should have a regular examination for recurrence. […] Anal cytologyThis is the same testing as a Pap smear in a gynecology exam. […] High resolution anoscopy (HRA) showed that examination with HRA inhigh-riskpatients, and treatment ofhigh-gradedysplasia (HSIL) led to decreased rates of anal cancer. […] HPV vaccines (for those ages 9 to 26) have been shown to not only lower the risk of HPV infection, but also reduce the risk of anal cancer in men and women. […] People at increased risk should talk to their physicians about getting an anal cancer screening. […] Careful surveillance ofhigh-gradedysplasia is needed due to a high recurrence rate, andredevelopment of dysplasia over time due to chronic HPV infection. […] Patients with an increased risk of anal cancer or with a known HPV infection history should get regular exams so that any cancer that develops is caught early when treatment is most successful.

• #99

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/anal-cancer

  There are several screening methods used, especially in high-risk patient populations. […] Regular examinationAny patient with a history of anal and genital warts should have a regular examination for recurrence. […] Anal cytologyThis is the same testing as a Pap smear in a gynecology exam. […] High resolution anoscopy (HRA) showed that examination with HRA inhigh-riskpatients, and treatment ofhigh-gradedysplasia (HSIL) led to decreased rates of anal cancer. […] HPV vaccines (for those ages 9 to 26) have been shown to not only lower the risk of HPV infection, but also reduce the risk of anal cancer in men and women. […] People at increased risk should talk to their physicians about getting an anal cancer screening. […] Careful surveillance ofhigh-gradedysplasia is needed due to a high recurrence rate, andredevelopment of dysplasia over time due to chronic HPV infection. […] Patients with an increased risk of anal cancer or with a known HPV infection history should get regular exams so that any cancer that develops is caught early when treatment is most successful.

• #100 Advances in the Management, Treatment, and Surveillance of Anal Squamous Cell Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/17/8/1289

  The ANCHOR study is a phase 3 randomized control trial that took place at 25 study sites in the US. […] The study highlights the importance of providing access to clinics with HRA-trained physicians for patients living with HIV. […] The current standard of care for anal cancer includes the Nigro protocol, concurrent chemoradiation, typically radiation with systemic mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). […] The implementation of a definition for SISCCA was to identify patients who could be managed with local excision as opposed to undergoing systemic treatment. […] The current standard of care for non-metastatic disease includes chemoradiation with intensity-modulated radiation therapy and concurrent 5-FU and mitomycin. […] The NCCN guidelines now reflect this, recommending assessment with rectal exam at 8–12 weeks with re-evaluation at 4 weeks for persistent disease.

• #101

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20170227/surging-burden-of-anal-cancer-requires-more-investigation-education

  Anal cancer is rare compared with other malignancies, but there has been a very clear rise in incidence, according to Cathy Eng, MD. […] This is a sign that we need to educate the population about the symptoms of the disease, as well as preventive measures that can be taken, Eng said. […] The raw number of cases has doubled since 2003. The rate of new cases increased from 0.8 per 100,000 people in 1986 to 1.9 per 100,000 people in 2013, according to SEER data. […] Knowing the trends in incidence of a cancer is important for setting priorities for cancer prevention and care, as well as monitoring progress against cancer. […] Population-based preventive measures including HPV vaccination and advocacy for safe sexual behaviors may contribute to curbing the surging burden of disease, Islami and colleagues wrote.

• #102

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20170227/surging-burden-of-anal-cancer-requires-more-investigation-education

  Anal cancer is rare compared with other malignancies, but there has been a very clear rise in incidence, according to Cathy Eng, MD. […] This is a sign that we need to educate the population about the symptoms of the disease, as well as preventive measures that can be taken, Eng said. […] The raw number of cases has doubled since 2003. The rate of new cases increased from 0.8 per 100,000 people in 1986 to 1.9 per 100,000 people in 2013, according to SEER data. […] Knowing the trends in incidence of a cancer is important for setting priorities for cancer prevention and care, as well as monitoring progress against cancer. […] Population-based preventive measures including HPV vaccination and advocacy for safe sexual behaviors may contribute to curbing the surging burden of disease, Islami and colleagues wrote.

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