Progeria
Etiologia i przyczyny

Progeria, czyli zespół Hutchinsona-Gilforda (HGPS), jest rzadkim autosomalnie dominującym zaburzeniem genetycznym wywołanym mutacją punktową C1824T w genie LMNA, prowadzącą do produkcji patologicznego białka progeryny. Progeryna, będąca skróconą i trwale farnesylowaną formą lamin A, zaburza integralność jądra komórkowego, powodując deformacje jądra, utratę heterochromatyny, niestabilność genomu, przyspieszone skracanie telomerów, zmiany epigenetyczne, senescencję komórek oraz dysfunkcje mitochondriów i proteostazy. Kluczowym mechanizmem patogenezy jest zaburzenie mechanotransdukcji, szczególnie w komórkach śródbłonka, co prowadzi do profibrotycznych zmian, sztywnienia układu sercowo-naczyniowego i przerostu serca. W około 90% przypadków mutacja powstaje de novo, a ryzyko ponownego wystąpienia u kolejnego dziecka wynosi 2-3% z powodu mozaicyzmu germinalnego u rodziców.

Progeria – Etiologia i przyczyny powstawania

Progeria, znana również jako zespół Hutchinsona-Gilforda (HGPS), jest niezwykle rzadkim zaburzeniem genetycznym charakteryzującym się przyspieszonym procesem starzenia się organizmu. Choroba powoduje, że dotknięte nią dzieci starzeją się kilkadziesiąt razy szybciej niż zdrowe osoby. Przyczyny progerii są ściśle związane z mutacjami genetycznymi, które wpływają na funkcjonowanie komórek na poziomie molekularnym.12

Mutacje genetyczne jako główna przyczyna progerii

Progeria jest spowodowana zmianą w jednym konkretnym genie – LMNA (lamin A). Ten gen dostarcza instrukcje do produkcji białka lamin A, które jest niezbędne do utrzymania integralności jądra komórkowego i zapewnienia stabilności komórki. Mutacja w genie LMNA prowadzi do powstania nieprawidłowej formy białka lamin A, zwanej progeryną.13

W przypadku klasycznego zespołu Hutchinsona-Gilforda (HGPS), około 90% przypadków jest spowodowanych przez specyficzną mutację punktową w eksonie 11 genu LMNA. Charakterystyczna zmiana polega na zastąpieniu cytozyny przez tyminę w pozycji 1824 (C1824T), co prowadzi do powstania tzw. kryptycznego miejsca splicingowego. Ta zmiana, choć jest mutacją cichą (G608G), powoduje powstanie alternatywnego miejsca składania mRNA, co w konsekwencji prowadzi do produkcji skróconej wersji białka lamin A – progeryny.45

Progeryna różni się od normalnego białka lamin A brakiem 50 aminokwasów w regionie C-końcowym (aminokwasy 607-656), ale zachowuje sekwencję CAAX odpowiedzialną za farnesylację. W przeciwieństwie do normalnego białka lamin A, progeryna pozostaje trwale farnesylowana, co powoduje jej szkodliwy wpływ na strukturę jądra komórkowego.56

Mechanizm patogenetyczny progerii

Szkodliwy wpływ progeryny na komórki objawia się na wielu poziomach. Progeryna wiąże się z wewnętrzną błoną jądrową, zaburzając integralność jądra komórkowego. Prowadzi to do powstania charakterystycznych zmian w strukturze jądra, takich jak jego deformacja, pogrubienie blaszki jądrowej, utrata heterochromatyny obwodowej oraz nieprawidłowe rozmieszczenie porów jądrowych.67

Zaburzenia funkcji jądra komórkowego prowadzą do następujących konsekwencji patologicznych:89

  • Niestabilność genomu i zaburzenia naprawy DNA
  • Przyspieszone skracanie telomerów
  • Zmiany epigenetyczne i zaburzenia ekspresji genów
  • Przedwczesne starzenie się komórek (senescencja)
  • Zaburzenia funkcji mitochondriów
  • Zaburzenia proteostazy komórkowej
  • Przewlekły stan zapalny
  • Wyczerpanie puli komórek macierzystych
  • Zaburzenia sygnalizacji międzykomórkowej

8

Jednym z kluczowych mechanizmów komórkowych zaburzonych przez progerynę jest mechanotransdukcja – proces, w którym komórki reagują na siły mechaniczne i przekształcają je w odpowiedź biochemiczną. Zaburzenia mechanotransdukcji są szczególnie istotne w komórkach narażonych na ciągłe bodźce mechaniczne, takich jak komórki układu naczyniowego.710

Badania na modelach mysich wykazały, że ekspresja progeryny w komórkach śródbłonka prowadzi do defektów w sprzężeniu jądrowo-cytoszkieletowym, zaburzeń odpowiedzi na stres przepływowy oraz nieprawidłowości w szlaku sygnałowym MRTFA/eNOS. Te zmiany indukują profibrotyczne zmiany, sztywnienie układu sercowo-naczyniowego i przerost serca.11

Dziedziczenie progerii

Progeria typu Hutchinsona-Gilforda jest klasyfikowana jako zaburzenie autosomalnie dominujące, co oznacza, że wystarczy jedna kopia zmutowanego genu, aby rozwinęła się choroba. Jednakże, w przeciwieństwie do wielu chorób genetycznych, HGPS rzadko jest dziedziczona rodzinnie.1213

W zdecydowanej większości przypadków (około 90%) progeria powstaje na skutek spontanicznej mutacji de novo, która pojawia się w momencie zapłodnienia lub we wczesnych fazach rozwoju zarodka. Oznacza to, że rodzice dzieci z progerią nie mają tej mutacji i nie przekazują jej potomstwu. Mutacja występuje najczęściej w komórce plemnikowej przed zapłodnieniem.1415

Warto zauważyć, że rodzice, którzy mają jedno dziecko z progerią, mają nieco zwiększone ryzyko (2-3%) urodzenia kolejnego dziecka z tą chorobą. Jest to związane z możliwością wystąpienia tzw. mozaicyzmu u jednego z rodziców – zjawiska, w którym mutacja występuje tylko w niektórych komórkach organizmu, w tym w komórkach rozrodczych.123

Bardzo rzadko progeria może być dziedziczona w sposób autosomalnie recesywny, co zostało zasugerowane przez przypadki zachorowań u rodzeństwa, których rodzice byli spokrewnieni.16

Inne formy progerii i progeroidalne zespoły

Oprócz klasycznej postaci HGPS, istnieją również inne zaburzenia progeroidalne, takie jak:1718

  • Zespół Wernera (tzw. progeria dorosłych) – spowodowany mutacjami w genie WRN, który koduje białko helikazę zaangażowaną w naprawę i replikację DNA. W przeciwieństwie do HGPS, zespół Wernera dziedziczy się w sposób autosomalnie recesywny i objawy pojawiają się dopiero w okresie dojrzewania lub wczesnej dorosłości (zwykle w wieku 20-30 lat).
  • Dysplazia żuchwowo-twarzowa – rzadki zespół progeroidalny z charakterystycznymi zmianami w obrębie twarzy i żuchwy.
  • Neonatalna progeria – niezwykle rzadka i ciężka forma progerii, spowodowana mutacją c.1821G>A w genie LMNA, prowadzącą do zwiększonej produkcji progeryny w porównaniu z klasyczną HGPS.

1920

Warto podkreślić, że choć podobieństwa między progerią a normalnym starzeniem się są uderzające, choroby progeroidalne nie są po prostu przyspieszonym starzeniem się. Każdy zespół progeroidalny wpływa tylko na niektóre aspekty procesu starzenia, a nie na wszystkie jednocześnie.158

Progeria a normalne starzenie się organizmu

Badania wykazały, że wiele zmian komórkowych obserwowanych w progerii jest również obecnych w normalnym procesie starzenia się organizmu. Interesujące jest to, że niewielkie ilości progeryny są również produkowane w komórkach osób zdrowych, a jej poziom wzrasta wraz z wiekiem.218

Analiza 65 głównych szlaków sygnalizacji komórkowej wykazała, że stan aktywacji szlaków sygnałowych w fibroblastach pochodzących od młodych pacjentów z HGPS silnie przypomina te obserwowane u osób w średnim i starszym wieku. Sugeruje to, że proces starzenia się i patofizjologia przyspieszonego starzenia w HGPS są regulowane przez podobne szlaki sygnałowe.22

Te podobieństwa między progerią a normalnym starzeniem się sprawiają, że badania nad progerią mogą dostarczyć cennych informacji na temat mechanizmów naturalnego starzenia się i potencjalnych strategii jego opóźniania.1322

Czynniki ryzyka progerii

W przeciwieństwie do wielu chorób, w przypadku progerii nie zidentyfikowano żadnych czynników środowiskowych, behawioralnych czy genetycznych, które zwiększałyby ryzyko jej wystąpienia. Jest to zgodne z obserwacją, że w zdecydowanej większości przypadków choroba pojawia się na skutek losowej mutacji de novo, a nie jest dziedziczona.320

Progeria występuje z podobną częstością we wszystkich grupach etnicznych i płciowych, co również potwierdza brak specyficznych czynników predysponujących.20

Jedynym znanym czynnikiem zwiększającym ryzyko urodzenia dziecka z progerią jest posiadanie już jednego dziecka z tą chorobą. Jak wspomniano wcześniej, rodzice mający jedno dziecko z progerią mają 2-3% ryzyko urodzenia kolejnego dziecka z tym samym zaburzeniem, co jest związane z możliwością wystąpienia mozaicyzmu germinalnego.323

Aktualne badania i perspektywy leczenia

Choć obecnie nie istnieje lekarstwo na progerię, w ostatnich latach nastąpił znaczący postęp w zrozumieniu mechanizmów molekularnych choroby, co przyczyniło się do opracowania nowych strategii terapeutycznych.24

Jednym z najbardziej obiecujących podejść jest zastosowanie technik edycji genów do korekcji mutacji odpowiedzialnej za progerię. Badania z wykorzystaniem edytorów zasad adeninowych (ABE) wykazały obiecujące wyniki na modelach mysich, gdzie terapia genowa znacząco wydłużyła życie zwierząt z progerią – z 7 miesięcy do prawie 1,5 roku.2526

Innym podejściem jest zastosowanie leku lonafarnib, który zapobiega gromadzeniu się nieprawidłowego białka progeryny. Badania kliniczne wykazały, że lek ten może wydłużyć życie pacjentów o około 2,5 roku.2728

Najnowsze badania koncentrują się również na zrozumieniu roli progeryny w zaburzeniach układu sercowo-naczyniowego, które są główną przyczyną zgonów u pacjentów z progerią. Odkryto, że kluczowe białko regulujące tworzenie nowych naczyń krwionośnych – Angiopoetyna-2 (Ang2) – jest znacząco upośledzone u osób z progerią. Podanie tego białka komórkom śródbłonka poprawiło ich funkcję mimo obecności progeryny.2930

Warto podkreślić, że badania nad progerią mają potencjalne znaczenie nie tylko dla leczenia tej rzadkiej choroby, ale również dla zrozumienia normalnego procesu starzenia się i opracowania strategii przeciwdziałania chorobom związanym z wiekiem.1310

Podsumowanie

Progeria jest rzadkim zaburzeniem genetycznym spowodowanym mutacją w genie LMNA, która prowadzi do produkcji nieprawidłowego białka zwanego progeryną. To białko zaburza funkcjonowanie jądra komórkowego, prowadząc do licznych defektów komórkowych i przyspieszonego starzenia się organizmu.131

W przeciwieństwie do wielu chorób genetycznych, progeria rzadko jest dziedziczona – w większości przypadków powstaje na skutek spontanicznej mutacji de novo. Nie zidentyfikowano żadnych czynników środowiskowych czy behawioralnych zwiększających ryzyko jej wystąpienia.332

Choć obecnie nie ma lekarstwa na progerię, trwają intensywne badania nad nowymi metodami terapeutycznymi, w tym edycją genów i lekami hamującymi gromadzenie się progeryny. Badania te mają potencjalne znaczenie nie tylko dla leczenia progerii, ale również dla zrozumienia normalnego procesu starzenia się i związanych z nim chorób.1326

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Progeria – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progeria/symptoms-causes/syc-20356038
    Progeria is caused by a change in one gene. This gene, known as lamin A (LMNA), makes a protein that’s needed to hold the center of a cell, called the nucleus, together. When the LMNA gene has a change, a flawed lamin A protein called progerin is made. Progerin makes cells unstable and appears to lead to progeria’s aging process. […] The changed gene that causes progeria is rarely passed down in families. In most cases, the rare gene change that causes progeria happens by chance.
  • #2 Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome — HGPS): Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17850-progeria
    Progeria is a rare genetic condition that causes rapid aging in children. A tiny genetic mutation causes the disease. Progeria causes signs of aging such as balding and wrinkled skin. The condition is always fatal. […] A genetic mutation in the LMNA gene causes progeria. The LMNA gene is responsible for making a protein called lamin A. […] A tiny mutation in the LMNA gene causes it to create an irregular form of the lamin A protein called progerin. Progerin takes the place of the lamin A and makes the nuclei of your cells unstable, slowly damaging them. This leads to the early death of every cell in your body, which causes the process of premature aging. […] Almost all cases of progeria occur as a new, spontaneous (de novo) mutation in the LMNA gene. This means there’s no biological family history of the disease. It isn’t inherited from a parent. The mutation nearly always occurs in the sperm cell before conception. […] Progeria is an autosomal dominant disorder. This means one copy of the mutated gene in each cell is enough to cause the condition.
  • #3 Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome HGPS): Symptoms and Causes
    https://www.webmd.com/children/progeria
    Progeria is caused by a gene mutation that causes a child’s body to age faster than normal. […] A single gene variant, or gene mutation, causes progeria. […] In progeria, the variant affects a gene called LMNA. […] The gene variant causes your LMNA gene to make a different protein, called progerin. […] Instead of maintaining the integrity of a cells nucleus, progerin makes the nucleus unstable and prone to damage over time. […] Exactly how this speeds up the aging process remains a mystery, but some experts hold that the disease prevents the body from eliminating chemicals called free radicals. […] The variant that triggers progeria is nearly always whats called a de novo variant. […] However, parents who have a child with progeria have a 2% to 3% risk of having another child with the disease. […] Researchers have not discovered any risk factors for progeria.
  • #4 Progeria: A rare genetic premature ageing disorder
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4140030/
    Progeria is characterized by clinical features that mimic premature ageing. Although the mutation responsible for this syndrome has been deciphered, the mechanism of its action remains elusive. […] Classical HGPS is usually caused by a sporadic autosomal dominant mutation (except unique inheritable variety such as Werner’s syndrome). […] Mostly, HGPS occurs as a result of a de novo point mutation in the DNA. […] The two known molecular lesions of HGPS are the mutated LMNA gene and/or abnormal post-translational processing (ZMPSTE24 gene mutations) both of which ultimately result in abnormally formed lamin A called progerin. […] Most of the HGPS cases (around 90%) carry the LMNA G608G (GGCGGT) mutation within exon 11 of LMNA which activates a splice donor site that results in production of a dominant negative form of the lamin A protein.
  • #5 The Mutant Form of Lamin A that Causes Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Is a Biomarker of Cellular Aging in Human Skin | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001269
    Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS, OMIM 176670) is a rare disorder characterized by accelerated aging and early death, frequently from stroke or coronary artery disease. 90% of HGPS cases carry the LMNA G608G (GGCGGT) mutation within exon 11 of LMNA, activating a splice donor site that results in production of a dominant negative form of lamin A protein, denoted progerin. […] Nearly 90% of the subjects affected with HGPS carry a de novo G608G (GGCGGT) mutation within exon 11 of LMNA. This single nucleotide change activates a cryptic splice donor site, which results in a deletion of the 3 terminal 150 nucleotides of exon 11 of the mRNA, causing a 50 amino acid internal truncation near the carboxyl-terminus of prelamin A. The truncated lamin A, referred to as progerin, lacks amino acids 607 to 656 of prelamin A but retains the CAAX box.
  • #6 The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome and Potential Treatments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/3/602
    Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is most often derived from a de novo point mutation in the LMNA gene, which results in an alternative splicing defect and the generation of the mutant protein, progerin. […] Progerin behaves in a dominant-negative fashion, leading to a variety of cellular and molecular changes, including nuclear abnormalities, defective DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair, and accelerated telomere attrition. […] Interestingly, new evidence suggests that the physical properties and connections at the nuclear–cytoskeletal interface directly contribute to numerous cellular functions, including mechanotransduction. […] HGPS, in particular, was found to have its roots in a unique de novo heterozygous silent mutation in the human nuclear lamin A/C (LMNA) gene, resulting in a 1824C>T single base substitution at the LMNA codon 608, which led to the accumulation of a truncated protein referred to as ‘progerin’.
  • #7
    https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1644393
    Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disorder that causes severe cardiovascular disease, resulting in the death of patients in their teenage years. The disease pathology is caused by the accumulation of progerin, a mutated form of the nuclear lamina protein, lamin A. Progerin binds to the inner nuclear membrane, disrupting nuclear integrity, and causes severe nuclear abnormalities and changes in gene expression. This results in increased cellular inflammation, senescence, and overall dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms by which progerin induces the disease pathology are not fully understood. […] Progerin’s detrimental impact on nuclear mechanics and the role of the nucleus as a mechanosensor suggests dysfunctional mechanotransduction could play a role in HGPS. This is especially relevant in cells exposed to dynamic, continuous mechanical stimuli, like those of the vasculature. […] Certain regions within arteries produce disturbed flow, leading to an impaired transduction of mechanical signals, and a reduction in cellular function, which also occurs in HGPS.
  • #8 The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome and Potential Treatments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/3/602
    Notably, cellular aging defects attributed to the effects of progerin on the nuclear lamina observed in HGPS overlap significantly with those observed in normal aging. […] In fact, defects in the nuclear lamina resulting from progerin accumulation have been directly linked to the twelve hallmarks of aging, including genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, disabled macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. […] The point mutation 1824 (C>T) is a silent base substitution (Gly608Gly or G608G). However, it produces an active cryptic splice donor site. […] Consequently, progerin induces nuclear abnormalities, such as lobulation.
  • #9 The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome and Potential Treatments
    https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/3/602
    Other cellular alterations are also observed, including telomere shortening, defects in DNA repair, dysregulated gene expression, genomic instability, and premature senescence. […] HGPS can serve as a model for aging, since many aspects of the clinical manifestations are shared. However, some important differences do exist. […] Recently, the epigenetic landscape has been investigated in many diseases as a source of pathogenesis. […] Specifically, changes at the nuclear lamina drive alterations in gene expression through lamin-associated domains (LADs). […] This could serve as another piece to the complex interplay of progerin at the cellular level. […] The importance of examining epigenetic alterations on manifestations of HGPS is particularly critical for two primary reasons: (1) understanding the connection between normal and abnormal aging; and (2) potentially revealing novel therapeutic avenues.
  • #10
    https://www.jci.org/articles/view/121297
    Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a fatal disease characterized by premature aging in which young children fail to thrive and adolescents die from myocardial infarction or stroke. […] The pathogenesis of HGPS is studied intensively because the mechanisms of premature aging may lead to a better understanding of normal aging. […] HGPS is caused by a mutation in LMNA leading to expression of truncated prelamin A (progerin) in the nucleus. […] Endothelial cells show impaired shear stress response and reduced levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NO. […] On the molecular level, progerin impairs nucleocytoskeletal coupling in endothelial cells through changes in mechanoresponsive components at the nuclear envelope, increased F-actin/G-actin ratios, and deregulation of mechanoresponsive myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTFA).
  • #11
    https://www.jci.org/articles/view/121297
    Although this murine model lacks the key anatomical feature of vascular smooth muscle cell loss seen in HGPS patients, our data show that progerin-induced impairment of mechanosignaling in endothelial cells contributes to excessive fibrosis and cardiovascular disease in HGPS patients. […] The relevance of progerin expression in the endothelium and its contribution to cardiovascular pathologies in HGPS is still unknown. […] Our data demonstrate that Prog-Tg mice phenocopy many aspects of the clinical cardiovascular aberrations in HGPS patients, including the severe profibrotic response and cardiac functional impairment, but they do not present pathologies in the vascular tunica media, such as VSMC loss. […] Since progerin expression is restricted to the endothelium in Prog-Tg mice, the profibrotic cardiovascular pathology in HGPS may be rooted in EC dysfunction, while loss of VSMCs in HGPS is likely caused by intrinsic defects of progerin-expressing VSMCs. […] Our results show that progerin expression in ECs leads to defects in nucleocytoskeletal coupling, in flow stress response, and in MRTFA/eNOS signaling, which in turn induce profibrotic changes, cardiovascular stiffening, and cardiac hypertrophy.
  • #12 Progeria: Types, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/progeria-6835528
    Progeria is a genetic disease. This means that the disease is caused by changes in genetic material. Whereas HGPS is typically not inherited (passed down from one generation to the next), Werner syndrome is. […] In HGPS, there is a tiny change in a gene on chromosome 1 that codes for the protein lamin A. This results in the production of progerin protein instead of the usual lamin A. […] HGPS is not typically inherited its nearly always the result of a chance mutation in the gene of a person with the condition. If a person has a child with progeria, there is an increased risk of having another child with progeria because of mosaicism. […] Mosaicism is when a person has a genetic mutation in only some of their cells. In HGPS, it would be a small enough fraction that they don’t have the effects of the condition. If the mutation is present in the person’s sperm or egg cells, it can be passed to their children.
  • #13 Progeria 101 FAQ | The Progeria Research Foundation
    https://www.progeriaresearch.org/progeria-101faq/
    Progeria is caused by a mutation in the gene called LMNA (pronounced lamin-A). […] The abnormal lamin A protein that causes Progeria is called progerin. Progerin makes cells unstable, which leads to the process of premature aging and disease in Progeria. […] The discovery not only gives hope to children and families affected by Progeria, but also may shed light on the phenomenon of aging and cardiovascular disease. […] Progeria is not usually passed down in families. The gene change is almost always a chance occurrence that is extremely rare. […] HGPS is a sporadic autosomal dominant mutation sporadic because it is a new change in that family, and dominant because only one copy of the gene needs to be changed in order to have the syndrome. […] The Progeria Research Foundation funds medical research aimed at developing treatments and the cure for Progeria. […] The field of Progeria research is making major advancements, continuously growing in scope and sophistication as the search for effective treatments and the cure continues.
  • #14 Progeria – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria
    Progeria is a specific type of progeroid syndrome, also known as Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome or Hutchinson-Gilford progeroid syndrome (HGPS). A single gene mutation is responsible for causing progeria. The affected gene, known as lamin A (LMNA), makes a protein necessary for holding the cell nucleus together. When this gene mutates, an abnormal form of lamin A protein called progerin is produced. […] Hutchinson-Gilford progeroid syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. Its occurrence is usually the result of a sporadic germline mutation; although HGPS is genetically dominant, people rarely live long enough to have children, preventing them from passing the disorder on in a hereditary manner.
  • #15 Progeria – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria
    HGPS is caused by mutations that weaken the structure of the cell nucleus, making normal cell division difficult. […] Before the late 20th century, research on progeria yielded very little information about the syndrome. In 2003, the cause of progeria was discovered to be a point mutation in position 1824 of the LMNA gene, which replaces a cytosine with thymine. This mutation creates a 5′ cryptic splice site within exon 11, resulting in a shorter than normal mRNA transcript. […] Progerin expression also leads to defects in the establishment of fibroblast cell polarity, which is also seen in physiological aging. […] A 2003 report in Nature said that progeria may be a de novo dominant trait. It develops during cell division in a newly conceived zygote or in the gametes of one of the parents. It is caused by mutations in the LMNA (lamin A protein) gene on chromosome 1; the mutated form of lamin A is commonly known as progerin. […] Progeria may not be directly caused by defective DNA repair. These diseases each cause changes in a few specific aspects of aging but never in every aspect at once, so they are often called „segmental progerias”.
  • #16
    https://omim.org/entry/176670
    A number sign (#) is used with this entry because both classic infantile-onset and later childhood-onset Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) are caused by de novo heterozygous mutation in the lamin A gene (LMNA; 150330) on chromosome 1q22. […] The majority of patients with HGPS have de novo heterozygous dominant mutations in the LMNA gene. Presumably, patients with the disorder do not survive long enough to reproduce (Eriksson et al., 2003; Cao and Hegele, 2003). […] Recessive inheritance was suggested by the report from Egypt of affected sisters, children of first cousins (Gabr et al., 1960). […] Eriksson et al. (2003) reported de novo point mutations in lamin A (150330) causing Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. […] The HGPS gene was initially localized to chromosome 1q by observing 2 cases of uniparental isodisomy of 1q, and 1 case with a 6-Mb paternal interstitial deletion.
  • #17 Progeria: Types, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/progeria-6835528
    HGPS is autosomal dominant. This means only one copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) results in the child having the condition. As the gene is not on the X or Y chromosome (the sex chromosomes), it occurs equally in people of any sex. […] Werner syndrome occurs due to mutations in the WRN gene. More than 80 different mutations of the gene have been found in people with Werner syndrome. This gene normally produces Werner protein, which helps maintain, repair, and replicate DNA in cells throughout the body. Abnormal Werner protein does not work effectively. […] Werner syndrome follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. The affected individual inherits an abnormal gene from both parents. […] If one parent has an abnormal gene and one doesn’t, the child will be a carrier for the disease but have no symptoms. With each pregnancy, there is a 25% risk of having an affected child if both parents are carriers. As the WRN gene is not on the X or Y chromosome, it occurs equally in people of any sex.
  • #18 Progeria: Parallels With Adult Aging
    https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/archive/JA16p22.shtml
    Research indicates progeria is comparable to normal aging with respect to cellular signaling pathways. […] Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), or infant progeria, is one of the rarest disorders known in the world today, affecting approximately one in 8 million children born worldwide. […] HGPS occurs as the result of a genetic polymorphism from a defective LMNA gene that induces irreversible rapid cellular and physical aging. […] The rapid aging induced by HGPS causes normal age-related pathological developments, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. […] The eventual fate of HGPS patients is the development of common aging complications, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and various cancers. […] Werner syndrome is the result of a WRN gene mutation, which can be inherited.
  • #19 Neonatal progeria: increased ratio of progerin to lamin A leads to progeria of the newborn | European Journal of Human Genetics
    https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg201236
    HutchinsonGilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an important model disease for premature ageing. […] Classical progeria is caused by the heterozygous point mutation c.1824CT in the LMNA gene, which activates a cryptic splice site. […] It is suggestive that the ratio of farnesylated protein to mature lamin A determines the disease severity in progeria. […] The neonatal progeroid phenotype of our patient suggested a more severe disease than in classical HGPS. […] After sequencing the LMNA gene, the classical mutation leading to HGPS in exon 11 could be excluded. […] The severe phenotype of patient N is similar to that observed in patient I in Moulson et al, who had the same pathogenic mutation in LMNA and died after 26 days. […] In contrast to normal lamin A, progerin is truncated and farnesylated.
  • #20 Progeria in Babies | American Pregnancy Association
    https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/birth-defects/progeria/
    Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is commonly referred to as Progeria or HGPS. It is a genetic condition that occurs in 1 of every 4 to 8 million newborns and manifests itself physically in children as rapid aging. […] Progeria does not occur because the mother or father has a genetic predisposition for the disorder. Instead, it is caused by a new mutation at the time of conception. This is the reason the rate of the condition is spread fairly equally between all genders and ethnicities. […] The disorder is not regularly tested for, as it is extremely rare, and there is no genetic link — when tested it is done through amniocentesis. Other progeroid syndromes include Werner’s syndrome, also known as “adult Progeria” which does not have an onset until the late teen years, with a life span into the 40s and 50s, and mandibulofacial dysplasia. […] Once diagnosed, children can achieve a fair quality of life with the right care. Worthwhile treatment would address the major physical issues associated with the disorder.
  • #21
    http://www.medsplan.com/Article/Progeria—An-extremely-Rare-Genetic-Aging-Disorder
    Progeria is caused by the mutation in gene called LMNA (pronounced lamin-a). The LMNA gene produces the lamin A protein which is the structural scaffolding that clasp the nucleus of a cell together. The abnormal lamin A protein causes Progeria is called progerin, that makes the nucleus unstable. This cellular instability leads to the process of premature aging and disease in Progeria. […] We all make a little bit of progerin, the disease-causing protein in Progeria. Which builds up over a lifetime and may be partly responsible for the aspects of aging. Progerin is also linked to telomere dysfunction. Telomeres are proteins that have a major role in cellular aging.
  • #22 Progeria: Parallels With Adult Aging
    https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/archive/JA16p22.shtml
    Analysis of 65 major cellular signaling pathways revealed that signaling pathway activation states in fibroblasts derived from chronologically young HGPS patients strongly resemble those taken from normal middle-aged and old individuals. […] Thus, this study clearly demonstrates that the process of aging and the pathophysiology of the accelerated aging syndrome HGPS are regulated through similar signaling pathways. […] The results from this comparative study suggest potential pathways that could be targeted to develop drugs and drug combinations for HGPS as well as normal aging.
  • #23 Progeria: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146746
    Progeria is a rare genetic condition that causes a person to age prematurely. […] It is caused by a mutation in the lamin A (LMNA) gene, and it involves severe hardening of the arteries from a young age. […] Most children with progeria have a mutation on the gene that encodes for lamin A, a protein that holds the nucleus of the cell together. This protein is also known as progerin. […] The defective protein is thought to make the nucleus unstable. This instability makes cells more likely to die younger, leading to the symptoms of progeria. […] It seems to happen because of a rare genetic change. One parent may have the mutation, even though they do not have progeria. […] There is not usually any family history, but if there is already one child in the family with progeria, there is a 2 to 3 percent chance that another sibling will have it. […] The cause of progeria has only recently been identified, but significant work is taking place to try to understand it.
  • #24 Progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome) – review of current…
    https://sciendo.com/article/10.21164/pomjlifesci.888
    HutchinsonGilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), also known as juvenile progeria, is a genetic disorder associated with abnormalities in the structure and function of nuclear envelope proteins. […] In recent years, there has been significant progress in the understanding of the molecular causes of this rare condition, which contributes to the development of new treatments for this rare condition, to the understanding of the causes of physiological aging in humans and may result in the development of new methods to slow this process.
  • #25 DNA-editing method shows promise to treat mouse model of progeria
    https://www.genome.gov/news/news-release/DNA-editing-method-shows-promise-to-treat-mouse-model-of-progeria
    Progeria is caused by a mutation in the nuclear lamin A gene in which one DNA base C is changed to a T. […] Progeria, which is also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is caused by a mutation in the nuclear lamin A (LMNA) gene in which one DNA base C is changed to a T. This change increases the production of the toxic protein progerin, which causes the rapid aging process. […] The fact that a single specific mutation causes the disease in nearly all affected children made us realize that we might have tools to fix the root cause. […] The gene editor successfully restored the normal DNA sequence of the LMNA gene in a significant percentage of cells in various organs, including the heart and aorta. […] Following this success, the researchers tested the gene-editing technique by delivering a single intravenous injection of the DNA-editing mix into nearly a dozen mice with the progeria-causing mutation soon after birth. […] Most dramatically, the treated mice’s lifespan increased from seven months to almost 1.5 years.
  • #26 Gene editing may be the potential cure for progeria, a condition causing rapid aging in children
    https://longevity.technology/lifestyle/gene-editing-may-be-the-potential-cure-for-progeria-a-condition-causing-rapid-aging-in-children/
    Researchers are investigating gene editing as a potential treatment for progeria, a rare genetic disorder that causes rapid aging in children. […] This condition, called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), results from a mutation in the LMNA gene. […] This mutation produces a toxic protein called progerin that accelerates aging. […] Recent studies have demonstrated significant progress using adenine base editors (ABEs) to correct the mutation responsible for progeria. […] This approach targets and corrects the specific mutation in the LMNA gene that causes the disease. […] These findings highlight the promise of in vivo base editing to treat progeria and other genetic disorders by directly addressing their genetic causes.
  • #27 Progeria – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/progeria
    Progeria is caused by a sporadic mutation in the LMNA gene that codes for a protein (lamin A) that provides the molecular scaffolding of cell nuclei. The defective protein leads to nuclear instability from cell division and early death of every body cell. […] Median age at death is 14.6 years of age; cause is typically coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis may develop. […] Diagnosis of progeria is usually obvious by appearance but must be distinguished from segmental progerias (eg, acrogeria, metageria) and other causes of growth failure. […] Lonafarnib is an oral medication that prevents defective progerin or progerin-like protein build-up. Small studies show it increases life span by up to 2.5 years.
  • #28 Research suggests promising drug therapy for premature aging disease | Brown University
    https://www.brown.edu/news/2018-04-24/progeria
    Progeria (known formally as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome) is caused by a mutation in a gene whose protein product helps maintain normal structure and function in the cellular nucleus. Its thought that the disease-causing protein progerin causes instability in nuclei throughout the body and leads to a rapid aging process. […] The study showed a significantly lower mortality rate in the group receiving lonafarnib treatment. […] Its not clear from the study exactly what the drug is doing that may extend childrens lives.
  • #29 Maryland Today | UMD-led Study Could Lead to Lengthened Lives for…
    https://today.umd.edu/umd-led-study-could-lead-to-lengthened-lives-for-patients-with-premature-aging-disease
    UMD researchers found that adding a protein to cells that line blood vessels might be able to improve the cardiovascular health of people with the disease progeria, which causes accelerated aging and death from heart attack or stroke when those afflicted with the disease are teenagers. […] A new University of Maryland-led discovery could spur the development of new and improved treatments for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), often simply called progeria a rare genetic disorder with no known cure that causes accelerated aging in children. […] The disease stems from a mutation in the LMNA gene, which produces a protein that helps to keep cells healthy. […] For the first time, the team discovered that a key protein that regulates the formation of new blood vessels and the flow of substances through blood vessel walls its known as Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) is significantly impaired in individuals with progeria, affecting the overall function of their endothelial cells.
  • #30 Maryland Today | UMD-led Study Could Lead to Lengthened Lives for…
    https://today.umd.edu/umd-led-study-could-lead-to-lengthened-lives-for-patients-with-premature-aging-disease
    But the researchers discovered they could use Ang2 to rescue endothelial cells, improving their health despite dysfunction stemming from HGPS. […] Current treatments for HGPS can help reduce the risk of fatal complications like heart attack and stroke, but they do not target the underlying disease. […] Cao explained that her labs research is unlikely to offer a definitive progeria cure, but it could buy patients more time by improving their health in other ways. […] Cao, who started studying progeria in 2005, just two years after the cause of progeria was discovered.
  • #31 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Homeopathy Treatment
    https://www.homeocareclinic.in/hutchinson-gilford-progeria-syndrome-causes-treatment/
    Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), commonly known as progeria, is an extremely rare genetic disorder that causes children to age rapidly. It is caused by a mutation in the LMNA gene, which produces lamin A, a protein essential for maintaining the structure of the cell nucleus. The defective lamin A (called progerin) leads to premature aging and various health complications. […] HGPS is caused by a sporadic (random) mutation in the LMNA gene and is not inherited from parents. It occurs in about 1 in 20 million births worldwide. […] Progeria is caused by a random mutation in the LMNA gene. In It is not inherited in most cases, meaning parents do not pass it down. Instead, it occurs spontaneously during conception.
  • #32 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Progeria | Swiss Medical Network
    https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20257475
    A change in one gene causes progeria. This gene, known as lamin A (LMNA), makes a protein that’s needed to hold the center of a cell, called the nucleus, together. When the LMNA gene has a change, a flawed lamin A protein called progerin is made. Progerin makes cells unstable and appears to lead to progeria’s aging process. […] The changed gene that causes progeria is rarely passed down in families. In most cases, the rare gene change that causes progeria happens by chance.