Pierwotna postępująca afazja
Etiologia i przyczyny

Pierwotna postępująca afazja (PPA) to neurodegeneracyjny zespół charakteryzujący się postępującym upośledzeniem funkcji językowych, wynikającym z atrofii tkanki mózgowej w lewostronnych płatach czołowych, skroniowych i ciemieniowych. Etiologia PPA obejmuje trzy główne patologie: zwyrodnienie płatów czołowo-skroniowych z akumulacją białka tau (FTLD-tau) dominujące w wariancie niepłynnym/agramatycznym, zwyrodnienie z akumulacją białka TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP-43) typowe dla wariantu semantycznego oraz chorobę Alzheimera (AD) związana głównie z wariantem logopenicznym. Epidemiologicznie FTLD odpowiada za 60-70% przypadków, a AD za 30-40%. Warianty kliniczne PPA różnią się lokalizacją atrofii: przedni obszar skroniowy (svPPA), dolny zakręt czołowy i kora przedruchowa (nfvPPA) oraz lewy tylny górny i środkowy zakręt skroniowy oraz dolny płacik ciemieniowy (lvPPA). Wiek zachorowania to zazwyczaj 50-60 lat, a czynniki ryzyka obejmują zaburzenia uczenia się w dzieciństwie oraz historię rodzinną.

Etiologia pierwotnej postępującej afazji

Pierwotna postępująca afazja (PPA) to rzadki zespół neurologiczny charakteryzujący się postępującym pogorszeniem zdolności językowych, wynikającym z neurodegeneracji określonych obszarów mózgu. W przeciwieństwie do afazji poudarowej, PPA jest spowodowana stopniowym obumieraniem komórek nerwowych w rejonach mózgu odpowiedzialnych za język i mowę12. Zrozumienie etiologii tego schorzenia jest kluczowe dla właściwego podejścia diagnostycznego i terapeutycznego.

Patologia molekularna i neurodegeneracja

Pierwotna postępująca afazja jest wynikiem zaniku (atrofii) tkanki mózgowej w określonych regionach mózgu, głównie w płatach czołowych, skroniowych i ciemieniowych lewej półkuli, które są odpowiedzialne za funkcje językowe12. Ta neurodegeneracja wiąże się z nieprawidłowym gromadzeniem się określonych białek w komórkach mózgowych, co prowadzi do ich dysfunkcji i ostatecznie do śmierci neuronów1.

Badania wykazały, że PPA może być spowodowana przez kilka typów procesów neurodegeneracyjnych, z których najczęściej występujące to12:

  • Zwyrodnienie płatów czołowo-skroniowych z nieprawidłową akumulacją białka tau (FTLD-tau) – występuje głównie w wariancie agramatycznym/niepłynnym
  • Zwyrodnienie płatów czołowo-skroniowych z nieprawidłową akumulacją białka TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP-43) – występuje głównie w wariancie semantycznym
  • Choroba Alzheimera (AD) – związana głównie z wariantem logopenicznym

123

Obecność tych nieprawidłowych białek w mózgu może ograniczać funkcję neuronów, prowadząc do objawów klinicznych PPA1. W zależności od rodzaju akumulowanego białka i lokalizacji zmian neurodegeneracyjnych rozwijają się różne warianty kliniczne PPA1.

Zróżnicowanie patologiczne podtypów PPA

Pierwotna postępująca afazja obejmuje trzy główne warianty kliniczne, które różnią się pod względem objawów i leżącej u ich podstaw patologii12:

  • Wariant niepłynny/agramatyczny (nfvPPA) – najczęściej związany z patologią białka tau (FTLD-tau), choć w niektórych przypadkach obserwuje się patologię TDP-43 typu A. W rzadszych przypadkach może być związany z patologią choroby Alzheimera12.
  • Wariant semantyczny (svPPA) – niemal zawsze związany z patologicznymi agregatami białka TDP-43 typu C (75-100% przypadków). W pozostałych przypadkach obserwuje się patologię tau12.
  • Wariant logopeniczny (lvPPA) – w około 95% przypadków spowodowany patologią charakterystyczną dla choroby Alzheimera, w tym nagromadzeniem białka amyloidu w mózgu12.

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują, że w około 60-70% przypadków PPA jest spowodowana przez FTLD, natomiast w 30-40% przypadków przez chorobę Alzheimera12. Warto zauważyć, że chociaż wariant logopeniczny jest najczęściej związany z patologią choroby Alzheimera, PPA jako całość jest rzadką manifestacją tej choroby1.

Czynniki genetyczne w PPA

W zdecydowanej większości przypadków PPA nie ma podłoża genetycznego i występuje sporadycznie12. Jednak w niewielkiej liczbie rodzin PPA może być spowodowana dziedzicznymi formami zwyrodnienia płatów czołowo-skroniowych1.

Najczęstsze geny związane z rodzinnym występowaniem PPA to123:

  • Gen progranulinowy (GRN) – najczęściej powiązany z rodzinnym występowaniem PPA
  • Gen kodujący białko tau związane z mikrotubulami (MAPT)
  • Gen C9orf72 (Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72)

Mutacje w tych genach są również związane z innymi formami otępienia czołowo-skroniowego1. Interesujące jest, że chociaż największym genetycznym czynnikiem ryzyka dla choroby Alzheimera jest ApoE4, badania wskazują, że nie jest on czynnikiem ryzyka dla PPA spowodowanej przez AD12.

Warto zauważyć, że różne typy mutacji genetycznych mogą być związane z różnymi wariantami klinicznymi PPA. Na przykład mutacje progranuliny są częściej związane z wariantem niepłynnym lub logopenicznym, podczas gdy mutacje MAPT częściej wiążą się z wariantem niepłynnym lub semantycznym1.

Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje

Oprócz czynników genetycznych, zidentyfikowano również inne czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje dla rozwoju PPA1:

  • Zaburzenia uczenia się w dzieciństwie – osoby, które miały trudności w nauce, szczególnie dysleksję rozwojową, mogą mieć wyższe ryzyko rozwoju PPA12
  • Wiek – PPA zwykle pojawia się wcześniej niż typowa choroba Alzheimera, najczęściej u osób w wieku 50-60 lat12
  • Historia rodzinna – nawet bez określonych mutacji genetycznych, występowanie PPA w rodzinie może zwiększać ryzyko jej rozwoju12

Interesujące jest, że nie zidentyfikowano żadnych znanych środowiskowych czynników ryzyka specyficznych dla PPA, w przeciwieństwie do innych form otępienia12.

Procesy patofizjologiczne w PPA

Pierwotna postępująca afazja rozwija się, gdy komórki nerwowe w obszarach mózgu związanych z językiem zaczynają funkcjonować nieprawidłowo z powodu nagromadzenia nieprawidłowych białek1. Te procesy neurodegeneracyjne stopniowo prowadzą do śmierci komórek nerwowych, której nie można przypisać innym przyczynom, takim jak uraz głowy, infekcja, udar mózgu czy nowotwór12.

Badania neuroobrazowe wykazują, że każdy z wariantów PPA wiąże się z atrofią w specyficznych regionach mózgu1:

  • Wariant semantyczny dotyczy głównie przedniego obszaru skroniowego
  • Wariant niepłynny wpływa na dolny zakręt czołowy i obszary kory przedruchowej
  • Wariant logopeniczny obejmuje lewy tylny górny i środkowy zakręt skroniowy oraz dolny płacik ciemieniowy

1

Niedawne odkrycia w zakresie neurobiologicznych podstaw PPA wskazują, że może ona dzielić podobne procesy neurodegeneracyjne z amnestyczną chorobą Alzheimera. Badania sugerują, że nieprawidłowa patologia białka tau i neurozapalenie są potencjalnie istotnymi determinantami zaniku mózgu charakterystycznego dla PPA1.

Podsumowanie etiologii PPA

Pierwotna postępująca afazja jest zespołem klinicznym o złożonej etiologii, obejmującej procesy neurodegeneracyjne związane z nieprawidłowym gromadzeniem się białek w mózgu. Główne procesy patologiczne obejmują zwyrodnienie płatów czołowo-skroniowych (FTLD) z patologią tau lub TDP-43 oraz patologię choroby Alzheimera12.

Chociaż w większości przypadków PPA występuje sporadycznie, istnieją rzadkie przypadki rodzinne związane z mutacjami genetycznymi, głównie w genach GRN, MAPT i C9orf7212. Inne czynniki ryzyka obejmują trudności w uczeniu się w dzieciństwie oraz historię rodzinną PPA lub innych form otępienia12.

Zrozumienie specyficznych procesów patologicznych w poszczególnych wariantach PPA ma istotne znaczenie dla właściwego doboru strategii terapeutycznych oraz rozwoju potencjalnych leków ukierunkowanych na leżące u podstaw schorzenia mechanizmy molekularne1. Badania nadal trwają, aby lepiej zrozumieć, dlaczego te białka przestają prawidłowo funkcjonować i dlaczego szczególnie wpływają na system językowy w mózgu1.

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  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 What is Aphasia? – The National Aphasia Association
    https://aphasia.org/what-is-aphasia/
    Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurological syndrome in which language capabilities become slowly and progressively impaired. […] Unlike other forms of aphasia that result from stroke or brain injury, PPA is caused by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s Disease or Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. […] PPA results from deterioration of brain tissue important for speech and language.
  • #1 Primary progressive aphasia | Altru Health System
    https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/primary-progressive-aphasia
    Primary progressive aphasia is caused by a shrinking of certain areas of the brain, known as lobes. In primary progressive aphasia, the frontal, temporal or parietal lobes are affected. When areas of the brain shrink, it’s called atrophy. The atrophy caused by primary progressive aphasia mainly happens on the left side of the brain. The areas affected are responsible for speech and language. […] Atrophy is linked to the presence of certain proteins in the brain. The proteins may reduce brain activity or function.
  • #1
    https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/symptoms-causes.html
    The symptoms of PPA occur when brain cells malfunction in language-related parts of the brain due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins. The underlying diseases causing PPA are called „neurodegenerative” because they cause gradually progressive brain cell death that cannot be attributed to other causes, such as head trauma, infection, stroke or cancer. […] There are several types of neurodegeneration that can cause PPA. The three most commonly encountered types are: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal tau protein accumulation (FTLD-tau), Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal TDP-43 accumulation (FTLD-TDP-43), Alzheimers disease (AD). […] When abnormal proteins from AD or one of the forms of FTLD attack the language areas of the brain, PPA results. PPA is caused by AD in approximately 30 to 40 percent of cases and by one of the forms of FTLD in approximately 60 to 70 percent of cases.
  • #1 What is PPA?
    https://haarc.center.uchicago.edu/ppa/
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical dementia syndrome that is caused by neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimers disease or a form of Frontemporal Lobar Degeneration. […] The symptoms of PPA occur when brain cells malfunction in language-related parts of the brain due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins. The underlying diseases causing PPA are called neurodegenerative because they cause gradually progressive brain cell death that cannot be attributed to other causes, such as head trauma, infection, stroke or cancer. […] There are several types of neurodegeneration that can cause PPA. The three most commonly encountered types are: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal tau protein accumulation (FTLD-tau), Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal TDP-43 accumulation (FTLD-TDP-43), Alzheimers disease (AD). […] When abnormal proteins from AD or one of the forms of FTLD attack the language areas of the brain, PPA results. PPA is caused by AD in approximately 30 to 40 percent of cases and by one of the forms of FTLD in approximately 60 to 70 percent of cases.
  • #1 What is Primary progressive aphasia? – Alzheimer’s Research UK
    https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a rare type of dementia. It is caused by damage to parts of the brain that control our language, personality, emotions and behaviour. […] In most cases, PPA is caused by frontotemporal dementia. Most people who develop PPA will be in their 50s and 60s. […] We know that there is an unusual build-up of certain proteins inside brain cells. These proteins include TDP-43 and tau, and researchers are working hard to find out why this happens and how it damages brain cells. […] Different types of PPA often have different protein changes in the brain: Semantic dementia is mainly caused by protein TDP-43 […] Progressive non-fluent aphasia is most often caused by protein tau […] Most cases of logopenic aphasia are caused by the same underlying processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease. This includes the build-up of a protein called amyloid in the brain, which damages brain cells over time. This is why, logopenic aphasia is often called an unusual or “atypical” form of young onset Alzheimer’s.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563145/
    PPA is a group of neurodegenerative disorders primarily affecting the language (dominant) areas of the brain. The disorder is usually considered an FTD subtype. Since 2011, FTD has been classified clinically and pathologically into the more common behavioral variant (bvFTD) and primary progressive aphasia (PPA). The 3 PPA variants arise from neurodegenerative changes in different brain areas. The semantic and nonfluent variants are related to FTD, while the logopenic type resembles Alzheimer disease more closely. The semantic variant mainly affects the anterior temporal region. The nonfluent variant impacts the inferior frontal gyrus and precentral cortex regions. The logopenic variant involves the left posterior superior and middle temporal gyri and inferior parietal lobule. […] NfvPPA is most commonly associated with an FTD-4R tau protein form. Other reports indicate TDP-43-A pathology in nfvPPA. Some nfvPPA cases are associated with progranulin (PGRN) or chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene mutations. Less frequently, Alzheimer disease pathology has also been reported in nfvPPA. The 3 genes primarily associated with FTD are microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), granulin (GRN), and C9orf72. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is frequently associated with nfvPPA.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563145/
    SvPPA is nearly always associated with underlying TDP-43-C pathological aggregates found in 75-100% of cases in clinicopathological correlation series. This variant is most often associated with FTD tau in the remainder of patients. SvPPA is most consistently associated with left (dominant) temporal lobe pathology. […] LvPPA is most often caused by Alzheimer disease pathology in as many as 95% of cases. This condition is recognized as one of the potential focal and early-onset presentations of Alzheimer disease, although other pathological profiles such as Lewy body dementia, TDP-43, and tau have been less commonly reported.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine
    https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/primary-progressive-aphasia/causes-and-diagnoses
    PPA arises when nerve cells in language-related parts of the brain malfunction. The underlying diseases are called degenerative because they cause gradually progressive nerve cell death that cannot be attributed to other causes such as head trauma, infection, stroke or cancer. There are several types of neurodegeneration that can cause PPA. […] PPA is caused by AD in approximately 30-40 percent of cases and by FTLD in approximately 60-70 percent of cases. In contrast, PPA is a very rare manifestation of AD. […] The logopenic type of PPA has a particularly high probability of being caused by AD. […] In the vast majority of individuals, PPA is not genetic. However, in a small number of families, PPA can be caused by hereditary forms of FTLD.
  • #1
    https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/symptoms-causes.html
    In the vast majority of individuals, PPA is not genetic. However, in a small number of families, PPA can be caused by hereditary forms of FTLD. The most common gene implicated in these families is the progranulin gene (GRN). Other, less-common genes implicated in FTLD include the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72). […] The risk factors for PPA seem to be different than that of Alzheimer’s disease dementia. The biggest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease dementia is ApoE4. However, research evidence indicates that ApoE4 is not a risk factor for PPA caused by AD.
  • #1 Primary progressive aphasia risk factors – Alzheimer’s Research UK
    https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/risk-factors/
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is caused by damage and loss to brain cells in the front and sides of the brain, called the frontal and temporal lobes. However, the causes for this loss in PPA are not yet clear. […] Most cases of dementia are caused by a mixture of factors including: age, genes, lifestyle, environment. […] In rare cases, semantic dementia or progressive non-fluent aphasia can be caused by a faulty gene that is passed down in families. The main genes involved are called: MAPT, progranulin (or GRN), C9ORF72. […] These genes are also associated with other forms of dementia. […] In these cases there is a strong history of family members being affected at a similar age. These genes are also associated with other forms of frontotemporal dementia.
  • #1 Primary progressive aphasia: From syndrome to disease | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-primary-progressive-aphasia-from-syndrome-S2173580813000898
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome characterised by a progressive decline in language and speech of neurodegenerative origin. […] We reviewed the main aspects of PPA epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, aetiology and treatment. […] The vast majority of PPA cases are sporadic. […] Some patients belong to families with mutations on chromosome 17, either in the gene coding for microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) or the gene coding for progranulin. […] Cases of tau pathology, which typically arise in the context of FTD with behaviour disorders, are associated with MAPT mutations that are often associated with a gain in toxic function. […] Progranulin mutations typically present as non-fluent or logopenic aphasia, whereas MAPT mutations mainly present as non-fluent or semantic aphasia.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia: Here’s What You Need to Know
    https://www.flintrehab.com/primary-progressive-aphasia/?srsltid=AfmBOoqcWbMDsxS8dfYn5vrfVwCZCSTV48i17zTW_PKiaMHT_oyBFOv6
    Risk factors for primary progressive aphasia include genetic mutations. […] Although uncommon, certain genetic mutations are linked to this type of aphasia. […] Individuals are more likely to develop PPA if someone in their family has also been diagnosed. […] Being diagnosed with a learning disability as a child, particularly developmental dyslexia, increases the risk of primary progressive aphasia. […] Primary progressive aphasia often stems from frontotemporal lobe dementia. […] Frontotemporal dementia is not as common as other types of dementia, but tends to occur in younger individuals, with 60% of cases occurring in those between ages 45 and 60. […] Of note, the logopenic variant is typically caused by Alzheimer pathology, while the other two variants usually result from frontotemporal dementias. […] Although there is no treatment for primary progressive aphasia, speech therapy is sometimes able to slow the progression of the disease. […] Some individuals may also benefit from medications to slow the progression of PPA.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/primary-progressive-aphasia
    PPA happens when certain parts of your brain atrophy (shrink). Most of the atrophy in PPA is on the left side of your brain in the frontal, temporal, or parietal lobes. These are the parts of your brain responsible for speech and language. […] Scientists link brain atrophy to the presence of certain proteins tau, TDP-43, or amyloid in your brain. The buildup of these proteins may reduce brain function in these areas, which is how you lose the ability to speak and communicate. […] Certain things put you at a higher risk of getting PPA. These include: childhood learning disabilities such as dyslexia and certain gene changes that run in families.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17387-primary-progressive-aphasia-ppa
    Primary progressive aphasia develops when the parts of your brain that control language start breaking down. Your brain tissue shrinks (atrophies), affecting your ability to communicate. Sometimes, this breakdown starts because of a gene mutation that you’re born with. Other times, it may happen for no known reason. […] Most commonly, the underlying cause of PPA is a neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer’s disease or frontotemporal dementia. In these conditions, the areas of your brain related to control of speech or understanding of words and their meaning break down. […] A combination of environmental and genetic factors could cause PPA. Even if you don’t have a gene mutation, PPA may still run in your family. […] Experts don’t always know what causes this condition, but it’s often a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
  • #1 Primary progressive aphasia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia
    In neurology, primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a type of neurological syndrome in which language capabilities slowly and progressively become impaired. […] Currently, the specific causes for PPA and other degenerative brain disease similar to PPA are viewed as idiopathic (unknown). […] Autopsies have revealed a variety of brain abnormalities in people who had PPA. […] There are no known environmental risk factors for the progressive aphasias. […] PPA is not considered a hereditary disease. […] However, relatives of a person with any form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), including PPA, are at slightly greater risk of developing PPA or another form of the condition. […] The most convincing genetic basis of PPA has been found to be a mutation in the GRN gene.
  • #1 Primary Progressive Aphasia
    https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/index.html
    Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a rare dementia syndrome that affects a persons language. […] A new discovery involving the neurobiological basis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) shows PPA may share similar neurodegenerative processes with those found in amnestic Alzheimers disease (AD). Daniel Ohm, PhD, a former neuroscience doctoral student, published findings suggesting that abnormal tau pathology and neuroinflammation are potentially significant determinants of the brain shrinkage characteristic of PPA.
  • #1 Six things to know about primary progressive aphasia
    https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2024/06/six-things-to-know-about-primary-progressive-aphasia.html
    The conditions correct name is frontotemporal degeneration. Its one of the underlying disease processes that can cause primary progressive aphasia (PPA), says Esther Kim, a speech-language pathologist, chair of the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders in the University of Albertas Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and member of the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute. […] Primary progressive aphasia is a rare syndrome affecting one in 100,000 people, says Kim, referring to a 2022 study. It can be caused by several underlying disease processes, including frontotemporal degeneration, Lewy body disease or Alzheimers disease. […] PPA usually presents at an earlier age than Alzheimers or typical dementia does, to people in their 50s and 60s. […] There is a known prevalence and an increased risk for depression among patients whose aphasia is caused by stroke because losing the ability to communicate can lead to a loss of employment and of social networks. All of that also pertains to PPA, Kim says, but because its a progressive condition without a cure, depression is an even greater risk. […] If the PPAs underlying disease process is Alzheimers, drugs for that disease may be used. But treatment usually concentrates on maintaining communication and quality-of-life functioning through psychological support and speech-language therapy.
  • #1 Understanding PPA – Rare Dementia Support
    https://www.raredementiasupport.org/primary-progressive-aphasia/understanding-ppa/
    We do not fully understand what might cause these proteins to stop working healthily in people with PPA, and why this seems to happen in the parts of the brain that control language. […] In rare cases, PPA can be genetic, meaning that a specific faulty gene might be causing these proteins to stop working in the way that they should. […] In non-genetic cases of PPA (which account for around 90% of people with PPA), we are not yet sure what causes the disease to happen. […] Key questions remain as to why these proteins stop working and cause damage in certain areas of the brain, and why (and how) they particularly affect the language system in the brain.
  • #2
    https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/symptoms-causes.html
    The symptoms of PPA occur when brain cells malfunction in language-related parts of the brain due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins. The underlying diseases causing PPA are called „neurodegenerative” because they cause gradually progressive brain cell death that cannot be attributed to other causes, such as head trauma, infection, stroke or cancer. […] There are several types of neurodegeneration that can cause PPA. The three most commonly encountered types are: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal tau protein accumulation (FTLD-tau), Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal TDP-43 accumulation (FTLD-TDP-43), Alzheimers disease (AD). […] When abnormal proteins from AD or one of the forms of FTLD attack the language areas of the brain, PPA results. PPA is caused by AD in approximately 30 to 40 percent of cases and by one of the forms of FTLD in approximately 60 to 70 percent of cases.
  • #2 Primary Progressive Aphasia | Memory and Aging Center
    https://memory.ucsf.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a condition that slowly damages the parts of the brain that control speech and language. […] The clinical symptoms of PPA are caused by degeneration in the parts of the brain that control speech and language (typically the left side of the brain in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions). […] These syndromes result from a variety of underlying diseases, but frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) (both tau and TDP-43 subtypes) or Alzheimers disease is most often the cause.
  • #2 Primary Progressive Aphasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563145/
    PPA is a group of neurodegenerative disorders primarily affecting the language (dominant) areas of the brain. The disorder is usually considered an FTD subtype. Since 2011, FTD has been classified clinically and pathologically into the more common behavioral variant (bvFTD) and primary progressive aphasia (PPA). The 3 PPA variants arise from neurodegenerative changes in different brain areas. The semantic and nonfluent variants are related to FTD, while the logopenic type resembles Alzheimer disease more closely. The semantic variant mainly affects the anterior temporal region. The nonfluent variant impacts the inferior frontal gyrus and precentral cortex regions. The logopenic variant involves the left posterior superior and middle temporal gyri and inferior parietal lobule. […] NfvPPA is most commonly associated with an FTD-4R tau protein form. Other reports indicate TDP-43-A pathology in nfvPPA. Some nfvPPA cases are associated with progranulin (PGRN) or chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene mutations. Less frequently, Alzheimer disease pathology has also been reported in nfvPPA. The 3 genes primarily associated with FTD are microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), granulin (GRN), and C9orf72. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is frequently associated with nfvPPA.
  • #2 Primary progressive aphasia involves many losses: Here’s what you need to know – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/progressive-aphasia-involves-many-losses-heres-what-you-need-to-know-202204132723
    Aphasia is a disorder of language because of injury to the brain. Strokes (when a blood clot blocks off an artery and a part of the brain dies) are the most common cause, although aphasia may also be caused by traumatic brain injuries, brain tumors, encephalitis, and almost anything else that damages the brain, including neurodegenerative diseases. […] Neurodegenerative diseases are disorders that slowly and relentlessly damage the brain. […] Different neurodegenerative diseases damage different parts of the brain and cause different symptoms. When a neurodegenerative disease causes problems with language first and foremost, it is called primary progressive aphasia. […] The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia is usually caused by Alzheimer’s disease. […] The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia is usually caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and specifically by accumulation of TDP-43. […] The nonfluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive is also usually caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration, but this time it is most often due to tau pathology.
  • #2 Primary Progressive Aphasia – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/primary-progressive-aphasia/
    Primary Progressive Aphasia, or PPA, is a group of disorders that progressively harm the area of the brain responsible for language. […] The first two, semantic and nonfluent variants, are linked to FTD, while the third, the logopenic variant, is more like Alzheimers disease. […] The Nonfluent or Agrammatic PPA variant is most commonly linked with a protein associated with FTD known as FTD-4R tau. Other reports suggest a TDP-43-A pathology in some patients, as well as mutations in specific genes. Alzheimers disease has also been reported in some patients with this PPA variant. […] The Semantic PPA variant is almost always associated with pathological aggregates found in most cases, called TDP-43-C. This variant is often connected to FTD tau in the rest of the patients. […] The Logopenic PPA variant is most often caused by Alzheimers disease pathology in around 95% of cases. This condition is recognized as one of the potential early presentations of Alzheimers disease, although other pathological profiles such as Lewy body dementia, TDP-43, and tau have been also reported.
  • #2 What is Primary progressive aphasia? – Alzheimer’s Research UK
    https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a rare type of dementia. It is caused by damage to parts of the brain that control our language, personality, emotions and behaviour. […] In most cases, PPA is caused by frontotemporal dementia. Most people who develop PPA will be in their 50s and 60s. […] We know that there is an unusual build-up of certain proteins inside brain cells. These proteins include TDP-43 and tau, and researchers are working hard to find out why this happens and how it damages brain cells. […] Different types of PPA often have different protein changes in the brain: Semantic dementia is mainly caused by protein TDP-43 […] Progressive non-fluent aphasia is most often caused by protein tau […] Most cases of logopenic aphasia are caused by the same underlying processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease. This includes the build-up of a protein called amyloid in the brain, which damages brain cells over time. This is why, logopenic aphasia is often called an unusual or “atypical” form of young onset Alzheimer’s.
  • #2 Primary Progressive Aphasia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine
    https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/primary-progressive-aphasia/causes-and-diagnoses
    PPA arises when nerve cells in language-related parts of the brain malfunction. The underlying diseases are called degenerative because they cause gradually progressive nerve cell death that cannot be attributed to other causes such as head trauma, infection, stroke or cancer. There are several types of neurodegeneration that can cause PPA. […] PPA is caused by AD in approximately 30-40 percent of cases and by FTLD in approximately 60-70 percent of cases. In contrast, PPA is a very rare manifestation of AD. […] The logopenic type of PPA has a particularly high probability of being caused by AD. […] In the vast majority of individuals, PPA is not genetic. However, in a small number of families, PPA can be caused by hereditary forms of FTLD.
  • #2 Primary progressive aphasia: From syndrome to disease | Neurología (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-primary-progressive-aphasia-from-syndrome-S2173580813000898
    ApoE genotype has not been shown to have any predictive value apart from providing a clinical description for diagnosing Alzheimer disease (AD) in PPA in the study with the largest sample size to date. […] Although the clinical form can only be associated with a specific disease in 50% to 70% of all cases, distinguishing between clinical subtypes increases our ability to predict the underlying disease. […] One controversial topic is the role AD plays in PPA: although the disease is identified in many autopsies, some scholars doubt that it would cause PPA. […] In summary, these cases do not display the numerous typical AD lesions in the areas that would explain the patient’s clinical presentation with an aphasic disorder. […] However, not all studies coincide on this point. […] In any case, this finding raises the possibility that AD is not the true cause of these patients symptoms. […] Two neurodegenerative diseases may merely coexist in the same patient as a possible result of common causes or shared aetiological or pathogenic factors.
  • #2 Primary Progressive Aphasia | OurParents
    https://www.ourparents.com/senior-health/primary-progressive-aphasia
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a type of dementia that progressively makes it harder to speak, read, write, and follow conversations. The causes of PPA are relatively unknown but thought to be related to environmental or genetic factors which cause damage to the frontal and temporal regions of the brain, according to the Cleveland Clinic. […] PPA may be linked to mutations of the GRN gene. However, some patients who have these gene mutations might not develop PPA. Even without GRN mutations, a person may still be at greater risk if PPA runs in their family. […] Childhood learning disabilities, specifically dyslexia, are higher among those with PPA compared to other types of dementia, according to a study from the Archives of Neurology. Dyslexia early in life is thought to signal a vulnerability in the language centers of the brain in patients with PPA.
  • #2 Six things to know about primary progressive aphasia
    https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2024/06/six-things-to-know-about-primary-progressive-aphasia.html
    The conditions correct name is frontotemporal degeneration. Its one of the underlying disease processes that can cause primary progressive aphasia (PPA), says Esther Kim, a speech-language pathologist, chair of the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders in the University of Albertas Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and member of the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute. […] Primary progressive aphasia is a rare syndrome affecting one in 100,000 people, says Kim, referring to a 2022 study. It can be caused by several underlying disease processes, including frontotemporal degeneration, Lewy body disease or Alzheimers disease. […] PPA usually presents at an earlier age than Alzheimers or typical dementia does, to people in their 50s and 60s. […] There is a known prevalence and an increased risk for depression among patients whose aphasia is caused by stroke because losing the ability to communicate can lead to a loss of employment and of social networks. All of that also pertains to PPA, Kim says, but because its a progressive condition without a cure, depression is an even greater risk. […] If the PPAs underlying disease process is Alzheimers, drugs for that disease may be used. But treatment usually concentrates on maintaining communication and quality-of-life functioning through psychological support and speech-language therapy.
  • #2 Primary progressive aphasia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia
    In neurology, primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a type of neurological syndrome in which language capabilities slowly and progressively become impaired. […] Currently, the specific causes for PPA and other degenerative brain disease similar to PPA are viewed as idiopathic (unknown). […] Autopsies have revealed a variety of brain abnormalities in people who had PPA. […] There are no known environmental risk factors for the progressive aphasias. […] PPA is not considered a hereditary disease. […] However, relatives of a person with any form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), including PPA, are at slightly greater risk of developing PPA or another form of the condition. […] The most convincing genetic basis of PPA has been found to be a mutation in the GRN gene.
  • #2 Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org
    https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/frontotemporal-dementia
    Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) or frontotemporal degeneration refers to a group of disorders caused by progressive nerve cell loss in the brain’s frontal lobes (the areas behind your forehead) or its temporal lobes (the regions behind your ears). […] There are a number of different diseases that cause frontotemporal degeneration. The two most prominent are 1) a group of brain disorders involving the protein tau and 2) a group of brain disorders involving the protein called TDP43. For reasons that are not yet known, these two groups have a preference for the frontal and temporal lobes that cause dementia. […] Frontotemporal degeneration is inherited in about a third of all cases. Genetic counseling and testing are available now for individuals with family histories of frontotemporal degeneration. There are no known risk factors for any frontotemporal degeneration except for a family history or a similar disorder.
  • #3 Primary Progressive Aphasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563145/
    SvPPA is nearly always associated with underlying TDP-43-C pathological aggregates found in 75-100% of cases in clinicopathological correlation series. This variant is most often associated with FTD tau in the remainder of patients. SvPPA is most consistently associated with left (dominant) temporal lobe pathology. […] LvPPA is most often caused by Alzheimer disease pathology in as many as 95% of cases. This condition is recognized as one of the potential focal and early-onset presentations of Alzheimer disease, although other pathological profiles such as Lewy body dementia, TDP-43, and tau have been less commonly reported.
  • #3 Primary progressive aphasia risk factors – Alzheimer’s Research UK
    https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/risk-factors/
    Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is caused by damage and loss to brain cells in the front and sides of the brain, called the frontal and temporal lobes. However, the causes for this loss in PPA are not yet clear. […] Most cases of dementia are caused by a mixture of factors including: age, genes, lifestyle, environment. […] In rare cases, semantic dementia or progressive non-fluent aphasia can be caused by a faulty gene that is passed down in families. The main genes involved are called: MAPT, progranulin (or GRN), C9ORF72. […] These genes are also associated with other forms of dementia. […] In these cases there is a strong history of family members being affected at a similar age. These genes are also associated with other forms of frontotemporal dementia.