Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (PERFORM-AKI) Study | The George Institute for Global Health

  https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-research/research-projects/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-outcomes-of-acute-kidney-injury

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition where the kidneys are damaged, and their function reduced. This can lead to a build-up of fluid in the body, decreased urine output and an increase in toxins in the blood. AKI may be short-term, with people recovering the function of their kidneys. In other people, the disease progresses, and mortality rates can be as high as 45%. […] In adults who are admitted to hospital, up to 20% will be diagnosed with AKI as the primary reason for being admitted. Research from both Australia and the US have shown the rate of AKI to have increased greatly over the past 10 years, and that this trend will continue to rise. With significant impacts on peoples quality of life, AKI is an increasing global healthcare issue. […] Most research into the incidence of AKI is from within the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the rate of AKI diagnosed outside the ICU is much larger. This can be due to physical injury to the kidneys, kidney stones, infection of the kidneys, damage caused by a medication, or dehydration. Despite this, there is limited research regarding people diagnosed with AKI in the non-ICU setting. The PERFORM-AKI study will bridge this gap in research and provide unique insights into the burden of AKI outside the ICU.

• #2 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in an estimated one in five adults and one in three children hospitalized with acute illness; the incidence of AKI is increasing […] The mortality associated with AKI remains unacceptably high, and increasing severity correlates with increasing mortality, the highest of which is among patients with overt kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy […] AKI is now recognized as an important risk factor for nonrecovery of kidney function, incident chronic kidney disease, and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease […] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a widespread problem of epidemic status. Compelling evidence indicates that the incidence of AKI is rapidly increasing, particularly among hospitalized patients with acute illness and those undergoing major surgery.

• #3 Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a commonly encountered syndrome associated with various aetiologies and pathophysiological processes leading to decreased kidney function. […] Estimates of AKI prevalence range from 1% to 66%. […] The aetiology and incidence of AKI also differ between high-income and low-to-middle-income countries. High-income countries show a lower incidence of AKI than do low-to-middle-income countries, where contaminated water and endemic diseases such as malaria contribute to a high burden of AKI. […] In all resource settings, suboptimal early recognition and care of patients with AKI impede their recovery and lead to high mortality, which highlights unmet needs for improved detection and diagnosis of AKI and for efforts to improve care for these patients. […] In high-resource settings, AKI occurs in one in five hospitalized adult patients, which is approximately half of adult patients receiving intensive care, and in one in four paediatric patients receiving intensive care.

• #4 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  Epidemiology of AKI […] Overall Incidence of AKI […] Waikar et al. described the trends in incidence of AKI, patients requiring RRT after hospital discharge (AKI-D), and related mortality. They found that though the incidence of AKI increased over the 15 years of study period (1988-2002) from 61 to 288 per 100,000 population, the incidence of ARF-D increased from 4 to 27 per 100,000 population, and the mortality decreased from 40.4 to 20.3% (p < 0.001), over time. Another study of Medicare beneficiaries over a 10-year period (1992-2001) showed 11% increase in incidence of AKI per year in hospitalized patients. The incidence of AKI increased with increasing age (18.5, 20.8, 25.8, and 28.6 cases per 1,000 discharges for age groups 64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 years, respectively). They also found a decline in mortality due to AKI over the years and concluded that AKI was a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. A meta-analysis looked at the world incidence of AKI, reclassifying it as per the RIFLE, AKIN, and later using KDIGO criteria, in hospitalized patients from 2004 to 2012. The overall incidence of AKI was 23.2% (154 studies involving 3,585,911 patients, 573,424 patients with AKI). The incidence of AKI in adults (130 studies) was 21.6%, while it was 33.7% in children (24 studies). In 7 studies, the incidence of community-acquired AKI was 8.3%, while in 52 studies, the incidence of hospital-acquired AKI was 20.9%. In the critical care setting (41 studies), every third patient developed AKI (31.7%). Most of the data were from high-income countries (spending 5% gross domestic product on health). There were a small number of studies from the Asian regions, and the incidence in these regions was variable (Eastern Asia: 17 studies 14.7%, Western Asia: 2 studies 16.7%, and South Asia: 2 studies 23.7%).

• #5

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/detail.aspx?Qnum=Q773

  The incidence rate of newly diagnosed AKI has increased from 80 per 1,000 patient-years in 2007 to 242 per 1,000 patient-years in 2022. […] The rise in AKI incidence after 2019 may be related to COVID-19 infections during the pandemic and then levels off. […] Incidence of newly diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) among U.S. veterans. […] The increase in diagnosed AKI (based on ICD codes) may be due to increased clinical recognition of AKI over time. Yet this may underestimate incidence rates based on the KDIGO definition that uses laboratory values to detect AKI. […] Not all veterans use the VHA Health System. These data were not linked to the CMS ESKD program data, so the dialysis and transplant categories may underestimate the true prevalence of ESRD among veterans.

• #6

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/detail.aspx?Qnum=Q773

  The incidence rate of newly diagnosed AKI has increased from 80 per 1,000 patient-years in 2007 to 242 per 1,000 patient-years in 2022. […] The rise in AKI incidence after 2019 may be related to COVID-19 infections during the pandemic and then levels off. […] Incidence of newly diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) among U.S. veterans. […] The increase in diagnosed AKI (based on ICD codes) may be due to increased clinical recognition of AKI over time. Yet this may underestimate incidence rates based on the KDIGO definition that uses laboratory values to detect AKI. […] Not all veterans use the VHA Health System. These data were not linked to the CMS ESKD program data, so the dialysis and transplant categories may underestimate the true prevalence of ESRD among veterans.

• #7 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  Epidemiology of AKI […] Overall Incidence of AKI […] Waikar et al. described the trends in incidence of AKI, patients requiring RRT after hospital discharge (AKI-D), and related mortality. They found that though the incidence of AKI increased over the 15 years of study period (1988-2002) from 61 to 288 per 100,000 population, the incidence of ARF-D increased from 4 to 27 per 100,000 population, and the mortality decreased from 40.4 to 20.3% (p < 0.001), over time. Another study of Medicare beneficiaries over a 10-year period (1992-2001) showed 11% increase in incidence of AKI per year in hospitalized patients. The incidence of AKI increased with increasing age (18.5, 20.8, 25.8, and 28.6 cases per 1,000 discharges for age groups 64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 years, respectively). They also found a decline in mortality due to AKI over the years and concluded that AKI was a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. A meta-analysis looked at the world incidence of AKI, reclassifying it as per the RIFLE, AKIN, and later using KDIGO criteria, in hospitalized patients from 2004 to 2012. The overall incidence of AKI was 23.2% (154 studies involving 3,585,911 patients, 573,424 patients with AKI). The incidence of AKI in adults (130 studies) was 21.6%, while it was 33.7% in children (24 studies). In 7 studies, the incidence of community-acquired AKI was 8.3%, while in 52 studies, the incidence of hospital-acquired AKI was 20.9%. In the critical care setting (41 studies), every third patient developed AKI (31.7%). Most of the data were from high-income countries (spending 5% gross domestic product on health). There were a small number of studies from the Asian regions, and the incidence in these regions was variable (Eastern Asia: 17 studies 14.7%, Western Asia: 2 studies 16.7%, and South Asia: 2 studies 23.7%).

• #8

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-015-3934-7

  Current reports on acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) show wide variation in occurrence rate and are limited by study biases such as use of incomplete AKI definition, selected cohorts, or retrospective design. Our aim was to prospectively investigate the occurrence and outcomes of AKI in ICU patients. […] A total of 1032 ICU patients out of 1802 [57.3 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 55.059.6] had AKI. […] This is the first multinational cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in ICU patients using the complete KDIGO criteria. We found that AKI occurred in more than half of ICU patients. Increasing AKI severity was associated with increased mortality, and AKI patients had worse renal function at the time of hospital discharge. Adjusted risks for AKI and mortality were similar across different continents and regions.

• #9 Acute Kidney Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441896/

  AKI is commonly seen in hospitalized patients. In the United States, 1% of all hospital admissions have AKI on admission. During hospitalization, the approximate incidence rate of acute kidney injury is 2% to 5%, and it occurs in up to 67% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit. AKI is thus an important contributor to more extended hospital stays and patient morbidity.

• #10 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3144203

  Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study […] Current reports on acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) show wide variation in occurrence rate and are limited by study biases such as use of incomplete AKI definition, selected cohorts, or retrospective design. Our aim was to prospectively investigate the occurrence and outcomes of AKI in ICU patients. […] A total of 1032 ICU patients out of 1802 [57.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 55.0-59.6] had AKI. […] This is the first multinational cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in ICU patients using the complete KDIGO criteria. We found that AKI occurred in more than half of ICU patients. Increasing AKI severity was associated with increased mortality, and AKI patients had worse renal function at the time of hospital discharge. Adjusted risks for AKI and mortality were similar across different continents and regions.

• #11 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  The ICON was a large multinational study which included 10,069 patients from 730 ICUs from 84 countries. The patients were adults (age 16 years), and the data were collected between May 8 and May 18, 2012. From this cohort, 9,579 patients were included (excluded patients lacked either sCr or UO data). Acute kidney injury occurred in 4,727 patients within 72 hours (AKIN criteria). The data for patients with chronic renal failure (nearly 850 patients) were analyzed separately and are not discussed here. The incidence of AKI was higher in patients with sepsis (68%) when compared with those without sepsis (57%, p < 0.001), and therefore, as expected, the use of RRT was higher in those with sepsis (20%) than those without (5%, p < 0.0001). Patients with sepsis who did not have AKI within 3 days were less likely to develop AKI subsequently when compared with other patients. The ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS) and ICU and hospital mortality were higher in patients admitted with sepsis and increased further if AKI occurred. These increases were seen to keep pace with increasing severity of AKI. They concluded that AKI is more frequent in sepsis patients and severe and less likely to resolve once AKIN stage 3 is reached. Also occurrence of AKI leads to higher mortality in patients with sepsis than in those without.

• #12 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in Hungarian intensive care units: a multicenter, prospective, observational study | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2369-12-43

  The independent risk factors for the development of any stage of AKI were SAPS II score, serum creatinine on ICU admission, sepsis and vasopressor treatment. Age, sepsis related variables (vasopressor treatment, mechanical ventilation, SOFA score) and AKI Stage 3 were the highly significant risk factors for the ICU and the hospital mortality.

• #13 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  Clinicians increasingly recognize acute kidney injury as an in-hospital complication of sepsis, heart conditions, and surgery. […] A number of U.S. studies have indicated an increasing incidence of dialysis-treated acute kidney injury since the late 1990s. […] Analysis of data from the 2000-2014 National Inpatient Sample and the National Health Interview Surveys indicates a significant absolute and relative increase in hospitalization rates for acute kidney injury among men and women in the United States. […] Hospitalization for acute kidney injury among persons with diabetes accounted for approximately 40% of all such hospitalizations; absolute increases in hospitalization rates among persons with diabetes were larger than those among persons without diabetes. […] Diabetes is a known risk factor for acute kidney injury.

• #14 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The present analysis of nationally representative hospitalization data indicates a substantial increase in the rate of hospitalizations for acute kidney injury in men and women in the United States from 2000 to 2014, irrespective of diabetes status. […] The findings in this report corroborate previous reports from the United States and other countries. […] This suggests that acute kidney injury is on the rise in many counties, regardless of the health care system. […] The increasing rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations contrast with recently published data for other diabetes-related acute and chronic complications in the United States. […] Improving both patient and provider awareness that diabetes, hypertension, and advancing age are frequently associated with acute kidney injury is important for reversing these trends.

• #15 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  Clinicians increasingly recognize acute kidney injury as an in-hospital complication of sepsis, heart conditions, and surgery. […] A number of U.S. studies have indicated an increasing incidence of dialysis-treated acute kidney injury since the late 1990s. […] Analysis of data from the 2000-2014 National Inpatient Sample and the National Health Interview Surveys indicates a significant absolute and relative increase in hospitalization rates for acute kidney injury among men and women in the United States. […] Hospitalization for acute kidney injury among persons with diabetes accounted for approximately 40% of all such hospitalizations; absolute increases in hospitalization rates among persons with diabetes were larger than those among persons without diabetes. […] Diabetes is a known risk factor for acute kidney injury.

• #16 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The present analysis of nationally representative hospitalization data indicates a substantial increase in the rate of hospitalizations for acute kidney injury in men and women in the United States from 2000 to 2014, irrespective of diabetes status. […] The findings in this report corroborate previous reports from the United States and other countries. […] This suggests that acute kidney injury is on the rise in many counties, regardless of the health care system. […] The increasing rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations contrast with recently published data for other diabetes-related acute and chronic complications in the United States. […] Improving both patient and provider awareness that diabetes, hypertension, and advancing age are frequently associated with acute kidney injury is important for reversing these trends.

• #17 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the clinical emergency: A prospective cohort study at a high-complexity public university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0309949

  Brazilian studies on AKI conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic were valuable for showing the severity and care gaps related to AKI treated with kidney replacement therapy (KRT). On the other hand, detailed epidemiological information on AKI, derived from prospective studies in patients admitted to the emergency department is scarce in Latin America. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in adult hospitalized patients from the emergency department of a public high-complexity teaching hospital in the city of So Paulo, Brazil. […] AKI occurred in more than half of the admissions to the clinical emergency department of the hospital and was equally distributed between community-acquired AKI (C-AKI) and hospital-acquired AKI (H-AKI). Many patients had correctable risk factors for AKI, such as dehydration and arterial hypotension at admission. The only independent risk factor for both C-AKI and H-AKI was chronic kidney disease (CKD) as comorbidity.

• #18 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center – Indian Journal of Nephrology

  https://indianjnephrol.org/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-acute-kidney-injury-in-critically-ill-experience-from-a-tertiary-care-center/

  Existing literature from India reports CAAKI as the leading cause of AKI in critically ill. […] HAAKI is often under recognized and under reported in the developing world. […] The mortality was not different between CAAKI and HAAKI. […] The mortality was similar across different stages of AKI. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of AKI show significant variations across different parts of the world. […] The current study had younger patients with few comorbidities. […] Sepsis tends to be the predominant etiology of AKI in ICU’s across the globe. […] The current study had nearly equal proportions of CAAKI and HAAKI. […] The mortality rates were similar between HAAKI and CAAKI. […] More multicentric studies are required to delineate the region-specific differences in AKI. Understanding the regional differences in the disease patterns is imperative in formulating policies addressing the local needs.

• #19 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  AKI in the Critically Ill Patients […] There have been many studies looking at incidence, predictors, and outcomes of patients having AKI in critical care. Two studies are worth mentioning here: the large multinational studies called the AKI-EPI study and the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) study. As the name suggests, the AKI-EPI study was a multicenter cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in 1,802 critically ill patients admitted in 97 intensive care units (ICUs) across the world. Acute kidney injury was seen on day 1 in 1,032 patients [57.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 55.0-59.6]. In nearly 650 patients, baseline creatinine was not available so either a calculated sCr [Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation] or sCr value obtained was taken as the baseline value. Once these patients without baseline sCr were removed, the incidence of AKI increased to 62.5% (95% CI: 59.7-65.3; p = 0.005). The etiology of AKI in descending order was as follows: sepsis, hypovolemia, drug related, cardiogenic shock, hepatorenal syndrome, and obstructive uropathy. The mortality of the patients increased with an increase in severity of AKI, so that the unadjusted odds ratio for dying for patients with KDIGO stage I was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.44-3.35), in those with stage II was 3.88 (95% CI: 2.42-6.21), and for patients in the third stage of KDIGO stage was nearly 8 (7.18; 95% CI: 5.13-10.04). Nearly 24% AKI patients needed RRT, i.e., 13.5% of all ICU patients. After adjustment for baseline variables, the incidence of AKI and related mortality was similar across all regions.

• #20 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in Hungarian intensive care units: a multicenter, prospective, observational study | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2369-12-43

  The independent risk factors for the development of any stage of AKI were SAPS II score, serum creatinine on ICU admission, sepsis and vasopressor treatment. Age, sepsis related variables (vasopressor treatment, mechanical ventilation, SOFA score) and AKI Stage 3 were the highly significant risk factors for the ICU and the hospital mortality.

• #21 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the clinical emergency: A prospective cohort study at a high-complexity public university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0309949

  Brazilian studies on AKI conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic were valuable for showing the severity and care gaps related to AKI treated with kidney replacement therapy (KRT). On the other hand, detailed epidemiological information on AKI, derived from prospective studies in patients admitted to the emergency department is scarce in Latin America. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in adult hospitalized patients from the emergency department of a public high-complexity teaching hospital in the city of So Paulo, Brazil. […] AKI occurred in more than half of the admissions to the clinical emergency department of the hospital and was equally distributed between community-acquired AKI (C-AKI) and hospital-acquired AKI (H-AKI). Many patients had correctable risk factors for AKI, such as dehydration and arterial hypotension at admission. The only independent risk factor for both C-AKI and H-AKI was chronic kidney disease (CKD) as comorbidity.

• #22 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  AKI in the Critically Ill Patients […] There have been many studies looking at incidence, predictors, and outcomes of patients having AKI in critical care. Two studies are worth mentioning here: the large multinational studies called the AKI-EPI study and the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) study. As the name suggests, the AKI-EPI study was a multicenter cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in 1,802 critically ill patients admitted in 97 intensive care units (ICUs) across the world. Acute kidney injury was seen on day 1 in 1,032 patients [57.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 55.0-59.6]. In nearly 650 patients, baseline creatinine was not available so either a calculated sCr [Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation] or sCr value obtained was taken as the baseline value. Once these patients without baseline sCr were removed, the incidence of AKI increased to 62.5% (95% CI: 59.7-65.3; p = 0.005). The etiology of AKI in descending order was as follows: sepsis, hypovolemia, drug related, cardiogenic shock, hepatorenal syndrome, and obstructive uropathy. The mortality of the patients increased with an increase in severity of AKI, so that the unadjusted odds ratio for dying for patients with KDIGO stage I was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.44-3.35), in those with stage II was 3.88 (95% CI: 2.42-6.21), and for patients in the third stage of KDIGO stage was nearly 8 (7.18; 95% CI: 5.13-10.04). Nearly 24% AKI patients needed RRT, i.e., 13.5% of all ICU patients. After adjustment for baseline variables, the incidence of AKI and related mortality was similar across all regions.

• #23 Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a commonly encountered syndrome associated with various aetiologies and pathophysiological processes leading to decreased kidney function. […] Estimates of AKI prevalence range from 1% to 66%. […] The aetiology and incidence of AKI also differ between high-income and low-to-middle-income countries. High-income countries show a lower incidence of AKI than do low-to-middle-income countries, where contaminated water and endemic diseases such as malaria contribute to a high burden of AKI. […] In all resource settings, suboptimal early recognition and care of patients with AKI impede their recovery and lead to high mortality, which highlights unmet needs for improved detection and diagnosis of AKI and for efforts to improve care for these patients. […] In high-resource settings, AKI occurs in one in five hospitalized adult patients, which is approximately half of adult patients receiving intensive care, and in one in four paediatric patients receiving intensive care.

• #24 Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0

  In low-resource settings, AKI is often caused by environmental factors such as contaminated water and endemic infections; public health interventions are essential to decrease its incidence and complications. […] In low-resource settings, AKI recognition, diagnosis and treatment initiation are often delayed or inadequate, leading to avoidable increases in mortality, severe complications and cost.

• #25 Frequency, Epidemiology and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients Admitted to Nephrology Center, Sana’a: Observational Study, American Journal of Internal Medicine, Science Publishing Group

  https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.ajim.20180605.15

  Although acute kidney injury (AKI) in our setting is growing rapidly, the available data on the magnitude of this lethal problem are very limited. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, epidemiology and outcome of AKI. […] A total of 143 hospitalized patients with AKI in Al Thawra General Hospital, nephrology department between July 2015 and December 2016 were enrolled. […] Almost 81.8% of cases were medically referred and malarial infection was the commonest cause of AKI (23%). […] This study demonstrates low frequency of AKI in our setting. The etiologies of this lethal health problem are preventable and treatable in approximately half of cases. Late referral to hospital may contribute both to the progression of renal disease and also to high mortality.

• #26 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243492-overview

  In a prospective national cohort study in Wales that used an electronic AKI alert (a centralized laboratory system that automatically compares measured creatinine values in an individual patient with previous results to generate alerts), the incidence of AKI was 577 per 100,000 population. Community-acquired AKI accounted for 49.3% of all incident episodes, and 42% occurred in the context of preexisting chronic kidney disease. The 90-day mortality rate was 25.6%, and 23.7% of episodes progressed to a higher AKI stage. […] In a Canadian study of severely ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care units, 30.3% developed AKI and 12.2% developed severe AKI. The incidence rate for critical illness-associated AKI was 34 per 100,000 children-year, and the rate of severe AKI was 14 per 100,000 children-year. Severe AKI was more common in boys (incidence rate ratio, 1.55) and in infants younger than 1 year old (incidence rate ratio, 14.77). The AKI-associated mortality rate was 2.3 per 100,000 children-year.

• #27 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  Epidemiology of AKI […] Overall Incidence of AKI […] Waikar et al. described the trends in incidence of AKI, patients requiring RRT after hospital discharge (AKI-D), and related mortality. They found that though the incidence of AKI increased over the 15 years of study period (1988-2002) from 61 to 288 per 100,000 population, the incidence of ARF-D increased from 4 to 27 per 100,000 population, and the mortality decreased from 40.4 to 20.3% (p < 0.001), over time. Another study of Medicare beneficiaries over a 10-year period (1992-2001) showed 11% increase in incidence of AKI per year in hospitalized patients. The incidence of AKI increased with increasing age (18.5, 20.8, 25.8, and 28.6 cases per 1,000 discharges for age groups 64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 years, respectively). They also found a decline in mortality due to AKI over the years and concluded that AKI was a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. A meta-analysis looked at the world incidence of AKI, reclassifying it as per the RIFLE, AKIN, and later using KDIGO criteria, in hospitalized patients from 2004 to 2012. The overall incidence of AKI was 23.2% (154 studies involving 3,585,911 patients, 573,424 patients with AKI). The incidence of AKI in adults (130 studies) was 21.6%, while it was 33.7% in children (24 studies). In 7 studies, the incidence of community-acquired AKI was 8.3%, while in 52 studies, the incidence of hospital-acquired AKI was 20.9%. In the critical care setting (41 studies), every third patient developed AKI (31.7%). Most of the data were from high-income countries (spending 5% gross domestic product on health). There were a small number of studies from the Asian regions, and the incidence in these regions was variable (Eastern Asia: 17 studies 14.7%, Western Asia: 2 studies 16.7%, and South Asia: 2 studies 23.7%).

• #28 Acute Kidney Injury in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/12/3446

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with long-term consequences and poor outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit. Its precocious diagnosis represents one of the hardest challenges in clinical practice due to the lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers. Currently, neonatal AKI is defined with urinary markers and serum creatinine (sCr), with limitations in early detection and individual treatment. […] According to the Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) data, one episode of AKI, related to an increased length of hospitalization and mortality rate, was observed in 30% of critically ill neonates. […] The precocious diagnosis of AKI based on urinary output and serum creatinine (sCr) levels represents one of the hardest challenges in clinical practice. Several biomarkers and clinical scores were assessed to predict neonatal AKI, to identify the stage of injury and not the damage, to anticipate late rises in sCr values and to reveal an already compromised renal function.

• #29 Acute Kidney Injury in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/12/3446

  Sepsis-related AKI (sAKI) represents one of the main mortality risks in the NICU, of around 70%. Neonatal sepsis is frequently assessed in preterm newborns, secondary to pathogens acquired after birth, and is defined as early (ES) or late (LS) sepsis if diagnosis occurs within or after 72 h of birth, respectively. […] Preterm neonates represent a population at a high risk for AKI due to a potential incomplete and abnormal process of nephrogenesis, resulting in decreased nephron mass. […] Nephrotoxic drugs represent a frequent cause of AKI in critically ill neonates with long-term complications, leading to potential chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of neonates, 75% are treated with at least one nephrotoxic medication, i.e., aminoglycosides, during the first postnatal week in the NICU, with a close relationship with AKI. […] CKD represents a potential long-term complication in neonates who suffer from AKI during NICU stays. Moreover, AKI events can also relapse after an initial resolution before discharge from the NICU, defined as recurrent AKI (rAKI) according to the KDIGO definition.

• #30 Acute Kidney Injury in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/12/3446

  Sepsis-related AKI (sAKI) represents one of the main mortality risks in the NICU, of around 70%. Neonatal sepsis is frequently assessed in preterm newborns, secondary to pathogens acquired after birth, and is defined as early (ES) or late (LS) sepsis if diagnosis occurs within or after 72 h of birth, respectively. […] Preterm neonates represent a population at a high risk for AKI due to a potential incomplete and abnormal process of nephrogenesis, resulting in decreased nephron mass. […] Nephrotoxic drugs represent a frequent cause of AKI in critically ill neonates with long-term complications, leading to potential chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of neonates, 75% are treated with at least one nephrotoxic medication, i.e., aminoglycosides, during the first postnatal week in the NICU, with a close relationship with AKI. […] CKD represents a potential long-term complication in neonates who suffer from AKI during NICU stays. Moreover, AKI events can also relapse after an initial resolution before discharge from the NICU, defined as recurrent AKI (rAKI) according to the KDIGO definition.

• #31 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in hospitalized pregnant women in China | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-019-1255-8

  Epidemiologic data of acute kidney injury (AKI) during pregnancy is lacking in China. This study aims to determine the effect of pregnancy on the risk of AKI among hospitalized women of childbearing age, and to describe the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of AKI in hospitalized pregnant women in China. Among 110,873 women of childbearing age, pregnant women (n=10,920) had a 51% higher risk of AKI than non-pregnant women (n=99,953). Community acquired and hospital acquired AKI occurred in 3.6% (n=393) and 3.7% (n=402) of the pregnant women, respectively, giving rise to an overall AKI incidence of 7.3%. The top three risk factors of AKI during pregnancy, ranked in order of decreasing population attributable fractions were pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (21.1%), acute fatty liver (13.5%), and chronic kidney disease (6.2%). AKI in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal mortality rate, longer length of stay and higher daily cost. AKI is a common and severe complication during pregnancy in China.

• #32 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in hospitalized pregnant women in China | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-019-1255-8

  Epidemiologic data of acute kidney injury (AKI) during pregnancy is lacking in China. This study aims to determine the effect of pregnancy on the risk of AKI among hospitalized women of childbearing age, and to describe the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of AKI in hospitalized pregnant women in China. Among 110,873 women of childbearing age, pregnant women (n=10,920) had a 51% higher risk of AKI than non-pregnant women (n=99,953). Community acquired and hospital acquired AKI occurred in 3.6% (n=393) and 3.7% (n=402) of the pregnant women, respectively, giving rise to an overall AKI incidence of 7.3%. The top three risk factors of AKI during pregnancy, ranked in order of decreasing population attributable fractions were pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (21.1%), acute fatty liver (13.5%), and chronic kidney disease (6.2%). AKI in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal mortality rate, longer length of stay and higher daily cost. AKI is a common and severe complication during pregnancy in China.

• #33 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center – Indian Journal of Nephrology

  https://indianjnephrol.org/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-acute-kidney-injury-in-critically-ill-experience-from-a-tertiary-care-center/

  There is only limited information on the epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients from low- and middle-income countries. […] The study also aims to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of community-acquired AKI (CAAKI) and hospital-acquired AKI (HAAKI). […] Significant differences exist in the epidemiology and outcomes of AKI from the developed and developing world. More than 85% of the global burden of AKI is from developing countries. […] The proportion of patients with HAAKI tends to be higher compared to the developing world. On the other hand, AKI in tropical, low and middle-income countries like India is characterized by a higher burden of CAAKI, occurring in relatively young patients without significant comorbidities. […] The existing Indian data on AKI in critically ill patients are derived from multiple single-center studies.

• #34 Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a commonly encountered syndrome associated with various aetiologies and pathophysiological processes leading to decreased kidney function. […] Estimates of AKI prevalence range from 1% to 66%. […] The aetiology and incidence of AKI also differ between high-income and low-to-middle-income countries. High-income countries show a lower incidence of AKI than do low-to-middle-income countries, where contaminated water and endemic diseases such as malaria contribute to a high burden of AKI. […] In all resource settings, suboptimal early recognition and care of patients with AKI impede their recovery and lead to high mortality, which highlights unmet needs for improved detection and diagnosis of AKI and for efforts to improve care for these patients. […] In high-resource settings, AKI occurs in one in five hospitalized adult patients, which is approximately half of adult patients receiving intensive care, and in one in four paediatric patients receiving intensive care.

• #35 Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0

  In low-resource settings, AKI is often caused by environmental factors such as contaminated water and endemic infections; public health interventions are essential to decrease its incidence and complications. […] In low-resource settings, AKI recognition, diagnosis and treatment initiation are often delayed or inadequate, leading to avoidable increases in mortality, severe complications and cost.

• #36 Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-018-0052-0

  In low-resource settings, AKI is often caused by environmental factors such as contaminated water and endemic infections; public health interventions are essential to decrease its incidence and complications. […] In low-resource settings, AKI recognition, diagnosis and treatment initiation are often delayed or inadequate, leading to avoidable increases in mortality, severe complications and cost.

• #37 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  Epidemiology of AKI […] Overall Incidence of AKI […] Waikar et al. described the trends in incidence of AKI, patients requiring RRT after hospital discharge (AKI-D), and related mortality. They found that though the incidence of AKI increased over the 15 years of study period (1988-2002) from 61 to 288 per 100,000 population, the incidence of ARF-D increased from 4 to 27 per 100,000 population, and the mortality decreased from 40.4 to 20.3% (p < 0.001), over time. Another study of Medicare beneficiaries over a 10-year period (1992-2001) showed 11% increase in incidence of AKI per year in hospitalized patients. The incidence of AKI increased with increasing age (18.5, 20.8, 25.8, and 28.6 cases per 1,000 discharges for age groups 64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 years, respectively). They also found a decline in mortality due to AKI over the years and concluded that AKI was a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. A meta-analysis looked at the world incidence of AKI, reclassifying it as per the RIFLE, AKIN, and later using KDIGO criteria, in hospitalized patients from 2004 to 2012. The overall incidence of AKI was 23.2% (154 studies involving 3,585,911 patients, 573,424 patients with AKI). The incidence of AKI in adults (130 studies) was 21.6%, while it was 33.7% in children (24 studies). In 7 studies, the incidence of community-acquired AKI was 8.3%, while in 52 studies, the incidence of hospital-acquired AKI was 20.9%. In the critical care setting (41 studies), every third patient developed AKI (31.7%). Most of the data were from high-income countries (spending 5% gross domestic product on health). There were a small number of studies from the Asian regions, and the incidence in these regions was variable (Eastern Asia: 17 studies 14.7%, Western Asia: 2 studies 16.7%, and South Asia: 2 studies 23.7%).

• #38 Epidemiology and short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit in Laos: a nationwide multicenter, prospective, and observational study | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01645-3

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) has become a global health issue. Little is known about the disease burden in Laos. We aimed to evaluate the burden and outcomes of AKI as well as assess the availability of AKI treatment in Laos. […] AKI is a huge burden in Laos with under-recognition and poor outcomes. […] The International Society of Nephrology (ISN) conducted a Global Snapshot about AKI in 2014, where most cases (45%) were from low and lower middle-income countries. Each year, AKI affects approximately 13.3 million individuals globally, with 85% of those affected living in developing countries and about 1.7 million resulting in death every year. […] The incidence of AKI in Laos is lower than other studies in Southeast Asia. The prevalence of AKI in our study could have substantially underestimated the actual national burden of AKI.

• #39 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The increasing number of persons living with diabetes is likely to also increase the number of persons with acute kidney injury. […] Improved awareness by health care providers that diabetes, hypertension, and advanced age are important risk factors for acute kidney injury might reduce its occurrence and improve management of the underlying diseases in an aging population. […] Age-standardized rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations increased by 139% (from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons) among adults with diagnosed diabetes, and by 230% (from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons) among those without diabetes. […] The total number of hospitalizations with acute kidney injury increased from 953,926 in 2000 to 1,823,054 in 2006 and 3,959,560 in 2014. […] During 2000-2014, the rate of all acute kidney injury hospitalizations among persons with diabetes increased by 139%, from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons and by 230% among persons without diabetes, from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons.

• #40 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The increasing number of persons living with diabetes is likely to also increase the number of persons with acute kidney injury. […] Improved awareness by health care providers that diabetes, hypertension, and advanced age are important risk factors for acute kidney injury might reduce its occurrence and improve management of the underlying diseases in an aging population. […] Age-standardized rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations increased by 139% (from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons) among adults with diagnosed diabetes, and by 230% (from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons) among those without diabetes. […] The total number of hospitalizations with acute kidney injury increased from 953,926 in 2000 to 1,823,054 in 2006 and 3,959,560 in 2014. […] During 2000-2014, the rate of all acute kidney injury hospitalizations among persons with diabetes increased by 139%, from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons and by 230% among persons without diabetes, from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons.

• #41 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The present analysis of nationally representative hospitalization data indicates a substantial increase in the rate of hospitalizations for acute kidney injury in men and women in the United States from 2000 to 2014, irrespective of diabetes status. […] The findings in this report corroborate previous reports from the United States and other countries. […] This suggests that acute kidney injury is on the rise in many counties, regardless of the health care system. […] The increasing rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations contrast with recently published data for other diabetes-related acute and chronic complications in the United States. […] Improving both patient and provider awareness that diabetes, hypertension, and advancing age are frequently associated with acute kidney injury is important for reversing these trends.

• #42 Changes in acute kidney injury epidemiology in critically ill patients: a population-based cohort study in Korea | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0534-7

  Although no specific treatment facilitates renal tubular regeneration in acute kidney injury (AKI), the rapid increase in aging populations with more comorbidities and advances in critical care management are expected to change the epidemiology of AKI. […] We investigated recent epidemiologic changes in severe AKI in critically ill patients. […] The incidence of AKI increased from 7.4% in 2008 to 8.3% in 2015 (p for trend 0.001). […] Age-standardized AKI rate was 7018.6 per 100,000 person-years. […] In-hospital mortality significantly decreased from 39.1% in 2008 to 37.2% in 2015 (p for trend 0.001) with 2427.6 deaths per 100,000 person-years. […] Recent advances in medical management for AKI have improved in-hospital mortality of critically ill patients with AKI despite increases in the elderly population and AKI incidence.

• #43 Changes in acute kidney injury epidemiology in critically ill patients: a population-based cohort study in Korea | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0534-7

  The overall incidence of AKI was 8.0%. […] The crude incidence of AKI increased significantly over time from 7.4% in 2008 to 8.3% in 2015 (p for trend 0.001). […] Mortality rates of critically ill patients with AKI decreased significantly over time from 39.1 to 37.2% (p for trend 0.001). […] Our key finding was a significant decline in mortality from 2008 to 2015 in virtually all critically ill Korean patients with AKI regardless of RRT. […] This study of a large, population-based cohort admitted to Korean ICUs over the past decade demonstrated that overall mortality significantly decreased in critically ill patients with AKI despite the increased incidence of AKI.

• #44 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in an estimated one in five adults and one in three children hospitalized with acute illness; the incidence of AKI is increasing […] The mortality associated with AKI remains unacceptably high, and increasing severity correlates with increasing mortality, the highest of which is among patients with overt kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy […] AKI is now recognized as an important risk factor for nonrecovery of kidney function, incident chronic kidney disease, and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease […] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a widespread problem of epidemic status. Compelling evidence indicates that the incidence of AKI is rapidly increasing, particularly among hospitalized patients with acute illness and those undergoing major surgery.

• #45 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiological profile of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units: A Prospective Brazilian Cohort Epidemiological profile of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients admitted to intensive car

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jbn/a/QjhkzpV9HBCRN5BfpLJysHs/?lang=en

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent syndrome affecting patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU), and it is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The aim of the present study was to understand the epidemiological profile of patients with AKI admitted to ICUs. […] Of the 8,131 patients followed up, 1,728 developed AKI (21.3%). […] The mortality was 25.7% for those with AKI, and 4.9% for those without AKI. […] Patients with AKI had higher mortality rates when compared to those without AKI. […] AKI incidence (21.3%) and mortality (25.7%) in our study is in line with the largest meta-analysis ever conducted, in which incidence and mortality of 21.6 and 23.9% were observed, respectively. […] The worldwide incidence of AKI was analyzed in a meta-analysis with 312 studies. […] The incidence of AKI (21.3%) and mortality (25.7 %) in our study is in line with the meta-analysis conducted by the Acute Kidney Injury Advisory Group of the American Society of Nephrology, with incidence and mortality of 21.6 and 23.9%, respectively. […] We concluded, through our cohort, that the incidence of AKI was 21.3%. There was a higher mortality of patients with AKI, compared to those who did not develop it. Likewise, among patients with AKI, higher disease stages were associated with higher mortality rates.

• #46 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7347066/

  AKI in the Critically Ill Patients […] There have been many studies looking at incidence, predictors, and outcomes of patients having AKI in critical care. Two studies are worth mentioning here: the large multinational studies called the AKI-EPI study and the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) study. As the name suggests, the AKI-EPI study was a multicenter cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in 1,802 critically ill patients admitted in 97 intensive care units (ICUs) across the world. Acute kidney injury was seen on day 1 in 1,032 patients [57.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 55.0-59.6]. In nearly 650 patients, baseline creatinine was not available so either a calculated sCr [Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation] or sCr value obtained was taken as the baseline value. Once these patients without baseline sCr were removed, the incidence of AKI increased to 62.5% (95% CI: 59.7-65.3; p = 0.005). The etiology of AKI in descending order was as follows: sepsis, hypovolemia, drug related, cardiogenic shock, hepatorenal syndrome, and obstructive uropathy. The mortality of the patients increased with an increase in severity of AKI, so that the unadjusted odds ratio for dying for patients with KDIGO stage I was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.44-3.35), in those with stage II was 3.88 (95% CI: 2.42-6.21), and for patients in the third stage of KDIGO stage was nearly 8 (7.18; 95% CI: 5.13-10.04). Nearly 24% AKI patients needed RRT, i.e., 13.5% of all ICU patients. After adjustment for baseline variables, the incidence of AKI and related mortality was similar across all regions.

• #47 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in an estimated one in five adults and one in three children hospitalized with acute illness; the incidence of AKI is increasing […] The mortality associated with AKI remains unacceptably high, and increasing severity correlates with increasing mortality, the highest of which is among patients with overt kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy […] AKI is now recognized as an important risk factor for nonrecovery of kidney function, incident chronic kidney disease, and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease […] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a widespread problem of epidemic status. Compelling evidence indicates that the incidence of AKI is rapidly increasing, particularly among hospitalized patients with acute illness and those undergoing major surgery.

• #48 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  The sequelae of AKI are severe and characterized by increased risk of short-term and long-term mortality, incident CKD and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease. […] AKI-associated mortality is decreasing, but remains unacceptably high. […] Survivors of AKI, particularly those who remain on renal replacement therapy, often have reduced quality of life and consume substantially greater health-care resources than the general population as a result of longer hospitalizations, unplanned intensive care unit admissions and rehospitalizations.

• #49 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  The sequelae of AKI are severe and characterized by increased risk of short-term and long-term mortality, incident CKD and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease. […] AKI-associated mortality is decreasing, but remains unacceptably high. […] Survivors of AKI, particularly those who remain on renal replacement therapy, often have reduced quality of life and consume substantially greater health-care resources than the general population as a result of longer hospitalizations, unplanned intensive care unit admissions and rehospitalizations.

• #50 [2403.08020] Epidemiology, Trajectories and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury Among Hospitalized Patients: A Retrospective Multicenter Large Cohort Study

  https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.08020

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome affecting almost one fifth of hospitalized patients, as well as more than half of the patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). […] Among 2,187,254 encounters, 14% had AKI, of which 63%, 21%, and 16% had Stage 1, 2, and 3, respectively, as the worst AKI stage. […] Patients with AKI had worse clinical outcomes and increased resource utilization compared to patients without the condition. One-year mortality was 5 times greater for patients with persistent AKI compared to those without AKI. […] Persistent AKI was associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased ICU admission and mortality compared to the other groups. This may emphasize the critical need for devising strategies targeting effective management of AKI and prevention of persisting AKI.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2022/05000/overview_of_diagnostic_criteria_and_epidemiology.14.aspx

  AKI management recommendations on the basis of stage have been proposed in the KDIGO practice guidelines (8) and the National Kidney Foundation AKI Core Curriculum (43); however, benefit in routine practice remains to be demonstrated. […] Despite improving understanding, conceptual and logistic limitations remain. AKI requires observed changes in creatinine, but the baseline creatinine to anchor that definition is often missing. […] It has also been recognized that AKI and CKD are not discrete entities, but exist in a continuum, with short reversible changes identified as AKI and persistent or irreversible changes in kidney function identified as de novo or progressive CKD. […] James et al. described the incidence and prognostic importance of AKD in a Canadian population-based cohort study that included both hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients and found that AKD without AKI was three times more prevalent than AKI (3.8% versus 1.5%) and associated with a higher risk of CKD, kidney failure, and mortality compared with patients with no kidney disease (61).

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2022/05000/overview_of_diagnostic_criteria_and_epidemiology.14.aspx

  Since the description ischuria renalis by William Heberden (1), AKI has remained a prominent complication of critical illness. […] The application of these definitions uncovered the unappreciated burden of kidney dysfunction among the critically ill. Before RIFLE, reported incidences of AKI ranged from 1% to 25%, although these studies primarily focused on more severe AKI (3,4,21). Studies utilizing the RIFLE, AKIN, or KDIGO criteria in ICU populations reported higher incidences, with one- to two-thirds of patients afflicted (11,222324252627). […] These consensus definitions have also provided a framework to study the dynamic trajectory of AKI during critical illness and the importance of recovery. In one study, patients who recovered from AKI within 7 days and did not experience a relapse had 1-year survival 90% (41), whereas those who had a relapse of AKI after early recovery had a five-fold higher risk of death at 1 year.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2022/05000/overview_of_diagnostic_criteria_and_epidemiology.14.aspx

  AKI management recommendations on the basis of stage have been proposed in the KDIGO practice guidelines (8) and the National Kidney Foundation AKI Core Curriculum (43); however, benefit in routine practice remains to be demonstrated. […] Despite improving understanding, conceptual and logistic limitations remain. AKI requires observed changes in creatinine, but the baseline creatinine to anchor that definition is often missing. […] It has also been recognized that AKI and CKD are not discrete entities, but exist in a continuum, with short reversible changes identified as AKI and persistent or irreversible changes in kidney function identified as de novo or progressive CKD. […] James et al. described the incidence and prognostic importance of AKD in a Canadian population-based cohort study that included both hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients and found that AKD without AKI was three times more prevalent than AKI (3.8% versus 1.5%) and associated with a higher risk of CKD, kidney failure, and mortality compared with patients with no kidney disease (61).

• #54 Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (PERFORM-AKI) Study | The George Institute for Global Health

  https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-research/research-projects/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-outcomes-of-acute-kidney-injury

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition where the kidneys are damaged, and their function reduced. This can lead to a build-up of fluid in the body, decreased urine output and an increase in toxins in the blood. AKI may be short-term, with people recovering the function of their kidneys. In other people, the disease progresses, and mortality rates can be as high as 45%. […] In adults who are admitted to hospital, up to 20% will be diagnosed with AKI as the primary reason for being admitted. Research from both Australia and the US have shown the rate of AKI to have increased greatly over the past 10 years, and that this trend will continue to rise. With significant impacts on peoples quality of life, AKI is an increasing global healthcare issue. […] Most research into the incidence of AKI is from within the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the rate of AKI diagnosed outside the ICU is much larger. This can be due to physical injury to the kidneys, kidney stones, infection of the kidneys, damage caused by a medication, or dehydration. Despite this, there is limited research regarding people diagnosed with AKI in the non-ICU setting. The PERFORM-AKI study will bridge this gap in research and provide unique insights into the burden of AKI outside the ICU.

• #55 Epidemiology and short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit in Laos: a nationwide multicenter, prospective, and observational study | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01645-3

  Renal hypoperfusion is the most common etiology here, which is the leading cause of AKI in low-income countries. […] Our study showed a very high amount of total discharges AMA. The high percentage of AMAs may be explained by patients forgoing health services due to financial burdens, as demonstrated by low healthcare utilization rates, which may result in increased levels of preventable mortality and disabilities. […] The lack of adequate laboratory measurement is demonstrated here as a limitation to AKI diagnosis. The most common cause of AKI is associated with renal hypoperfusion. Thus, inexpensive interventions such as fluid therapy can be implemented by simple protocol-based care in local settings. RRT is severely inadequate in terms of both numbers and modalities. Now that AKI burden is identified, strategies to improve national health policy should be encouraged for sustainable improvement in AKI education and care to achieve the 0by25 goal.

• #56 Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (PERFORM-AKI) Study | The George Institute for Global Health

  https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-research/research-projects/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-outcomes-of-acute-kidney-injury

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition where the kidneys are damaged, and their function reduced. This can lead to a build-up of fluid in the body, decreased urine output and an increase in toxins in the blood. AKI may be short-term, with people recovering the function of their kidneys. In other people, the disease progresses, and mortality rates can be as high as 45%. […] In adults who are admitted to hospital, up to 20% will be diagnosed with AKI as the primary reason for being admitted. Research from both Australia and the US have shown the rate of AKI to have increased greatly over the past 10 years, and that this trend will continue to rise. With significant impacts on peoples quality of life, AKI is an increasing global healthcare issue. […] Most research into the incidence of AKI is from within the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the rate of AKI diagnosed outside the ICU is much larger. This can be due to physical injury to the kidneys, kidney stones, infection of the kidneys, damage caused by a medication, or dehydration. Despite this, there is limited research regarding people diagnosed with AKI in the non-ICU setting. The PERFORM-AKI study will bridge this gap in research and provide unique insights into the burden of AKI outside the ICU.

• #57 Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (PERFORM-AKI) Study | The George Institute for Global Health

  https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-research/research-projects/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-outcomes-of-acute-kidney-injury

  To describe and identify risk factors of people who are diagnosed with AKI outside the ICU setting, along with their outcomes. […] This study will generate high-quality data to assist clinicians in management of this patient population. […] Data will be collected from participants medical records, including incidence, risk factors, treatments, and clinical outcomes. Real-time data will be collected to aid understanding of the clinicians management of patients at the time they are diagnosed with AKI.

• #58 WHO EMRO | In-hospital acute kidney injury | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/in-hospital-acute-kidney-injury.html

  This study sheds light on the magnitude of AKI in the hospital setting and should help to implement standards for prevention, early recognition, and intervention. Future research should focus on more-accurate estimates of AKI and better describe the relative contribution of AKI to the utilization of healthcare resources in this region.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/05000/epidemiology_of_acute_kidney_injury.40.aspx

  The committee concluded that epidemiologic studies should include (1) prospective out- and inpatient studies that measure incidence of community and hospital acute kidney injury and postacute kidney injury chronic kidney disease; (2) incidence measurements during seasonal peaks in developing and developed countries; and (3) whenever available, use of reliable existing administrative or institutional databases. Epidemiologic studies using standardized definitions in community and institutional settings in developing and underdeveloped countries are essential first steps to achieving early detection and intervention and improved patient outcomes.

• #60 Epidemiology and short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit in Laos: a nationwide multicenter, prospective, and observational study | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01645-3

  Renal hypoperfusion is the most common etiology here, which is the leading cause of AKI in low-income countries. […] Our study showed a very high amount of total discharges AMA. The high percentage of AMAs may be explained by patients forgoing health services due to financial burdens, as demonstrated by low healthcare utilization rates, which may result in increased levels of preventable mortality and disabilities. […] The lack of adequate laboratory measurement is demonstrated here as a limitation to AKI diagnosis. The most common cause of AKI is associated with renal hypoperfusion. Thus, inexpensive interventions such as fluid therapy can be implemented by simple protocol-based care in local settings. RRT is severely inadequate in terms of both numbers and modalities. Now that AKI burden is identified, strategies to improve national health policy should be encouraged for sustainable improvement in AKI education and care to achieve the 0by25 goal.

• #61 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) TOOLKIT​ – International Society of Nephrology

  https://www.theisn.org/initiatives/toolkits/acute-kidney-injury-aki-toolkit/

  Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an acute worsening of kidney function. Globally, AKI is common in patients who are hospitalized for various reasons. The incidence rates of AKI in hospitalized patients vary between 14.7-31.5%. The ISN 0by25 Global Snapshot study showed that 80% of AKI in lower and lower middle-income countries (LLMICs) was community-acquired. Mortality was 12% at one week after AKI in LLMICs. A further ISN 0by25 study that explored recognition and management of AKI in low resource settings showed mortality rate of 15.8% after AKI. Up to one fourth of patients with community acquired AKI may not recover completely and progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The impact, especially of severe forms of AKI, can be devastating. AKI, even milder form, is associated with adverse long-term outcomes such as proteinuria, hypertension or chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is associated with a significant increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. There is immense scope for primary or secondary prevention of AKI, particularly at lower levels of healthcare delivery systems and community. Clinical suspicion, early recognition and management are sequential pathways for optimal AKI care. It is important to implement a management plan as soon as possible in any patient developing AKI to prevent further injury and reduce the risk of longer-term kidney damage.

• #62 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243492-overview

  In a prospective national cohort study in Wales that used an electronic AKI alert (a centralized laboratory system that automatically compares measured creatinine values in an individual patient with previous results to generate alerts), the incidence of AKI was 577 per 100,000 population. Community-acquired AKI accounted for 49.3% of all incident episodes, and 42% occurred in the context of preexisting chronic kidney disease. The 90-day mortality rate was 25.6%, and 23.7% of episodes progressed to a higher AKI stage. […] In a Canadian study of severely ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care units, 30.3% developed AKI and 12.2% developed severe AKI. The incidence rate for critical illness-associated AKI was 34 per 100,000 children-year, and the rate of severe AKI was 14 per 100,000 children-year. Severe AKI was more common in boys (incidence rate ratio, 1.55) and in infants younger than 1 year old (incidence rate ratio, 14.77). The AKI-associated mortality rate was 2.3 per 100,000 children-year.

• #63

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/detail.aspx?Qnum=Q773

  The incidence rate of newly diagnosed AKI has increased from 80 per 1,000 patient-years in 2007 to 242 per 1,000 patient-years in 2022. […] The rise in AKI incidence after 2019 may be related to COVID-19 infections during the pandemic and then levels off. […] Incidence of newly diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) among U.S. veterans. […] The increase in diagnosed AKI (based on ICD codes) may be due to increased clinical recognition of AKI over time. Yet this may underestimate incidence rates based on the KDIGO definition that uses laboratory values to detect AKI. […] Not all veterans use the VHA Health System. These data were not linked to the CMS ESKD program data, so the dialysis and transplant categories may underestimate the true prevalence of ESRD among veterans.

• #64

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/detail.aspx?Qnum=Q773

  The incidence rate of newly diagnosed AKI has increased from 80 per 1,000 patient-years in 2007 to 242 per 1,000 patient-years in 2022. […] The rise in AKI incidence after 2019 may be related to COVID-19 infections during the pandemic and then levels off. […] Incidence of newly diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) among U.S. veterans. […] The increase in diagnosed AKI (based on ICD codes) may be due to increased clinical recognition of AKI over time. Yet this may underestimate incidence rates based on the KDIGO definition that uses laboratory values to detect AKI. […] Not all veterans use the VHA Health System. These data were not linked to the CMS ESKD program data, so the dialysis and transplant categories may underestimate the true prevalence of ESRD among veterans.

• #65

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/detail.aspx?Qnum=Q773

  The incidence rate of newly diagnosed AKI has increased from 80 per 1,000 patient-years in 2007 to 242 per 1,000 patient-years in 2022. […] The rise in AKI incidence after 2019 may be related to COVID-19 infections during the pandemic and then levels off. […] Incidence of newly diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) among U.S. veterans. […] The increase in diagnosed AKI (based on ICD codes) may be due to increased clinical recognition of AKI over time. Yet this may underestimate incidence rates based on the KDIGO definition that uses laboratory values to detect AKI. […] Not all veterans use the VHA Health System. These data were not linked to the CMS ESKD program data, so the dialysis and transplant categories may underestimate the true prevalence of ESRD among veterans.

• #66

  https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/detail.aspx?Qnum=Q773

  The incidence rate of newly diagnosed AKI has increased from 80 per 1,000 patient-years in 2007 to 242 per 1,000 patient-years in 2022. […] The rise in AKI incidence after 2019 may be related to COVID-19 infections during the pandemic and then levels off. […] Incidence of newly diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) among U.S. veterans. […] The increase in diagnosed AKI (based on ICD codes) may be due to increased clinical recognition of AKI over time. Yet this may underestimate incidence rates based on the KDIGO definition that uses laboratory values to detect AKI. […] Not all veterans use the VHA Health System. These data were not linked to the CMS ESKD program data, so the dialysis and transplant categories may underestimate the true prevalence of ESRD among veterans.

• #67

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/05000/epidemiology_of_acute_kidney_injury.40.aspx

  Background and objectives: The worldwide incidence of acute kidney injury is poorly known because of underreporting, regional disparities, and differences in definition and case mix. New definitions call for revision of the problem with unified criteria. […] Knowledge of incidence and risk factors is crucial because it drives local and international efforts on detection and treatment. Also, notable differences exist between developing and developed countries: Incidence seems higher in the former, but underreporting compounded by age and gender disparities makes available data unreliable. In developing countries, incidence varies seasonally; incidence peaks cause critical shortages in medical and nursing personnel. Finally, in developing countries, lack of systematic evaluation of the role of falciparum malaria, obstetric mechanisms, and hemolytic uremic syndrome on acute kidney injury hampers efforts to prevent acute kidney injury.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/05000/epidemiology_of_acute_kidney_injury.40.aspx

  Background and objectives: The worldwide incidence of acute kidney injury is poorly known because of underreporting, regional disparities, and differences in definition and case mix. New definitions call for revision of the problem with unified criteria. […] Knowledge of incidence and risk factors is crucial because it drives local and international efforts on detection and treatment. Also, notable differences exist between developing and developed countries: Incidence seems higher in the former, but underreporting compounded by age and gender disparities makes available data unreliable. In developing countries, incidence varies seasonally; incidence peaks cause critical shortages in medical and nursing personnel. Finally, in developing countries, lack of systematic evaluation of the role of falciparum malaria, obstetric mechanisms, and hemolytic uremic syndrome on acute kidney injury hampers efforts to prevent acute kidney injury.

• #69

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/05000/epidemiology_of_acute_kidney_injury.40.aspx

  The committee concluded that epidemiologic studies should include (1) prospective out- and inpatient studies that measure incidence of community and hospital acute kidney injury and postacute kidney injury chronic kidney disease; (2) incidence measurements during seasonal peaks in developing and developed countries; and (3) whenever available, use of reliable existing administrative or institutional databases. Epidemiologic studies using standardized definitions in community and institutional settings in developing and underdeveloped countries are essential first steps to achieving early detection and intervention and improved patient outcomes.

• #70 WHO EMRO | In-hospital acute kidney injury | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/in-hospital-acute-kidney-injury.html

  This study sheds light on the magnitude of AKI in the hospital setting and should help to implement standards for prevention, early recognition, and intervention. Future research should focus on more-accurate estimates of AKI and better describe the relative contribution of AKI to the utilization of healthcare resources in this region.

• #71 Community-Based Epidemiology of Hospitalized Acute Kidney Injury – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/community-based-epidemiology-of-hospitalized-acute-kidney-injury/

  Approximately 66.7% of AKI episodes were not associated with an ICU stay, and 54.3% of confirmed, unresolved Stage 2 or 3 AKI episodes did not have outpatient follow-up SCr testing within 30 days postdischarge. […] Community-based pediatric AKI incidence was 1 per 1000 per year, with two-thirds of cases not associated with an ICU stay and more than one-half not receiving early outpatient follow-up kidney function testing. […] Further efforts are needed to increase the systematic recognition of AKI in all inpatient settings with appropriate, targeted postdischarge kidney function monitoring and associated management.

• #72 Community-Based Epidemiology of Hospitalized Acute Kidney Injury – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/community-based-epidemiology-of-hospitalized-acute-kidney-injury/

  Approximately 66.7% of AKI episodes were not associated with an ICU stay, and 54.3% of confirmed, unresolved Stage 2 or 3 AKI episodes did not have outpatient follow-up SCr testing within 30 days postdischarge. […] Community-based pediatric AKI incidence was 1 per 1000 per year, with two-thirds of cases not associated with an ICU stay and more than one-half not receiving early outpatient follow-up kidney function testing. […] Further efforts are needed to increase the systematic recognition of AKI in all inpatient settings with appropriate, targeted postdischarge kidney function monitoring and associated management.

• #73 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The present analysis of nationally representative hospitalization data indicates a substantial increase in the rate of hospitalizations for acute kidney injury in men and women in the United States from 2000 to 2014, irrespective of diabetes status. […] The findings in this report corroborate previous reports from the United States and other countries. […] This suggests that acute kidney injury is on the rise in many counties, regardless of the health care system. […] The increasing rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations contrast with recently published data for other diabetes-related acute and chronic complications in the United States. […] Improving both patient and provider awareness that diabetes, hypertension, and advancing age are frequently associated with acute kidney injury is important for reversing these trends.

• #74 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The present analysis of nationally representative hospitalization data indicates a substantial increase in the rate of hospitalizations for acute kidney injury in men and women in the United States from 2000 to 2014, irrespective of diabetes status. […] The findings in this report corroborate previous reports from the United States and other countries. […] This suggests that acute kidney injury is on the rise in many counties, regardless of the health care system. […] The increasing rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations contrast with recently published data for other diabetes-related acute and chronic complications in the United States. […] Improving both patient and provider awareness that diabetes, hypertension, and advancing age are frequently associated with acute kidney injury is important for reversing these trends.

• #75 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The present analysis of nationally representative hospitalization data indicates a substantial increase in the rate of hospitalizations for acute kidney injury in men and women in the United States from 2000 to 2014, irrespective of diabetes status. […] The findings in this report corroborate previous reports from the United States and other countries. […] This suggests that acute kidney injury is on the rise in many counties, regardless of the health care system. […] The increasing rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations contrast with recently published data for other diabetes-related acute and chronic complications in the United States. […] Improving both patient and provider awareness that diabetes, hypertension, and advancing age are frequently associated with acute kidney injury is important for reversing these trends.

• #76 Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the clinical emergency: A prospective cohort study at a high-complexity public university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0309949

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global public health problem due to its high incidence, its short- and long-term morbidity and mortality, the damage it does to the quality of life of survivors, and the great impact on the consumption of human and economic resources for its management. The increased observed incidence of AKI is likely due to the increase in the number of patients diagnosed by the new definitions, the greater longevity of people (with a consequent increase in chronic multimorbidity) and greater access to complex treatments. The new international consensus for the definition, classification, and management of AKI, and the global initiatives to alert health providers and managers about the relevance of this syndrome, have been essential to improve the identification and treatment of AKI.

• #77 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in an estimated one in five adults and one in three children hospitalized with acute illness; the incidence of AKI is increasing […] The mortality associated with AKI remains unacceptably high, and increasing severity correlates with increasing mortality, the highest of which is among patients with overt kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy […] AKI is now recognized as an important risk factor for nonrecovery of kidney function, incident chronic kidney disease, and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease […] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a widespread problem of epidemic status. Compelling evidence indicates that the incidence of AKI is rapidly increasing, particularly among hospitalized patients with acute illness and those undergoing major surgery.

• #78 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005314/en/Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by Total Incident Population of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Hospitalized Patients, Mortality Adjusted Incident Population of AKI in Hospitalized Patients, Stage-specific Incident Population of AKI, and Age-specific Incident Population of AKI in the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom), and Japan. […] In 2020, the incident population of AKI in the 7MM was 10,907,615. The mortality adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in the seven major market, was estimated to be 6,544,569 in 2020. […] […] The United States encompasses the highest incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients, compared to EU5 and Japan. In the United States, mortality adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients accounted for 2,231,147 in 2020.

• #79 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005314/en/Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by Total Incident Population of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Hospitalized Patients, Mortality Adjusted Incident Population of AKI in Hospitalized Patients, Stage-specific Incident Population of AKI, and Age-specific Incident Population of AKI in the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom), and Japan. […] In 2020, the incident population of AKI in the 7MM was 10,907,615. The mortality adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in the seven major market, was estimated to be 6,544,569 in 2020. […] […] The United States encompasses the highest incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients, compared to EU5 and Japan. In the United States, mortality adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients accounted for 2,231,147 in 2020.

• #80 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005314/en/Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In 2020, in the United States, there were 1,584,114, 401,606, and 245,426 cases of stage I, stage II, and stage III AKI respectively. […] In the US, the age group of 60-84 accounted for the highest cases in 2020, followed by 85+ years. In contrast, the least cases were found in the age group of 18-59. In 2020, there were 312,361, 1,004,016, and 914,770 cases, for the age groups 18-59 years, 60-84 years, and 85+ years, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Germany accounted for the highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in EU5, followed by the UK in 2020. The number of total mortality adjusted incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients is anticipated to be 906,731, 544,235, 506,725, 235,769 and 796,443 in 2020, for Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and UK, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Japan, in 2020, accounted for the second-highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in 7MM, about 1,323,519 cases.

• #81 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005314/en/Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In 2020, in the United States, there were 1,584,114, 401,606, and 245,426 cases of stage I, stage II, and stage III AKI respectively. […] In the US, the age group of 60-84 accounted for the highest cases in 2020, followed by 85+ years. In contrast, the least cases were found in the age group of 18-59. In 2020, there were 312,361, 1,004,016, and 914,770 cases, for the age groups 18-59 years, 60-84 years, and 85+ years, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Germany accounted for the highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in EU5, followed by the UK in 2020. The number of total mortality adjusted incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients is anticipated to be 906,731, 544,235, 506,725, 235,769 and 796,443 in 2020, for Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and UK, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Japan, in 2020, accounted for the second-highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in 7MM, about 1,323,519 cases.

• #82 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005314/en/Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In 2020, in the United States, there were 1,584,114, 401,606, and 245,426 cases of stage I, stage II, and stage III AKI respectively. […] In the US, the age group of 60-84 accounted for the highest cases in 2020, followed by 85+ years. In contrast, the least cases were found in the age group of 18-59. In 2020, there were 312,361, 1,004,016, and 914,770 cases, for the age groups 18-59 years, 60-84 years, and 85+ years, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Germany accounted for the highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in EU5, followed by the UK in 2020. The number of total mortality adjusted incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients is anticipated to be 906,731, 544,235, 506,725, 235,769 and 796,443 in 2020, for Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and UK, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Japan, in 2020, accounted for the second-highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in 7MM, about 1,323,519 cases.

• #83 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005314/en/Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In 2020, in the United States, there were 1,584,114, 401,606, and 245,426 cases of stage I, stage II, and stage III AKI respectively. […] In the US, the age group of 60-84 accounted for the highest cases in 2020, followed by 85+ years. In contrast, the least cases were found in the age group of 18-59. In 2020, there were 312,361, 1,004,016, and 914,770 cases, for the age groups 18-59 years, 60-84 years, and 85+ years, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Germany accounted for the highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in EU5, followed by the UK in 2020. The number of total mortality adjusted incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients is anticipated to be 906,731, 544,235, 506,725, 235,769 and 796,443 in 2020, for Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and UK, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Japan, in 2020, accounted for the second-highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in 7MM, about 1,323,519 cases.

• #84 Acute kidney injury—epidemiology, outcomes and economics | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2013.282

  The sequelae of AKI are severe and characterized by increased risk of short-term and long-term mortality, incident CKD and accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease. […] AKI-associated mortality is decreasing, but remains unacceptably high. […] Survivors of AKI, particularly those who remain on renal replacement therapy, often have reduced quality of life and consume substantially greater health-care resources than the general population as a result of longer hospitalizations, unplanned intensive care unit admissions and rehospitalizations.

• #85 Acute kidney injury Market: Epidemiology, Therapies,

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4002127/acute-kidney-injury-market-epidemiology-therapies

  In 2022, the total mortality-adjusted incident cases of Acute Kidney Injury in the United States were approximately 5.7 million. […] The US represented the largest share of incident cases, accounting for around 39% of the total in the 7MM. […] The total Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) market size across the 7MM was approximately USD 6,230 million in 2022 and is expected to expand during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034. […] Key Acute kidney injury companies such as Atox Bio, AM-Pharma Holding, Quark-Pharmaceuticals, LG Chem, Pharming Group, Angion Biomedica, Elysium Health, Sentien Biotechnologies, Pharmazz, Arch Biopartners, Guard Therapeutics, RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Cerenis Therapeutics Alloksys, Vifor Pharma, and others are evaluating new drugs for Acute kidney injury to improve the treatment landscape.

• #86 [2403.08020] Epidemiology, Trajectories and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury Among Hospitalized Patients: A Retrospective Multicenter Large Cohort Study

  https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.08020

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome affecting almost one fifth of hospitalized patients, as well as more than half of the patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). […] Among 2,187,254 encounters, 14% had AKI, of which 63%, 21%, and 16% had Stage 1, 2, and 3, respectively, as the worst AKI stage. […] Patients with AKI had worse clinical outcomes and increased resource utilization compared to patients without the condition. One-year mortality was 5 times greater for patients with persistent AKI compared to those without AKI. […] Persistent AKI was associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased ICU admission and mortality compared to the other groups. This may emphasize the critical need for devising strategies targeting effective management of AKI and prevention of persisting AKI.

• #87 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The increasing number of persons living with diabetes is likely to also increase the number of persons with acute kidney injury. […] Improved awareness by health care providers that diabetes, hypertension, and advanced age are important risk factors for acute kidney injury might reduce its occurrence and improve management of the underlying diseases in an aging population. […] Age-standardized rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations increased by 139% (from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons) among adults with diagnosed diabetes, and by 230% (from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons) among those without diabetes. […] The total number of hospitalizations with acute kidney injury increased from 953,926 in 2000 to 1,823,054 in 2006 and 3,959,560 in 2014. […] During 2000-2014, the rate of all acute kidney injury hospitalizations among persons with diabetes increased by 139%, from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons and by 230% among persons without diabetes, from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons.

• #88 Global Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Epidemiology Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210726005311/en/Global-Acute-Kidney-Injury-AKI-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In 2020, the incident population of AKI in the 7MM was 10,907,615. The mortality adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in the seven major market, was estimated to be 6,544,569 in 2020. […] The United States encompasses the highest incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients, compared to EU5 and Japan. In the United States, mortality adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients accounted for 2,231,147 in 2020. […] In 2020, in the United States, there were 1,584,114, 401,606, and 245,426 cases of stage I, stage II, and stage III AKI respectively. […] In the US, the age group of 60-84 accounted for the highest cases in 2020, followed by 85+ years. In contrast, the least cases were found in the age group of 18-59. In 2020, there were 312,361, 1,004,016, and 914,770 cases, for the age groups 18-59 years, 60-84 years, and 85+ years, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Germany accounted for the highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in EU5, followed by the UK in 2020. The number of total mortality adjusted incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients is anticipated to be 906,731, 544,235, 506,725, 235,769 and 796,443 in 2020, for Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and UK, respectively. […] Epidemiology assessed for AKI showed that Japan, in 2020, accounted for the second-highest mortality-adjusted incident population of AKI in hospitalized patients in 7MM, about 1,323,519 cases.

• #89 Trends in Hospitalizations for Acute Kidney Injury — United States, 2000–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm

  The increasing number of persons living with diabetes is likely to also increase the number of persons with acute kidney injury. […] Improved awareness by health care providers that diabetes, hypertension, and advanced age are important risk factors for acute kidney injury might reduce its occurrence and improve management of the underlying diseases in an aging population. […] Age-standardized rates of acute kidney injury hospitalizations increased by 139% (from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons) among adults with diagnosed diabetes, and by 230% (from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons) among those without diabetes. […] The total number of hospitalizations with acute kidney injury increased from 953,926 in 2000 to 1,823,054 in 2006 and 3,959,560 in 2014. […] During 2000-2014, the rate of all acute kidney injury hospitalizations among persons with diabetes increased by 139%, from 23.1 to 55.3 per 1,000 persons and by 230% among persons without diabetes, from 3.5 to 11.7 per 1,000 persons.

• #90 Acute kidney injury Market: Epidemiology, Therapies,

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4002127/acute-kidney-injury-market-epidemiology-therapies

  A strong pipeline with innovative mechanisms of action, coupled with the rising incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), are key drivers for the AKI therapeutics market. […] The pipeline is expected to reshape the market dynamics, which currently consists primarily of biologics and drugs with novel mechanisms of action. […] Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), and renal recovery complications increase the risk of AKI in patients. […] The AKI pipeline includes novel treatments aimed at conditions like HRS-AKI, post-cardiac surgery AKI, and sepsis-induced AKI, offering new options that could address the unmet need in AKI management. […] Overall, the AKI therapeutics market is projected to grow significantly during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034.

• #91 Acute kidney injury Market: Epidemiology, Therapies,

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4002127/acute-kidney-injury-market-epidemiology-therapies

  A strong pipeline with innovative mechanisms of action, coupled with the rising incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), are key drivers for the AKI therapeutics market. […] The pipeline is expected to reshape the market dynamics, which currently consists primarily of biologics and drugs with novel mechanisms of action. […] Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), and renal recovery complications increase the risk of AKI in patients. […] The AKI pipeline includes novel treatments aimed at conditions like HRS-AKI, post-cardiac surgery AKI, and sepsis-induced AKI, offering new options that could address the unmet need in AKI management. […] Overall, the AKI therapeutics market is projected to grow significantly during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034.

• #92 Acute kidney injury Market: Epidemiology, Therapies,

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4002127/acute-kidney-injury-market-epidemiology-therapies

  A strong pipeline with innovative mechanisms of action, coupled with the rising incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), are key drivers for the AKI therapeutics market. […] The pipeline is expected to reshape the market dynamics, which currently consists primarily of biologics and drugs with novel mechanisms of action. […] Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), and renal recovery complications increase the risk of AKI in patients. […] The AKI pipeline includes novel treatments aimed at conditions like HRS-AKI, post-cardiac surgery AKI, and sepsis-induced AKI, offering new options that could address the unmet need in AKI management. […] Overall, the AKI therapeutics market is projected to grow significantly during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034.

• #93 Acute kidney injury Market: Epidemiology, Therapies,

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4002127/acute-kidney-injury-market-epidemiology-therapies

  A strong pipeline with innovative mechanisms of action, coupled with the rising incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), are key drivers for the AKI therapeutics market. […] The pipeline is expected to reshape the market dynamics, which currently consists primarily of biologics and drugs with novel mechanisms of action. […] Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), and renal recovery complications increase the risk of AKI in patients. […] The AKI pipeline includes novel treatments aimed at conditions like HRS-AKI, post-cardiac surgery AKI, and sepsis-induced AKI, offering new options that could address the unmet need in AKI management. […] Overall, the AKI therapeutics market is projected to grow significantly during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034.

• #94 Acute kidney injury Market: Epidemiology, Therapies,

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4002127/acute-kidney-injury-market-epidemiology-therapies

  A strong pipeline with innovative mechanisms of action, coupled with the rising incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), are key drivers for the AKI therapeutics market. […] The pipeline is expected to reshape the market dynamics, which currently consists primarily of biologics and drugs with novel mechanisms of action. […] Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), and renal recovery complications increase the risk of AKI in patients. […] The AKI pipeline includes novel treatments aimed at conditions like HRS-AKI, post-cardiac surgery AKI, and sepsis-induced AKI, offering new options that could address the unmet need in AKI management. […] Overall, the AKI therapeutics market is projected to grow significantly during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034.

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