Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Enuresis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545181/

  Enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is a prevalent pediatric condition affecting approximately 15% of 5-year-old children. […] Enuresis is the most frequent urologic complaint in pediatric patients in primary care and specialty settings. […] The prevalence of enuresis is similar across cultures and varies with age, with males affected twice as often as females. […] By age 4, nearly 25% of children experience frequent bedwetting; by 5, the condition affects approximately 15% of children. […] However, due to the stigma associated with enuresis, many cases go unreported, making the true prevalence challenging to ascertain. […] The International Children’s Continence Society reports that 20% to 30% of children with enuresis have at least 1 mental health condition, approximately twice the rate of non-wetting children. […] The longer enuresis persists, the less likely it will resolve.

• #1 Enuresis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014762-overview

  In the United States, the prevalence of PE varies by age. At age 4 years, 25% of children frequently wet the bed, but by age 7 years, only 5-10% still wet the bed, and by age 10 years, fewer than 5% of children do so. […] The resolution rate of PE is approximately 15% per year; by the late teenaged years, very few patients have the condition. The resolution rate is often used as a justification for waiting and not treating PE. However, it probably is not applicable to children who wet every night and likely applies only to those children who have already started to have dry nights. […] Worldwide, the prevalence of PE seems to be approximately the same, though no standardized evaluation of the prevalence of bedwetting has been made on a global basis. […] The prevalence of enuresis gradually declines during childhood. Of children aged 5 years, 23% have enuresis. During elementary school years, 10% of 7-year-old children and 4% of 10-year-old children still experience enuresis. In adults, however, the reported prevalence of enuresis is 0.5-2%. A Korean epidemiologic study found that the overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in subjects aged 16-40 years was 2.6%.

• #1 Enuresis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Uro/Peds/Enrs.htm

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence of Enuresis […] Age 2 years: 82% […] Age 3 years: 49% […] Age 4 years: 26% […] Age 5 years: 15-25% […] Age 7 years: 5-10% […] Age 12 years: Boys: 8%; Girls 4% […] Age 18 years: Boys: 1%: Girls rare […] […] […] Family History of Nocturnal Enuresis (up to 44 to 77% risk) […] Male (up to 30%, double the risk of girls) […] […] […] Annual spontaneous resolution rate of Nocturnal Enuresis: 14-15% […] Severe Enuresis (every night, heavy Urine Output and daytime symptoms) is less likely to spontaneously resolve

• #1 Nocturnal enuresis in children: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children-management

  Urinary incontinence is common, occurring in approximately 15 percent of five-year-old children. Many of these children have isolated nocturnal enuresis (monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis or „bedwetting”). […] The management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children will be presented here. The recommendations in this topic review are largely consistent with those of expert groups, including the International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. […] An overview of the causes and evaluation of nocturnal enuresis and bowel and bladder dysfunction are discussed separately. […] Epidemiology and prognosis of monosymptomatic enuresis.

• #1 Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8784366/

  Objective: To better understand the epidemiology and behavioral correlates of bed-wetting in a nationally representative sample of children. […] Results: Bed-wetting was reported in 33% of 5-, 18% of 8-, 7% of 11-, and 0.7% of 17-years-olds. […] Conclusions: Bed-wetting in children aged 5 years and older, irrespective of its frequency, is associated with increased rates of behavior problems. Thus, although infrequent bed-wetting may not warrant medical intervention, this condition should prompt health care providers to explore behavioral issues in greater depth.

• #1 Bedwetting

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/bedwetting/

  Bedwetting is a problem for many school-age children and their families. The good news is that for many children the problem will resolve itself over time, or can be fixed through fairly simple treatment. […] Bedwetting (also called nocturnal enuresis) is very common. As the following graph shows, almost a third of four-year-olds wet the bed. By the time they are six, only one in 10 children wet the bed, and one in 20 by age 10. Bedwetting can sometimes continue into adolescence. […] Most children have no lasting problems from bedwetting; however, many will feel embarrassed or ashamed. It is important to reassure your child that they are not the only one who wets their bed. […] Bedwetting is not often a behavioural problem and children rarely do it for attention. It is far more likely that they have little control or awareness when they are having accidents overnight.

• #1 Enuresis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014762-overview

  When PE and SE are reported, a secondary onset accounts for about 25% of cases. The prevalence of SE as a percentage of all cases increases with age. In a cohort of New Zealand children, 7.9% developed SE by the age of 10 years. […] Enuresis is more common in males. The reported prevalences of enuresis at the ages of 7 and 10 years are 9% and 7%, respectively, in boys and 6% and 3%, respectively, in girls. No racial predisposition has been documented.

• #1 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/enuresis/epidemiology

  The prevalence is also higher amongst children in residential care. […] In some children, the problem can persist, with around 0.8% of girls and 1.6% of boys aged 15-16 years wetting at least once every 3 months. […] Daytime enuresis is less common and it has been estimated that it may occur in 2% of 5 year old children and this becomes less frequent with age. […] It is more common in girls than boys. […] Often accompanied by nocturnal enuresis e.g. – around 10-28% of children with bedwetting have bladder problems during the day as well.

• #1 Bedwetting (enuresis) Statistics and Epidemiology

  http://www.dryatnight.com/bedwetting-stats.htm

  Your child has only a 15% chance of „growing out” of wetting the bed this year. […] Numerous epidemiological studies have provided insight into how common nocturnal enuresis is among children throughout the world. […] How prevalent is bedwetting? A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted internationally to identify how many children wet the bed and the results vary widely. […] Nevertheless, a number of studies (13-16) show significant prevalence in school aged children. […] The spontaneous remission rate for enuresis is estimated to be approximately 15% per year. In other words, without any intervention, only 15% of bedwetting children will become dry each year. Unfortunately, the vast majority (i.e., 85%) will still be wetting the bed a year from now if parents, or their pediatricians, choose not to intervene with treatment.

• #1 Nocturnal enuresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis

  Doctors frequently consider bedwetting as a self-limiting problem, since most children will outgrow it. Children 5 to 9 years old have a spontaneous cure rate of 14% per year. Adolescents 10 to 17 years old have a spontaneous cure rate of 16% per year. […] As can be seen from the numbers above, a portion of bedwetting children will not outgrow the problem. Adult rates of bedwetting show little change due to spontaneous cure. Persons who are still enuretic at age 17 are likely to deal with bedwetting throughout their lives. […] Studies of bedwetting in adults have found varying rates. The most quoted study in this area was done in the Netherlands. It found a 0.5% rate for 20- to 79-year-olds. A Hong Kong study, however, found a much higher rate. The Hong Kong researchers found a bedwetting rate of 2.3% in 16- to 40-year-olds.

• #1 Nocturnal Enuresis in Children (Bed Wetting) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children

  Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is defined by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines as the involuntary wetting during sleep – without any inherent suggestion of frequency of bedwetting or pathophysiology. It is considered normal up to the age of 5 years, and is common up to the age of 10 years. […] How common is nocturnal enuresis? (Epidemiology) Prevalence is reported as follows: 5-10% of 7 -year-olds. 1-2% of adolescents (15 years and older). 0.5-1.0% of adults. More prevalent in boys – 2:1 ratio, although the difference disappears after age 10. […] The majority of children who do not have a serious neurological defect or severe learning difficulties can expect to achieve nocturnal continence sooner or later. Primary enuresis without daytime symptoms resolves in approximately 5-10% of children each year. Even after dry nights have been reliably achieved, the occasional 'accident’ is still to be expected and is no cause for concern unless there is apparent regression. Those with a family history of late nocturnal continence, those with behavioural disorders and those with developmental delay will take longer. Boys tend to take longer than girls but all cases are highly variable. […] In 1% of those affected, enuresis will persist into adulthood. One study found that children with the most severe form of bedwetting are likely to persist with the problem.

• #1 Bed-wetting (nocturnal enuresis) in children

  https://parentingscience.com/bed-wetting/

  Is bed-wetting in children — also known as “sleep enuresis” — a sign of illness? Does it indicate a child is lazy or defiant? Trying to get attention? Suffering from behavior problems? […] The answer — in most cases — is no. Kids who wet the bed aren’t lazy. Stress can contribute to enuresis, but most children who wet the bed don’t have behavior problems. […] By convention, researchers typically define nocturnal enuresis as wetting the bed in individuals who are at least 5 years old (Franco et al 2013). […] One reasonable guess is that approximately 15-20% of kids in the early grades of primary school — 6- and 7-year olds — still wet the bed from time to time. […] Studies have reported a wide range of estimates — from rates under 3% to rates exceeding 24%. […] Bed-wetting has been documented all over the world — in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Middle East (e.g., Fockema et al 2012; Vasconcelos et al 2017; Tai et al 2007; Sureshkumar et al 2009; Butler and Heron 2008; Mohammadi et al 2019).

• #1 The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children in southeast of Turkey: a cross sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-9-357

  The overall prevalence of enuresis was found to be 12.95% in children aged 5-16 years from France and 15% in children aged 6-11 years from Saudi Arabia. […] We found the prevalence of enuresis to be 14.9% in a county, southeast of Turkey. […] Enuresis was more frequent among children attending the day-time school than the boarding school, although by logistic regression analysis no correlation was found. […] When the logistic regression analysis was applied to risk factors for the bed-wetting in the present study, a significant positive correlation was revealed for low age, low income, history of urinary tract infection and family history of enuresis. […] We documented that most of the children with enuresis in southeast of Turkey do not have adequate attention about enuresis and most of the enuretic children do not receive professional treatment. […] Enuresis is a pediatric public health problem and efforts at all levels should be made such as preventive, etiological and curative.

• #1 The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children in southeast of Turkey: a cross sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-9-357

  Nocturnal enuresis is an important problem among young children living in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible differences in the prevalence of enuresis between children in boarding school and daytime school and the association of enuresis with sociodemographic factors. […] The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 14.9%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis declined with age. Of the 6 year old children 33.3% still wetted their beds, while the ratio was 2.6% for 15 years-olds. […] Enuresis was reported as 18.5% among children attending day time school and among those 11.5% attending boarding school (p 0.05). Prevalence of enuresis was increased in children living in villages, with low income and with positive family history (p 0.05). […] Enuresis was more frequent among children attending daytime school when compared to boarding school. Our findings suggest that nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among school children, especially with low income, smaller age, family history of enuresis and history of urinary tract infection.

• #1 Pattern and Risk Factors for Nocturnal Enuresis among Children in Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.24314564v1.full-text

  Nocturnal enuresis is defined as persistent bed-wetting at night beyond the age of five year old. To assess the prevalence and risk factors for nocturnal enuresis in children of the Aseer region. The study included 466 children, of which 145 (31.1%) complained of recurrent bedwetting. More than half of the children who experienced nocturnal enuresis were males (58.6%), and 31.7% were aged between 7-8 years, with a mean age of 5.9 years. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, dark phobia, family troubles, and exposure to bullying were the most frequently reported risk factors. Nearly 1 out of 3 children experienced bed-wetting, which is relatively common in boys than girls. Enuresis refers to the involuntary loss of urine during sleep that occurs at least twice a week in children older than 5 years of age (or the developmental equivalent) for at least 3 months, and it is the most common urologic complaint in pediatric patients. Nocturnal enuresis is 2-3 times more common in boys than girls. About 20% of all children report occasional instances of bed-wetting until the age of 5 years, and up to 10% still have problems by 7 years of age. Bed-wetting or enuresis is categorized as primary enuresis urinary incontinence in a child who has never been dry, and secondary enuresis incontinence in a child who has been dry for at least six months. Nocturnal enuresis in children is the second most reported pediatric problem after allergic diseases. Many causative factors have been associated with bed-wetting, such as developmental differences, including the development of a child’s urinary sphincters, and diseases like diabetes and urinary tract infections. Having a global incidence of 1.428% among 6-12 years old children, the condition is troublesome for the families of these children, as it can result in considerable emotional distress and psychological consequences. The study revealed that one-third of children in our study sample complained of bed-wetting. Notably, there was significant variability in the estimated prevalence of NE among children in Saudi Arabia, ranging from 12% to 75% according to the study setting and the sampled age groups. The estimated prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in different regions of Iran is reported as 8.25% to 8.8%, compared to other studies conducted in Hong Kong, China, and Thailand. The current study also revealed that bed-wetting was more frequent among the first or last child. This phenomenon can be explained as an attention-seeking strategy adopted by older children who want to attract their parents’ attention after the birth of a younger sibling. The current study also revealed that nearly three-quarters of the children wet their bed between the age of 5-6 years, as many children have incomplete toilet training by this age and the immature nervous system is unable to fully control the bladder. Regarding the risk factors analyzed among the current study in the children resorting to bed-wetting, child-related stressors were reported in almost half of the sampled children; it included ADHD, which is a major risk factor detected in different studies, dark phobia, stress and anxiety, family troubles and parental separation, exposure to bullying, and physical abuse. We also observed that few children had a positive family history of nocturnal enuresis, one of the main risk factors, besides the water source, which was bottled water in nearly half of the sample.

• #1 Epidemiology of nocturnal enuresis among primary school children (6–12 years) in Gharbia Governorate

  https://www.menoufia-med-j.com/journal/vol33/iss1/10/

  Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and identify its risk factors among primary school children (612 years) in Gharbia Governorate. […] NE is a challenging issue, mostly seen during childhood. However, the exact prevalence is often under-reported. Large epidemiological studies suggested the prevalence rates of 1520% among children 5 years and older. […] The prevalence of NE was 14.3%. The prevalence was slightly higher among boys than girls, with 14.8 and 13.9%, respectively, and it was more common among rural children than urban ones, with 19.1 and 7.5%, respectively. NE prevalence markedly decreases by increase in age. […] Enuresis is a pediatric public health problem that is often associated with young age. It may lead to low self-esteem, some secondary psychological problems, and low school success. Consequently, it is necessary to recommended health promotion and prevention programs that are directed toward the screening, diagnosis, and management of NE among primary school students.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/sjkd/fulltext/2011/22010/epidemiology_of_nocturnal_enuresis_in_basic.35.aspx

  Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among children and adolescents. Data regarding this problem in schoolchildren in Yemen are scarce. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of nocturnal incontinence in Aden school going children, describe its severity and identify the relation between nocturnal enuresis with personal and family characteristics. The study concluded that the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in Aden public school children and its associated factors are almost comparable with that reported in epidemiological studies from various countries. The prevalence of NE was 17.2%, which is similar to that reported in a study done in Ankara, Turkey (17.2%) and the UK (18.9%), but lower than that reported in Mukala primary school children, Hadramout, Yemen (28.6%), Zaria, Nigeria (22.2%), and Amman, Jordan (23.8%). The study finding that the prevalence of NE decreases with age is similar to most reported studies. A positive family history of enuresis was seen in 37.2% of enuretics. Factors associated with NE included daytime enuresis and tea drinking habits. Stressful events occurred twice more frequently in the previous 6 months in enuretic students.

• #1

  https://www.ijpediatrics.com/index.php/ijcp/article/view/2279

  Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting is a common health problem in children in the age group of 5 to 15 years. In India the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis ranges from approximately 7% to 12.6%. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 11.4 %. The maximum prevalence was found in the age group of 8 -9 years (22.96 %). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in boys (14.34 %) was significantly more than the prevalence in girls (8.31 %). The study showed that nocturnal enuresis was significantly associated with stress, poor school performance, sleep pattern (hard to awaken), family history, burning micturition etc. […] The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis is 11.40 % in school going children and it is associated with age, sex, stress, family history, burning micturition, hyperactive child, poor school performance, sleep pattern (hard to awake) avoidance of going to micturate before sleep etc.

• #1 Enuresis in Children: A Case-Based Approach | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1015/p560.html

  Enuresis is defined as intermittent urinary incontinence during sleep in a child at least five years of age. Approximately 5% to 10% of all seven-year-olds have enuresis, and an estimated 5 to 7 million children in the United States have enuresis. […] Enuresis, or nocturnal enuresis, is defined as urinary incontinence during sleep in a child five years or older. It affects 5% to 10% of all seven-year-olds and an estimated 5 to 7 million children in the United States, and it is more common in boys. […] Risk factors for enuresis include younger age, male sex, black race, history of urinary tract infection, and a family history of enuresis. Obesity is also a likely risk factor. Low socioeconomic status is not consistently associated with enuresis. Multiple conditions can present with enuresis, either causative or comorbid, and they can influence management and prognosis.

• #1 Bed wetting (nocturnal enuresis) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/bed-wetting

  Bed wetting is extremely common, affecting 20% of 5-year-olds, 10% of 10-year-olds and 3% of 15-year-olds. […] Research has shown that without any treatment, 14% of bed wetters will overcome this condition each year. […] A study conducted in Hong Kong showed that bed wetting persisting into adulthood affected 1.9% of adults. […] A Chinese study looking at 16,512 children and adolescents found that severe enuresis in childhood was associated with a poor prognosis and often persisted into adulthood. […] Studies of children who wet their bed over time have shown that the rate of bed wetting reduces with age. […] Research has shown that children with parents who wet the bed are more likely to be bed wetters themselves. […] Bed wetting has been linked to several genetic defects, although the relationship between these defects and bed wetting is poorly understood. […] A close relationship exists between bed wetting and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). […] Research has shown that the rate of bed wetting reduces with time. […] Bed wetting is a distressing disorder that carries a significant burden for the affected child and their family.

• #1 Practical solutions to help parents deal with childhood bedwetting | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/practical-solutions-to-help-parents-deal-with-childhood-bedwetting-01-10-2001/

  Bedwetting is the most prevalent of chronic childhood disorders (Hicks and Clark, 1999), and families who are affected may feel isolated and stigmatised. This article discusses the nature of bedwetting – including definitions and epidemiology – treatment strategies and the role of the health visitor and practice nurse in managing this problem. […] Nocturnal enuresis affects at least 500,000 children between the ages of five and 11 in the UK each year. The prevalence of the condition among the entire child population is broken down in Box 1. […] Genetics – Research has revealed a strong genetic link in cases of enuresis (vonGontard, 1999). The associated genes have been isolated to 8q, 12q and 13q on the human genome. These sites all appear to be involved in gaining bladder control. […] The problem of bedwetting is often overlooked or ignored, yet it can cause the child great and unnecessary embarrassment. There is often a solution, and the practice nurse or health visitor is often the first health professional the family will speak to for advice on the matter.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210119/Study-finds-genetic-variants-that-increase-the-risk-of-bedwetting.aspx

  In a large-scale study of Danish children and young people, researchers from Aarhus University have for the first time found genetic variants that increase the risk of nocturnal enuresis – commonly known as bedwetting or nighttime incontinence. […] Researchers have long known that nighttime incontinence is a highly heritable condition. […] In collaboration with the Danish research project iPSYCH and a team of international colleagues, researchers from Aarhus University have for the first time identified genetic variants that increase the risk of bedwetting. […] The study also shows that commonly occurring genetic variants can explain up to one-third of the genetic risk of bedwetting. […] The study also shows that children with many genetic variants that increase the risk of ADHD are particularly vulnerable to developing bedwetting. […] As the study is a first-time study, the researchers also examined more than 5,500 people from Iceland, where they found that the same genetic variants also appear to increase the risk of nocturnal enuresis. […] The researchers hope to be able to further clarify the causes of nocturnal enuresis.

• #1 4. Bedwetting and toileting problems in children | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/182/4/4-bedwetting-and-toileting-problems-children

  Primary nocturnal enuresis: Important risk factors include family history, nocturnal polyuria, impaired sleep arousal and nocturnal bladder dysfunction. Bedwetting has been linked to chromosomes 13, 12, 8 and 22, with a predominantly autosomal dominant inheritance. In two-thirds of children with bedwetting, a disturbed circadian rhythm of ADH release and nocturnal polyuria have been found. […] Secondary nocturnal enuresis: Risk factors include urinary tract infections (which may cause temporary detrusor and/or urethral instability), diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, stress, sexual abuse and other psychopathological conditions, as well as some of the risk factors for primary nocturnal enuresis, such as constipation and upper-airway obstruction. […] Referral for specialist advice is highly recommended for treatment failure after 8-12 weeks for any form of bedwetting or daytime incontinence.

• #1 Evaluation and management of enuresis in the general paediatric setting | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/evaluation-and-management-of-enuresis-in-the-general-paediatric-setting

  Enuresis, or bedwetting, is defined as discrete episodes of urinary incontinence during sleep in children aged 5 and older, and is commonly encountered in paediatric practice. […] The prevalence is 15% at age 5 years, 10% by age 7, and 5% by age 10. […] Untreated enuresis has an estimated prevalence into adulthood of up to 2%. […] Enuresis can have significant negative impacts on child health and family life. […] Distinguishing monosymptomatic from non-monosymptomatic enuresis requires active screening. […] Mild daytime lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common, affecting up to two-thirds of enuretic children. […] When LUTS are present (i.e., in non-monosymptomatic enuresis), LUTS should be addressed first. […] Improvement in LUTS can improve enuresis secondarily. […] Conversely, enuresis treatment is less likely to succeed in the presence of unrecognized and untreated LUTS.

• #1 Evaluation and management of enuresis in the general paediatric setting | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/evaluation-and-management-of-enuresis-in-the-general-paediatric-setting

  Numerous studies have underlined the connections between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and enuresis, possibly related to sleep arousal. […] Serious medical conditions do not usually present as primary or secondary enuresis. […] Children who do not respond to education and reassurance, behavioural modifications, the bedwetting alarm, and/or desmopressin, and who are experiencing significant psychological distress should be referred to an expert in enuresis for consideration of further investigations and treatments. […] Evidence is emerging for the benefits of combining treatments for enuresis.

• #1 Bedwetting in Teenagers and Adults – Causes – The Waiting Room

  https://thewaitingroom.karger.com/embarrassing-problems/bedwetting-in-teenagers-and-adults-causes/

  Urine infection. A urine infection can irritate the bladder, and make it more difficult to hold urine. […] Alcohol, coffee or diuretic medicines. Diuretics are medications that are used to treat high blood pressure and some heart problems. They encourage the kidney to make more urine. It is best not to take a diuretic at bedtime, because you will need to pass urine in the night and, if your bladder control is poor, this could cause bed-wetting. Alcohol and coffee have a similar effect, so avoid them within 3 hours of bedtime. […] Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the blood sugar is too high. The kidneys try to lower blood sugar levels by making lots of sugary urine, so you pass more urine and become more thirsty. If your bladder control is poor, this could cause bed-wetting. The problem goes away when the diabetes is properly treated.

• #1 Epidemiology of enuresis: a large number of children at risk of low regard | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-020-00896-3

  To describe the epidemiological aspects of nocturnal enuresis (NE). In this study we identify the prevalence and the familial conditions in a large, representative sample of children with monosymptomatic NE (MNE) and nonmonosyptomatic NE (NMNE). […] The prevalence of NE is variable. It is above 10% among 6year-old, around 5% among 10year-old, and 0.51% among teenagers and young adults. […] Our findings suggest that NE affect a significant number of children and adolescents but it is still underestimated. Over 130,000 children analyzed by questionnaires, the prevalence of NE was 7.1% and only 25% of this population suffer from MNE. […] A large percentage of parents declared to use or to have used alternative therapies and not to prefer, at first, a pharmacological intervention; this data is found in the literature too, where systematic reviews are presented to declare the possible effectiveness and safety of the following alternative interventions such as homotoxicology, acupuncture, dry bed training, enuresis alarm, and hypnotherapy. […] NE is a very common disorders with high prevalence in Italy and a deep impact on children and families quality of life.

• #1 How to Help Kids Stop Bedwetting – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/how-to-help-kids-stop-bedwetting/

  The most common treatment for nighttime enuresis is the bell and pad technique, also known as a bedwetting alarm. […] The most common treatment for night-time enuresis is the “bell and pad technique,” also known as a bedwetting alarm. […] Dr. Kirmayer says that for a small percentage of children, the bell and pad method can have a kind of positive placebo effect. […] If it has been determined that the child has involuntary enuresis, Dr. Kirmayer suggests a more proactive approach that families can try either by itself or combined with the bell and pad. […] It can take time for kids to learn to control their bladder, so it is important for families to stay positive.

• #1 Bedwetting

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/bedwetting/

  Bedwetting alarms are thought to be the most useful and successful first-step to treat bedwetting. Research has shown these alarms will help 80 per cent of children to become dry, and most children will then stay dry. […] Bedwetting alarms are considered the most successful first step to treat bedwetting. Medication is an option if alarms have not helped.

• #1 Alarm for bed wetting | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/alarm-for-bed-wetting

  Bedwetting, or enuresis, is defined as intermittent episodes of wetting the bed while asleep in children who are over 5 years of age. Enuresis is extremely common and affects 20% of 5 year olds, 10% of 10 year olds and 3% of 15 year olds. […] A large study which looked at 3,257 children who wet their beds found that about two thirds of children who used an alarm became dry when compared to children who didn’t use an alarm. Of those who persisted with the alarm, half remained dry after the alarm was ceased. […] If your child has had no response to the alarm after 3 months of continuous treatment it is important to return to your doctor.

• #1 Bedwetting in Teenagers and Adults – What Your Doctor Can Do – The Waiting Room

  https://thewaitingroom.karger.com/embarrassing-problems/bedwetting-in-teenagers-and-adults-what-your-doctor-can-do/

  Medications are available on prescription from your family doctor. […] Desmopressin is the best medication and is taken as a tablet, a nose spray or a wafer that dissolves on the tongue (melt). It works by concentrating your urine so that there is not such a large volume to cope with. Although it stops bed-wetting completely only in less than one-third of people, most find it reduces the number of wet nights. It does not cure the problem when you stop taking it, the bed-wetting often recurs but it is safe to take it over a long period. […] Tolterodine and oxybutynin calm overactive bladder muscle. They may be helpful if you have daytime wetting as well as bed-wetting, and have to rush to get to the toilet (urgency). They can cause side effects, such as dry mouth and constipation, but these can be minimized by taking the medication at night. If desmopressin has not worked, they may be useful in combination with imipramine, but usually under the supervision of a specialist. […] Imipramine is a medication that helps the bladder to hold more urine. It used to be popular, but is now used only if desmopressin has not helped. It has some side effects and is dangerous if too much is taken, so is usually only prescribed by a specialist.

• #1 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/7/e016749

  To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. […] These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective. […] We examined a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting and found that when these strategies were used with 7-year-old children who wet the bed, they were not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parental strategies including lifting and restricting drinks before bedtime were associated with an increased risk of subsequent bedwetting. […] This study adds further weight to the importance of encouraging parents to seek professional help for their child’s bedwetting, rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective.

• #2 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/enuresis/epidemiology

  Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is common among school-aged children. […] More common in boys than girls at all ages. […] Around one in six 5-year-olds, and at least one in fifty 7-year-old boys and one in a hundred 7-year-old girls, have nocturnal enuresis (wetting the bed) more than once a week. […] Owing to the differences in definitions and methods of diagnosis, the exact prevalence of bedwetting is unknown. In UK, prevalence decreases with age: in 5 year olds – 15 to 20% wet the bed on average twice a week, in 7 year olds – 7%, in 10 year olds – 5%, between 12 to 14 year olds – 2% to 3%, those aged 15 and over – 1% to 2%. […] NICE state that bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) less than 2 nights a week has a prevalence of 21% at about 4 and a half years and 8% at 9 and a half years. More frequent bedwetting (more than 2 nights per week) is less common and has a prevalence of 8% at 4 and a half years and 1.5% at 9 and a half years.

• #2 Enuresis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Uro/Peds/Enrs.htm

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence of Enuresis […] Age 2 years: 82% […] Age 3 years: 49% […] Age 4 years: 26% […] Age 5 years: 15-25% […] Age 7 years: 5-10% […] Age 12 years: Boys: 8%; Girls 4% […] Age 18 years: Boys: 1%: Girls rare […] […] […] Family History of Nocturnal Enuresis (up to 44 to 77% risk) […] Male (up to 30%, double the risk of girls) […] […] […] Annual spontaneous resolution rate of Nocturnal Enuresis: 14-15% […] Severe Enuresis (every night, heavy Urine Output and daytime symptoms) is less likely to spontaneously resolve

• #2 Epidemiology of enuresis: a large number of children at risk of low regard | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-020-00896-3

  To describe the epidemiological aspects of nocturnal enuresis (NE). In this study we identify the prevalence and the familial conditions in a large, representative sample of children with monosymptomatic NE (MNE) and nonmonosyptomatic NE (NMNE). […] The prevalence of NE is variable. It is above 10% among 6year-old, around 5% among 10year-old, and 0.51% among teenagers and young adults. […] Our findings suggest that NE affect a significant number of children and adolescents but it is still underestimated. Over 130,000 children analyzed by questionnaires, the prevalence of NE was 7.1% and only 25% of this population suffer from MNE. […] A large percentage of parents declared to use or to have used alternative therapies and not to prefer, at first, a pharmacological intervention; this data is found in the literature too, where systematic reviews are presented to declare the possible effectiveness and safety of the following alternative interventions such as homotoxicology, acupuncture, dry bed training, enuresis alarm, and hypnotherapy. […] NE is a very common disorders with high prevalence in Italy and a deep impact on children and families quality of life.

• #2 Nocturnal Enuresis in Children (Bed Wetting) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children

  Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is defined by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines as the involuntary wetting during sleep – without any inherent suggestion of frequency of bedwetting or pathophysiology. It is considered normal up to the age of 5 years, and is common up to the age of 10 years. […] How common is nocturnal enuresis? (Epidemiology) Prevalence is reported as follows: 5-10% of 7 -year-olds. 1-2% of adolescents (15 years and older). 0.5-1.0% of adults. More prevalent in boys – 2:1 ratio, although the difference disappears after age 10. […] The majority of children who do not have a serious neurological defect or severe learning difficulties can expect to achieve nocturnal continence sooner or later. Primary enuresis without daytime symptoms resolves in approximately 5-10% of children each year. Even after dry nights have been reliably achieved, the occasional 'accident’ is still to be expected and is no cause for concern unless there is apparent regression. Those with a family history of late nocturnal continence, those with behavioural disorders and those with developmental delay will take longer. Boys tend to take longer than girls but all cases are highly variable. […] In 1% of those affected, enuresis will persist into adulthood. One study found that children with the most severe form of bedwetting are likely to persist with the problem.

• #2 Enuresis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014762-overview

  In the United States, the prevalence of PE varies by age. At age 4 years, 25% of children frequently wet the bed, but by age 7 years, only 5-10% still wet the bed, and by age 10 years, fewer than 5% of children do so. […] The resolution rate of PE is approximately 15% per year; by the late teenaged years, very few patients have the condition. The resolution rate is often used as a justification for waiting and not treating PE. However, it probably is not applicable to children who wet every night and likely applies only to those children who have already started to have dry nights. […] Worldwide, the prevalence of PE seems to be approximately the same, though no standardized evaluation of the prevalence of bedwetting has been made on a global basis. […] The prevalence of enuresis gradually declines during childhood. Of children aged 5 years, 23% have enuresis. During elementary school years, 10% of 7-year-old children and 4% of 10-year-old children still experience enuresis. In adults, however, the reported prevalence of enuresis is 0.5-2%. A Korean epidemiologic study found that the overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in subjects aged 16-40 years was 2.6%.

• #2 Pattern and Risk Factors for Nocturnal Enuresis among Children in Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.24314564v1.full-text

  Nocturnal enuresis is defined as persistent bed-wetting at night beyond the age of five year old. To assess the prevalence and risk factors for nocturnal enuresis in children of the Aseer region. The study included 466 children, of which 145 (31.1%) complained of recurrent bedwetting. More than half of the children who experienced nocturnal enuresis were males (58.6%), and 31.7% were aged between 7-8 years, with a mean age of 5.9 years. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, dark phobia, family troubles, and exposure to bullying were the most frequently reported risk factors. Nearly 1 out of 3 children experienced bed-wetting, which is relatively common in boys than girls. Enuresis refers to the involuntary loss of urine during sleep that occurs at least twice a week in children older than 5 years of age (or the developmental equivalent) for at least 3 months, and it is the most common urologic complaint in pediatric patients. Nocturnal enuresis is 2-3 times more common in boys than girls. About 20% of all children report occasional instances of bed-wetting until the age of 5 years, and up to 10% still have problems by 7 years of age. Bed-wetting or enuresis is categorized as primary enuresis urinary incontinence in a child who has never been dry, and secondary enuresis incontinence in a child who has been dry for at least six months. Nocturnal enuresis in children is the second most reported pediatric problem after allergic diseases. Many causative factors have been associated with bed-wetting, such as developmental differences, including the development of a child’s urinary sphincters, and diseases like diabetes and urinary tract infections. Having a global incidence of 1.428% among 6-12 years old children, the condition is troublesome for the families of these children, as it can result in considerable emotional distress and psychological consequences. The study revealed that one-third of children in our study sample complained of bed-wetting. Notably, there was significant variability in the estimated prevalence of NE among children in Saudi Arabia, ranging from 12% to 75% according to the study setting and the sampled age groups. The estimated prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in different regions of Iran is reported as 8.25% to 8.8%, compared to other studies conducted in Hong Kong, China, and Thailand. The current study also revealed that bed-wetting was more frequent among the first or last child. This phenomenon can be explained as an attention-seeking strategy adopted by older children who want to attract their parents’ attention after the birth of a younger sibling. The current study also revealed that nearly three-quarters of the children wet their bed between the age of 5-6 years, as many children have incomplete toilet training by this age and the immature nervous system is unable to fully control the bladder. Regarding the risk factors analyzed among the current study in the children resorting to bed-wetting, child-related stressors were reported in almost half of the sampled children; it included ADHD, which is a major risk factor detected in different studies, dark phobia, stress and anxiety, family troubles and parental separation, exposure to bullying, and physical abuse. We also observed that few children had a positive family history of nocturnal enuresis, one of the main risk factors, besides the water source, which was bottled water in nearly half of the sample.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/sjkd/fulltext/2011/22010/epidemiology_of_nocturnal_enuresis_in_basic.35.aspx

  Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among children and adolescents. Data regarding this problem in schoolchildren in Yemen are scarce. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of nocturnal incontinence in Aden school going children, describe its severity and identify the relation between nocturnal enuresis with personal and family characteristics. The study concluded that the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in Aden public school children and its associated factors are almost comparable with that reported in epidemiological studies from various countries. The prevalence of NE was 17.2%, which is similar to that reported in a study done in Ankara, Turkey (17.2%) and the UK (18.9%), but lower than that reported in Mukala primary school children, Hadramout, Yemen (28.6%), Zaria, Nigeria (22.2%), and Amman, Jordan (23.8%). The study finding that the prevalence of NE decreases with age is similar to most reported studies. A positive family history of enuresis was seen in 37.2% of enuretics. Factors associated with NE included daytime enuresis and tea drinking habits. Stressful events occurred twice more frequently in the previous 6 months in enuretic students.

• #2

  https://www.ijpediatrics.com/index.php/ijcp/article/view/2279

  Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting is a common health problem in children in the age group of 5 to 15 years. In India the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis ranges from approximately 7% to 12.6%. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 11.4 %. The maximum prevalence was found in the age group of 8 -9 years (22.96 %). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in boys (14.34 %) was significantly more than the prevalence in girls (8.31 %). The study showed that nocturnal enuresis was significantly associated with stress, poor school performance, sleep pattern (hard to awaken), family history, burning micturition etc. […] The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis is 11.40 % in school going children and it is associated with age, sex, stress, family history, burning micturition, hyperactive child, poor school performance, sleep pattern (hard to awake) avoidance of going to micturate before sleep etc.

• #2 Enuresis in Children: A Case-Based Approach | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1015/p560.html

  Enuresis is defined as intermittent urinary incontinence during sleep in a child at least five years of age. Approximately 5% to 10% of all seven-year-olds have enuresis, and an estimated 5 to 7 million children in the United States have enuresis. […] Enuresis, or nocturnal enuresis, is defined as urinary incontinence during sleep in a child five years or older. It affects 5% to 10% of all seven-year-olds and an estimated 5 to 7 million children in the United States, and it is more common in boys. […] Risk factors for enuresis include younger age, male sex, black race, history of urinary tract infection, and a family history of enuresis. Obesity is also a likely risk factor. Low socioeconomic status is not consistently associated with enuresis. Multiple conditions can present with enuresis, either causative or comorbid, and they can influence management and prognosis.

• #2 Enuresis – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0431.html

  This Clinical Policy Bulletin addresses enuresis. […] More than 5 % of 7-year old children and 0.5 % of adults experience primary nocturnal enuresis. […] Primary NE resolves spontaneously in most children over time. […] The enuretic alarm is most effective in patients with the highest frequency of NE. […] The International Children’s Continence Society’s guideline on the evaluation and treatment of MNE noted that the mainstays of primary therapy are bladder advice, the enuresis alarm and/or desmopressin. […] A total of 326 toilet trained children 3 to 15 years old were included, with 257 in the tonsillectomy group and 69 in the control group. […] The authors concluded that SDB in children is associated with nocturnal enuresis. […] A total of 14 studies were reviewed. […] The authors concluded that adenotonsillectomy is associated with a significant improvement in enuresis in children with SDB.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210119/Study-finds-genetic-variants-that-increase-the-risk-of-bedwetting.aspx

  In a large-scale study of Danish children and young people, researchers from Aarhus University have for the first time found genetic variants that increase the risk of nocturnal enuresis – commonly known as bedwetting or nighttime incontinence. […] Researchers have long known that nighttime incontinence is a highly heritable condition. […] In collaboration with the Danish research project iPSYCH and a team of international colleagues, researchers from Aarhus University have for the first time identified genetic variants that increase the risk of bedwetting. […] The study also shows that commonly occurring genetic variants can explain up to one-third of the genetic risk of bedwetting. […] The study also shows that children with many genetic variants that increase the risk of ADHD are particularly vulnerable to developing bedwetting. […] As the study is a first-time study, the researchers also examined more than 5,500 people from Iceland, where they found that the same genetic variants also appear to increase the risk of nocturnal enuresis. […] The researchers hope to be able to further clarify the causes of nocturnal enuresis.

• #2 Bed-wetting (nocturnal enuresis) in children

  https://parentingscience.com/bed-wetting/

  Researchers recognize a number of possible causes. The most common include: reduced bladder capacity, and/or an overactive bladder; too much urine production at night (caused by a developmental delay in a child’s nighttime release of anti-diuretic hormones); failure to awaken in response to the sensation of a full bladder; urinary tract infection; constipation; obstructive sleep apnea. […] Secondary nocturnal enuresis (SNE) has also been linked with stress (Caldwell et al 2005), anorexia (Kanbur et al 2010; Kanbur et al 2011), and the onset of type 1 diabetes (Roche et al 2005). […] This is called primary noctural enuresis (PNE), and it too can be linked with urinary tract infections, constipation, and stress (Robson et al 2005). […] Enuresis is more common in children who suffer from breathing abnormalities, like obstructive sleep apnea (Brown et al 2009; Kovacevic et al 2014; Jönson et al 2017; Wada et al 2018; Bascom et al 2019).

• #2 Evaluation and management of enuresis in the general paediatric setting | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/evaluation-and-management-of-enuresis-in-the-general-paediatric-setting

  Enuresis, or bedwetting, is defined as discrete episodes of urinary incontinence during sleep in children aged 5 and older, and is commonly encountered in paediatric practice. […] The prevalence is 15% at age 5 years, 10% by age 7, and 5% by age 10. […] Untreated enuresis has an estimated prevalence into adulthood of up to 2%. […] Enuresis can have significant negative impacts on child health and family life. […] Distinguishing monosymptomatic from non-monosymptomatic enuresis requires active screening. […] Mild daytime lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common, affecting up to two-thirds of enuretic children. […] When LUTS are present (i.e., in non-monosymptomatic enuresis), LUTS should be addressed first. […] Improvement in LUTS can improve enuresis secondarily. […] Conversely, enuresis treatment is less likely to succeed in the presence of unrecognized and untreated LUTS.

• #2 The Epidemiology And Factors Associated Withnocturnal Enuresis Among School & Preschool Children In Hail City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study.

  https://www.journalijar.com/article/17212/the-epidemiology-and-factors-associated-withnocturnal-enuresis-among-school-&-preschool-children-in-hail-city,-saudi-arabia:-a-cross-sectional-study/

  Background: Enuresis, which is frequently diagnosed amongst school-children, is an important psychosocial problem for both parents and children. […] Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of enuresis in Saudi children in Hail, and to identify common methods used for its management. […] Results: Of the 700 questionnaires distributed, 652 (93.14%) were completed. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 22.7% (n = 148). Female gender, young age, history of enuresis among parents or siblings, deep sleep and history of urinary tract infections and other social and psychological problems were associated factors with enuresis. […] Conclusion: Our results with enuresis prevalence and associated factors were comparable to other epidemiologic studies from various countries. Furthermore, we demonstrated that families in Hail do not pay sufficient attention to enuresis and most of enuretic children do not receive professional treatment.

• #2 Bedwetting

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/bedwetting/

  Bedwetting alarms are thought to be the most useful and successful first-step to treat bedwetting. Research has shown these alarms will help 80 per cent of children to become dry, and most children will then stay dry. […] Bedwetting alarms are considered the most successful first step to treat bedwetting. Medication is an option if alarms have not helped.

• #2 Practical solutions to help parents deal with childhood bedwetting | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/practical-solutions-to-help-parents-deal-with-childhood-bedwetting-01-10-2001/

  Bedwetting is the most prevalent of chronic childhood disorders (Hicks and Clark, 1999), and families who are affected may feel isolated and stigmatised. This article discusses the nature of bedwetting – including definitions and epidemiology – treatment strategies and the role of the health visitor and practice nurse in managing this problem. […] Nocturnal enuresis affects at least 500,000 children between the ages of five and 11 in the UK each year. The prevalence of the condition among the entire child population is broken down in Box 1. […] Genetics – Research has revealed a strong genetic link in cases of enuresis (vonGontard, 1999). The associated genes have been isolated to 8q, 12q and 13q on the human genome. These sites all appear to be involved in gaining bladder control. […] The problem of bedwetting is often overlooked or ignored, yet it can cause the child great and unnecessary embarrassment. There is often a solution, and the practice nurse or health visitor is often the first health professional the family will speak to for advice on the matter.

• #2 Nocturnal enuresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis

  Doctors frequently consider bedwetting as a self-limiting problem, since most children will outgrow it. Children 5 to 9 years old have a spontaneous cure rate of 14% per year. Adolescents 10 to 17 years old have a spontaneous cure rate of 16% per year. […] As can be seen from the numbers above, a portion of bedwetting children will not outgrow the problem. Adult rates of bedwetting show little change due to spontaneous cure. Persons who are still enuretic at age 17 are likely to deal with bedwetting throughout their lives. […] Studies of bedwetting in adults have found varying rates. The most quoted study in this area was done in the Netherlands. It found a 0.5% rate for 20- to 79-year-olds. A Hong Kong study, however, found a much higher rate. The Hong Kong researchers found a bedwetting rate of 2.3% in 16- to 40-year-olds.

• #2 The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children in southeast of Turkey: a cross sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-9-357

  The overall prevalence of enuresis was found to be 12.95% in children aged 5-16 years from France and 15% in children aged 6-11 years from Saudi Arabia. […] We found the prevalence of enuresis to be 14.9% in a county, southeast of Turkey. […] Enuresis was more frequent among children attending the day-time school than the boarding school, although by logistic regression analysis no correlation was found. […] When the logistic regression analysis was applied to risk factors for the bed-wetting in the present study, a significant positive correlation was revealed for low age, low income, history of urinary tract infection and family history of enuresis. […] We documented that most of the children with enuresis in southeast of Turkey do not have adequate attention about enuresis and most of the enuretic children do not receive professional treatment. […] Enuresis is a pediatric public health problem and efforts at all levels should be made such as preventive, etiological and curative.

• #2 Bedwetting in Teenagers and Adults – What Your Doctor Can Do – The Waiting Room

  https://thewaitingroom.karger.com/embarrassing-problems/bedwetting-in-teenagers-and-adults-what-your-doctor-can-do/

  Medications are available on prescription from your family doctor. […] Desmopressin is the best medication and is taken as a tablet, a nose spray or a wafer that dissolves on the tongue (melt). It works by concentrating your urine so that there is not such a large volume to cope with. Although it stops bed-wetting completely only in less than one-third of people, most find it reduces the number of wet nights. It does not cure the problem when you stop taking it, the bed-wetting often recurs but it is safe to take it over a long period. […] Tolterodine and oxybutynin calm overactive bladder muscle. They may be helpful if you have daytime wetting as well as bed-wetting, and have to rush to get to the toilet (urgency). They can cause side effects, such as dry mouth and constipation, but these can be minimized by taking the medication at night. If desmopressin has not worked, they may be useful in combination with imipramine, but usually under the supervision of a specialist. […] Imipramine is a medication that helps the bladder to hold more urine. It used to be popular, but is now used only if desmopressin has not helped. It has some side effects and is dangerous if too much is taken, so is usually only prescribed by a specialist.

• #3 Nocturnal enuresis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis

  Doctors frequently consider bedwetting as a self-limiting problem, since most children will outgrow it. Children 5 to 9 years old have a spontaneous cure rate of 14% per year. Adolescents 10 to 17 years old have a spontaneous cure rate of 16% per year. […] As can be seen from the numbers above, a portion of bedwetting children will not outgrow the problem. Adult rates of bedwetting show little change due to spontaneous cure. Persons who are still enuretic at age 17 are likely to deal with bedwetting throughout their lives. […] Studies of bedwetting in adults have found varying rates. The most quoted study in this area was done in the Netherlands. It found a 0.5% rate for 20- to 79-year-olds. A Hong Kong study, however, found a much higher rate. The Hong Kong researchers found a bedwetting rate of 2.3% in 16- to 40-year-olds.

Zobacz więcej