Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren’t typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.

• #2 Cystic fibrosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353706

  Actually, nearly 10 percent of cases of CF are diagnosed in adulthood. You’re born with cystic fibrosis, but there are several reasons why it may not be diagnosed during childhood. Prior to 2010, some states didn’t even screen for cystic fibrosis. So if you were born before 2010, you may not have received a newborn screening test for cystic fibrosis as a baby. Some gene mutations cause very mild disease and symptoms may go unnoticed until adulthood.

• #3 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition passed down in families that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. […] CF affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These fluids, also called secretions, are usually thin and slippery to protect the body’s internal tubes and ducts and make them smooth pathways. But in people with CF, a changed gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick. The secretions plug up pathways, especially in the lungs and pancreas. […] CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life.

• #4 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious genetic condition that causes severe damage to the respiratory and digestive systems. This damage often results from a buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the organs. […] CF is a progressive condition, so it gets worse over time. […] The symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary depending on the person and the severity of their condition. The age at which symptoms develop can also differ. […] Symptoms may appear at infancy, but for other children, symptoms may not begin until after puberty or even later in life. As time passes, the symptoms associated with the disease may get better or worse. […] One of the first signs of CF is a strong, salty taste to the skin. Parents of children with CF have mentioned noticing this saltiness when kissing their children.

• #5 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren’t typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.

• #6 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious genetic condition that causes severe damage to the respiratory and digestive systems. This damage often results from a buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the organs. […] CF is a progressive condition, so it gets worse over time. […] The symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary depending on the person and the severity of their condition. The age at which symptoms develop can also differ. […] Symptoms may appear at infancy, but for other children, symptoms may not begin until after puberty or even later in life. As time passes, the symptoms associated with the disease may get better or worse. […] One of the first signs of CF is a strong, salty taste to the skin. Parents of children with CF have mentioned noticing this saltiness when kissing their children.

• #7 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #8 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  Symptoms of cystic fibrosis tend to start in early childhood, although they can sometimes develop very soon after birth, or may not be obvious until adulthood. […] Some of the main symptoms of cystic fibrosis can include: recurring chest infections, difficulty putting on weight, frequent, wet-sounding coughs, diarrhoea, occasional wheezing and shortness of breath. […] Cystic fibrosis can cause a range of problems. The lungs and digestive system are the main areas that are affected. […] Symptoms tend to start in early childhood, but sometimes they can develop soon after birth and very occasionally they may not be obvious until adulthood. […] Cystic fibrosis can cause sticky mucus to clog the lungs and airways. This can cause: recurring chest infections these occur because mucus in the lungs is an ideal breeding ground for bacteria, persistent inflammation of the airways, which can cause them to become abnormally widened (bronchiectasis), increased coughing, occasional wheezing and shortness of breath. Over time, the lungs can become increasingly damaged and may eventually stop working properly.

• #9 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Symptoms of lung disease can start in infancy, especially following upper respiratory viral infections. People with CF may experience a small but progressive (worsening) loss in lung function with every passing year, leading to increased symptoms as you age. Some children remain relatively healthy throughout childhood and only start to experience a decline in their lung function when they are teenagers. […] There is a wide range of severity in CF symptoms. Even within the same family, siblings can have different disease severity. Symptoms of CF can be classified into two main categories: respiratory and digestive. […] The most common symptoms of CF respiratory tract disease are: Chronic coughing (dry or coughing up mucus), Recurring chest colds, Wheezing or shortness of breath, Frequent sinus infections.

• #10 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  The thick, sticky mucus associated with CF often blocks the passageways that carry air into and out of the lungs. This can cause the following symptoms: wheezing, persistent cough that produces thick mucus or phlegm, shortness of breath, especially when exercising, recurrent lung infections, stuffy nose, stuffy sinuses. […] The abnormal mucus can also plug the channels that carry the enzymes produced by the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestine can’t absorb the necessary nutrients from food. This can result in: greasy, foul-smelling stools, constipation, nausea, abdominal swelling, loss of appetite, insufficient weight gain in children, delayed growth in children. […] In more advanced cases, people with CF may have complications like respiratory failure and malnutrition.

• #11 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #12 Cystic fibrosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/treatment/

  Cystic fibrosis is a rare inherited genetic condition that causes breathing and digestive problems. There is currently no cure, but there are medicines and supportive treatments that can help. […] If you have cystic fibrosis, your body makes a thick sticky mucus that can affect your lungs and digestive system. This can cause lots of symptoms and make you more likely to get infections. […] Symptoms affecting your lungs include: a cough that does not go away and brings up mucus, wheezing and shortness of breath, frequent sinus infections (sinusitis) and chest infections. […] Symptoms affecting your digestive system include: constipation, stomach pain, bloating and swelling, large, greasy and sticky poos that are hard to flush away. […] Cystic fibrosis can affect other parts of your body and cause other symptoms, such as: in children, not growing as quickly as expected, in adults, losing weight without trying to, swollen fingertips and rounder nails, very salty sweat, which can leave small crystals on your skin.

• #13 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #14 Cystic Fibrosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001602-overview

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease of exocrine gland function that involves multiple organ systems but chiefly results in chronic respiratory tract infections, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, and associated complications in untreated patients. Pulmonary involvement occurs in 90% of patients surviving the neonatal period. End-stage lung disease is the principal cause of death. […] Median age at diagnosis is 6-8 months; however, age at diagnosis varies widely. Clinical manifestations vary with the patients age at presentation. […] Respiratory symptoms may include the following: Cough, Recurrent wheezing, Recurrent pneumonia, Atypical asthma, Dyspnea on exertion, Chest pain. […] Physical signs depend on the degree of involvement of various organs and the progression of disease, as follows: Nose Rhinitis, nasal polyps; Pulmonary system Tachypnea, respiratory distress with retractions, wheeze or crackles, cough (dry or productive of mucoid or purulent sputum), increased anteroposterior chest diameter, clubbing, cyanosis, hyperresonant chest on percussion.

• #15 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Symptoms of lung disease can start in infancy, especially following upper respiratory viral infections. People with CF may experience a small but progressive (worsening) loss in lung function with every passing year, leading to increased symptoms as you age. Some children remain relatively healthy throughout childhood and only start to experience a decline in their lung function when they are teenagers. […] There is a wide range of severity in CF symptoms. Even within the same family, siblings can have different disease severity. Symptoms of CF can be classified into two main categories: respiratory and digestive. […] The most common symptoms of CF respiratory tract disease are: Chronic coughing (dry or coughing up mucus), Recurring chest colds, Wheezing or shortness of breath, Frequent sinus infections.

• #16 Symptoms of Adult Cystic Fibrosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/chest-lungs-and-airways/adult-cystic-fibrosis/symptoms.html

  Symptoms of cystic fibrosis are usually caused by the production of thick, sticky mucus throughout the body. Symptoms vary from person to person. They aren’t always obvious in childhood. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis in a baby or young child may include: A blocked small intestine at birth. Unusual bowel movements. The child may have diarrhea that doesn’t go away, large and greasy stools, very smelly stools, or constipation. If the intestines get blocked, the child’s belly may stick out. The child may not be able to have a bowel movement. Salty sweat or skin. Wanting to eat more or less than normal, having little energy, or losing weight. Breathing problems or getting tired easily while playing. A cough that doesn’t go away or wheezing. […] Over time, symptoms may get worse and cause problems such as: Coughing up mucus that sometimes has blood in it. Trouble exercising or not being able to exercise. Rectal prolapse. This means that part of the rectum sticks out from the anus. […] More symptoms may develop during late childhood or early adulthood. They include: Clubbing (rounding and flattening) of the fingers. Growths (polyps) in the nose or sinuses. Not being able to have children (infertility).

• #17 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis symptoms include: […] Trouble breathing. […] Frequent lung infections (recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis). […] Frequent wheezing. […] A nagging cough. […] Failure to thrive (inability to gain weight despite having a good appetite and taking in enough calories). […] People with atypical cystic fibrosis may have some of the same symptoms as those with classic CF. Over time, you also might experience: […] Chronic sinusitis. […] Unintended weight loss. […] Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that you’re born with. People who have CF inherit two mutated CFTR genes, one from each biological parent (it’s inherited in an autosomal recessive manner). […] Yes, cystic fibrosis can be life-threatening. Lung damage from thick mucus and frequent lung infections is the most common cause of death.

• #18 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  The mucus can also block parts of the digestive system, which can affect how food travels through the gut and how it’s broken down or absorbed. This can cause: a serious bowel obstruction in the first few days of life (meconium ileus) this will often need an operation to remove the blockage, jaundice, diarrhoea or large, smelly stools, problems putting on weight and growing this can occur because the body struggles to digest and absorb nutrients (malnutrition), diabetes from late childhood or early adulthood this can develop if the pancreas becomes severely damaged. […] People with cystic fibrosis can also experience a number of other problems, including: sinusitis, nasal polyps, thin, weakened bones (osteoporosis) this can occur as a result of repeated infections, poor growth, lack of physical activity and malnutrition, swelling and pain in the joints (arthritis or arthralgia) from late childhood, difficulty conceiving children most men with cystic fibrosis are unable to have children naturally (although some fertility treatments may still work) because the tubes that carry sperm don’t develop correctly; women can become pregnant, however, liver problems caused by the tiny bile ducts in the liver becoming blocked by mucus, leaking of small amounts of urine, particularly during coughing fits (stress incontinence).

• #19 Cystic fibrosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/cystic-fibrosis?content_id=CON-20184360

  In cystic fibrosis, the airways fill with thick, sticky mucus, making it difficult to breathe. […] CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system. […] In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections.

• #20 Cystic Fibrosis | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/cystic-fibrosis/

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic, inherited lung condition that causes thick mucus to build up in the lungs, pancreas, and other parts of the body. In these areas, mucus is normally thin and slippery, but CF causes thick, sticky mucus that leads to blockages, infections, and other damage. CF is a chronic, progressive, life-threatening condition, but early treatment can improve lung function and prolong life. […] Symptoms can vary, and some people dont experience symptoms in the early stages. […] Respiratory (breathing) symptoms can include: Coughing with increased mucus, Fatigue, Inability to exercise, Nasal or sinus congestion, pain, and pressure, Shortness of breath or wheezing, Repeated episodes of pneumonia or other lung infections. […] Digestive symptoms can include: Increased abdominal gas or bloating, Nausea and loss of appetite, Severe constipation that produces abdominal pain, Stools that are pale or clay-colored, foul smelling, or greasy, Unexplained weight loss. […] Signs that can appear in newborns include: Delayed growth and failure to gain weight, No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life, Salty skin. […] Symptoms that can occur later in life: Infertility (in men), Repeated inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Clubbed fingers.

• #21 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  It’s important to promptly treat pulmonary exacerbations to prevent and slow down the progression of bronchiectasis, a permanent reshaping of the airways that causes them to become loose and scarred. […] Bronchiectasis eventually affects almost all people with CF and can make it harder to clear mucus from the lungs and move air in and out of the airways. As it worsens, the lungs become more damaged, leading to a loss of lung function. […] If left untreated, this cycle of infection and inflammation causes bronchiectasis, and can result in a permanent loss of lung function. […] In CF, permanent lung damage may occur even before it can be detected by lung function tests. […] Starting from a young age, people with CF may experience a lung function decline of 1 to 3 percentage points each year on average.

• #22 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Poor growth and weight loss are directly associated with the lack of digestive enzymes (their production can be blocked by the buildup of mucus). […] The later-stage symptoms of cystic fibrosis are less associated with the disease and more with the damage it has inflicted on organs of the body. […] When the lungs are clogged with mucus, they can incur damage due to infection, obstruction, and inflammation. […] People with CF often get recurrent infections which can cause permanent scarring in their lungs. […] The accumulation of mucus in the air passages can increase the blood pressure in the lungs, referred to as pulmonary hypertension. […] The accumulative damage can lead to a condition known as bronchiectasis, in which damaged lung tissue makes it all the harder to clear mucus.

• #23 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  It’s important to promptly treat pulmonary exacerbations to prevent and slow down the progression of bronchiectasis, a permanent reshaping of the airways that causes them to become loose and scarred. […] Bronchiectasis eventually affects almost all people with CF and can make it harder to clear mucus from the lungs and move air in and out of the airways. As it worsens, the lungs become more damaged, leading to a loss of lung function. […] If left untreated, this cycle of infection and inflammation causes bronchiectasis, and can result in a permanent loss of lung function. […] In CF, permanent lung damage may occur even before it can be detected by lung function tests. […] Starting from a young age, people with CF may experience a lung function decline of 1 to 3 percentage points each year on average.

• #24 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive and multisystemic disease. For many individuals with CF, symptoms manifest early in life, with certain signs appearing in utero. Additionally, certain organ damage, including lungs, liver, or pancreas, can occur before symptoms, and continue to progress over time. These complications vary between patients. As a result, patients with CF may require complete care from multidisciplinary teams as their complications change over time. […] In a patient with CF, CFTR protein dysfunction causes lung disease that begins early and progresses throughout their lifetime. […] Inflammation may occur as early as in utero and into infancy, with the possibility of mucus plugging and bronchiectasis. Airway inflammation, lung structure and lung function may progress throughout childhood. Lower airway inflammation and worsening airway abnormalities including established bronchiectasis may occur, driven by the inflammation in the lungs. Airway destruction and complications, including bacterial infections, bronchiectasis with hemoptysis, and pneumothorax, may occur and may lead to progressive respiratory failure, often requiring lung transplant.

• #25 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Cystic fibrosis may have serious complications. Call your doctor right away if you believe you have any of the following: Pulmonary exacerbation involves a worsening of lung symptoms, such as more coughing or wheezing, chest congestion, and a change in mucus color. You may also have weight loss, a poor appetite, or fever. Coughing or spitting up blood may be a sign that an artery has broken and is bleeding into the airway. Sudden shortness of breath or chest pain may be a sign of a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.

• #26 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Symptoms include: Chest pain, Chronic cough, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Sinusitis, Coughing up blood, Chronic fatigue, Inability to exercise, Weight loss. […] The accumulation of mucus can also affect the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes. […] Beyond its effect on digestion, the obstruction of enzyme secretions can trigger the painful inflammation of the pancreas, known as pancreatitis. […] Symptoms include: Sudden and severe abdominal pain, Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea and vomiting, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss. […] Over time, the pancreatic ducts can become completely blocked, resulting in extensive scarring of the organ tissue. […] In addition to the pancreatic complications, a bowel obstruction can sometimes occur, either as the result of thicker and stickier stools or intussusception.

• #27 Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-90-P02937

  Collapsed lung (pneumothorax), caused by air or gas leaking into the area around the lungs […] Coughing up blood […] Right-sided heart failure caused by long-term high blood pressure in the lung arteries […] Belly pain […] Gas in the intestines […] Part of the rectum sticks out through the anus (rectal prolapse) […] Liver disease […] Diabetes […] Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). This organ creates many hormones and enzymes the body needs to work correctly […] Gallstones […] Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in males. This is the tube that carries sperm from the testicle to the urethra. CF symptoms vary for each child. Babies born with CF often show symptoms in the first year. But some children may not show symptoms until later in life. The symptoms below may indicate CF, and babies with these symptoms may be tested for CF: Diarrhea that doesnt go away

• #28 Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis

  Many children today are diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) before they have any symptoms. CF symptoms vary for each child. Babies born with CF often show symptoms in the first year. But some children may not show symptoms until later in life. The symptoms below may indicate CF, and babies with these symptoms may be tested for this condition: Salty skin […] Long-term (chronic) lung symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and thick material coughed up from the lungs (sputum) that is sometimes bloody […] Frequent lung infections (pneumonia) […] Poor weight gain and growth […] Chronic sinus infection […] Other symptoms and health problems may occur in some children with CF. These include: Nasal polyps or an abnormal growth out of the mucus membranes of the nose […] Clubbing of fingers and toes. This means widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers and toes. It’s caused by not enough oxygen in the blood […] Collapsed lung or pneumothorax, caused by air or gas leaking into the area around the lungs […] Coughing up blood […] Right-sided heart failure caused by long-term high blood pressure in the lung arteries […] Belly pain […] Liver disease […] Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).

• #29 Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-cystic-fibrosis

  Respiratory failure. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death from CF. Over time, the disease can damage lung tissue so badly that it no longer works. Lung function gradually worsens until the condition becomes life-threatening. […] If your lung function declines to a certain level, your CF care team may speak with you about the possibility of lung transplantation surgery, which can be lifesaving.

• #30 Learn About Cystic Fibrosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/cystic-fibrosis/learn-about-cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis is a genetic (inherited) condition that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. The mucus normally secreted by cells in the lung airways (breathing tubes), pancreatic ducts, gastrointestinal tract, and the reproductive system becomes thickened and blocked, causing frequent infections and loss of function in the affected organs. […] In the lungs, this thick mucus can block (clog) the airways. The mucus creates an environment for bacteria to grow, causing infections and further inflammation. Over time, this damages the airways and eventually the lung tissue, which can lead to respiratory failure. This vicious cycle is also why people with cystic fibrosis are more susceptible to developing other chronic infections including bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), nasal polyps and pneumothorax (collapsed lung), to name a few.

• #31 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #32 Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/pulmonology/cystic-fibrosis

  Other symptoms of cystic fibrosis are increased salt in a persons sweat, which can cause electrolyte abnormalities during hot summer days, respiratory and lung problems, and digestive issues. Eight of 10 individuals with cystic fibrosis suffer from malabsorption of fat and protein and can present as a failure to thrive. […] Cystic fibrosis is marked by the production of thick, sticky mucus that clogs the airways to the lungs. This overproduction of thick mucus can be noticed as: A lasting cough with thick mucus, Frequent lung infections, Inflamed nasal passages or repeated sinusitis, Crackles and chest congestion, Intolerance of physical activity. […] Thick mucus clogs the pathways that transport digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. These enzymes are essential for the body to extract nutrients from the food we eat. Symptoms of cystic fibrosis affecting the digestive system include: Fatty stools (poop) foul-smelling, greasy stools, Low growth and weight gain, Intestinal blockage is common in infants. A condition called meconium ileus can occur in 15% of individuals with cystic fibrosis; thick mucus clogs the intestinal tract with meconiumthe first bowel movement for an infant. […] Cystic fibrosis is a lifelong condition that requires regularly scheduled visits to the cystic fibrosis care center every few months. Call your doctor or pediatrician if your childs symptoms worsen such as an increase in mucus, significant weight loss, or persistent constipation.

• #33 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  The mucus can also block parts of the digestive system, which can affect how food travels through the gut and how it’s broken down or absorbed. This can cause: a serious bowel obstruction in the first few days of life (meconium ileus) this will often need an operation to remove the blockage, jaundice, diarrhoea or large, smelly stools, problems putting on weight and growing this can occur because the body struggles to digest and absorb nutrients (malnutrition), diabetes from late childhood or early adulthood this can develop if the pancreas becomes severely damaged. […] People with cystic fibrosis can also experience a number of other problems, including: sinusitis, nasal polyps, thin, weakened bones (osteoporosis) this can occur as a result of repeated infections, poor growth, lack of physical activity and malnutrition, swelling and pain in the joints (arthritis or arthralgia) from late childhood, difficulty conceiving children most men with cystic fibrosis are unable to have children naturally (although some fertility treatments may still work) because the tubes that carry sperm don’t develop correctly; women can become pregnant, however, liver problems caused by the tiny bile ducts in the liver becoming blocked by mucus, leaking of small amounts of urine, particularly during coughing fits (stress incontinence).

• #34 Cystic fibrosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/treatment/

  Cystic fibrosis is a rare inherited genetic condition that causes breathing and digestive problems. There is currently no cure, but there are medicines and supportive treatments that can help. […] If you have cystic fibrosis, your body makes a thick sticky mucus that can affect your lungs and digestive system. This can cause lots of symptoms and make you more likely to get infections. […] Symptoms affecting your lungs include: a cough that does not go away and brings up mucus, wheezing and shortness of breath, frequent sinus infections (sinusitis) and chest infections. […] Symptoms affecting your digestive system include: constipation, stomach pain, bloating and swelling, large, greasy and sticky poos that are hard to flush away. […] Cystic fibrosis can affect other parts of your body and cause other symptoms, such as: in children, not growing as quickly as expected, in adults, losing weight without trying to, swollen fingertips and rounder nails, very salty sweat, which can leave small crystals on your skin.

• #35 Cystic Fibrosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cf.html

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease in which the body makes very thick, sticky mucus. The mucus causes problems in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. […] People with cystic fibrosis (SIS-tik fye-BROH-sis) get lung infections often. Over time, they have more trouble breathing. They also have digestive problems that make it hard to gain weight. […] CF can cause symptoms soon after a baby is born. The first sign a baby might have cystic fibrosis is an intestinal blockage called meconium ileus. Other kids don’t have symptoms until later on. Cystic fibrosis can be mild or severe, depending on the person. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: lung infections or pneumonia, wheezing, coughing with thick mucus, bulky, greasy bowel movements, constipation or diarrhea, trouble gaining weight or poor height growth, very salty sweat.

• #36

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/

  Cystic fibrosis causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. This causes lung infections and problems digesting food. […] Symptoms usually start in early childhood. They vary from child to child. […] The condition gets worse over time. The lungs and digestive system become more and more damaged. […] The build-up of sticky mucus in the lungs can cause breathing problems. It also increases the risk of lung infections. Over time, the lungs may stop working the way they should. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: chest infections that come and go, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and damage to the airways (bronchiectasis), difficulty putting on weight and growing, jaundice, diarrhoea, constipation, or large, smelly poo, a bowel blockage in newborn babies (meconium ileus) they may need surgery. […] Cystic fibrosis tends to get worse over time. It can be fatal if it leads to a serious infection or the lungs stop working properly.

• #37 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Digestive symptoms may include greasy, foul-smelling bowel movements, severe constipation or intestinal blockage and the inability to gain weight while being constantly hungry. Depending on what organs are affected, other symptoms may include jaundice or yellowing of the skin and eyes, muscle and joint pain, pancreatitis, salty skin, slow growth and shorter height.

• #38 Cystic Fibrosis | CF | Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/cysticfibrosis.html

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands. It affects mostly your lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. CF causes your mucus to be thick and sticky. The mucus clogs the lungs, causing breathing problems and making it easy for bacteria to grow. This can lead to repeated lung infections and lung damage. […] The symptoms and severity of CF can vary. Some people have serious problems from birth. Others have a milder version of the disease that doesn’t show up until they are teens or young adults. Sometimes you will have few symptoms, but later you may have more symptoms. […] Today, with improved treatments, some people who have CF are living into their forties, fifties, or older.

• #39 Cystic fibrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000107.htm

  Cystic fibrosis is a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is a life-threatening disorder. […] Symptoms in newborns may include: Delayed growth, Failure to gain weight normally during childhood, No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life, Salty-tasting skin. […] Symptoms related to bowel function may include: Belly pain from severe constipation, Increased gas, bloating, or a belly that appears swollen (distended), Nausea and loss of appetite, Stools that are pale or clay-colored, foul smelling, have mucus, or that float, Weight loss, History of rectal prolapse. […] Symptoms related to the lungs and sinuses may include: Coughing or increased mucus in the sinuses or lungs, Fatigue, Nasal congestion caused by nasal polyps, Repeated episodes of pneumonia (symptoms of pneumonia in someone with cystic fibrosis include fever, increased coughing and shortness of breath, increased mucus, and loss of appetite), Sinus pain or pressure caused by infection or polyps.

• #40 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  The thick, sticky mucus associated with CF often blocks the passageways that carry air into and out of the lungs. This can cause the following symptoms: wheezing, persistent cough that produces thick mucus or phlegm, shortness of breath, especially when exercising, recurrent lung infections, stuffy nose, stuffy sinuses. […] The abnormal mucus can also plug the channels that carry the enzymes produced by the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestine can’t absorb the necessary nutrients from food. This can result in: greasy, foul-smelling stools, constipation, nausea, abdominal swelling, loss of appetite, insufficient weight gain in children, delayed growth in children. […] In more advanced cases, people with CF may have complications like respiratory failure and malnutrition.

• #41 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  The mucus can also block parts of the digestive system, which can affect how food travels through the gut and how it’s broken down or absorbed. This can cause: a serious bowel obstruction in the first few days of life (meconium ileus) this will often need an operation to remove the blockage, jaundice, diarrhoea or large, smelly stools, problems putting on weight and growing this can occur because the body struggles to digest and absorb nutrients (malnutrition), diabetes from late childhood or early adulthood this can develop if the pancreas becomes severely damaged. […] People with cystic fibrosis can also experience a number of other problems, including: sinusitis, nasal polyps, thin, weakened bones (osteoporosis) this can occur as a result of repeated infections, poor growth, lack of physical activity and malnutrition, swelling and pain in the joints (arthritis or arthralgia) from late childhood, difficulty conceiving children most men with cystic fibrosis are unable to have children naturally (although some fertility treatments may still work) because the tubes that carry sperm don’t develop correctly; women can become pregnant, however, liver problems caused by the tiny bile ducts in the liver becoming blocked by mucus, leaking of small amounts of urine, particularly during coughing fits (stress incontinence).

• #42 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, Tests and Diagnosis | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pulmonary/treatment/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-and-diagnosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lifelong genetic condition that affects many parts of the body, especially the lungs and digestive system. It causes thick, sticky mucus to build up, making it harder to breathe and digest food. […] CF can look different for everyone. Some people have mild symptoms, while others have more severe issues or life-threatening complications. […] Signs of cystic fibrosis often start within the first year of life. But some children may not show symptoms until later. […] Common signs of cystic fibrosis include: Salty-tasting skin: A babys skin tastes salty when kissed. Meconium ileus: In some newborns, CF may cause problems passing the first poop (meconium) within the first 24 to 48 hours of life. Poor weight gain and growth: Despite eating well, some children with cystic fibrosis may struggle to gain weight or grow as expected. Long-term lung symptoms: Thick mucus in the lungs can cause wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. Coughs may be dry or bring up mucus or blood. Frequent lung infections: These can include bronchitis and pneumonia. Greasy, bulky poop: These may be hard to flush and smell bad. Stomach issues: People with CF may have gas, bloating and constipation. Chronic sinus infections: A stuffy nose or lots of sputum (saliva and mucus) are symptoms of sinus infections. Nasal polyps: Soft, teardrop-shaped growths may form on the lining of the nose or sinuses. Clubbing: The tips of the fingers and toes may become rounder and wider over time. Muscle and joint pain: Some people with CF may experience joint pain and swelling.

• #43 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #44 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  Children (usually older than age four) sometimes have intussusceptions. When this happens, one part of the intestine is displaced into another part of the intestine. […] Frequent coughing or hard-to-pass stools can occasionally cause rectal prolapse. This means that part of the rectum protrudes, or sticks out, through the anus. About 20% of kids with cystic fibrosis experience this. In some cases, rectal prolapse is the first noticeable sign of cystic fibrosis.

• #45 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) feels a little different for everyone, but everyone experiences progression of CF over time, whether they feel it or not. Progression can occur when the thick mucus building up throughout the body causes inflammation and scarring in many different organs, leading to permanent damage. This damage is often present before it can even be detected by tests, so it’s important to stay proactive in managing CF. […] Beginning early, the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs results in a cycle of infection, inflammation, and more mucus buildup. Pulmonary exacerbations are often a key part of this cycle. […] This is especially serious because a pulmonary exacerbation means more than just a hospital stay or an extra round of antibiotics. It may cause permanent lung damage that advances disease progression.

• #46 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious genetic condition that causes severe damage to the respiratory and digestive systems. This damage often results from a buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the organs. […] CF is a progressive condition, so it gets worse over time. […] The symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary depending on the person and the severity of their condition. The age at which symptoms develop can also differ. […] Symptoms may appear at infancy, but for other children, symptoms may not begin until after puberty or even later in life. As time passes, the symptoms associated with the disease may get better or worse. […] One of the first signs of CF is a strong, salty taste to the skin. Parents of children with CF have mentioned noticing this saltiness when kissing their children.

• #47 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  It’s important to promptly treat pulmonary exacerbations to prevent and slow down the progression of bronchiectasis, a permanent reshaping of the airways that causes them to become loose and scarred. […] Bronchiectasis eventually affects almost all people with CF and can make it harder to clear mucus from the lungs and move air in and out of the airways. As it worsens, the lungs become more damaged, leading to a loss of lung function. […] If left untreated, this cycle of infection and inflammation causes bronchiectasis, and can result in a permanent loss of lung function. […] In CF, permanent lung damage may occur even before it can be detected by lung function tests. […] Starting from a young age, people with CF may experience a lung function decline of 1 to 3 percentage points each year on average.

• #48 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  Part of what makes lung function decline so serious is that some people don’t always feel the change. So someone may lose a lot of lung function before they begin to feel like something is wrong. […] STAY CF SMART: CF is different for everyone. But all cases of CF progress over time. The first step toward managing CF is to take a proactive approach to care. […] Here’s the fact: Lung damage may be present even when lung function is high.

• #49 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  It’s important to promptly treat pulmonary exacerbations to prevent and slow down the progression of bronchiectasis, a permanent reshaping of the airways that causes them to become loose and scarred. […] Bronchiectasis eventually affects almost all people with CF and can make it harder to clear mucus from the lungs and move air in and out of the airways. As it worsens, the lungs become more damaged, leading to a loss of lung function. […] If left untreated, this cycle of infection and inflammation causes bronchiectasis, and can result in a permanent loss of lung function. […] In CF, permanent lung damage may occur even before it can be detected by lung function tests. […] Starting from a young age, people with CF may experience a lung function decline of 1 to 3 percentage points each year on average.

• #50 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  Part of what makes lung function decline so serious is that some people don’t always feel the change. So someone may lose a lot of lung function before they begin to feel like something is wrong. […] STAY CF SMART: CF is different for everyone. But all cases of CF progress over time. The first step toward managing CF is to take a proactive approach to care. […] Here’s the fact: Lung damage may be present even when lung function is high.

• #51 Symptoms of Adult Cystic Fibrosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/chest-lungs-and-airways/adult-cystic-fibrosis/symptoms.html

  Symptoms of cystic fibrosis are usually caused by the production of thick, sticky mucus throughout the body. Symptoms vary from person to person. They aren’t always obvious in childhood. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis in a baby or young child may include: A blocked small intestine at birth. Unusual bowel movements. The child may have diarrhea that doesn’t go away, large and greasy stools, very smelly stools, or constipation. If the intestines get blocked, the child’s belly may stick out. The child may not be able to have a bowel movement. Salty sweat or skin. Wanting to eat more or less than normal, having little energy, or losing weight. Breathing problems or getting tired easily while playing. A cough that doesn’t go away or wheezing. […] Over time, symptoms may get worse and cause problems such as: Coughing up mucus that sometimes has blood in it. Trouble exercising or not being able to exercise. Rectal prolapse. This means that part of the rectum sticks out from the anus. […] More symptoms may develop during late childhood or early adulthood. They include: Clubbing (rounding and flattening) of the fingers. Growths (polyps) in the nose or sinuses. Not being able to have children (infertility).

• #52 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis symptoms can vary from person to person, depending on the severity of the disease. For example, one child with cystic fibrosis may have respiratory problems but not digestive problems, while another child may have both. In addition, the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis may vary with age. […] In some newborns, the first sign of cystic fibrosis may be that they have difficulty passing their first bowel movement (meconium). This occurs when the meconium becomes so thick that it can’t move through the intestines, sometimes causing a blockage. Parents may later notice their baby is not gaining weight or growing normally. The baby’s stools may be especially bulky, bad-smelling, and greasy due to poor digestion of fats. […] Other signs in newborns may include: Frequent lung (respiratory) infections, Coughing and wheezing, Salty-tasting sweat.

• #53 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Most people who have cystic fibrosis have symptoms. Symptoms depend on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Some people have few or no symptoms, while others experience severe symptoms or life-threatening complications. Symptoms can get better or worse at different times. […] Cystic fibrosis most often affects the lungs. Some people who have cystic fibrosis have wheezing and a cough that can produce mucus or blood. […] Other symptoms depend on the organs affected and can include: Blocked intestine in a baby soon after birth, Clubbing of fingers and toes due to less oxygen reaching the hands and feet, Delayed puberty, Fertility problems, especially for males, Fever, which may include night sweats, Gastrointestinal symptoms such as severe belly pain, chronic (long-term) diarrhea, or constipation, Infections of sinuses and lungs, Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, for an abnormally long time after birth, Low body mass index (BMI) or being underweight, Muscle and joint pain, Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Salty skin and extra-salty sweat, Slow growth and shorter height.

• #54 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, Tests and Diagnosis | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pulmonary/treatment/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-and-diagnosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lifelong genetic condition that affects many parts of the body, especially the lungs and digestive system. It causes thick, sticky mucus to build up, making it harder to breathe and digest food. […] CF can look different for everyone. Some people have mild symptoms, while others have more severe issues or life-threatening complications. […] Signs of cystic fibrosis often start within the first year of life. But some children may not show symptoms until later. […] Common signs of cystic fibrosis include: Salty-tasting skin: A babys skin tastes salty when kissed. Meconium ileus: In some newborns, CF may cause problems passing the first poop (meconium) within the first 24 to 48 hours of life. Poor weight gain and growth: Despite eating well, some children with cystic fibrosis may struggle to gain weight or grow as expected. Long-term lung symptoms: Thick mucus in the lungs can cause wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. Coughs may be dry or bring up mucus or blood. Frequent lung infections: These can include bronchitis and pneumonia. Greasy, bulky poop: These may be hard to flush and smell bad. Stomach issues: People with CF may have gas, bloating and constipation. Chronic sinus infections: A stuffy nose or lots of sputum (saliva and mucus) are symptoms of sinus infections. Nasal polyps: Soft, teardrop-shaped growths may form on the lining of the nose or sinuses. Clubbing: The tips of the fingers and toes may become rounder and wider over time. Muscle and joint pain: Some people with CF may experience joint pain and swelling.

• #55 Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-cystic-fibrosis

  People with CF can have symptoms that include: […] Wheezing or shortness of breath […] Persistent coughing (sometimes producing mucus) […] Frequent lung infections […] Trouble growing or gaining weight (or failure to thrive after birth) […] Clubbing (widening) of fingertips and toes, from lack of oxygen to hands and feet […] Skin that tastes very salty […] Fever, which may include night sweats […] Prolonged jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes) after birth […] Muscle and joint pain […] Intestinal blockage, especially in newborns (meconium ileus) […] Cystic fibrosis can cause a number of respiratory (breathing) problems. In addition to declining lung function, these complications include: […] Chronic infections. Thick mucus in the lungs and sinuses creates an ideal environment for bacteria and fungi to grow. People with CF may often have lung infections, bronchitis, or pneumonia.

• #56 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  The mucus can also block parts of the digestive system, which can affect how food travels through the gut and how it’s broken down or absorbed. This can cause: a serious bowel obstruction in the first few days of life (meconium ileus) this will often need an operation to remove the blockage, jaundice, diarrhoea or large, smelly stools, problems putting on weight and growing this can occur because the body struggles to digest and absorb nutrients (malnutrition), diabetes from late childhood or early adulthood this can develop if the pancreas becomes severely damaged. […] People with cystic fibrosis can also experience a number of other problems, including: sinusitis, nasal polyps, thin, weakened bones (osteoporosis) this can occur as a result of repeated infections, poor growth, lack of physical activity and malnutrition, swelling and pain in the joints (arthritis or arthralgia) from late childhood, difficulty conceiving children most men with cystic fibrosis are unable to have children naturally (although some fertility treatments may still work) because the tubes that carry sperm don’t develop correctly; women can become pregnant, however, liver problems caused by the tiny bile ducts in the liver becoming blocked by mucus, leaking of small amounts of urine, particularly during coughing fits (stress incontinence).

• #57 Cystic fibrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000107.htm

  Cystic fibrosis is a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is a life-threatening disorder. […] Symptoms in newborns may include: Delayed growth, Failure to gain weight normally during childhood, No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life, Salty-tasting skin. […] Symptoms related to bowel function may include: Belly pain from severe constipation, Increased gas, bloating, or a belly that appears swollen (distended), Nausea and loss of appetite, Stools that are pale or clay-colored, foul smelling, have mucus, or that float, Weight loss, History of rectal prolapse. […] Symptoms related to the lungs and sinuses may include: Coughing or increased mucus in the sinuses or lungs, Fatigue, Nasal congestion caused by nasal polyps, Repeated episodes of pneumonia (symptoms of pneumonia in someone with cystic fibrosis include fever, increased coughing and shortness of breath, increased mucus, and loss of appetite), Sinus pain or pressure caused by infection or polyps.

• #58 Newborn screening information for cystic fibrosis | Baby’s First Test | Newborn Screening | Baby Health

  https://www.babysfirsttest.org/newborn-screening/conditions/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  Signs of cystic fibrosis (CF) usually start shortly after birth. Some signs may not appear right away. This is why identification through newborn screening is so important. […] Early signs of CF include: Salty sweat; many parents notice a salty taste when kissing their child, Poor growth and weight gain (failure to thrive), Constant coughing and wheezing, Thick mucus or phlegm, Greasy, smelly stools that are bulky and pale colored. […] At this time, the goal of treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) is to minimize the signs and symptoms of the condition. There is currently no cure available for CF. Although CF is a life-shortening condition, early identification and lifelong management allow many people with CF to live longer than ever before. […] Over time, children with CF often have chronic coughing and wheezing, repeat lung infections which can lead to permanent lung damage, digestive problems, poor growth and weight gain, malnutrition, and infertility (most common in males).

• #59 Cystic Fibrosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cf.html

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease in which the body makes very thick, sticky mucus. The mucus causes problems in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. […] People with cystic fibrosis (SIS-tik fye-BROH-sis) get lung infections often. Over time, they have more trouble breathing. They also have digestive problems that make it hard to gain weight. […] CF can cause symptoms soon after a baby is born. The first sign a baby might have cystic fibrosis is an intestinal blockage called meconium ileus. Other kids don’t have symptoms until later on. Cystic fibrosis can be mild or severe, depending on the person. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: lung infections or pneumonia, wheezing, coughing with thick mucus, bulky, greasy bowel movements, constipation or diarrhea, trouble gaining weight or poor height growth, very salty sweat.

• #60 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis symptoms can vary from person to person, depending on the severity of the disease. For example, one child with cystic fibrosis may have respiratory problems but not digestive problems, while another child may have both. In addition, the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis may vary with age. […] In some newborns, the first sign of cystic fibrosis may be that they have difficulty passing their first bowel movement (meconium). This occurs when the meconium becomes so thick that it can’t move through the intestines, sometimes causing a blockage. Parents may later notice their baby is not gaining weight or growing normally. The baby’s stools may be especially bulky, bad-smelling, and greasy due to poor digestion of fats. […] Other signs in newborns may include: Frequent lung (respiratory) infections, Coughing and wheezing, Salty-tasting sweat.

• #61 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis symptoms can vary from person to person, depending on the severity of the disease. For example, one child with cystic fibrosis may have respiratory problems but not digestive problems, while another child may have both. In addition, the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis may vary with age. […] In some newborns, the first sign of cystic fibrosis may be that they have difficulty passing their first bowel movement (meconium). This occurs when the meconium becomes so thick that it can’t move through the intestines, sometimes causing a blockage. Parents may later notice their baby is not gaining weight or growing normally. The baby’s stools may be especially bulky, bad-smelling, and greasy due to poor digestion of fats. […] Other signs in newborns may include: Frequent lung (respiratory) infections, Coughing and wheezing, Salty-tasting sweat.

• #62 Adult Cystic Fibrosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/lung-center/diseases-and-conditions/adult-cystic-fibrosis

  The following signs are suspicious of CF, and infants having these signs may be further tested for CF: Diarrhea that does not go away, Foul-smelling stools, Greasy stools, Frequent wheezing, Frequent pneumonia or other lung infections, Persistent cough, Skin that tastes like salt, Poor growth despite having a good appetite.

• #63 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Symptoms of lung disease can start in infancy, especially following upper respiratory viral infections. People with CF may experience a small but progressive (worsening) loss in lung function with every passing year, leading to increased symptoms as you age. Some children remain relatively healthy throughout childhood and only start to experience a decline in their lung function when they are teenagers. […] There is a wide range of severity in CF symptoms. Even within the same family, siblings can have different disease severity. Symptoms of CF can be classified into two main categories: respiratory and digestive. […] The most common symptoms of CF respiratory tract disease are: Chronic coughing (dry or coughing up mucus), Recurring chest colds, Wheezing or shortness of breath, Frequent sinus infections.

• #64 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  People with cystic fibrosis tend to have two to five times the normal amount of salt (sodium chloride) in their sweat. […] Pediatric cystic fibrosis may also have many of these symptoms. Growth delays often continue, and kids with cystic fibrosis tend to be significantly smaller than others their age. They may experience shortness of breath and have difficulty with exercise. Persistent coughing or wheezing is another possible symptom, especially when accompanied by frequent chest and sinus infections with recurring pneumonia or bronchitis. A child may have very thick phlegm (sputum). […] Some people with cystic fibrosis develop growths (polyps) in their nasal passages. They may experience severe or chronic sinusitis, which is inflammation of the sinuses. Their pancreas may become inflamed too; this condition is known as pancreatitis. Clubbing (enlargement or rounding) of the fingertips and toes eventually occurs in most people with cystic fibrosis, as well.

• #65 About Cystic Fibrosis | Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

  https://www.cff.org/intro-cf/about-cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis is a progressive, genetic disease that affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. […] In the lungs, the mucus clogs the airways and traps germs, like bacteria, leading to infections, inflammation, respiratory failure, and other complications. […] In the pancreas, the buildup of mucus prevents the release of digestive enzymes that help the body absorb food and key nutrients, resulting in malnutrition and poor growth. […] People with CF can have a variety of symptoms, including: Very salty-tasting skin, Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm, Frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis, Wheezing or shortness of breath, Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite, Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements, Nasal polyps, Chronic sinus infections, Clubbing or enlargement of the fingertips and toes, Rectal prolapse, Male infertility.

• #66 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  People with cystic fibrosis tend to have two to five times the normal amount of salt (sodium chloride) in their sweat. […] Pediatric cystic fibrosis may also have many of these symptoms. Growth delays often continue, and kids with cystic fibrosis tend to be significantly smaller than others their age. They may experience shortness of breath and have difficulty with exercise. Persistent coughing or wheezing is another possible symptom, especially when accompanied by frequent chest and sinus infections with recurring pneumonia or bronchitis. A child may have very thick phlegm (sputum). […] Some people with cystic fibrosis develop growths (polyps) in their nasal passages. They may experience severe or chronic sinusitis, which is inflammation of the sinuses. Their pancreas may become inflamed too; this condition is known as pancreatitis. Clubbing (enlargement or rounding) of the fingertips and toes eventually occurs in most people with cystic fibrosis, as well.

• #67 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Symptoms of lung disease can start in infancy, especially following upper respiratory viral infections. People with CF may experience a small but progressive (worsening) loss in lung function with every passing year, leading to increased symptoms as you age. Some children remain relatively healthy throughout childhood and only start to experience a decline in their lung function when they are teenagers. […] There is a wide range of severity in CF symptoms. Even within the same family, siblings can have different disease severity. Symptoms of CF can be classified into two main categories: respiratory and digestive. […] The most common symptoms of CF respiratory tract disease are: Chronic coughing (dry or coughing up mucus), Recurring chest colds, Wheezing or shortness of breath, Frequent sinus infections.

• #68 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) symptoms can develop soon after birth and may include salty-tasting skin, greasy and bulky stools, chronic breathing problems, and poor growth. […] Over time, the ongoing obstruction of air passages and buildup of mucus can lead to recurrent infections, irreversible lung damage, and other serious complications such as malnutrition, diabetes, and more. […] As a progressive disease, cystic fibrosis needs to be treated early to preserve lung function and reduce the inflammatory burden on the body. […] Many children today are diagnosed with cystic fibrosis before symptoms appear. […] Among the more common early symptoms of CF: […] Chronic respiratory problems, including wheezing, cough, and colored sputum, are common in children with CF but may vary in severity. […] Lung infections can also develop as the accumulation of mucus in the lungs provides the ideal breeding ground for bacteria and other microorganisms.

• #69 Cystic Fibrosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cf.html

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease in which the body makes very thick, sticky mucus. The mucus causes problems in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. […] People with cystic fibrosis (SIS-tik fye-BROH-sis) get lung infections often. Over time, they have more trouble breathing. They also have digestive problems that make it hard to gain weight. […] CF can cause symptoms soon after a baby is born. The first sign a baby might have cystic fibrosis is an intestinal blockage called meconium ileus. Other kids don’t have symptoms until later on. Cystic fibrosis can be mild or severe, depending on the person. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: lung infections or pneumonia, wheezing, coughing with thick mucus, bulky, greasy bowel movements, constipation or diarrhea, trouble gaining weight or poor height growth, very salty sweat.

• #70 Cystic Fibrosis in Children | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis is a lifelong disease that affects the respiratory, endocrine, reproductive and digestive systems. About 35,000 children and adults in the United States have CF. This disease is caused by a defective gene that makes the body produce very thick, sticky mucus. This mucus: […] People with CF can have a variety of symptoms, including: […] Salty-tasting skin […] Daily cough, at times with mucus […] Lung infections […] Shortness of breath […] Poor growth or slow weight gain even with a good appetite […] Frequent greasy, bulky, foul-smelling stools or trouble having a bowel movement.

• #71 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  People with cystic fibrosis tend to have two to five times the normal amount of salt (sodium chloride) in their sweat. […] Pediatric cystic fibrosis may also have many of these symptoms. Growth delays often continue, and kids with cystic fibrosis tend to be significantly smaller than others their age. They may experience shortness of breath and have difficulty with exercise. Persistent coughing or wheezing is another possible symptom, especially when accompanied by frequent chest and sinus infections with recurring pneumonia or bronchitis. A child may have very thick phlegm (sputum). […] Some people with cystic fibrosis develop growths (polyps) in their nasal passages. They may experience severe or chronic sinusitis, which is inflammation of the sinuses. Their pancreas may become inflamed too; this condition is known as pancreatitis. Clubbing (enlargement or rounding) of the fingertips and toes eventually occurs in most people with cystic fibrosis, as well.

• #72 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Most people who have cystic fibrosis have symptoms. Symptoms depend on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Some people have few or no symptoms, while others experience severe symptoms or life-threatening complications. Symptoms can get better or worse at different times. […] Cystic fibrosis most often affects the lungs. Some people who have cystic fibrosis have wheezing and a cough that can produce mucus or blood. […] Other symptoms depend on the organs affected and can include: Blocked intestine in a baby soon after birth, Clubbing of fingers and toes due to less oxygen reaching the hands and feet, Delayed puberty, Fertility problems, especially for males, Fever, which may include night sweats, Gastrointestinal symptoms such as severe belly pain, chronic (long-term) diarrhea, or constipation, Infections of sinuses and lungs, Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, for an abnormally long time after birth, Low body mass index (BMI) or being underweight, Muscle and joint pain, Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Salty skin and extra-salty sweat, Slow growth and shorter height.

• #73 Cystic Fibrosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cf.html

  Some kids also might have nasal polyps (small growths of tissue inside the nose), frequent sinus infections, and tiredness. […] Thick mucus can trap bacteria in the lungs, leading to infection, inflammation, and breathing problems. Mucus also can block the path where digestive enzymes flow between the pancreas and the intestines. This makes it hard for a child to digest food and get the vitamins and nutrients they need from it. […] Thick mucus can also affect the liver, the sweat glands, and the reproductive organs.

• #74 Cystic Fibrosis (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cystic-fibrosis.html

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease in which the body makes very thick, sticky mucus. The mucus causes problems in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. […] People with cystic fibrosis (pronounced: SIS-tik fye-BROH-sis) get lung infections often. Over time, they have more trouble breathing. They also have digestive problems that make it hard to gain weight. […] Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: lung infections or pneumonia, wheezing, coughing with thick mucus (pronounced: MYOO-kus), bulky, greasy bowel movements, constipation or diarrhea, trouble gaining weight or poor height growth, very salty sweat. […] Some people also might have nasal polyps (small growths of tissue inside the nose), frequent sinus infections, and tiredness. […] Thick mucus can trap bacteria in the lungs, leading to infection, inflammation, and breathing problems. Mucus also can block the path where digestive enzymes flow between the pancreas and the intestines. This makes it hard for a teen to digest food and get the vitamins and nutrients they need from it. […] Thick mucus can also affect the liver, the sweat glands, and the reproductive organs.

• #75 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis symptoms include: […] Trouble breathing. […] Frequent lung infections (recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis). […] Frequent wheezing. […] A nagging cough. […] Failure to thrive (inability to gain weight despite having a good appetite and taking in enough calories). […] People with atypical cystic fibrosis may have some of the same symptoms as those with classic CF. Over time, you also might experience: […] Chronic sinusitis. […] Unintended weight loss. […] Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that you’re born with. People who have CF inherit two mutated CFTR genes, one from each biological parent (it’s inherited in an autosomal recessive manner). […] Yes, cystic fibrosis can be life-threatening. Lung damage from thick mucus and frequent lung infections is the most common cause of death.

• #76 Cystic Fibrosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493206/

  The median age of diagnosis is 6 to 8 months, although individuals may not exhibit clinical signs and symptoms until later. […] Adults with cystic fibrosis often present with exacerbations of 1 or more symptoms in multiple organ systems, including lung manifestations: chronic bronchitis, abnormal pulmonary function tests, bronchiectasis, atypical asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and colonization with P aeruginosa. […] Pulmonary disease is the most common cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis.

• #77 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Potentially irreversible damage as early as 2 years of age; eventually pulmonary insufficiency is responsible for ~80% of CF-related deaths. […] CF can affect both the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. Pancreatic insufficiency may begin at birth. As early as in utero, acinar cells are obstructed with loss of tissue in infanthood. Pancreatic insufficiency; up to 71% of patients with CF are pancreatic insufficient at birth. By 1 year of age, the percent of patients with pancreatic insufficiency rises to approximately 90%. […] Over time, the healthy tissue in the pancreas may be replaced with adipose cells, and only some islet cells and pancreatic ducts may remain. Up to 40%-50% of adults have CF-related diabetes. […] CFTR protein dysfunctions can cause altered liver secretions, which can result in changed bile viscosity, and the subsequent blockage of bile ducts. Potential abnormalities in liver function tests. Decreased bile flow, increased bile precipitation, and changes in bile viscosity may lead to accumulation of toxic bile acids and bile duct blockage. Bile duct blockage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis around the bile ducts.

• #78 Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Symptoms | National Jewish Health

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/cf/symptoms

  Cystic fibrosis is a progressive disease that involves a number of different organs. Symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary, depending age and disease severity. The severity of disease is largely determined by the specific CFTR mutations. Disease severity can also be related to the type of infections that are present in the airways and several modifier genes, which can cause CF symptoms. […] People with CF can have a variety of symptoms, including: Very salty-tasting skin, Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm, Frequent lung infections, including pneumonia or bronchitis, Wheezing or shortness of breath, Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite, Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements, Male infertility. […] Adults with cystic fibrosis may also develop: Diabetes blood sugar that is too high, Osteoporosis weakened bones, Clubbing rounded and enlarged ends of the toes and fingers.

• #79 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  The mucus can also block parts of the digestive system, which can affect how food travels through the gut and how it’s broken down or absorbed. This can cause: a serious bowel obstruction in the first few days of life (meconium ileus) this will often need an operation to remove the blockage, jaundice, diarrhoea or large, smelly stools, problems putting on weight and growing this can occur because the body struggles to digest and absorb nutrients (malnutrition), diabetes from late childhood or early adulthood this can develop if the pancreas becomes severely damaged. […] People with cystic fibrosis can also experience a number of other problems, including: sinusitis, nasal polyps, thin, weakened bones (osteoporosis) this can occur as a result of repeated infections, poor growth, lack of physical activity and malnutrition, swelling and pain in the joints (arthritis or arthralgia) from late childhood, difficulty conceiving children most men with cystic fibrosis are unable to have children naturally (although some fertility treatments may still work) because the tubes that carry sperm don’t develop correctly; women can become pregnant, however, liver problems caused by the tiny bile ducts in the liver becoming blocked by mucus, leaking of small amounts of urine, particularly during coughing fits (stress incontinence).

• #80 Adult CF: Understanding Cystic Fibrosis | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/adult-cf-understanding-cystic-fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic, genetic disorder. There is no cure for CF. It gets worse over time. […] CF may affect many systems in the body. These include those for breathing, digestion, and reproduction. So the disease can cause a lot of different symptoms. The symptoms can range from mild to severe. They often get worse over time. […] These are some of the most common respiratory symptoms: Thick mucus in lungs, Frequent coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath, Coughing of thick, sometimes bloody mucus, Chronic lung or sinus infections, Fleshy growths in the nose (nasal polyps). […] Some common digestive symptoms are: Intestinal blockages. These are found in babies soon after birth, Chronic diarrhea with greasy, foul-smelling, large stools, Belly (abdominal) cramping or pain, Being underweight, Swelling (inflammation) in the pancreas (pancreatitis). […] You may also have these other symptoms: Salty skin, Enlarged ends of fingers and toes (clubbing), Problems getting pregnant (infertility). […] People with CF also tend to develop health problems, such as diabetes, liver disease, and osteoporosis.

• #81 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  Over time, scarring in the pancreas, caused by thick digestive fluids, can damage the cells that produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is essential to regulating blood sugar. […] Some people with CF can develop CFRD, a form of diabetes seen in people with CF. CFRD is when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin. When acutely ill, the body may not properly use the insulin it does produce. As a result, blood sugar levels will increase. […] CFRD is a serious condition. The symptoms are often similar to CF or are not noticeable. If CFRD is left untreated, CF symptoms can worsen and the effects of chronic high blood sugar can lead to: Reduced ability to fight infection, Muscle loss, Weight loss, Liver disease, Nerve problems, Complications in the kidneys, Decline in vision. […] Liver disease is considered to be one of the most serious health risks associated with CF. People with CF have thicker bile, and as a result, the tubes that drain bile—bile ducts—can become blocked. This often leads to irritation or inflammation in the liver.

• #82 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cystic-fibrosis-leaflet

  In people with cystic fibrosis, thickened secretions block the normal flow of the digestive juices from the pancreas. This can result in food not being digested or absorbed properly – in particular, fatty foods and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K). […] About 1 in 10 children with cystic fibrosis are diagnosed shortly after birth. This is due to a condition called meconium ileus where in some cases the gut becomes blocked with meconium. […] Other organs may be affected which may cause various other problems in some cases. Also, the pancreas and airways may become severely affected. Therefore, other problems which may also occur in some cases include: Repeated sinus infections. Growths (polyps) forming in the nose. Infertility (especially in males, as the tubes which carry the sperm can become blocked). Damage to the liver, which may lead to 'scarring’ of the liver (cirrhosis). Liver damage occurs in about 1 in 12 cases (if the small ducts in the liver become blocked or damaged). Diabetes. (Special cells in the pancreas make insulin. If the pancreas becomes severely damaged over time then insulin levels go down and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes may develop.) This is rare in children but is more common in adults who have had cystic fibrosis.

• #83 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  About 10% to 20% of people with CF develop liver disease, which includes cirrhosis, a buildup of fat in the liver, hepatitis, and other complications. […] Care teams regularly monitor liver function in people with CF to check for CF progression in the liver because there are often no symptoms until the damage reaches an advanced stage. […] Both CFRD and cirrhosis are serious complications of CF. […] Scarring in the pancreas and the liver, caused by thick digestive fluids over time, can lead to serious complications such as CFRD and cirrhosis, respectively. […] For people with CF, different factors contribute to low bone density, a condition where bones become less dense and are not as strong as they should be. […] Up to 26% of adults with CF may have low bone density. […] CF does not directly affect the kidneys, however, about 2% of people with CF between the ages of 25 and 35 have chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Although CF does not directly impact hearing, medications and treatments that are extremely important for people with CF can damage hearing over time. Hearing loss is common in people with CF who have been exposed to certain medications such as aminoglycosides for an extended period of time.

• #84 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, Tests and Diagnosis | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pulmonary/treatment/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-and-diagnosis

  Depending on the organs affected, other symptoms may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin), gallstones and pancreatitis. […] Thick mucus builds up in the lungs, making breathing harder and causing frequent infections. Over time, this can damage the airways and lead to respiratory failure, where the lungs cant provide enough oxygen. […] The thick mucus also blocks the pancreas, preventing the release of enzymes, and making it hard to digest food and absorb nutrients. This can lead to malnutrition, poor growth and problems like bowel obstructions. CF can also lead to diabetes as scarring in the pancreas causes it to lose its ability to produce insulin. […] CF can cause weak bones, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. […] Most men who are living with CF are infertile due to blockages in the reproductive tract. The sperm never makes it to the semen, making it impossible to fertilize an egg during sex. However, many can still have biological children with the help of assisted reproductive technology (ART). […] While there is no cure for cystic fibrosis, people now live longer, healthier lives. This is why early diagnosis and treatment are so important.

• #85 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Symptoms include: Chest pain, Chronic cough, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Sinusitis, Coughing up blood, Chronic fatigue, Inability to exercise, Weight loss. […] The accumulation of mucus can also affect the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes. […] Beyond its effect on digestion, the obstruction of enzyme secretions can trigger the painful inflammation of the pancreas, known as pancreatitis. […] Symptoms include: Sudden and severe abdominal pain, Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea and vomiting, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss. […] Over time, the pancreatic ducts can become completely blocked, resulting in extensive scarring of the organ tissue. […] In addition to the pancreatic complications, a bowel obstruction can sometimes occur, either as the result of thicker and stickier stools or intussusception.

• #86 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren’t typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.

• #87 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Most people who have cystic fibrosis have symptoms. Symptoms depend on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Some people have few or no symptoms, while others experience severe symptoms or life-threatening complications. Symptoms can get better or worse at different times. […] Cystic fibrosis most often affects the lungs. Some people who have cystic fibrosis have wheezing and a cough that can produce mucus or blood. […] Other symptoms depend on the organs affected and can include: Blocked intestine in a baby soon after birth, Clubbing of fingers and toes due to less oxygen reaching the hands and feet, Delayed puberty, Fertility problems, especially for males, Fever, which may include night sweats, Gastrointestinal symptoms such as severe belly pain, chronic (long-term) diarrhea, or constipation, Infections of sinuses and lungs, Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, for an abnormally long time after birth, Low body mass index (BMI) or being underweight, Muscle and joint pain, Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Salty skin and extra-salty sweat, Slow growth and shorter height.

• #88 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, Tests and Diagnosis | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pulmonary/treatment/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-and-diagnosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lifelong genetic condition that affects many parts of the body, especially the lungs and digestive system. It causes thick, sticky mucus to build up, making it harder to breathe and digest food. […] CF can look different for everyone. Some people have mild symptoms, while others have more severe issues or life-threatening complications. […] Signs of cystic fibrosis often start within the first year of life. But some children may not show symptoms until later. […] Common signs of cystic fibrosis include: Salty-tasting skin: A babys skin tastes salty when kissed. Meconium ileus: In some newborns, CF may cause problems passing the first poop (meconium) within the first 24 to 48 hours of life. Poor weight gain and growth: Despite eating well, some children with cystic fibrosis may struggle to gain weight or grow as expected. Long-term lung symptoms: Thick mucus in the lungs can cause wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. Coughs may be dry or bring up mucus or blood. Frequent lung infections: These can include bronchitis and pneumonia. Greasy, bulky poop: These may be hard to flush and smell bad. Stomach issues: People with CF may have gas, bloating and constipation. Chronic sinus infections: A stuffy nose or lots of sputum (saliva and mucus) are symptoms of sinus infections. Nasal polyps: Soft, teardrop-shaped growths may form on the lining of the nose or sinuses. Clubbing: The tips of the fingers and toes may become rounder and wider over time. Muscle and joint pain: Some people with CF may experience joint pain and swelling.

• #89 Atypical cystic fibrosis: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atypical-cystic-fibrosis

  Atypical CF symptoms tend to be milder, and people may not know they have the condition until adulthood. […] A person with atypical CF may experience respiratory symptoms that are milder than those of typical CF. These can include: chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, respiratory infections, recurring bouts of pneumonia, progressive obstruction, which doctors may diagnose as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Atypical CF can cause fluctuating symptoms that are typically less severe than those of typical CF. The organs that atypical CF affects can also vary from person to person. […] Atypical CF is a milder form of CF. Symptoms can vary from person to person and can lead to misdiagnosis because they are similar to those of other conditions. […] A person with atypical CF may not realize they have the condition until later in life. People typically receive the diagnosis in adulthood. […] Receiving an accurate diagnosis and starting treatment as early as possible can help a person manage symptoms and experience the best possible outlook for the condition.

• #90 Atypical Cystic Fibrosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis/atypical-cystic-fibrosis

  Atypical cystic fibrosis is a mild form of cystic fibrosis. People with this type of cystic fibrosis can experience symptoms that come and go or that are less severe than those people with classic cystic fibrosis experience. […] Atypical cystic fibrosis causes many of the same symptoms as classic cystic fibrosis. However, they might be mild or occur less often. These symptoms may include: chronic coughing, trouble breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, slow growth, dehydration, low appetite, unintentional weight loss, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, pancreatitis, diarrhea. […] Atypical cystic fibrosis is a mild form of cystic fibrosis. It causes many of the same symptoms as classic cystic fibrosis, including chronic cough and recurrent infections. However, people with atypical cystic fibrosis might experience milder versions of these symptoms or symptoms that come and go. Treatment can help manage atypical cystic fibrosis.

• #91 Atypical cystic fibrosis: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atypical-cystic-fibrosis

  Atypical CF symptoms tend to be milder, and people may not know they have the condition until adulthood. […] A person with atypical CF may experience respiratory symptoms that are milder than those of typical CF. These can include: chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, respiratory infections, recurring bouts of pneumonia, progressive obstruction, which doctors may diagnose as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Atypical CF can cause fluctuating symptoms that are typically less severe than those of typical CF. The organs that atypical CF affects can also vary from person to person. […] Atypical CF is a milder form of CF. Symptoms can vary from person to person and can lead to misdiagnosis because they are similar to those of other conditions. […] A person with atypical CF may not realize they have the condition until later in life. People typically receive the diagnosis in adulthood. […] Receiving an accurate diagnosis and starting treatment as early as possible can help a person manage symptoms and experience the best possible outlook for the condition.

• #92 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren’t typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.

• #93 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren’t typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.

• #94 Cystic fibrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000107.htm

  Symptoms that may be noticed later in life: Infertility (in men), Repeated inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Respiratory symptoms, Clubbed fingers. […] Most children with CF stay in good health until they reach adulthood. They are able to take part in most activities and attend school. Many young adults with CF finish college or find jobs. […] Lung disease eventually worsens to the point where the person is disabled. Today, the average life span for people with CF who live to adulthood is about 44 years. […] Death is most often caused by lung complications.

• #95 Atypical cystic fibrosis: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atypical-cystic-fibrosis

  Atypical CF symptoms tend to be milder, and people may not know they have the condition until adulthood. […] A person with atypical CF may experience respiratory symptoms that are milder than those of typical CF. These can include: chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, respiratory infections, recurring bouts of pneumonia, progressive obstruction, which doctors may diagnose as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Atypical CF can cause fluctuating symptoms that are typically less severe than those of typical CF. The organs that atypical CF affects can also vary from person to person. […] Atypical CF is a milder form of CF. Symptoms can vary from person to person and can lead to misdiagnosis because they are similar to those of other conditions. […] A person with atypical CF may not realize they have the condition until later in life. People typically receive the diagnosis in adulthood. […] Receiving an accurate diagnosis and starting treatment as early as possible can help a person manage symptoms and experience the best possible outlook for the condition.

• #96 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood. […] People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren’t typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia. […] People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.

• #97 Atypical cystic fibrosis: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atypical-cystic-fibrosis

  Atypical CF symptoms tend to be milder, and people may not know they have the condition until adulthood. […] A person with atypical CF may experience respiratory symptoms that are milder than those of typical CF. These can include: chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, respiratory infections, recurring bouts of pneumonia, progressive obstruction, which doctors may diagnose as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Atypical CF can cause fluctuating symptoms that are typically less severe than those of typical CF. The organs that atypical CF affects can also vary from person to person. […] Atypical CF is a milder form of CF. Symptoms can vary from person to person and can lead to misdiagnosis because they are similar to those of other conditions. […] A person with atypical CF may not realize they have the condition until later in life. People typically receive the diagnosis in adulthood. […] Receiving an accurate diagnosis and starting treatment as early as possible can help a person manage symptoms and experience the best possible outlook for the condition.

• #98 Cystic Fibrosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493206/

  The median age of diagnosis is 6 to 8 months, although individuals may not exhibit clinical signs and symptoms until later. […] Adults with cystic fibrosis often present with exacerbations of 1 or more symptoms in multiple organ systems, including lung manifestations: chronic bronchitis, abnormal pulmonary function tests, bronchiectasis, atypical asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and colonization with P aeruginosa. […] Pulmonary disease is the most common cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis.

• #99 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) symptoms can develop soon after birth and may include salty-tasting skin, greasy and bulky stools, chronic breathing problems, and poor growth. […] Over time, the ongoing obstruction of air passages and buildup of mucus can lead to recurrent infections, irreversible lung damage, and other serious complications such as malnutrition, diabetes, and more. […] As a progressive disease, cystic fibrosis needs to be treated early to preserve lung function and reduce the inflammatory burden on the body. […] Many children today are diagnosed with cystic fibrosis before symptoms appear. […] Among the more common early symptoms of CF: […] Chronic respiratory problems, including wheezing, cough, and colored sputum, are common in children with CF but may vary in severity. […] Lung infections can also develop as the accumulation of mucus in the lungs provides the ideal breeding ground for bacteria and other microorganisms.

• #100 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive and multisystemic disease. For many individuals with CF, symptoms manifest early in life, with certain signs appearing in utero. Additionally, certain organ damage, including lungs, liver, or pancreas, can occur before symptoms, and continue to progress over time. These complications vary between patients. As a result, patients with CF may require complete care from multidisciplinary teams as their complications change over time. […] In a patient with CF, CFTR protein dysfunction causes lung disease that begins early and progresses throughout their lifetime. […] Inflammation may occur as early as in utero and into infancy, with the possibility of mucus plugging and bronchiectasis. Airway inflammation, lung structure and lung function may progress throughout childhood. Lower airway inflammation and worsening airway abnormalities including established bronchiectasis may occur, driven by the inflammation in the lungs. Airway destruction and complications, including bacterial infections, bronchiectasis with hemoptysis, and pneumothorax, may occur and may lead to progressive respiratory failure, often requiring lung transplant.

• #101 Cystic Fibrosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493206/

  The median age of diagnosis is 6 to 8 months, although individuals may not exhibit clinical signs and symptoms until later. […] Adults with cystic fibrosis often present with exacerbations of 1 or more symptoms in multiple organ systems, including lung manifestations: chronic bronchitis, abnormal pulmonary function tests, bronchiectasis, atypical asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and colonization with P aeruginosa. […] Pulmonary disease is the most common cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis.

• #102 Cystic Fibrosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001602-overview

  The primary goals of CF treatment include the following: Maintaining lung function as near to normal as possible by controlling respiratory infection and clearing airways of mucus; Administering nutritional therapy (ie, enzyme supplements, multivitamin and mineral supplements) to maintain adequate growth; Managing complications. […] Severity of pulmonary disease determines prognosis and ultimate outcome. Pulmonary involvement is progressive: beginning as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and then bronchiectasis, pulmonary involvement leads to cor pulmonale and end-stage lung disease. Cause of death is generally respiratory failure and cor pulmonale.

• #103 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) feels a little different for everyone, but everyone experiences progression of CF over time, whether they feel it or not. Progression can occur when the thick mucus building up throughout the body causes inflammation and scarring in many different organs, leading to permanent damage. This damage is often present before it can even be detected by tests, so it’s important to stay proactive in managing CF. […] Beginning early, the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs results in a cycle of infection, inflammation, and more mucus buildup. Pulmonary exacerbations are often a key part of this cycle. […] This is especially serious because a pulmonary exacerbation means more than just a hospital stay or an extra round of antibiotics. It may cause permanent lung damage that advances disease progression.

• #104 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Cystic fibrosis may have serious complications. Call your doctor right away if you believe you have any of the following: Pulmonary exacerbation involves a worsening of lung symptoms, such as more coughing or wheezing, chest congestion, and a change in mucus color. You may also have weight loss, a poor appetite, or fever. Coughing or spitting up blood may be a sign that an artery has broken and is bleeding into the airway. Sudden shortness of breath or chest pain may be a sign of a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.

• #105 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  It’s important to promptly treat pulmonary exacerbations to prevent and slow down the progression of bronchiectasis, a permanent reshaping of the airways that causes them to become loose and scarred. […] Bronchiectasis eventually affects almost all people with CF and can make it harder to clear mucus from the lungs and move air in and out of the airways. As it worsens, the lungs become more damaged, leading to a loss of lung function. […] If left untreated, this cycle of infection and inflammation causes bronchiectasis, and can result in a permanent loss of lung function. […] In CF, permanent lung damage may occur even before it can be detected by lung function tests. […] Starting from a young age, people with CF may experience a lung function decline of 1 to 3 percentage points each year on average.

• #106 Cystic fibrosis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cystic-fibrosis/

  Symptoms of cystic fibrosis tend to start in early childhood, although they can sometimes develop very soon after birth, or may not be obvious until adulthood. […] Some of the main symptoms of cystic fibrosis can include: recurring chest infections, difficulty putting on weight, frequent, wet-sounding coughs, diarrhoea, occasional wheezing and shortness of breath. […] Cystic fibrosis can cause a range of problems. The lungs and digestive system are the main areas that are affected. […] Symptoms tend to start in early childhood, but sometimes they can develop soon after birth and very occasionally they may not be obvious until adulthood. […] Cystic fibrosis can cause sticky mucus to clog the lungs and airways. This can cause: recurring chest infections these occur because mucus in the lungs is an ideal breeding ground for bacteria, persistent inflammation of the airways, which can cause them to become abnormally widened (bronchiectasis), increased coughing, occasional wheezing and shortness of breath. Over time, the lungs can become increasingly damaged and may eventually stop working properly.

• #107 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Poor growth and weight loss are directly associated with the lack of digestive enzymes (their production can be blocked by the buildup of mucus). […] The later-stage symptoms of cystic fibrosis are less associated with the disease and more with the damage it has inflicted on organs of the body. […] When the lungs are clogged with mucus, they can incur damage due to infection, obstruction, and inflammation. […] People with CF often get recurrent infections which can cause permanent scarring in their lungs. […] The accumulation of mucus in the air passages can increase the blood pressure in the lungs, referred to as pulmonary hypertension. […] The accumulative damage can lead to a condition known as bronchiectasis, in which damaged lung tissue makes it all the harder to clear mucus.

• #108 Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis

  Many children today are diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) before they have any symptoms. CF symptoms vary for each child. Babies born with CF often show symptoms in the first year. But some children may not show symptoms until later in life. The symptoms below may indicate CF, and babies with these symptoms may be tested for this condition: Salty skin […] Long-term (chronic) lung symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and thick material coughed up from the lungs (sputum) that is sometimes bloody […] Frequent lung infections (pneumonia) […] Poor weight gain and growth […] Chronic sinus infection […] Other symptoms and health problems may occur in some children with CF. These include: Nasal polyps or an abnormal growth out of the mucus membranes of the nose […] Clubbing of fingers and toes. This means widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers and toes. It’s caused by not enough oxygen in the blood […] Collapsed lung or pneumothorax, caused by air or gas leaking into the area around the lungs […] Coughing up blood […] Right-sided heart failure caused by long-term high blood pressure in the lung arteries […] Belly pain […] Liver disease […] Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).

• #109 Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-cystic-fibrosis

  Respiratory failure. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death from CF. Over time, the disease can damage lung tissue so badly that it no longer works. Lung function gradually worsens until the condition becomes life-threatening. […] If your lung function declines to a certain level, your CF care team may speak with you about the possibility of lung transplantation surgery, which can be lifesaving.

• #110 Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/cystic-fibrosis/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  As the disease progresses, lung infection becomes a major concern. Recurring lung infections gradually destroy the lungs. […] The severity of cystic fibrosis varies greatly from person to person regardless of age. The severity is determined largely by how much the lungs are affected. […] However, deterioration is inevitable, leading to loss of lung function and eventually death. People with cystic fibrosis usually die of respiratory failure after many years of deteriorating lung function.

• #111 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Cystic fibrosis may have serious complications. Call your doctor right away if you believe you have any of the following: Pulmonary exacerbation involves a worsening of lung symptoms, such as more coughing or wheezing, chest congestion, and a change in mucus color. You may also have weight loss, a poor appetite, or fever. Coughing or spitting up blood may be a sign that an artery has broken and is bleeding into the airway. Sudden shortness of breath or chest pain may be a sign of a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.

• #112 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Symptoms include: Chest pain, Chronic cough, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Sinusitis, Coughing up blood, Chronic fatigue, Inability to exercise, Weight loss. […] The accumulation of mucus can also affect the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes. […] Beyond its effect on digestion, the obstruction of enzyme secretions can trigger the painful inflammation of the pancreas, known as pancreatitis. […] Symptoms include: Sudden and severe abdominal pain, Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea and vomiting, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss. […] Over time, the pancreatic ducts can become completely blocked, resulting in extensive scarring of the organ tissue. […] In addition to the pancreatic complications, a bowel obstruction can sometimes occur, either as the result of thicker and stickier stools or intussusception.

• #113 Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-90-P02937

  Collapsed lung (pneumothorax), caused by air or gas leaking into the area around the lungs […] Coughing up blood […] Right-sided heart failure caused by long-term high blood pressure in the lung arteries […] Belly pain […] Gas in the intestines […] Part of the rectum sticks out through the anus (rectal prolapse) […] Liver disease […] Diabetes […] Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). This organ creates many hormones and enzymes the body needs to work correctly […] Gallstones […] Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in males. This is the tube that carries sperm from the testicle to the urethra. CF symptoms vary for each child. Babies born with CF often show symptoms in the first year. But some children may not show symptoms until later in life. The symptoms below may indicate CF, and babies with these symptoms may be tested for CF: Diarrhea that doesnt go away

• #114 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms

  Cystic fibrosis may have serious complications. Call your doctor right away if you believe you have any of the following: Pulmonary exacerbation involves a worsening of lung symptoms, such as more coughing or wheezing, chest congestion, and a change in mucus color. You may also have weight loss, a poor appetite, or fever. Coughing or spitting up blood may be a sign that an artery has broken and is bleeding into the airway. Sudden shortness of breath or chest pain may be a sign of a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.

• #115 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Potentially irreversible damage as early as 2 years of age; eventually pulmonary insufficiency is responsible for ~80% of CF-related deaths. […] CF can affect both the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. Pancreatic insufficiency may begin at birth. As early as in utero, acinar cells are obstructed with loss of tissue in infanthood. Pancreatic insufficiency; up to 71% of patients with CF are pancreatic insufficient at birth. By 1 year of age, the percent of patients with pancreatic insufficiency rises to approximately 90%. […] Over time, the healthy tissue in the pancreas may be replaced with adipose cells, and only some islet cells and pancreatic ducts may remain. Up to 40%-50% of adults have CF-related diabetes. […] CFTR protein dysfunctions can cause altered liver secretions, which can result in changed bile viscosity, and the subsequent blockage of bile ducts. Potential abnormalities in liver function tests. Decreased bile flow, increased bile precipitation, and changes in bile viscosity may lead to accumulation of toxic bile acids and bile duct blockage. Bile duct blockage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis around the bile ducts.

• #116 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Extensive liver damage may occur due to biliary cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis, or portal hypertension. […] CFTR protein dysfunction causes gastrointestinal complications, and symptoms can occur throughout a patient with CF’s lifetime. Abnormal secretions result in an acidic environment in the ileum, causing thick mucus and meconium to block the small intestine. Up to 20% of newborns with CF have gastrointestinal problems, such as meconium ileus, within the first days of life. Lack of digestive enzymes in the intestines (caused by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) leads to risk of malnutrition if diet is not actively managed. Decreased motility, prolonged gut transit, and fat malabsorption, among other factors, may lead to chronic constipation. Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) may occur in 15% of all patients with CF.

• #117 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive and multisystemic disease. For many individuals with CF, symptoms manifest early in life, with certain signs appearing in utero. Additionally, certain organ damage, including lungs, liver, or pancreas, can occur before symptoms, and continue to progress over time. These complications vary between patients. As a result, patients with CF may require complete care from multidisciplinary teams as their complications change over time. […] In a patient with CF, CFTR protein dysfunction causes lung disease that begins early and progresses throughout their lifetime. […] Inflammation may occur as early as in utero and into infancy, with the possibility of mucus plugging and bronchiectasis. Airway inflammation, lung structure and lung function may progress throughout childhood. Lower airway inflammation and worsening airway abnormalities including established bronchiectasis may occur, driven by the inflammation in the lungs. Airway destruction and complications, including bacterial infections, bronchiectasis with hemoptysis, and pneumothorax, may occur and may lead to progressive respiratory failure, often requiring lung transplant.

• #118 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) impacts other parts of the body as well. This can be caused by the progression of the disease or the effects of necessary medicines used to treat it. Keep in mind that everyone with CF experiences progression but not everyone’s CF progresses in the same way. […] As CF progresses, it can limit the pancreas’ ability to do these jobs. […] In people with CF, thick fluids block small tubes in the pancreas called ducts. This blockage makes it harder for the enzymes to reach the small intestine where they help digest food. Not having a sufficient amount of these digestive enzymes in the small intestine is called pancreatic insufficiency. […] 85% to 90% of people with CF have pancreatic insufficiency (PI), which is common even at a young age. […] The small group of patients that remain pancreatic sufficient may experience a condition called pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, and it can result in severe symptoms such as abdomen and back pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, rapid pulse, and weight loss.

• #119 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) impacts other parts of the body as well. This can be caused by the progression of the disease or the effects of necessary medicines used to treat it. Keep in mind that everyone with CF experiences progression but not everyone’s CF progresses in the same way. […] As CF progresses, it can limit the pancreas’ ability to do these jobs. […] In people with CF, thick fluids block small tubes in the pancreas called ducts. This blockage makes it harder for the enzymes to reach the small intestine where they help digest food. Not having a sufficient amount of these digestive enzymes in the small intestine is called pancreatic insufficiency. […] 85% to 90% of people with CF have pancreatic insufficiency (PI), which is common even at a young age. […] The small group of patients that remain pancreatic sufficient may experience a condition called pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, and it can result in severe symptoms such as abdomen and back pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, rapid pulse, and weight loss.

• #120 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Symptoms include: Chest pain, Chronic cough, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Sinusitis, Coughing up blood, Chronic fatigue, Inability to exercise, Weight loss. […] The accumulation of mucus can also affect the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes. […] Beyond its effect on digestion, the obstruction of enzyme secretions can trigger the painful inflammation of the pancreas, known as pancreatitis. […] Symptoms include: Sudden and severe abdominal pain, Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea and vomiting, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss. […] Over time, the pancreatic ducts can become completely blocked, resulting in extensive scarring of the organ tissue. […] In addition to the pancreatic complications, a bowel obstruction can sometimes occur, either as the result of thicker and stickier stools or intussusception.

• #121 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Potentially irreversible damage as early as 2 years of age; eventually pulmonary insufficiency is responsible for ~80% of CF-related deaths. […] CF can affect both the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. Pancreatic insufficiency may begin at birth. As early as in utero, acinar cells are obstructed with loss of tissue in infanthood. Pancreatic insufficiency; up to 71% of patients with CF are pancreatic insufficient at birth. By 1 year of age, the percent of patients with pancreatic insufficiency rises to approximately 90%. […] Over time, the healthy tissue in the pancreas may be replaced with adipose cells, and only some islet cells and pancreatic ducts may remain. Up to 40%-50% of adults have CF-related diabetes. […] CFTR protein dysfunctions can cause altered liver secretions, which can result in changed bile viscosity, and the subsequent blockage of bile ducts. Potential abnormalities in liver function tests. Decreased bile flow, increased bile precipitation, and changes in bile viscosity may lead to accumulation of toxic bile acids and bile duct blockage. Bile duct blockage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis around the bile ducts.

• #122 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Symptoms include: Chest pain, Chronic cough, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Sinusitis, Coughing up blood, Chronic fatigue, Inability to exercise, Weight loss. […] The accumulation of mucus can also affect the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes. […] Beyond its effect on digestion, the obstruction of enzyme secretions can trigger the painful inflammation of the pancreas, known as pancreatitis. […] Symptoms include: Sudden and severe abdominal pain, Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea and vomiting, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss. […] Over time, the pancreatic ducts can become completely blocked, resulting in extensive scarring of the organ tissue. […] In addition to the pancreatic complications, a bowel obstruction can sometimes occur, either as the result of thicker and stickier stools or intussusception.

• #123 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  Over time, scarring in the pancreas, caused by thick digestive fluids, can damage the cells that produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is essential to regulating blood sugar. […] Some people with CF can develop CFRD, a form of diabetes seen in people with CF. CFRD is when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin. When acutely ill, the body may not properly use the insulin it does produce. As a result, blood sugar levels will increase. […] CFRD is a serious condition. The symptoms are often similar to CF or are not noticeable. If CFRD is left untreated, CF symptoms can worsen and the effects of chronic high blood sugar can lead to: Reduced ability to fight infection, Muscle loss, Weight loss, Liver disease, Nerve problems, Complications in the kidneys, Decline in vision. […] Liver disease is considered to be one of the most serious health risks associated with CF. People with CF have thicker bile, and as a result, the tubes that drain bile—bile ducts—can become blocked. This often leads to irritation or inflammation in the liver.

• #124 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Potentially irreversible damage as early as 2 years of age; eventually pulmonary insufficiency is responsible for ~80% of CF-related deaths. […] CF can affect both the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. Pancreatic insufficiency may begin at birth. As early as in utero, acinar cells are obstructed with loss of tissue in infanthood. Pancreatic insufficiency; up to 71% of patients with CF are pancreatic insufficient at birth. By 1 year of age, the percent of patients with pancreatic insufficiency rises to approximately 90%. […] Over time, the healthy tissue in the pancreas may be replaced with adipose cells, and only some islet cells and pancreatic ducts may remain. Up to 40%-50% of adults have CF-related diabetes. […] CFTR protein dysfunctions can cause altered liver secretions, which can result in changed bile viscosity, and the subsequent blockage of bile ducts. Potential abnormalities in liver function tests. Decreased bile flow, increased bile precipitation, and changes in bile viscosity may lead to accumulation of toxic bile acids and bile duct blockage. Bile duct blockage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis around the bile ducts.

• #125 Multi-Organ Disease Progression in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  https://www.cfsourcehcp.com/multi-organ-disease-progression

  Extensive liver damage may occur due to biliary cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis, or portal hypertension. […] CFTR protein dysfunction causes gastrointestinal complications, and symptoms can occur throughout a patient with CF’s lifetime. Abnormal secretions result in an acidic environment in the ileum, causing thick mucus and meconium to block the small intestine. Up to 20% of newborns with CF have gastrointestinal problems, such as meconium ileus, within the first days of life. Lack of digestive enzymes in the intestines (caused by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) leads to risk of malnutrition if diet is not actively managed. Decreased motility, prolonged gut transit, and fat malabsorption, among other factors, may lead to chronic constipation. Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) may occur in 15% of all patients with CF.

• #126 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Symptoms include: Chest pain, Chronic cough, Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Sinusitis, Coughing up blood, Chronic fatigue, Inability to exercise, Weight loss. […] The accumulation of mucus can also affect the pancreas, the organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes. […] Beyond its effect on digestion, the obstruction of enzyme secretions can trigger the painful inflammation of the pancreas, known as pancreatitis. […] Symptoms include: Sudden and severe abdominal pain, Bloating, Indigestion, Nausea and vomiting, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss. […] Over time, the pancreatic ducts can become completely blocked, resulting in extensive scarring of the organ tissue. […] In addition to the pancreatic complications, a bowel obstruction can sometimes occur, either as the result of thicker and stickier stools or intussusception.

• #127 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms & Treatment | Children’s Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/liver-disease-states/cystic-fibrosis

  Children (usually older than age four) sometimes have intussusceptions. When this happens, one part of the intestine is displaced into another part of the intestine. […] Frequent coughing or hard-to-pass stools can occasionally cause rectal prolapse. This means that part of the rectum protrudes, or sticks out, through the anus. About 20% of kids with cystic fibrosis experience this. In some cases, rectal prolapse is the first noticeable sign of cystic fibrosis.

• #128 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #129 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  About 10% to 20% of people with CF develop liver disease, which includes cirrhosis, a buildup of fat in the liver, hepatitis, and other complications. […] Care teams regularly monitor liver function in people with CF to check for CF progression in the liver because there are often no symptoms until the damage reaches an advanced stage. […] Both CFRD and cirrhosis are serious complications of CF. […] Scarring in the pancreas and the liver, caused by thick digestive fluids over time, can lead to serious complications such as CFRD and cirrhosis, respectively. […] For people with CF, different factors contribute to low bone density, a condition where bones become less dense and are not as strong as they should be. […] Up to 26% of adults with CF may have low bone density. […] CF does not directly affect the kidneys, however, about 2% of people with CF between the ages of 25 and 35 have chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Although CF does not directly impact hearing, medications and treatments that are extremely important for people with CF can damage hearing over time. Hearing loss is common in people with CF who have been exposed to certain medications such as aminoglycosides for an extended period of time.

• #130 Cystic Fibrosis | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/Diseases-and-Conditions/cystic-fibrosis

  Babies born with CF often show symptoms by age 2. But some children may not show symptoms until later in life. The following symptoms may mean a child has CF: diarrhea that does not go away, bad-smelling stools, greasy stools, frequent wheezing, frequent pneumonia or other lung infections, persistent cough, skin that tastes like salt, and poor growth despite having a good appetite. […] The symptoms of CF may seem like other conditions or health problems. See a healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] There is currently no cure for CF. Goals of treatment are to ease symptoms, prevent and treat complications, and slow the progress of the disease. […] CF has serious complications, including: worsening lung function, lung infections, lung collapse (pneumothorax), inflammation of the pancreas, cirrhosis (liver disease), vitamin deficiencies, infertility, and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD).

• #131 Cystic Fibrosis – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.drswetech.com/cystic-fibrosis/

  Both men and women with CF have reproductive system complications. […] Almost all men with CF are infertile because the bas deferens tube that connects the testes and the prostate gland is usually blocked or absent. […] Women with CF are typically less fertile than other women, but it is possible for them to conceive and have successful pregnancies, though carrying a child comes with increased CF complications.

• #132 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Thickened mucus secretions can also block bile ducts of the liver, leading to the development of gallstones and cirrhosis. […] When mucus accumulates on the pancreas, it can block the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for producing insulin. […] While CFRD has all of the classic symptoms of diabetes (including increased thirst, increased urination, fatigue, and weight loss), it also characterized by decline in lung function. […] Male infertility in CF is primarily caused by the congenital absence of the vas deferens. […] As many as 97% of men with CF will have infertility. […] Women with cystic fibrosis who are over age 20 are likely to experience urine leakage to some degree. […] In rare cases, cystic fibrosis can lead to a condition known as a coagulation disorder. […] Symptoms of coagulation disorder include easy bruising, excessive bleeding, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and bloody stools or urine.

• #133 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  About 10% to 20% of people with CF develop liver disease, which includes cirrhosis, a buildup of fat in the liver, hepatitis, and other complications. […] Care teams regularly monitor liver function in people with CF to check for CF progression in the liver because there are often no symptoms until the damage reaches an advanced stage. […] Both CFRD and cirrhosis are serious complications of CF. […] Scarring in the pancreas and the liver, caused by thick digestive fluids over time, can lead to serious complications such as CFRD and cirrhosis, respectively. […] For people with CF, different factors contribute to low bone density, a condition where bones become less dense and are not as strong as they should be. […] Up to 26% of adults with CF may have low bone density. […] CF does not directly affect the kidneys, however, about 2% of people with CF between the ages of 25 and 35 have chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Although CF does not directly impact hearing, medications and treatments that are extremely important for people with CF can damage hearing over time. Hearing loss is common in people with CF who have been exposed to certain medications such as aminoglycosides for an extended period of time.

• #134 Cystic fibrosis | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/cystic-fibrosis/

  Often in newborn babies there are no immediate signs of any problems and so coming to terms with the diagnosis can be difficult. […] When symptoms appear these may include: a cough, chest infections, difficulty absorbing fat which results in poor weight gain. […] We all have mucus in our lungs, which helps them to function, but in babies with CF the mucus is abnormally thick. This can block the smaller airways and lead to infection. […] Occasionally babies with CF display signs within the first couple of days of life with an obstruction of the bowel (called meconium ileus). The baby fails to open their bowels to pass meconium (a thick black material present in the bowels of all newborn babies) because the meconium is so thick that it blocks the bowel. […] People with CF are prone to developing bone disease (weak bones) due to the nutritional and other problems involved with the disease. This often causes problems in early adulthood and it is therefore very important that careful attention is paid to good nutrition and exercise to keep the bones healthy and strong.

• #135 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  About 10% to 20% of people with CF develop liver disease, which includes cirrhosis, a buildup of fat in the liver, hepatitis, and other complications. […] Care teams regularly monitor liver function in people with CF to check for CF progression in the liver because there are often no symptoms until the damage reaches an advanced stage. […] Both CFRD and cirrhosis are serious complications of CF. […] Scarring in the pancreas and the liver, caused by thick digestive fluids over time, can lead to serious complications such as CFRD and cirrhosis, respectively. […] For people with CF, different factors contribute to low bone density, a condition where bones become less dense and are not as strong as they should be. […] Up to 26% of adults with CF may have low bone density. […] CF does not directly affect the kidneys, however, about 2% of people with CF between the ages of 25 and 35 have chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Although CF does not directly impact hearing, medications and treatments that are extremely important for people with CF can damage hearing over time. Hearing loss is common in people with CF who have been exposed to certain medications such as aminoglycosides for an extended period of time.

• #136 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Body | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-body

  About 10% to 20% of people with CF develop liver disease, which includes cirrhosis, a buildup of fat in the liver, hepatitis, and other complications. […] Care teams regularly monitor liver function in people with CF to check for CF progression in the liver because there are often no symptoms until the damage reaches an advanced stage. […] Both CFRD and cirrhosis are serious complications of CF. […] Scarring in the pancreas and the liver, caused by thick digestive fluids over time, can lead to serious complications such as CFRD and cirrhosis, respectively. […] For people with CF, different factors contribute to low bone density, a condition where bones become less dense and are not as strong as they should be. […] Up to 26% of adults with CF may have low bone density. […] CF does not directly affect the kidneys, however, about 2% of people with CF between the ages of 25 and 35 have chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Although CF does not directly impact hearing, medications and treatments that are extremely important for people with CF can damage hearing over time. Hearing loss is common in people with CF who have been exposed to certain medications such as aminoglycosides for an extended period of time.

• #137 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Thickened mucus secretions can also block bile ducts of the liver, leading to the development of gallstones and cirrhosis. […] When mucus accumulates on the pancreas, it can block the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for producing insulin. […] While CFRD has all of the classic symptoms of diabetes (including increased thirst, increased urination, fatigue, and weight loss), it also characterized by decline in lung function. […] Male infertility in CF is primarily caused by the congenital absence of the vas deferens. […] As many as 97% of men with CF will have infertility. […] Women with cystic fibrosis who are over age 20 are likely to experience urine leakage to some degree. […] In rare cases, cystic fibrosis can lead to a condition known as a coagulation disorder. […] Symptoms of coagulation disorder include easy bruising, excessive bleeding, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and bloody stools or urine.

• #138 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

  Experts predict the life expectancy of someone born with cystic fibrosis in the past few years is around 50 years old. Improvements in treatment in recent years have increased this from a few years ago, when life expectancy was between 30 and 40 years old. […] There’s no cure for CF. You or your child will need lifelong treatments to manage it. This includes treating infections, maintaining nutrition and seeing a CF specialist frequently. […] But new treatment methods help children who have CF live well into adulthood and have a better quality of life.

• #139 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cystic-fibrosis-leaflet

  Some cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed in adults who have relatively mild symptoms. This may be due to some errors of the cystic fibrosis gene not being as faulty as others. The handling of sodium and chloride may only be mildly affected in these cases. […] Treatments for cystic fibrosis have improved dramatically over the past few decades. However it is a lifelong condition and there is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis. There will be times when symptoms are more severe – mainly when a chest infection develops. Even with treatment, the main risks are recurring chest infections and pneumonia. This can have a repeated damaging effect on lung function which can get worse over time. Most people with cystic fibrosis die of lung complications, mainly respiratory and heart failure. […] With improved treatment there has been a dramatic increase in the survival of people with cystic fibrosis over a period of 20 years or so. In the 1960s and before, most babies born with cystic fibrosis only survived for a few months or years. Today, many people with cystic fibrosis are living into their late 30s and beyond. With optimal care and treatment, it is estimated that over half of today’s children with cystic fibrosis should live into their mid 40s or 50s. With treatment, most people with cystic fibrosis can live reasonably normal and productive lives.

• #140 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

  Experts predict the life expectancy of someone born with cystic fibrosis in the past few years is around 50 years old. Improvements in treatment in recent years have increased this from a few years ago, when life expectancy was between 30 and 40 years old. […] There’s no cure for CF. You or your child will need lifelong treatments to manage it. This includes treating infections, maintaining nutrition and seeing a CF specialist frequently. […] But new treatment methods help children who have CF live well into adulthood and have a better quality of life.

• #141 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  Its critical to get treatment for CF right away. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve quality of life and lengthen one’s life span. […] The outlook for people with CF has improved dramatically in recent years, largely due to advances in treatment. Today, many people with the disease live into their 40s and 50s, and even longer in some cases. […] However, there’s no cure for CF, so lung function will steadily decline over time. The resulting damage to the lungs can cause severe breathing problems and other complications.

• #142 Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/cystic-fibrosis/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  As the disease progresses, lung infection becomes a major concern. Recurring lung infections gradually destroy the lungs. […] The severity of cystic fibrosis varies greatly from person to person regardless of age. The severity is determined largely by how much the lungs are affected. […] However, deterioration is inevitable, leading to loss of lung function and eventually death. People with cystic fibrosis usually die of respiratory failure after many years of deteriorating lung function.

• #143 Cystic fibrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000107.htm

  Symptoms that may be noticed later in life: Infertility (in men), Repeated inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Respiratory symptoms, Clubbed fingers. […] Most children with CF stay in good health until they reach adulthood. They are able to take part in most activities and attend school. Many young adults with CF finish college or find jobs. […] Lung disease eventually worsens to the point where the person is disabled. Today, the average life span for people with CF who live to adulthood is about 44 years. […] Death is most often caused by lung complications.

• #144 Cystic fibrosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353706

  So both males and females can get cystic fibrosis. But females tend to have more symptoms, more lung infections, and they tend to start these symptoms of infections earlier in life as compared to males. No one knows for sure why this is so. […] CF symptoms, how the disease affects the patient’s organs and how it impacts their life is very different from one person to the next. Some people have very mild disease with only one organ affected and very few symptoms, while others have more severe disease with troublesome symptoms and multiple organs that are affected. Many factors including gene mutation type determine the impact on the patient. But your cystic fibrosis care team can work with you as an individual patient to create a personalized treatment plan that meets your individual needs.

• #145 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  For adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), the symptoms with the biggest impact on quality of life include pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and mental health challenges, leading researchers to recommend routine screening to assist CF patients who could benefit from support. […] “Understanding which symptoms are most prevalent, most distressing, and most strongly associated with quality of life may help streamline the symptom screening process and help identify individuals who may need more intensive follow-up or those who would benefit from additional support to improve their quality of life,” wrote the researchers, who analyzed symptom severity and life quality data from 262 adults with CF participating in a clinical trial testing a palliative care intervention. […] The most commonly reported CF symptoms were coughing and fatigue, both reported by most patients. Mental health challenges were also common. More than one in three patients had a diagnosis of anxiety and a similar number had depression. When the patients were asked to rate which symptoms were most distressing, the most frequently picked were pain and difficulty sleeping.

• #146 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  In statistical analyses, the researchers looked for symptoms that showed consistent associations with poor quality of life. The most frequent ones associated with the largest decreases in quality of life scores included lack of energy, worrying, feeling irritable, shortness of breath, and difficulty sleeping. Pain also strongly correlated with a worse quality of life, though it was less common. […] The researchers said the symptoms with the biggest impact on life quality weren’t related to lung or digestive health, though these have long been regarded as the most crucial areas of care in CF. They suggested the availability of modulators may make digestive and lung health less of a problem, resulting in other symptoms becoming more important. […] “While pulmonary [lung] symptoms have improved on modulator therapy, other symptoms (pain, fatigue, irritability, worrying) may not have improved as much,” wrote the researchers, who emphasized that, while assessing individual symptoms can identify areas where care is needed, how combinations of symptoms may affect life quality should be considered too.

• #147 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  For adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), the symptoms with the biggest impact on quality of life include pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and mental health challenges, leading researchers to recommend routine screening to assist CF patients who could benefit from support. […] “Understanding which symptoms are most prevalent, most distressing, and most strongly associated with quality of life may help streamline the symptom screening process and help identify individuals who may need more intensive follow-up or those who would benefit from additional support to improve their quality of life,” wrote the researchers, who analyzed symptom severity and life quality data from 262 adults with CF participating in a clinical trial testing a palliative care intervention. […] The most commonly reported CF symptoms were coughing and fatigue, both reported by most patients. Mental health challenges were also common. More than one in three patients had a diagnosis of anxiety and a similar number had depression. When the patients were asked to rate which symptoms were most distressing, the most frequently picked were pain and difficulty sleeping.

• #148 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  In statistical analyses, the researchers looked for symptoms that showed consistent associations with poor quality of life. The most frequent ones associated with the largest decreases in quality of life scores included lack of energy, worrying, feeling irritable, shortness of breath, and difficulty sleeping. Pain also strongly correlated with a worse quality of life, though it was less common. […] The researchers said the symptoms with the biggest impact on life quality weren’t related to lung or digestive health, though these have long been regarded as the most crucial areas of care in CF. They suggested the availability of modulators may make digestive and lung health less of a problem, resulting in other symptoms becoming more important. […] “While pulmonary [lung] symptoms have improved on modulator therapy, other symptoms (pain, fatigue, irritability, worrying) may not have improved as much,” wrote the researchers, who emphasized that, while assessing individual symptoms can identify areas where care is needed, how combinations of symptoms may affect life quality should be considered too.

• #149 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  In statistical analyses, the researchers looked for symptoms that showed consistent associations with poor quality of life. The most frequent ones associated with the largest decreases in quality of life scores included lack of energy, worrying, feeling irritable, shortness of breath, and difficulty sleeping. Pain also strongly correlated with a worse quality of life, though it was less common. […] The researchers said the symptoms with the biggest impact on life quality weren’t related to lung or digestive health, though these have long been regarded as the most crucial areas of care in CF. They suggested the availability of modulators may make digestive and lung health less of a problem, resulting in other symptoms becoming more important. […] “While pulmonary [lung] symptoms have improved on modulator therapy, other symptoms (pain, fatigue, irritability, worrying) may not have improved as much,” wrote the researchers, who emphasized that, while assessing individual symptoms can identify areas where care is needed, how combinations of symptoms may affect life quality should be considered too.

• #150 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  For adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), the symptoms with the biggest impact on quality of life include pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and mental health challenges, leading researchers to recommend routine screening to assist CF patients who could benefit from support. […] “Understanding which symptoms are most prevalent, most distressing, and most strongly associated with quality of life may help streamline the symptom screening process and help identify individuals who may need more intensive follow-up or those who would benefit from additional support to improve their quality of life,” wrote the researchers, who analyzed symptom severity and life quality data from 262 adults with CF participating in a clinical trial testing a palliative care intervention. […] The most commonly reported CF symptoms were coughing and fatigue, both reported by most patients. Mental health challenges were also common. More than one in three patients had a diagnosis of anxiety and a similar number had depression. When the patients were asked to rate which symptoms were most distressing, the most frequently picked were pain and difficulty sleeping.

• #151 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  In statistical analyses, the researchers looked for symptoms that showed consistent associations with poor quality of life. The most frequent ones associated with the largest decreases in quality of life scores included lack of energy, worrying, feeling irritable, shortness of breath, and difficulty sleeping. Pain also strongly correlated with a worse quality of life, though it was less common. […] The researchers said the symptoms with the biggest impact on life quality weren’t related to lung or digestive health, though these have long been regarded as the most crucial areas of care in CF. They suggested the availability of modulators may make digestive and lung health less of a problem, resulting in other symptoms becoming more important. […] “While pulmonary [lung] symptoms have improved on modulator therapy, other symptoms (pain, fatigue, irritability, worrying) may not have improved as much,” wrote the researchers, who emphasized that, while assessing individual symptoms can identify areas where care is needed, how combinations of symptoms may affect life quality should be considered too.

• #152 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  For adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), the symptoms with the biggest impact on quality of life include pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and mental health challenges, leading researchers to recommend routine screening to assist CF patients who could benefit from support. […] “Understanding which symptoms are most prevalent, most distressing, and most strongly associated with quality of life may help streamline the symptom screening process and help identify individuals who may need more intensive follow-up or those who would benefit from additional support to improve their quality of life,” wrote the researchers, who analyzed symptom severity and life quality data from 262 adults with CF participating in a clinical trial testing a palliative care intervention. […] The most commonly reported CF symptoms were coughing and fatigue, both reported by most patients. Mental health challenges were also common. More than one in three patients had a diagnosis of anxiety and a similar number had depression. When the patients were asked to rate which symptoms were most distressing, the most frequently picked were pain and difficulty sleeping.

• #153 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  In statistical analyses, the researchers looked for symptoms that showed consistent associations with poor quality of life. The most frequent ones associated with the largest decreases in quality of life scores included lack of energy, worrying, feeling irritable, shortness of breath, and difficulty sleeping. Pain also strongly correlated with a worse quality of life, though it was less common. […] The researchers said the symptoms with the biggest impact on life quality weren’t related to lung or digestive health, though these have long been regarded as the most crucial areas of care in CF. They suggested the availability of modulators may make digestive and lung health less of a problem, resulting in other symptoms becoming more important. […] “While pulmonary [lung] symptoms have improved on modulator therapy, other symptoms (pain, fatigue, irritability, worrying) may not have improved as much,” wrote the researchers, who emphasized that, while assessing individual symptoms can identify areas where care is needed, how combinations of symptoms may affect life quality should be considered too.

• #154 Study: CF symptoms with biggest quality of life impacts for adults ID’dEnvelope icon

  https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/news/study-cf-symptoms-with-biggest-quality-life-impacts-adults-idd/

  In statistical analyses, the researchers looked for symptoms that showed consistent associations with poor quality of life. The most frequent ones associated with the largest decreases in quality of life scores included lack of energy, worrying, feeling irritable, shortness of breath, and difficulty sleeping. Pain also strongly correlated with a worse quality of life, though it was less common. […] The researchers said the symptoms with the biggest impact on life quality weren’t related to lung or digestive health, though these have long been regarded as the most crucial areas of care in CF. They suggested the availability of modulators may make digestive and lung health less of a problem, resulting in other symptoms becoming more important. […] “While pulmonary [lung] symptoms have improved on modulator therapy, other symptoms (pain, fatigue, irritability, worrying) may not have improved as much,” wrote the researchers, who emphasized that, while assessing individual symptoms can identify areas where care is needed, how combinations of symptoms may affect life quality should be considered too.

• #155 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition passed down in families that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. […] CF affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These fluids, also called secretions, are usually thin and slippery to protect the body’s internal tubes and ducts and make them smooth pathways. But in people with CF, a changed gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick. The secretions plug up pathways, especially in the lungs and pancreas. […] CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life.

• #156 Cystic fibrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000107.htm

  Symptoms that may be noticed later in life: Infertility (in men), Repeated inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Respiratory symptoms, Clubbed fingers. […] Most children with CF stay in good health until they reach adulthood. They are able to take part in most activities and attend school. Many young adults with CF finish college or find jobs. […] Lung disease eventually worsens to the point where the person is disabled. Today, the average life span for people with CF who live to adulthood is about 44 years. […] Death is most often caused by lung complications.

• #157 Cystic fibrosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/treatment/

  Cystic fibrosis is usually found shortly after birth as part of the NHS newborn screening programme. […] But if the condition goes undiagnosed, symptoms may only become noticeable when a child is a teenager. […] There is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis. But there are treatments that can help ease symptoms. […] Some people may eventually need a lung transplant if other treatments are not controlling their symptoms, although this is not suitable for everyone. […] Cystic fibrosis currently has no cure and can shorten your life. […] However, new treatments mean the symptoms can often be managed and many people diagnosed with the condition today will live well past middle-age. […] Cystic fibrosis requires life-long care. If you or your child are diagnosed with it, you will usually be referred to your nearest NHS cystic fibrosis care team. […] People with cystic fibrosis can sometimes have other problems. […] Some of these may only develop later on, as a result of the strain that the condition can put on the body.

• #158 Cystic Fibrosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-cystic-fibrosis-998321

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) symptoms can develop soon after birth and may include salty-tasting skin, greasy and bulky stools, chronic breathing problems, and poor growth. […] Over time, the ongoing obstruction of air passages and buildup of mucus can lead to recurrent infections, irreversible lung damage, and other serious complications such as malnutrition, diabetes, and more. […] As a progressive disease, cystic fibrosis needs to be treated early to preserve lung function and reduce the inflammatory burden on the body. […] Many children today are diagnosed with cystic fibrosis before symptoms appear. […] Among the more common early symptoms of CF: […] Chronic respiratory problems, including wheezing, cough, and colored sputum, are common in children with CF but may vary in severity. […] Lung infections can also develop as the accumulation of mucus in the lungs provides the ideal breeding ground for bacteria and other microorganisms.

• #159 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

  Experts predict the life expectancy of someone born with cystic fibrosis in the past few years is around 50 years old. Improvements in treatment in recent years have increased this from a few years ago, when life expectancy was between 30 and 40 years old. […] There’s no cure for CF. You or your child will need lifelong treatments to manage it. This includes treating infections, maintaining nutrition and seeing a CF specialist frequently. […] But new treatment methods help children who have CF live well into adulthood and have a better quality of life.

• #160 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #161 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #162 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #163 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #164 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #165 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #166 Adult Cystic Fibrosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-cystic-fibrosis

  In the past, patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis were told that they would only live into their teens or 20s. Now more than half of all cystic fibrosis patients in the United States are over 18 and median survival is over 40. […] With our ability to diagnose individuals at a younger age and treat them earlier, were seeing more individuals with cystic fibrosis live to adulthood than we ever have before, says Dr. Koff. And when they come to adulthood, their lungs function better and their nutritional status is better, so they are having fewer complications and living more active lives. […] With new medications, doctors are able to improve the protein that is abnormal in some cystic fibrosis patients. […] This is an example of personalized medicine, which is an exciting opportunity for our patients, he says. While this does not fix the underlying gene mutation, it can improve function enough to provide a significant benefit. […] In addition, research led by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is underway to provide similar therapies for every person with cystic fibrosisregardless of the mutation involved. […] Were in an new era that is transforming cystic fibrosis care for our patients, says Dr. Koff.

• #167 Cystic fibrosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/treatment/

  Cystic fibrosis is usually found shortly after birth as part of the NHS newborn screening programme. […] But if the condition goes undiagnosed, symptoms may only become noticeable when a child is a teenager. […] There is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis. But there are treatments that can help ease symptoms. […] Some people may eventually need a lung transplant if other treatments are not controlling their symptoms, although this is not suitable for everyone. […] Cystic fibrosis currently has no cure and can shorten your life. […] However, new treatments mean the symptoms can often be managed and many people diagnosed with the condition today will live well past middle-age. […] Cystic fibrosis requires life-long care. If you or your child are diagnosed with it, you will usually be referred to your nearest NHS cystic fibrosis care team. […] People with cystic fibrosis can sometimes have other problems. […] Some of these may only develop later on, as a result of the strain that the condition can put on the body.

• #168 Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-cystic-fibrosis

  Respiratory failure. Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death from CF. Over time, the disease can damage lung tissue so badly that it no longer works. Lung function gradually worsens until the condition becomes life-threatening. […] If your lung function declines to a certain level, your CF care team may speak with you about the possibility of lung transplantation surgery, which can be lifesaving.

• #169 Cystic fibrosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/treatment/

  Cystic fibrosis is usually found shortly after birth as part of the NHS newborn screening programme. […] But if the condition goes undiagnosed, symptoms may only become noticeable when a child is a teenager. […] There is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis. But there are treatments that can help ease symptoms. […] Some people may eventually need a lung transplant if other treatments are not controlling their symptoms, although this is not suitable for everyone. […] Cystic fibrosis currently has no cure and can shorten your life. […] However, new treatments mean the symptoms can often be managed and many people diagnosed with the condition today will live well past middle-age. […] Cystic fibrosis requires life-long care. If you or your child are diagnosed with it, you will usually be referred to your nearest NHS cystic fibrosis care team. […] People with cystic fibrosis can sometimes have other problems. […] Some of these may only develop later on, as a result of the strain that the condition can put on the body.

• #170 Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystic-fibrosis-cf

  People with CF may experience: a persistent cough that sometimes produces thick mucus, difficulty breathing, wheezing, frequent lung infections, salty sweat salt loss in hot weather may produce muscle cramps or weakness, tiredness, lethargy or reduced ability to exercise, poor growth or weight gain, frequent visits to the toilet, bulky, greasy poos, diarrhoea or constipation, poor appetite, CF-related diabetes, infertility in males. […] Treatment for CF can be intensive and time consuming. At present, there is no cure for CF. Treatment aims to slow progression of the condition and can include: chest physiotherapy, medications that help correct the changes to the bodys cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is what causes CF, antibiotics, inhalations via a compressed air pump and nebuliser, enzyme replacement capsules with meals and snacks, a well balanced diet high in protein, fat and kilojoules, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) a procedure in which a flexible feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach, supplementary vitamins, salt supplements, regular exercise. […] Regular attendance at a major CF clinic is beneficial and recommended.

• #171 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition passed down in families that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. […] CF affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These fluids, also called secretions, are usually thin and slippery to protect the body’s internal tubes and ducts and make them smooth pathways. But in people with CF, a changed gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick. The secretions plug up pathways, especially in the lungs and pancreas. […] CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life.

• #172 How Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Progresses in the Lungs | CFSource

  https://www.cfsource.com/progression-in-the-lungs

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) feels a little different for everyone, but everyone experiences progression of CF over time, whether they feel it or not. Progression can occur when the thick mucus building up throughout the body causes inflammation and scarring in many different organs, leading to permanent damage. This damage is often present before it can even be detected by tests, so it’s important to stay proactive in managing CF. […] Beginning early, the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs results in a cycle of infection, inflammation, and more mucus buildup. Pulmonary exacerbations are often a key part of this cycle. […] This is especially serious because a pulmonary exacerbation means more than just a hospital stay or an extra round of antibiotics. It may cause permanent lung damage that advances disease progression.

• #173 Cystic fibrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

  In cystic fibrosis, the lungs are most commonly affected. The thick and sticky mucus that happens with CF clogs the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as: A cough that won’t go away and brings up thick mucus. A squeaking sound when breathing called wheezing. Limited ability to do physical activity before tiring. Repeated lung infections. Irritated and swollen nasal passages or a stuffy nose. Repeated sinus infections. […] The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis can block tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. Without these digestive enzymes, the intestines can’t completely take in and use the nutrients in food. The result is often: Foul-smelling, greasy stools. Poor weight gain and growth. Blocked intestines, which is more likely to happen in newborns. Ongoing or severe constipation. Straining often while trying to pass stool can cause part of the rectum to stick out of the anus. This is called a rectal prolapse.

• #174 Cystic fibrosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/treatment/

  Cystic fibrosis is a rare inherited genetic condition that causes breathing and digestive problems. There is currently no cure, but there are medicines and supportive treatments that can help. […] If you have cystic fibrosis, your body makes a thick sticky mucus that can affect your lungs and digestive system. This can cause lots of symptoms and make you more likely to get infections. […] Symptoms affecting your lungs include: a cough that does not go away and brings up mucus, wheezing and shortness of breath, frequent sinus infections (sinusitis) and chest infections. […] Symptoms affecting your digestive system include: constipation, stomach pain, bloating and swelling, large, greasy and sticky poos that are hard to flush away. […] Cystic fibrosis can affect other parts of your body and cause other symptoms, such as: in children, not growing as quickly as expected, in adults, losing weight without trying to, swollen fingertips and rounder nails, very salty sweat, which can leave small crystals on your skin.

• #175 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

  Experts predict the life expectancy of someone born with cystic fibrosis in the past few years is around 50 years old. Improvements in treatment in recent years have increased this from a few years ago, when life expectancy was between 30 and 40 years old. […] There’s no cure for CF. You or your child will need lifelong treatments to manage it. This includes treating infections, maintaining nutrition and seeing a CF specialist frequently. […] But new treatment methods help children who have CF live well into adulthood and have a better quality of life.

• #176 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cystic-fibrosis-leaflet

  Some cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed in adults who have relatively mild symptoms. This may be due to some errors of the cystic fibrosis gene not being as faulty as others. The handling of sodium and chloride may only be mildly affected in these cases. […] Treatments for cystic fibrosis have improved dramatically over the past few decades. However it is a lifelong condition and there is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis. There will be times when symptoms are more severe – mainly when a chest infection develops. Even with treatment, the main risks are recurring chest infections and pneumonia. This can have a repeated damaging effect on lung function which can get worse over time. Most people with cystic fibrosis die of lung complications, mainly respiratory and heart failure. […] With improved treatment there has been a dramatic increase in the survival of people with cystic fibrosis over a period of 20 years or so. In the 1960s and before, most babies born with cystic fibrosis only survived for a few months or years. Today, many people with cystic fibrosis are living into their late 30s and beyond. With optimal care and treatment, it is estimated that over half of today’s children with cystic fibrosis should live into their mid 40s or 50s. With treatment, most people with cystic fibrosis can live reasonably normal and productive lives.

• #177 Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cystic-fibrosis

  Its critical to get treatment for CF right away. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve quality of life and lengthen one’s life span. […] The outlook for people with CF has improved dramatically in recent years, largely due to advances in treatment. Today, many people with the disease live into their 40s and 50s, and even longer in some cases. […] However, there’s no cure for CF, so lung function will steadily decline over time. The resulting damage to the lungs can cause severe breathing problems and other complications.

• #178 Adult Cystic Fibrosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-cystic-fibrosis

  In the past, patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis were told that they would only live into their teens or 20s. Now more than half of all cystic fibrosis patients in the United States are over 18 and median survival is over 40. […] With our ability to diagnose individuals at a younger age and treat them earlier, were seeing more individuals with cystic fibrosis live to adulthood than we ever have before, says Dr. Koff. And when they come to adulthood, their lungs function better and their nutritional status is better, so they are having fewer complications and living more active lives. […] With new medications, doctors are able to improve the protein that is abnormal in some cystic fibrosis patients. […] This is an example of personalized medicine, which is an exciting opportunity for our patients, he says. While this does not fix the underlying gene mutation, it can improve function enough to provide a significant benefit. […] In addition, research led by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is underway to provide similar therapies for every person with cystic fibrosisregardless of the mutation involved. […] Were in an new era that is transforming cystic fibrosis care for our patients, says Dr. Koff.

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