Dysfunkcja seksualna kobiet
Etiologia i przyczyny

Dysfunkcja seksualna kobiet (FSD) to zespół uporczywych lub nawracających zaburzeń funkcji seksualnych, które wywołują istotny dystres i negatywnie wpływają na relacje partnerskie. Epidemiologicznie dotyka około 40-43% kobiet w USA, z wyższą częstością (52,4%) u kobiet po menopauzie. Etiologia FSD jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmując czynniki biologiczne (m.in. choroby sercowo-naczyniowe, cukrzycę, choroby neurologiczne, zaburzenia hormonalne, menopauzę, atrofia urogenitalna), psychologiczne (depresja, lęk, stres, niska samoocena), relacyjne (konflikty, brak komunikacji, dysfunkcja partnera) oraz socjokulturowe (wpływ religii, edukacji seksualnej, praktyk kulturowych). Wahania hormonalne, zwłaszcza spadek estrogenu i androgenów, mają kluczowe znaczenie dla funkcji seksualnych, a leki takie jak SSRI (częstość dysfunkcji 30-70%) mogą dodatkowo pogarszać objawy. Zaburzenia neuroprzekaźników, zwłaszcza nadmiar serotoniny i niedobór dopaminy, również odgrywają istotną rolę w patofizjologii FSD.

Dysfunkcja seksualna kobiet – definicja i rozpowszechnienie

Dysfunkcja seksualna kobiet (ang. Female Sexual Dysfunction, FSD) to zespół objawów medycznych definiowanych jako uporczywe lub nawracające problemy związane z funkcjonowaniem seksualnym, które powodują osobiste cierpienie lub wpływają negatywnie na relację z partnerem. 12 Według badań epidemiologicznych, problem ten dotyka około 40-43% kobiet w Stanach Zjednoczonych, co sprawia, że jest zjawiskiem bardziej powszechnym niż dysfunkcja seksualna u mężczyzn (31%). 34 Szczególnie wysoka częstość występowania (około 52,4%) obserwowana jest u kobiet po menopauzie naturalnej – szacuje się, że około 16 milionów kobiet w wieku 50 lat i starszych doświadcza niskiego pożądania seksualnego i objawów dysfunkcji seksualnej. 5

Należy podkreślić, że aby zdiagnozować zaburzenie dysfunkcji seksualnej, problemy te muszą powodować wyraźny dystres u kobiety. 6 Zaburzenia te mogą występować przez całe życie lub pojawić się w późniejszym okresie, po czasie prawidłowego funkcjonowania seksualnego. 7 Mogą również występować tylko w określonych sytuacjach seksualnych lub we wszystkich okolicznościach intymnych. 8

Etiologia dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet – wprowadzenie

Etiologia dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet jest złożona i najczęściej ma charakter wieloczynnikowy. 910 Doświadczenia kliniczne i badania wskazują, że zarówno czynniki biologiczne, jak i psychologiczne, odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju tych zaburzeń. Tradycyjny podział na przyczyny psychologiczne i fizyczne jest sztuczny, ponieważ stres psychologiczny powoduje zmiany w fizjologii hormonalnej i neurologicznej, a zmiany fizyczne mogą generować reakcje psychologiczne, które pogłębiają dysfunkcję. 11

Prawidłowe funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiet wymaga współdziałania systemów naczyniowych, neurologicznych, hormonalnych i psychologicznych. 12 Problemy w obrębie któregokolwiek z tych systemów lub ich wzajemna interakcja mogą prowadzić do zaburzeń seksualnych. 13 Badania genetyczne wskazują, że około jedna trzecia współzmienności między różnymi wymiarami dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet ma podłoże genetyczne, przy czym zidentyfikowano loci wpływające na wszystkie fazy cyklu reakcji seksualnej, podczas gdy inne loci wpływają jedynie na funkcje podniecenia i orgazmu. 14

Czynniki fizyczne i medyczne

Szereg chorób przewlekłych i stanów medycznych może bezpośrednio lub pośrednio wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiet poprzez oddziaływanie na narządy płciowe lub funkcje organizmu odgrywające rolę w zdrowiu seksualnym. 15

  • Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego – związane są ze zwiększoną częstością występowania dysfunkcji seksualnej u kobiet. 16 Miażdżyca i stwardnienie tętnic mogą prowadzić do zmniejszonego przepływu krwi do narządów płciowych, co wpływa na fizjologiczną odpowiedź seksualną. 17
  • Cukrzyca – zarówno typu 1, jak i typu 2, ma silny związek z FSD. 18 Cukrzyca typu 1 wiąże się z ogólnymi zaburzeniami funkcji seksualnych, natomiast cukrzyca typu 2 jest szczególnie związana z zaburzeniami podniecenia. 19 Przewlekła hiperglikemia wiąże się ze zmniejszonym pożądaniem, podnieceniem i orgazmem. 20
  • Choroby neurologiczne – takie jak udar mózgu, stwardnienie rozsiane, urazy rdzenia kręgowego, mogą wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne poprzez zaburzenia przewodnictwa nerwowego. 21 Uszkodzenie nerwów czuciowych lub autonomicznych może prowadzić do zaburzeń reakcji seksualnej. 22
  • Choroby nerek i wątrobyniewydolność nerek lub wątroby może przyczyniać się do dysfunkcji seksualnej. 23
  • Nowotwory – szczególnie nowotwory ginekologiczne i rak piersi stanowią częste źródło dysfunkcji seksualnej. 24 Nie tylko sama choroba, ale także jej leczenie (chemioterapia, radioterapia) może prowadzić do problemów seksualnych. 25
  • Choroby układu moczowego i bóle przewlekłe – zaburzenia funkcji seksualnych często występują u kobiet cierpiących na schorzenia urologiczne, takie jak śródmiąższowe zapalenie pęcherza moczowego, nietrzymanie moczu, zaburzenia opróżniania pęcherza. 26
  • Zespół pęcherza nadreaktywnego – znacząco wpływa na zdrowie seksualne kobiet, negatywnie oddziałując na pożądanie seksualne, podniecenie, orgazm, przyjemność seksualną i poczucie własnej wartości. Wstyd, strach przed nietrzymaniem moczu oraz uczucie parcia na pęcherz podczas stosunku seksualnego są głównymi czynnikami powodującymi dysfunkcję seksualną. 2728
  • Choroby ginekologiczneendometrioza, torbiele jajników, mięśniaki macicy i stany zapalne pochwy mogą powodować ból podczas stosunku. 29 Fizjologiczne zaburzenia pochwy i macicy, takie jak szczeliny pochwowe i endometrioza, są związane z zaburzeniami bólu seksualnego. 30
  • Zaburzenia tarczycy – zarówno nadczynność, jak i niedoczynność tarczycy mogą wpływać na funkcje seksualne. 31

Czynniki hormonalne

Hormony odgrywają kluczową rolę w funkcjonowaniu seksualnym kobiet, a wahania hormonalne mogą znacząco wpływać na pożądanie, podniecenie i odpowiedź seksualną. 32 Zaburzenia hormonalne lub zmiany związane z różnymi etapami życia kobiety mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju dysfunkcji seksualnej:

  • Menopauza – spadek poziomu estrogenu po menopauzie może prowadzić do zmian w tkankach narządów płciowych i w reakcji seksualnej. 33 Niższy poziom estrogenu prowadzi do zmniejszonego przepływu krwi do miednicy, co może powodować mniejszą wrażliwość narządów płciowych i wydłużony czas potrzebny do podniecenia i osiągnięcia orgazmu. 34 Zmiany w pochwie i układzie moczowym (nazywane zespołem genitourinary syndrome of menopause) mogą wpływać na funkcje seksualne. 35
  • Obniżony poziom androgenówniedobór androgenów u kobiet objawia się obniżonym pożądaniem i satysfakcją seksualną. 36 Poziom androgenów zmniejsza się z wiekiem, co może wpływać na ogólne funkcjonowanie seksualne. 37
  • Ciąża i okres poporodowy – zmiany hormonalne podczas ciąży i po porodzie mogą wpływać na funkcje seksualne. 38 Częstość występowania dysfunkcji seksualnej wśród kobiet w ciąży wynosi 50-80%, głównie w pierwszym i trzecim trymestrze. 39 Funkcje seksualne ulegają pogorszeniu podczas ciąży i nie wracają do poziomu wyjściowego w okresie poporodowym. 40
  • Karmienie piersią – zmiany hormonalne związane z laktacją mogą również wpływać na odpowiedź seksualną. 41
  • Atrofia urogenitalna – jest najczęstszą przyczyną zaburzeń podniecenia u kobiet po menopauzie, a terapia estrogenowa, gdy jest wskazana, jest zwykle skuteczna. 42
  • Zaburzenia endokrynologiczne – takie jak zespół policystycznych jajników, mogą również wpływać na funkcje seksualne. 43

Badania wskazują, że podczas gdy niski poziom estradiolu wiąże się z zmniejszonym nawilżeniem pochwy i dyspareuinią, związek między niskim pożądaniem seksualnym a niższymi poziomami estradiolu jest niejednoznaczny. 44

Wpływ leków i substancji

Wiele leków może wywoływać lub przyczyniać się do dysfunkcji seksualnej u kobiet. Są to między innymi:

  • Leki przeciwdepresyjne – szczególnie selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (SSRI) mają hamujący wpływ na funkcje seksualne. 45 Dysfunkcja seksualna wywołana stosowaniem SSRI jest powszechna, z częstością występowania między 30% a 70%, i może obejmować trudności z pożądaniem seksualnym, pobudzeniem i orgazmem. 46 Do tej grupy leków należą fluoksetyna (Prozac), paroksetyna (Paxil) i sertralina (Zoloft). 47
  • Leki przeciwnadciśnieniowebeta-blokery, klonidyna, metyldopa mogą wpływać na funkcje seksualne. 48
  • Leki hormonalneantyestrogeny, takie jak tamoksyfen i inhibitory aromatazy, oraz doustne estrogeny, w tym złożona antykoncepcja hormonalna, mogą niekorzystnie wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne. 49
  • Leki przeciwpsychotyczne i przeciwlękowe – mogą przyczyniać się do dysfunkcji seksualnej. 50
  • Leki przeciwhistaminowe i przeciwcholinergiczne – również mogą wpływać na funkcje seksualne. 51
  • Alkohol i substancje psychoaktywne – nadużywanie alkoholu i używanie substancji psychoaktywnych może prowadzić do dysfunkcji seksualnej poprzez hamowanie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego i spowolnienie przekazywania sygnałów nerwowych między mózgiem a narządami płciowymi. 52

Dzieje się tak, ponieważ niektóre z tych leków wpływają na neurotransmitery, takie jak serotonina i dopamina, które regulują nastrój i pożądanie seksualne. Inne wpływają na hormony płciowe, takie jak testosteron, estrogen i progesteron, które kierują odpowiedzią seksualną. 53

Czynniki psychologiczne i emocjonalne

Funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiet jest ściśle powiązane ze stanem psychicznym i emocjonalnym. Najczęstsze czynniki psychologiczne wpływające na funkcje seksualne kobiet to:

  • Depresja i zaburzenia lękowe – zaburzenia nastroju (np. depresja, lęk) są ściśle skorelowane z niskim zainteresowaniem i pobudzeniem seksualnym. 54 Kobiety z zaburzeniami lękowymi są również bardziej narażone na dysfunkcję seksualną obejmującą zainteresowanie seksualne, podniecenie, orgazm i zaburzenia bólu genito-miednicznego/penetracji. 55 Nasilenie objawów depresyjnych przewiduje upośledzenie satysfakcji seksualnej, co z kolei prowadzi do gorszej jakości życia. 56
  • Stres i zmęczenie – długotrwały stres może prowadzić do dysfunkcji seksualnej lub przyczyniać się do jej rozwoju. 57 Przewlekły stres, depresja i lęk mogą się przyczyniać do dysfunkcji seksualnej. Gdy poziom stresu wzrasta, uwalniane są hormony takie jak kortyzol i adrenalina, które mogą zmniejszać popęd seksualny i libido. 58
  • Historia nadużyć seksualnych – wcześniejsze doświadczenia seksualne mogą wpływać na rozwój psychoseksualny kobiety. 59 Przemoc emocjonalna, fizyczna lub seksualna w dzieciństwie lub okresie dojrzewania może nauczyć dzieci kontrolować i ukrywać emocje – przydatny mechanizm obronny – ale takie hamowanie może utrudniać wyrażanie uczuć seksualnych później. 60
  • Niska samoocena i negatywny obraz ciała – problemy z samooceną i negatywny wizerunek ciała mogą wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne. 61
  • Obawy związane z wynikiem seksualnym – strach przed niemożnością osiągnięcia orgazmu, dysfunkcją seksualną partnera mogą zaburzać odpowiedź seksualną. 62

Warto zauważyć, że czynniki psychologiczne mogą nie tylko powodować zaburzenia seksualne, ale również mogą być ich konsekwencją, tworząc błędne koło. Na przykład niezdolność do osiągnięcia orgazmu może prowadzić do obniżenia samooceny i zwiększenia lęku, co z kolei może pogłębiać problemy seksualne. 63

Czynniki interpersonalne i relacyjne

Jakość relacji z partnerem odgrywa istotną rolę w funkcjonowaniu seksualnym kobiet. Problemy w związku mogą prowadzić do dysfunkcji seksualnej lub ją pogłębiać. Główne czynniki relacyjne obejmują:

  • Niezadowolenie z relacji – długotrwały konflikt z partnerem w kwestii seksu lub innych aspektów związku może zmniejszać odpowiedź seksualną. 64 Źródła niezadowolenia z relacji, takie jak niewierność partnera lub brak czułości, zwiększają ryzyko dysfunkcji seksualnej. 65
  • Dysfunkcja seksualna partnera – problemy seksualne partnera, takie jak zaburzenia erekcji, mogą wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiety. 66
  • Brak komunikacji – niewystarczająca komunikacja dotycząca preferencji seksualnych między partnerami może przyczyniać się do trudności seksualnych. 67
  • Brak intymności emocjonalnej – niski poziom intymności emocjonalnej między partnerami ściśle koreluje z dysfunkcją seksualną. 68

Kontekstowe czynniki seksualne, takie jak stale niewystarczająca gra wstępna czy przedwczesny wytrysk partnera, również mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju dysfunkcji seksualnej. 69

Czynniki socjokulturowe

Kontekst społeczny i kulturowy może znacząco wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiet. Badania wskazują na następujące czynniki ryzyka:

  • Czynniki kulturowe i religijne – niektóre przekonania kulturowe i religijne mogą hamować seksualność. 70 W przeglądzie systematycznym stwierdzono, że religijność była skorelowana z wyższym poziomem dysfunkcji seksualnej. 71
  • Brak edukacji seksualnej – niewystarczająca wiedza na temat funkcjonowania seksualnego może przyczyniać się do problemów seksualnych. 72 Edukacja seksualna została zidentyfikowana jako czynnik ochronny przed dysfunkcją seksualną. 73
  • Małżeństwo dziecięce, aranżowane małżeństwo i poligamia – są związane z wyższym ryzykiem dysfunkcji seksualnej u kobiet. 74
  • Okaleczanie narządów płciowych kobiet – kobiety poddane obrzezaniu mają większe prawdopodobieństwo doświadczania niskiego pożądania seksualnego, słabej satysfakcji seksualnej, słabego podniecenia seksualnego z lub bez stymulacji oraz bolesnych doświadczeń podczas stosunku seksualnego. 75

Problemy z dostępem do usług zdrowia seksualnego, szczególnie w krajach, gdzie seks poza małżeństwem jest społecznie nieakceptowany, mogą również przyczyniać się do dysfunkcji seksualnej. 76

Czynniki demograficzne i styl życia

Czynniki związane z wiekiem, wykształceniem i stylem życia mogą również wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiet:

  • Wiek – samo starzenie się wiąże się ze zmniejszoną reaktywnością seksualną, aktywnością seksualną i libido. 77 Częstość występowania zaburzeń seksualnych wzrasta wraz z wiekiem kobiet, szczególnie w okresie przejścia menopauzalnego. 78
  • Wykształcenie – w przeglądzie systematycznym stwierdzono, że niższy poziom wykształcenia był często związany z wyższym ryzykiem dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet. 79
  • Styl życia – czynniki takie jak brak aktywności fizycznej, otyłość, palenie tytoniu i nadużywanie alkoholu mogą zwiększać ryzyko dysfunkcji seksualnej. 80
  • Stres związany z pracą – wymagania zawodowe, zmęczenie i stres związany z pracą mogą wpływać na pożądanie seksualne i ogólne funkcjonowanie seksualne. 81

Regularny wysiłek fizyczny, codzienna czułość, intymna komunikacja, posiadanie pozytywnego obrazu ciała i uznawanie seksu za ważny zostały zidentyfikowane jako czynniki ochronne w odniesieniu do dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet. 82

Zaburzenia neurotransmiterów w dysfunkcji seksualnej

Funkcje seksualne kobiet są regulowane przez złożone interakcje między różnymi neurotransmiterami w mózgu. Zaburzenia równowagi tych substancji chemicznych mogą przyczyniać się do dysfunkcji seksualnej:

  • Dopamina i noradrenalina – odpowiadają za szlaki pobudzające. Dopamina wzmacnia podniecenie i pożądanie seksualne, podczas gdy noradrenalina (noradrenalina) zwiększa podniecenie i orgazm. 83
  • Serotonina – szlaki hamujące dla pożądania i przyjemności seksualnej występują głównie za pośrednictwem układu serotoninergicznego. 84 Nadmierne uwalnianie serotoniny lub zmniejszenie jej metabolizmu może prowadzić do utraty libido i zmniejszonego pożądania lub podniecenia seksualnego. 85

Leki i schorzenia, które zwiększają poziom serotoniny w mózgu lub zmniejszają poziom dopaminy, były związane z dysfunkcją seksualną. 86 Selektywne inhibitory wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny mogą powodować objawy podobne do tych w zaburzeniach pożądania/podniecenia seksualnego u kobiet poprzez zwiększenie poziomu serotoniny. 87

Wplyw operacji ginekologicznych i innych interwencji medycznych

Zabiegi chirurgiczne w obrębie miednicy i narządów rozrodczych mogą mieć istotny wpływ na funkcjonowanie seksualne kobiet:

  • Histerektomia – usunięcie macicy może wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne. 88
  • Operacje narządów miednicy małej – mogą prowadzić do zmian w anatomii i czuciu narządów płciowych. 89
  • Leczenie onkologiczne – chirurgia, radioterapia i chemioterapia w leczeniu nowotworów ginekologicznych i raka piersi mogą wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne poprzez zmiany w fizjologii i psychologii. 90

Zabiegi te mogą wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne poprzez zmiany hormonalne, neurologiczne, naczyniowe oraz zmiany w postrzeganiu obrazu ciała. 91

Dysfunkcja seksualna u kobiet po zabiegach chirurgicznych i w innych szczególnych grupach

Niektóre grupy kobiet są szczególnie narażone na dysfunkcję seksualną ze względu na specyficzne okoliczności:

  • Kobiety po operacjach ginekologicznych – histerektomia, nowotwory ginekologiczne i rak piersi wiążą się nie tylko z problemami medycznymi i śmiertelnością, ale także zmieniają lub usuwają fizyczne i psychologiczne symbole kobiecości, co może prowadzić do poczucia zmniejszonej seksualności. 92
  • Kobiety z zaburzeniami obrazu ciała – zaburzenia obrazu ciała związane z stomią, mastektomią czy nietrzymaniem moczu mogą wpływać na funkcjonowanie seksualne. 93
  • Kobiety transpłciowe po operacji – jedna trzecia transpłciowych kobiet po operacji doświadcza zaburzeń pożądania seksualnego, co jest zgodne z częstością występowania u kobiet w okresie menopauzy. HSDD u transpłciowych kobiet jest w dużej mierze spowodowany brakiem testosteronu, szczególnie po usunięciu gonad podczas operacji dolnej części ciała, ponieważ androgeny są wytwarzane w mniejszych stężeniach niż u owulujących kobiet. 94

Te grupy kobiet mogą wymagać specjalnego podejścia w diagnostyce i leczeniu dysfunkcji seksualnej, uwzględniającego ich specyficzne potrzeby i okoliczności. 95

Znaczenie wieloczynnikowego podejścia do etiologii dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet

Zrozumienie etiologii dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet wymaga kompleksowego, wieloczynnikowego podejścia. Badania wskazują, że:

  • Szacunki dotyczące odsetka dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet przypisywanej czynnikom fizycznym wahają się od 30% do 80%. 96
  • Często występuje nakładanie się czynników fizycznych i psychologicznych – na przykład przewlekła choroba może prowadzić do depresji, która z kolei może pogłębiać dysfunkcję seksualną. 97
  • Kaplan zaproponował, że dysfunkcja seksualna opiera się na poziomach intrapsychicznym, interpersonalnym i behawioralnym. 98

Zidentyfikowano cztery czynniki, które mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju dysfunkcji seksualnej: 1) brak prawidłowych informacji dotyczących interakcji seksualnych i społecznych, 2) nieświadome poczucie winy lub lęk związany z seksem, 3) lęk przed wynikami seksualnymi oraz 4) brak komunikacji między partnerami. 99

Identyfikacja czynników, które są obecne w konkretnym przypadku, może pomóc w planowaniu leczenia. 100

Podsumowanie etiologii dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet

Dysfunkcja seksualna kobiet ma złożoną, wieloczynnikową etiologię, obejmującą aspekty biologiczne, psychologiczne, relacyjne i socjokulturowe. 101 Czynniki te często nakładają się na siebie i wchodzą w interakcje, co sprawia, że diagnoza i leczenie muszą uwzględniać całościowy obraz funkcjonowania kobiety.

Zrozumienie tych złożonych interakcji jest kluczowe dla skutecznego leczenia dysfunkcji seksualnej kobiet. Podejście holistyczne, uwzględniające zarówno aspekty fizyczne, jak i psychospołeczne, daje największe szanse na poprawę funkcjonowania seksualnego i ogólnej jakości życia. 102

Warto podkreślić, że nawet najlepsze leki prawdopodobnie nie będą skuteczne, jeśli inne czynniki emocjonalne lub społeczne nie zostaną rozwiązane. 103 Dlatego kompleksowa ocena i indywidualne podejście do leczenia są niezbędne w zarządzaniu dysfunkcją seksualną kobiet.

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Female sexual dysfunction – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20372549
    Female sexual dysfunction is a medical term for ongoing sexual problems that upset you or your partner. […] Sexual dysfunction problems often start when hormones change. This might be after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease, also can add to sexual dysfunction. […] Factors that add to sex problems include the following: Physical. Medical conditions can lead to sexual dysfunction. These may include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems. Certain medicines can decrease your sexual desire and make it harder for you to have an orgasm. […] Hormonal. Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and how you respond to sex. Lower estrogen leads to less blood flow to the pelvis. This can cause you to have less feeling in your genitals and to need more time to become aroused and reach orgasm. […] Psychological and social. Anxiety or depression that isn’t treated can cause sexual dysfunction or add to it. So can long-term stress, a history of sexual abuse, worries of pregnancy and the demands of having an infant.
  • #2 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Sexual dysfunction in women is a common and often distressing problem that has a negative impact on quality of life and medication compliance. […] The problem is often multifactorial, necessitating a multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment approach that addresses biological, psychological, sociocultural, and relational factors. […] The etiology of female sexual dysfunction is multifactorial, encompassing biological, psychological, relational, and sociocultural factors. […] Biological factors may impact sexual function in a variety of ways. […] Some chronic illnesses, such as vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, neurologic disease, and malignancy, can directly or indirectly impact sexual function. […] Aging itself is associated with decreased sexual responsiveness, sexual activity, and libido.
  • #3 Sexual dysfunction in women: Can we talk about it? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/5/367
    Sociocultural factors include lack of sex education, unrealistic expectations, cultural norms, and religious influences. […] Relationship factors include conflict with one’s partner, lack of emotional intimacy, absence of a partner, and partner sexual dysfunction. […] Multiple biological, psychological, and social factors may contribute to the problem. Identifying the ones that are present can help in planning treatment. […] Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is defined as persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity associated with marked distress and not due exclusively to a medication, substance abuse, or a medical condition. […] Low or decreased sexual desire is the most commonly reported sexual health concern in women of all ages, with an unadjusted prevalence of 39.7%.
  • #4 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Symptoms Causes & Treatment
    https://forumhealth.com/blog/7-most-common-sexual-problems-in-women/
    Sexual dysfunction is the persistent and recurring difficulty with sexual response, desire, orgasm, or pain. […] Sexual dysfunction in women represents almost half of the female population (43% to be exact), compared to only 31% of men. […] Although it may feel distressing or uncomfortable, sexual dysfunction is very common in females and has many causes, from hormonal changes to psychological reasons (and more). […] Here’s a comprehensive list of the most common causes of sexual dysfunction in women: Pain or trauma to the pelvis or vulva: Vulvodynia, chronic pain affecting the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening, is a common problem, as well as vulvar inflammatory conditions, vaginal burning, pain after childbirth or trauma, or other pain that affects a woman’s ability to enjoy being sexually intimate.
  • #5 Female Sexual Dysfunction: From Causality to Cure
    https://www-staging.uspharmacist.com/article/female-sexual-dysfunction-from-causality-to-cure
    Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a highly prevalent disorder affecting women’s quality of life across the lifespan and around the world. […] Disorders of sexual function are known to increase with age, subsequent to the onset of menopause. Approximately 52.4% of naturally menopausal women–an estimated 16 million women aged 50 and older–are likely to be affected by low sexual desire and symptoms of FSD. […] Other medical comorbidities that may be involved include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, surgical procedures (particularly pelvic-floor surgery), and the use of certain medications. […] Importantly, these manifestations of FSD are attributable to various psychological, physical, and medical causes that must be identified before effective treatment can occur.
  • #6 Overview of Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-women/overview-of-sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-women
    Sexual dysfunction in women includes pain during intercourse, involuntary painful contractions (spasms) of the muscles around the vagina (vaginismus), lack of interest in sex (low libido), and problems with arousal or orgasm. For a sexual dysfunction disorder to be diagnosed, these problems must cause distress to the woman. […] Sexual problems in women may have physical causes, psychological causes, or often a combination, with each impacting the other. […] Many factors cause or contribute to the various types of sexual dysfunction. Traditionally, causes are considered physical or psychological. However, the two types of causes cannot be separated. Psychological factors can cause physical changes in the brain, nerves, hormones, and, eventually, the genital organs. Physical changes can have psychological effects, which, in turn, have more physical effects. Some factors are related more to the situation than to the woman. Also, the cause of sexual dysfunction is often unclear.
  • #7 Female Sexual Dysfunction – WCURO
    https://www.wcuro.com/specialties/female-sexual-dysfunction/
    Persistent, recurrent problems with sexual response, desire, orgasm or pain that distress you or strain your relationship with your partner are known medically as female sexual dysfunction. […] Female sexual dysfunction can occur at any stage of life. It can be lifelong or be acquired later in life. It can occur only in certain sexual situations or in all sexual situations. […] Sexual problems often develop when your hormones are in flux, such as after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease, can also contribute to sexual dysfunction. […] Any number of medical conditions, including cancer, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems, can lead to sexual dysfunction. Certain medications, including some antidepressants, blood pressure medications, antihistamines and chemotherapy drugs, can decrease your sexual desire and your body’s ability to experience orgasm.
  • #8 Female Sexual Dysfunction – WCURO
    https://www.wcuro.com/specialties/female-sexual-dysfunction/
    Persistent, recurrent problems with sexual response, desire, orgasm or pain that distress you or strain your relationship with your partner are known medically as female sexual dysfunction. […] Female sexual dysfunction can occur at any stage of life. It can be lifelong or be acquired later in life. It can occur only in certain sexual situations or in all sexual situations. […] Sexual problems often develop when your hormones are in flux, such as after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease, can also contribute to sexual dysfunction. […] Any number of medical conditions, including cancer, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems, can lead to sexual dysfunction. Certain medications, including some antidepressants, blood pressure medications, antihistamines and chemotherapy drugs, can decrease your sexual desire and your body’s ability to experience orgasm.
  • #9 Etiology of female sexual dysfunction – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23477319/
    Evaluation of: Burri A, Corina G, Myriam L, Timothy S, Qazi R. A multivariate twin study of female sexual dysfunction. J. Sex. Med. 9, 2671-2681 (2012). This study highlights the complicated nature of female sexual dysfunction (FSD), demonstrating both genetic and environmental factors involved in its etiology. […] The results indicate that approximately one-third of the covariance between FSD dimensions was genetic, with one identified loci influencing all phases of the sexual response cycle, whereas the other loci influenced only arousal and orgasm function. […] Overall, the results suggest FSD is multifactorial.
  • #10 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Sexual dysfunction in women is a common and often distressing problem that has a negative impact on quality of life and medication compliance. […] The problem is often multifactorial, necessitating a multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment approach that addresses biological, psychological, sociocultural, and relational factors. […] The etiology of female sexual dysfunction is multifactorial, encompassing biological, psychological, relational, and sociocultural factors. […] Biological factors may impact sexual function in a variety of ways. […] Some chronic illnesses, such as vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, neurologic disease, and malignancy, can directly or indirectly impact sexual function. […] Aging itself is associated with decreased sexual responsiveness, sexual activity, and libido.
  • #11 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Women commonly have concerns about sexual function. […] Approximately 12% of women in the United States have a sexual function issue associated with distress. […] The traditional separation of psychological and physical etiologies is artificial; psychological distress causes changes in hormonal and neurologic physiology, and physical changes may generate psychological reactions that compound the dysfunction. […] Mood disorders (eg, depression, anxiety) are closely correlated with low interest and arousal. […] Women with an anxiety disorder are also more likely to have sexual dysfunction involving sexual interest, arousal, orgasm and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders. […] Previous experiences can affect a woman’s psychosexual development, as in the following: Past negative sexual or other experiences, including sexual trauma, may lead to low self-esteem, shame, or guilt.
  • #12 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.
    https://examine.com/conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/?srsltid=AfmBOoo9fDbB3MGtIbCOZnQujDvQsyrlZzzvTnoKcsOy4Z-R6vR-_B4p
    Normal sexual function requires the vascular, neurological, hormonal, and psychological systems to function together. As such, issues with any of these symptoms may produce issues with sexual function. Physiological causes of sexual dysfunction can include issues with the genitourinary, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurological, and endocrine systems. Emotional, psychological, and cultural causes can include the use of libido-affecting medications, anxiety and depression, traumatic experience, a sexually repressive cultural environment, poor body image, fatigue, and substance abuse. […] Chronic stress, depression, and anxiety may all contribute to sexual dysfunction. When stress levels go up, hormones like cortisol and epinephrine are released, which can diminish sex drive and libido.
  • #13 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Female sexuality is controlled by complex interactions among physiological, psychological, anatomical, neurochemical, hormonal, pharmacological, and social factors. […] Factors such as age, menopausal status, sociocultural challenges, stress, challenging relationships, medical comorbidities, medication interactions and adverse events, and anatomic factors such as female genital mutilation or circumcision, among others, play causative and contributory roles in the development of FSIAD. […] Other factors that have been associated with sexual disorders include life situations, ethnicity, and culture. […] According to study results, single and Black women are diagnosed with FSIAD less than married and White women. […] Furthermore, psychosocial and interpersonal relationships with sexual partners may significantly affect the sexual desire of female partners.
  • #14 Etiology of female sexual dysfunction – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23477319/
    Evaluation of: Burri A, Corina G, Myriam L, Timothy S, Qazi R. A multivariate twin study of female sexual dysfunction. J. Sex. Med. 9, 2671-2681 (2012). This study highlights the complicated nature of female sexual dysfunction (FSD), demonstrating both genetic and environmental factors involved in its etiology. […] The results indicate that approximately one-third of the covariance between FSD dimensions was genetic, with one identified loci influencing all phases of the sexual response cycle, whereas the other loci influenced only arousal and orgasm function. […] Overall, the results suggest FSD is multifactorial.
  • #15 Sexual dysfunction: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sexual-dysfunction
    The causes of orgasm disorders may be physical, psychological, or both. […] There are various potential causes of sexual dysfunction. Causes may be physiological, psychological, or both. […] Various medical conditions can directly or indirectly affect a persons sexual organs or the bodily functions that play a role in sexual health. […] Healthcare professionals associate various psychological factors with sexual dysfunction. These include: stress, anxiety, depression, past trauma, relationship problems, a strict upbringing and sexual beliefs, low self-esteem, fear related to sexual performance.
  • #16 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #17 Female Sexual Dysfunction Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/sexual-dysfunction
    Other factors that contribute to sexual dysfunction include: Physical conditions Many health conditions can affect your sex drive and satisfaction. Some medications can also lower your libido and your body’s ability to achieve orgasm. […] The drop in estrogen after menopause may cause your genital tissues to become thinner and less elastic, which may affect your sexual responsiveness and sensation. […] Psychosocial issues The demands and worries of being a new parent can contribute to depression or anxiety, which can cause sexual dysfunction, as can long-term stress and a history of sexual abuse. […] Female sexual dysfunction can strain your relationship with your partner and take a toll on your mental health. […] In addition, several cardiovascular diseases have been linked with female sexual disorders, including: Atherosclerosis Hardening of the arteries. […] These same conditions are associated with aging and erectile dysfunction in men.
  • #18 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #19 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #20 ACOG Guidance: Female Sexual Dysfunction – The ObG Project
    https://www.obgproject.com/2023/06/21/acog-guidance-female-sexual-dysfunction/
    Female sexual dysfunction is relatively prevalent. Approximately 43% of American women report sexual problems. Dysfunction includes various conditions which report personal distress in one or more of the following areas: desire, arousal, orgasm, or pain. […] Possible Etiologies include Hypertension, Diabetes, Medications, and the Postpartum period. […] Chronic high blood glucose is linked to decreased desire, arousal, and orgasm. […] Medication-related causes include psychiatric drugs, including but not limited to: Antidepressants, Lithium, and Risperidone. […] Diagnoses are made according to the DSM-5 classified female sexual dysfunction when symptoms persist for at least 6 months. […] A person may still benefit from evaluation and treatment even if their symptoms do not meet DSM-5 criteria.
  • #21 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Sexual difficulties in chronic pain are frequent and wide-ranging. […] Medications that are associated with female sexual dysfunction include: Antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants). […] The factors associated with an increased risk of FSD include increasing age, menopause (including premature ovarian failure), the postpartum period, genital surgery, genital atrophy, genital mutilation, sexual abuse, psychological factors, relationship problems, alcohol, substance use disorders, smoking, and obesity. […] Medical and psychiatric conditions that are associated with female sexual dysfunction include: Cardiovascular disease. […] Diabetes mellitus. […] Neurologic disease (stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury). […] Chronic or recurrent headaches, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, together with many types of cancer and the medical or surgical consequences of their treatment, can also lead to FSD.
  • #22 Female Orgasmic Disorder – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/female-orgasmic-disorder
    Female orgasmic disorder involves orgasm that is absent, infrequent, markedly diminished in intensity, or markedly delayed in response to stimulation despite normal levels of subjective arousal. […] Factors that contribute to female orgasmic disorder include […] Contextual factors (eg, consistently insufficient foreplay, early ejaculation by the partner, poor communication about sexual preferences) […] Psychological factors (eg, anxiety, stress, lack of trust in a partner) […] Cultural factors (eg, lack of recognition of or attention paid to female sexual pleasure) […] Medications (eg. some antipsychotics or, commonly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) […] Lack of knowledge about sexual function […] Damage to genital sensory or autonomic nerves or pathways (eg, due to diabetes or multiple sclerosis) […] Vulval dystrophy (eg, lichen sclerosus).
  • #23 Female Sexual Dysfunction
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Psych/FmlSxlDysfnctn.htm
    Genital anatomy changes: Gynecologic cancer, Hysterectomy, Radiation Therapy […] Nerve dysfunction: Diabetes Mellitus, Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromuscular disorders, Parkinsonism, Traumatic Brain Injury, Traumatic Paraplegia, Pituitary tumor (or Hyperprolactinemia) […] Decreased Estrogen: Oophorectomy, Premature Ovarian Failure, Menopause […] Disruption of body image: Ostomy, Mastectomy, Urinary Incontinence […] Miscellaneous conditions: Coronary Artery Disease, Hypothyroidism, End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis.
  • #24 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p127.html
    Sexual dysfunction includes desire, arousal, orgasmic and sex pain disorders (dyspareunia and vaginismus). […] Long-term medical diseases, minor ailments, medications and psychosocial difficulties, including prior physical or sexual abuse, are etiologic factors. […] Gynecologic maladies and cancers (including breast cancer) are also frequent sources of sexual dysfunction. […] Medical conditions are a frequent source of direct or indirect sexual difficulties. Vascular disease associated with diabetes might preclude adequate arousal; cardiovascular disease may inhibit intercourse secondary to dyspnea. […] Prescription and over-the-counter medications, illicit drugs and alcohol abuse contribute to sexual dysfunction. […] Gynecologic conditions contribute physically to sexual difficulties, and treatment must address both of these issues.
  • #25 British Journal of Nursing – Understanding female sexual dysfunction, its causes and treatments
    https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/womens-health/understanding-female-sexual-dysfunction-its-causes-and-treatments
    Female sexual dysfunction can greatly affect a woman’s quality of life. […] There may be biological, psychological, emotional and relationship issues. […] Biological factors that impact on a woman’s sexual function directly, such as vaginal dryness and pelvic floor dysfunction, or indirectly, such as chronic pain, need addressing at the earliest opportunity to help prevent more complex problems developing. […] Although psychological and emotional factors can create sexual difficulties, they can equally be the result of unaddressed or untreated biological/medical issues, with sexual problems therefore persisting long after the original cause. […] Various chronic diseases that interfere directly with the physiology of the central and peripheral sexual response and the psychological consequences of being ill are included in medical factors affecting sexual interest/arousal disorder.
  • #26 Female Sexual Dysfunction: From Causality to Cure
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/female-sexual-dysfunction-from-causality-to-cure
    Vascular diseases like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, kidney disease, atherosclerosis, and traumatic injury are associated with diminished vaginal and clitoral blood flow and impaired sexual functioning. […] Sexual dysfunction is a common manifestation in women suffering from urologic infections and conditions such as interstitial cystitis, urinary incontinence, disorders of bladder-emptying, sexually transmitted diseases, and pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Numerous medications have been identified as causing sexual dysfunction. […] Hormonal supplementation therapy with either estrogen or testosterone has been utilized to replenish diminished levels thought to be associated with sexual dysfunction, particularly in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. […] Despite its well-described efficacy, ERT generally is not indicated for women whose symptoms are unrelated to vaginal or vasomotor dysfunction.
  • #27 Impact of Overactive Bladder Syndrome on Female Sexual Function – Journal of Urological Surgery
    https://jurolsurgery.org/articles/impact-of-overactive-bladder-syndrome-on-female-sexual-function/doi/jus.468
    The etiology of female sexual dysfunction includes psychological, physiological and iatrogenic causes. Physiological and iatrogenic causes are abdominal surgery, menopause, smoking, spinal cord injuries and some antipsychotic, antihypertensive, and antidepressant drugs. […] The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction is estimated to be 43% and it has been reported to increase with menopause and age. […] Menopause and partner status were the most important predictors for female sexual dysfunction. It has been reported that overactive bladder syndrome and urinary incontinence provide prediction of development of female sexual dysfunction. […] Shame, fear of incontinence, and urinary incontinence as well as urge sensation during sexual intercourse in individuals with overactive bladder syndrome have been reported to be the main factors causing female sexual dysfunction.
  • #28 Impact of Overactive Bladder Syndrome on Female Sexual Function – Journal of Urological Surgery
    https://jurolsurgery.org/articles/impact-of-overactive-bladder-syndrome-on-female-sexual-function/doi/jus.468
    Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and overactive bladder syndrome are not known how to cause female sexual dysfunction. […] Overactive bladder syndrome affects work life of women, travel comfort, quality of sleep, exercise, social life and married life. […] Overactive bladder syndrome significantly affects sexual health in women. Especially sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, sexual pleasure, self-esteem and marital relationships are negatively affected. […] Although the association between overactive bladder syndrome and female sexual dysfunction has not been proven, overactive bladder syndrome has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for female sexual dysfunction.
  • #29 Sexual Dysfunction – The Center for Specialized Women’s Health – Denville, NJ
    https://specializedwomenshealth.com/services/sexual-dysfunction/
    Sexual dysfunction in women is a disorder that can take many forms and have many causes. […] Physical causes of sexual dysfunction in women may include: Blood flow disorders: Some research points to vascular (blood vessel) disorders. These disorders may prevent blood flow to parts of the female reproductive system. […] Certain medications and treatments: Some medications affect sexual function. Antidepressants may reduce your sex drive or your ability to have an orgasm. […] Gynecologic conditions: Endometriosis, ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids and vaginitis can all cause pain during sex. […] Hormonal changes: Hormone imbalances may cause vaginal dryness or vaginal atrophy, making sex painful. […] Particular health conditions: A number of health conditions can affect your ability to enjoy sex. These include diabetes, arthritis, multiple sclerosis and heart disease.
  • #30 Female Sexual Dysfunction: From Causality to Cure
    https://www-staging.uspharmacist.com/article/female-sexual-dysfunction-from-causality-to-cure
    The etiology of FSD is multifactorial. General physical and mental status; prior sexual experiences; levels of stress, education, and employment; socioeconomic status; cultural and ethnic identity; relationship dynamics; and the presence and health status of a partner all contribute to a woman’s sexual identity and define usual sexual behavior. […] Psychological factors related to emotional or relationship issues; depression and the use of antidepressants; and poor self-esteem and self-perception are the most prevalent, and often the most difficult to treat, causes of FSD. […] Additionally, psychiatric illness and adverse effects of antipsychotic medications may sometimes manifest as symptoms of FSD. […] A woman’s body is subject to hormonal influences and imbalances throughout her lifespan that affect her sexual physiology, most notably pregnancy and menopause. […] While pregnancy itself is generally associated with a diminished interest in sex, 23% to 57% of women report decreased libido at three months postpartum and nearly 40% report this at six months. […] As a woman’s body transitions through menopause, cessation of ovarian estrogen production is associated with urogenital atrophy and diminished sexual response. […] Vascular diseases like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, kidney disease, atherosclerosis, and traumatic injury are associated with diminished vaginal and clitoral blood flow and impaired sexual functioning. […] Sexual dysfunction is a common manifestation in women suffering from urologic infections and conditions such as interstitial cystitis, urinary incontinence, disorders of bladder-emptying, sexually transmitted diseases, and pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Physiologic disorders of the vagina and uterus such as vaginal fissures and endometriosis are associated with sexual-pain disorders. […] Numerous medications have been identified as causing sexual dysfunction.
  • #31 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #32 All you need to know about Female Sexual Dysfunction | Sexual Health | Blogs | Proactive For Her
    https://proactiveforher.com/blogs/sexual-health/all-you-need-to-know-about-female-sexual-dysfunction/
    In women, there can be 6 types of sexual disorders. […] Multiple factors, including psychological, social, physical and hormonal changes, can lead to female sexual dysfunction. […] Psychological factors […] Physical and hormonal causes […] Medical conditions like diabetes, kidney and liver failure […] Hormonal disorders […] Thyroid disorders […] Medications like antidepressants, anti-hypertensives […] Alcoholism […] Drug abuse […] Hormonal changes during menopause […] Insufficient foreplay.
  • #33 Female sexual dysfunction – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20372549
    Female sexual dysfunction is a medical term for ongoing sexual problems that upset you or your partner. […] Sexual dysfunction problems often start when hormones change. This might be after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease, also can add to sexual dysfunction. […] Factors that add to sex problems include the following: Physical. Medical conditions can lead to sexual dysfunction. These may include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems. Certain medicines can decrease your sexual desire and make it harder for you to have an orgasm. […] Hormonal. Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and how you respond to sex. Lower estrogen leads to less blood flow to the pelvis. This can cause you to have less feeling in your genitals and to need more time to become aroused and reach orgasm. […] Psychological and social. Anxiety or depression that isn’t treated can cause sexual dysfunction or add to it. So can long-term stress, a history of sexual abuse, worries of pregnancy and the demands of having an infant.
  • #34 Female sexual dysfunction – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20372549
    Female sexual dysfunction is a medical term for ongoing sexual problems that upset you or your partner. […] Sexual dysfunction problems often start when hormones change. This might be after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease, also can add to sexual dysfunction. […] Factors that add to sex problems include the following: Physical. Medical conditions can lead to sexual dysfunction. These may include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems. Certain medicines can decrease your sexual desire and make it harder for you to have an orgasm. […] Hormonal. Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and how you respond to sex. Lower estrogen leads to less blood flow to the pelvis. This can cause you to have less feeling in your genitals and to need more time to become aroused and reach orgasm. […] Psychological and social. Anxiety or depression that isn’t treated can cause sexual dysfunction or add to it. So can long-term stress, a history of sexual abuse, worries of pregnancy and the demands of having an infant.
  • #35 Overview of Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-women/overview-of-sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-women
    Depression and anxiety commonly contribute to sexual dysfunction. […] Various fears of letting go, of being rejected, or of losing control and low self-esteem can contribute to sexual dysfunction. […] Various physical conditions, hormones, medications, and illicit drugs may lead or contribute to sexual dysfunction. Hormonal changes, which may occur with aging or result from a disorder, can interfere. […] After menopause, changes in the vagina and urinary tract (called genitourinary syndrome of menopause) can affect sexual function. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant, commonly cause problems with sexual function. […] Alcohol can also cause problems with sexual function.
  • #36 Female Sexual Dysfunction: From Causality to Cure
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/female-sexual-dysfunction-from-causality-to-cure
    As androgen levels also diminish with age, women reporting decreased sexual desire and satisfaction–symptoms related to testosterone deficiency or low serum testosterone levels–may benefit from testosterone replacement therapy, although recent findings suggest that there is no evidence that low serum testosterone levels are, in fact, associated with sexual dysfunction.
  • #37 Female Orgasmic Disorder – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/female-orgasmic-disorder
    Female orgasmic disorder involves orgasm that is absent, infrequent, markedly diminished in intensity, or markedly delayed in response to stimulation despite normal levels of subjective arousal. […] Factors that contribute to female orgasmic disorder include […] Contextual factors (eg, consistently insufficient foreplay, early ejaculation by the partner, poor communication about sexual preferences) […] Psychological factors (eg, anxiety, stress, lack of trust in a partner) […] Cultural factors (eg, lack of recognition of or attention paid to female sexual pleasure) […] Medications (eg. some antipsychotics or, commonly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) […] Lack of knowledge about sexual function […] Damage to genital sensory or autonomic nerves or pathways (eg, due to diabetes or multiple sclerosis) […] Vulval dystrophy (eg, lichen sclerosus).
  • #38 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #39 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #40 Female Sexual Dysfunction | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro
    Endocrine conditions which may affect sexual function include: Thyroid disease (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a strong association with FSD. […] Type 2 diabetes is particularly associated with disorders of arousal. […] The prevalence of FSD among pregnant women is reported in 50-80% of women, mainly in the first and third trimesters. […] Sexual function declines during pregnancy and does not return to its baseline levels during the postpartum period. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with an increased prevalence of FSD. […] Neurological conditions can therefore interfere with female sexual function. […] Psychological factors (history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders), sociocultural issues (beliefs regarding sexual activity) and interpersonal issues (partner availability, partner function, relationship with partner, communication with partner) affect sexual function in all age groups.
  • #41 Patient education: Sexual problems in females (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sexual-problems-in-females-beyond-the-basics/print
    Childbirth — After childbirth, it is common to experience decreased sexual desire. […] Menopause — Estrogen levels decline dramatically. This may contribute to changes in your libido and ability to become aroused. […] Vaginal or pelvic pain — Vaginal or pelvic pain is a common cause of sexual dysfunction. […] Medical issues — Almost any serious medical problem can impact sexual desire and responsiveness. […] Psychiatric or emotional problems may significantly impact sexual function, either due to the disease itself or its treatment. […] Medications — Both prescription and nonprescription medications can alter sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain.
  • #42 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p127.html
    Urogenital atrophy is the most common cause of arousal disorders in postmenopausal women, and estrogen replacement, when appropriate, is usually effective therapy. […] Anorgasmia is quite responsive to therapy. This condition is caused by sexual inexperience or the lack of sufficient stimulation and is common in women who have never experienced orgasm. […] Dyspareunia can be divided into three types of pain: superficial, vaginal and deep. Superficial dyspareunia occurs with attempted penetration, usually secondary to anatomic or irritative conditions, or vaginismus. […] Vaginismus, the involuntary contraction of the muscles of the outer one third of the vagina, is often related to sexual phobias or past abuse or trauma.
  • #43 Understanding Female Sexual Dysfunction – menMD
    https://menmd.com/understanding-female-sexual-dysfunction/
    It is estimated that roughly 31% of men and 43% of women will experience sexual dysfunction. […] Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is not commonly discussed despite its high prevalence. […] Certain life events make women or those assigned female at birth (AFAB) more likely to develop sexual health issues. These include the postpartum period and menopause, due to the hormonal changes that can impact sexual health. […] Medical conditions that can cause or contribute to FSD include: Diabetes, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Endometriosis, Chronic pain conditions (e.g., arthritis, fibromyalgia), Neurological disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries), Gynecological conditions (e.g., vulvodynia, vestibulitis, uterine fibroids), Hormonal imbalances (e.g., thyroid disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome), Cancer and cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation, surgery), Cardiovascular disease, Pelvic floor disorders. […] Psychological factors can also have a measurable impact on sexual function. […] Relationship problems, communication issues, and societal pressures can further exacerbate FSD.
  • #44 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Hormonal changes occurring in midlife may impact a woman’s sexual function. […] Menopause is marked by a decline in ovarian hormone levels, which occurs gradually in natural menopause but may be sudden if menopause occurs because of surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. […] Decreased vaginal lubrication and dyspareunia are associated with low estradiol levels; however, the association between low sexual desire and lower estradiol levels has been inconsistent. […] The most common psychological factors impacting female sexual function are depression, anxiety, distraction, negative body image, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect. […] Common contextual or sociocultural factors that cause or maintain sexual dysfunction include relationship discord, partner sexual dysfunction (e.g., erectile dysfunction), life stage stressors (e.g., transition into retirement, children leaving home), and cultural or religious messages that inhibit sexuality.
  • #45 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Serotonin-enhancing medications have an inhibitory effect on sexual function. […] Sexual dysfunction induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use is common, with an incidence between 30% and 70%, and may include difficulty with sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. […] Many other commonly prescribed medications may adversely affect sexual functioning, including antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, and oral estrogens, including combined hormonal contraception.
  • #46 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Serotonin-enhancing medications have an inhibitory effect on sexual function. […] Sexual dysfunction induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use is common, with an incidence between 30% and 70%, and may include difficulty with sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. […] Many other commonly prescribed medications may adversely affect sexual functioning, including antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, and oral estrogens, including combined hormonal contraception.
  • #47 Orgasmic dysfunction in women: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001953.htm
    Orgasmic dysfunction is when a woman either cannot reach orgasm, or has trouble reaching orgasm when she is sexually excited. […] Many factors can lead to problems reaching orgasm. They include: A history of sexual abuse or rape, boredom in sexual activity or a relationship, fatigue, stress or depression, lack of knowledge about sexual function, negative feelings about sex (often learned in childhood or teen years), shyness or embarrassment about asking for the type of touching that works best, partner issues. […] Health problems that can cause problems reaching orgasm include: Certain drugs that are prescribed. The most common drugs used to treat depression (SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) may cause this problem. These include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft). Hormonal disorders or changes, such as menopause. Chronic illnesses that affect health and sexual interest. Chronic pelvic pain, such as from endometriosis. Damage to the nerves that supply the pelvis due to conditions such as multiple sclerosis, diabetic nerve damage, and spinal cord injury. Spasm of the muscles surrounding the vagina that occurs against your will (vaginismus). Vaginal dryness. […] The role of taking female hormone supplements in treating orgasmic dysfunction is unproven and the long-term risks remain unclear.
  • #48 Female Sexual Dysfunction
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Psych/FmlSxlDysfnctn.htm
    Women with sexual concerns: 50% […] American women who have never had an orgasm: 8% […] Mood Disorder: Major Depression […] Guilt about past sexual activities: Masturbation, Premarital and extramarital sex, Sexually Transmitted Disease, Abortion, Multiple partners […] Sexual abuse history […] Substance Abuse […] Relationship problems: Marital distress, Couple mismatch on sexual preferences […] CNS Depressants: Alcohol, Sedative-Hypnotics, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO Inhibitors), Antianxiety agents, Narcotics, Antipsychotics […] Chemical abuse (may variably enhance libido): Cocaine, Amphetamines, Hallucinogens, Marijuana […] Antihypertensives: Beta Blockers, Clonidine, Methyldopa […] Miscellaneous agents: Cancer Chemotherapy agents (e.g. ovary damage), Cimetidine or Ranitidine (antiandrogen)
  • #49 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Serotonin-enhancing medications have an inhibitory effect on sexual function. […] Sexual dysfunction induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use is common, with an incidence between 30% and 70%, and may include difficulty with sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. […] Many other commonly prescribed medications may adversely affect sexual functioning, including antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, and oral estrogens, including combined hormonal contraception.
  • #50 Evaluation of Sexual Dysfunction
    https://www.exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/evaluation-of-sexual-dysfunction/?cat
    Other medications that are associated with sexual dysfunction include antihistamines, anticholinergics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants. […] Some hormonal medications, including aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and GnRH agonists, may also be associated with sexual dysfunction. […] Psychological factors impacting sexual function include depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders, and history of abuse. […] Relationship distress, partner sexual dysfunction, and certain cultural or religious views toward sexuality may all also contribute to sexual dysfunction.
  • #51 Evaluation of Sexual Dysfunction
    https://www.exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/evaluation-of-sexual-dysfunction/?cat
    Other medications that are associated with sexual dysfunction include antihistamines, anticholinergics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants. […] Some hormonal medications, including aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and GnRH agonists, may also be associated with sexual dysfunction. […] Psychological factors impacting sexual function include depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders, and history of abuse. […] Relationship distress, partner sexual dysfunction, and certain cultural or religious views toward sexuality may all also contribute to sexual dysfunction.
  • #52 Sexual Dysfunction: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/sexual-dysfunction-7111756
    A wide range of medical conditions can directly or indirectly affect the physical function of the sexual organs and/or the moods that direct the sexual response. […] The physical causes can be broadly described in five categories: cardiovascular causes, functional causes, hormonal causes, neurological causes, and metabolic causes. […] Certain medications can also cause sexual dysfunction. Some influence the hormones like serotonin and dopamine that regulate moods and sexual desire. Others affect sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that direct the sexual response. […] Alcohol abuse can also lead to sexual dysfunction by depressing the central nervous system and slowing down nerve signals between the brain and genitals. Illicit drugs like heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy (MDMA) are also associated with sexual dysfunction.
  • #53 Sexual Dysfunction: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/sexual-dysfunction-7111756
    A wide range of medical conditions can directly or indirectly affect the physical function of the sexual organs and/or the moods that direct the sexual response. […] The physical causes can be broadly described in five categories: cardiovascular causes, functional causes, hormonal causes, neurological causes, and metabolic causes. […] Certain medications can also cause sexual dysfunction. Some influence the hormones like serotonin and dopamine that regulate moods and sexual desire. Others affect sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that direct the sexual response. […] Alcohol abuse can also lead to sexual dysfunction by depressing the central nervous system and slowing down nerve signals between the brain and genitals. Illicit drugs like heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy (MDMA) are also associated with sexual dysfunction.
  • #54 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Women commonly have concerns about sexual function. […] Approximately 12% of women in the United States have a sexual function issue associated with distress. […] The traditional separation of psychological and physical etiologies is artificial; psychological distress causes changes in hormonal and neurologic physiology, and physical changes may generate psychological reactions that compound the dysfunction. […] Mood disorders (eg, depression, anxiety) are closely correlated with low interest and arousal. […] Women with an anxiety disorder are also more likely to have sexual dysfunction involving sexual interest, arousal, orgasm and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders. […] Previous experiences can affect a woman’s psychosexual development, as in the following: Past negative sexual or other experiences, including sexual trauma, may lead to low self-esteem, shame, or guilt.
  • #55 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Women commonly have concerns about sexual function. […] Approximately 12% of women in the United States have a sexual function issue associated with distress. […] The traditional separation of psychological and physical etiologies is artificial; psychological distress causes changes in hormonal and neurologic physiology, and physical changes may generate psychological reactions that compound the dysfunction. […] Mood disorders (eg, depression, anxiety) are closely correlated with low interest and arousal. […] Women with an anxiety disorder are also more likely to have sexual dysfunction involving sexual interest, arousal, orgasm and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders. […] Previous experiences can affect a woman’s psychosexual development, as in the following: Past negative sexual or other experiences, including sexual trauma, may lead to low self-esteem, shame, or guilt.
  • #56 Sexual dysfunction in women: Can we talk about it? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/5/367
    The severity of depressive symptoms predicted impairment in sexual satisfaction, which in turn predicted poorer quality of life. […] As many as 70% of patients taking an SSRI or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) experience antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, though this is difficult to estimate across studies of different medications due to differences in methods and because many patients only report it when directly asked about it. […] Treatment of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction includes not only optimal management of depression but reassessment of the antidepressant treatment.
  • #57 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Women commonly have concerns about sexual function. […] Approximately 12% of women in the United States have a sexual function issue associated with distress. […] The traditional separation of psychological and physical etiologies is artificial; psychological distress causes changes in hormonal and neurologic physiology, and physical changes may generate psychological reactions that compound the dysfunction. […] Mood disorders (eg, depression, anxiety) are closely correlated with low interest and arousal. […] Women with an anxiety disorder are also more likely to have sexual dysfunction involving sexual interest, arousal, orgasm and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders. […] Previous experiences can affect a woman’s psychosexual development, as in the following: Past negative sexual or other experiences, including sexual trauma, may lead to low self-esteem, shame, or guilt.
  • #58 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.
    https://examine.com/conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/?srsltid=AfmBOoo9fDbB3MGtIbCOZnQujDvQsyrlZzzvTnoKcsOy4Z-R6vR-_B4p
    Normal sexual function requires the vascular, neurological, hormonal, and psychological systems to function together. As such, issues with any of these symptoms may produce issues with sexual function. Physiological causes of sexual dysfunction can include issues with the genitourinary, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurological, and endocrine systems. Emotional, psychological, and cultural causes can include the use of libido-affecting medications, anxiety and depression, traumatic experience, a sexually repressive cultural environment, poor body image, fatigue, and substance abuse. […] Chronic stress, depression, and anxiety may all contribute to sexual dysfunction. When stress levels go up, hormones like cortisol and epinephrine are released, which can diminish sex drive and libido.
  • #59 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Women commonly have concerns about sexual function. […] Approximately 12% of women in the United States have a sexual function issue associated with distress. […] The traditional separation of psychological and physical etiologies is artificial; psychological distress causes changes in hormonal and neurologic physiology, and physical changes may generate psychological reactions that compound the dysfunction. […] Mood disorders (eg, depression, anxiety) are closely correlated with low interest and arousal. […] Women with an anxiety disorder are also more likely to have sexual dysfunction involving sexual interest, arousal, orgasm and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders. […] Previous experiences can affect a woman’s psychosexual development, as in the following: Past negative sexual or other experiences, including sexual trauma, may lead to low self-esteem, shame, or guilt.
  • #60 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse during childhood or adolescence can teach children to control and hide emotions—a useful defense mechanism—but such inhibition can make expressing sexual feelings difficult later. […] Concerns about a negative outcome (eg, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections [STIs], inability to have an orgasm, sexual dysfunction in a partner) can also impair sexual response. […] Various genital lesions, systemic and hormonal factors, medications, and illicit drugs may lead or contribute to dysfunction. […] Genitourinary syndrome of menopause describes symptoms and signs due to estrogen and androgen deficiency, such as vulvovaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness and decreased lubrication during intercourse, which cause pain. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a particularly common iatrogenic cause of sexual dysfunction. […] Alcohol dependence can cause sexual dysfunction.
  • #61 Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text
    https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-018-0602-4
    Sexual dysfunction has a biopsychosocial etiology, i.e. the origin of the dysfunction may stem from a biological or organic condition, a psychological condition and/or a social condition. […] Identifying these predictors and their effect (whether protective or risk-inducing) may aid health professionals to better detect and potentially prevent sexual problems from arising. […] Significant risk factors which were consistent in all domains of female sexual dysfunction were: poor physical health, poor mental health, poor partner health, partner unemployment, low education of partner, stress, abortion, menopause, genitourinary problems, female genital mutilation, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual dysfunction of partner, sexual abuse, and being religious. […] Factors which consistently had a significant, protective effect across all domains were: older age at marriage, exercising, daily affection, intimate communication, having a positive body image, sex education and finding sex to be important. […] Risk factors such as older age, poor health, and relationship dissatisfaction were found in all human development groups, regardless of the level of gender inequality.
  • #62 Overview of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction
    Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse during childhood or adolescence can teach children to control and hide emotions—a useful defense mechanism—but such inhibition can make expressing sexual feelings difficult later. […] Concerns about a negative outcome (eg, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections [STIs], inability to have an orgasm, sexual dysfunction in a partner) can also impair sexual response. […] Various genital lesions, systemic and hormonal factors, medications, and illicit drugs may lead or contribute to dysfunction. […] Genitourinary syndrome of menopause describes symptoms and signs due to estrogen and androgen deficiency, such as vulvovaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness and decreased lubrication during intercourse, which cause pain. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a particularly common iatrogenic cause of sexual dysfunction. […] Alcohol dependence can cause sexual dysfunction.
  • #63 British Journal of Nursing – Understanding female sexual dysfunction, its causes and treatments
    https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/womens-health/understanding-female-sexual-dysfunction-its-causes-and-treatments
    Female sexual dysfunction can greatly affect a woman’s quality of life. […] There may be biological, psychological, emotional and relationship issues. […] Biological factors that impact on a woman’s sexual function directly, such as vaginal dryness and pelvic floor dysfunction, or indirectly, such as chronic pain, need addressing at the earliest opportunity to help prevent more complex problems developing. […] Although psychological and emotional factors can create sexual difficulties, they can equally be the result of unaddressed or untreated biological/medical issues, with sexual problems therefore persisting long after the original cause. […] Various chronic diseases that interfere directly with the physiology of the central and peripheral sexual response and the psychological consequences of being ill are included in medical factors affecting sexual interest/arousal disorder.
  • #64 Female Sexual Dysfunction – WCURO
    https://www.wcuro.com/specialties/female-sexual-dysfunction/
    Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and sexual responsiveness. A decrease in estrogen leads to decreased blood flow to the pelvic region, which can result in needing more time to build arousal and reach orgasm, as well as less genital sensation. […] Sexual desire also decreases when hormonal levels decrease. Your body’s hormone levels also shift after giving birth and during breast-feeding, which can lead to vaginal dryness and can affect your desire to have sex. […] Untreated anxiety or depression can cause or contribute to sexual dysfunction, as can long-term stress and a history of sexual abuse. […] Long-standing conflicts with your partner about sex or other aspects of your relationship can diminish your sexual responsiveness, as well. Cultural and religious issues and problems with body image also can contribute.
  • #65 Sexual dysfunction in women: Symptoms and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sexual-dysfunction-in-women
    Sexual dysfunction in females can manifest itself in a range of ways. […] A range of factors can contribute to these experiences, including physical illnesses, hormone changes, relationship problems, and social factors such as societal expectations around sex. […] Physical, psychological, and social factors can all contribute to any type of sexual dysfunction in females. […] Depending on the case, sexual dysfunction may have only one cause or multiple contributing factors. […] A 2018 systematic review of 135 prior studies from various cultures found that certain factors correlate with a higher risk of sexual dysfunction, including: […] In the review, a lower level of education was frequently linked with higher risk of female sexual dysfunction. […] Sources of relationship dissatisfaction, such as a partner being unfaithful or lacking affection, elevate the risk of sexual dysfunction.
  • #66 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Hormonal changes occurring in midlife may impact a woman’s sexual function. […] Menopause is marked by a decline in ovarian hormone levels, which occurs gradually in natural menopause but may be sudden if menopause occurs because of surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. […] Decreased vaginal lubrication and dyspareunia are associated with low estradiol levels; however, the association between low sexual desire and lower estradiol levels has been inconsistent. […] The most common psychological factors impacting female sexual function are depression, anxiety, distraction, negative body image, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect. […] Common contextual or sociocultural factors that cause or maintain sexual dysfunction include relationship discord, partner sexual dysfunction (e.g., erectile dysfunction), life stage stressors (e.g., transition into retirement, children leaving home), and cultural or religious messages that inhibit sexuality.
  • #67 Female Orgasmic Disorder – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/female-orgasmic-disorder
    Female orgasmic disorder involves orgasm that is absent, infrequent, markedly diminished in intensity, or markedly delayed in response to stimulation despite normal levels of subjective arousal. […] Factors that contribute to female orgasmic disorder include […] Contextual factors (eg, consistently insufficient foreplay, early ejaculation by the partner, poor communication about sexual preferences) […] Psychological factors (eg, anxiety, stress, lack of trust in a partner) […] Cultural factors (eg, lack of recognition of or attention paid to female sexual pleasure) […] Medications (eg. some antipsychotics or, commonly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) […] Lack of knowledge about sexual function […] Damage to genital sensory or autonomic nerves or pathways (eg, due to diabetes or multiple sclerosis) […] Vulval dystrophy (eg, lichen sclerosus).
  • #68 Sexual dysfunction in women – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/352
    Sexual dysfunction in women of all sexual orientations correlates most strongly with poor mental health and with negative feelings for the partner(s), rather than with any serum hormone (or hormone metabolite) levels. […] Poor mental health, stress, and low levels of emotional intimacy between the partners correlate closely with dysfunction, whereas serum levels of sex hormones do not. […] There is only limited research on persistent genital arousal disorder/genito-pelvic dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD) and its pathophysiology and treatment are not well understood. […] Risk factors include depression, antidepressant use, comorbid anxiety disorder, psychological aspects of cancer, relationship difficulties, partner sexual dysfunction, reduced androgen activity, oestrogen deficiency, and other medical conditions.
  • #69 Female Orgasmic Disorder – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/female-orgasmic-disorder
    Female orgasmic disorder involves orgasm that is absent, infrequent, markedly diminished in intensity, or markedly delayed in response to stimulation despite normal levels of subjective arousal. […] Factors that contribute to female orgasmic disorder include […] Contextual factors (eg, consistently insufficient foreplay, early ejaculation by the partner, poor communication about sexual preferences) […] Psychological factors (eg, anxiety, stress, lack of trust in a partner) […] Cultural factors (eg, lack of recognition of or attention paid to female sexual pleasure) […] Medications (eg. some antipsychotics or, commonly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) […] Lack of knowledge about sexual function […] Damage to genital sensory or autonomic nerves or pathways (eg, due to diabetes or multiple sclerosis) […] Vulval dystrophy (eg, lichen sclerosus).
  • #70 Sexual dysfunction in women: Can we talk about it? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/5/367
    Sociocultural factors include lack of sex education, unrealistic expectations, cultural norms, and religious influences. […] Relationship factors include conflict with one’s partner, lack of emotional intimacy, absence of a partner, and partner sexual dysfunction. […] Multiple biological, psychological, and social factors may contribute to the problem. Identifying the ones that are present can help in planning treatment. […] Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is defined as persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity associated with marked distress and not due exclusively to a medication, substance abuse, or a medical condition. […] Low or decreased sexual desire is the most commonly reported sexual health concern in women of all ages, with an unadjusted prevalence of 39.7%.
  • #71 Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text
    https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-018-0602-4
    Female sexual dysfunction affects 41% of reproductive-age women worldwide, making it a highly prevalent medical issue. Predictors of female sexual dysfunction are multifaceted and vary from country to country. […] Significant predictors were extracted from each included publication. […] Consistently significant risk factors of female sexual dysfunction were: poor physical health, poor mental health, stress, abortion, genitourinary problems, female genital mutilation, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual abuse, and being religious. Consistently significant protective factors included: older age at marriage, exercising, daily affection, intimate communication, having a positive body image, and sex education. […] The sexual and reproductive lives of women are highly impacted by female sexual dysfunction, and a number of biological, psychological and social factors play a role in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction.
  • #72 Female Orgasmic Disorder – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction/female-orgasmic-disorder
    Female orgasmic disorder involves orgasm that is absent, infrequent, markedly diminished in intensity, or markedly delayed in response to stimulation despite normal levels of subjective arousal. […] Factors that contribute to female orgasmic disorder include […] Contextual factors (eg, consistently insufficient foreplay, early ejaculation by the partner, poor communication about sexual preferences) […] Psychological factors (eg, anxiety, stress, lack of trust in a partner) […] Cultural factors (eg, lack of recognition of or attention paid to female sexual pleasure) […] Medications (eg. some antipsychotics or, commonly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) […] Lack of knowledge about sexual function […] Damage to genital sensory or autonomic nerves or pathways (eg, due to diabetes or multiple sclerosis) […] Vulval dystrophy (eg, lichen sclerosus).
  • #73 Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text
    https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-018-0602-4
    Female sexual dysfunction affects 41% of reproductive-age women worldwide, making it a highly prevalent medical issue. Predictors of female sexual dysfunction are multifaceted and vary from country to country. […] Significant predictors were extracted from each included publication. […] Consistently significant risk factors of female sexual dysfunction were: poor physical health, poor mental health, stress, abortion, genitourinary problems, female genital mutilation, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual abuse, and being religious. Consistently significant protective factors included: older age at marriage, exercising, daily affection, intimate communication, having a positive body image, and sex education. […] The sexual and reproductive lives of women are highly impacted by female sexual dysfunction, and a number of biological, psychological and social factors play a role in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction.
  • #74 Sexual dysfunction in women: Symptoms and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sexual-dysfunction-in-women
    General low physical health and conditions that affect the genitals and urinary tract are potential causes of sexual dysfunction. […] Child marriage, arranged marriage, and polygamy are associated with higher risk of female sexual dysfunction. […] In the review, scientists found that being religious was correlated with higher levels of dysfunction. […] This global issue makes it more difficult for women to access sexual health services, especially if they are unmarried and live in a country where sex outside of marriage is socially unacceptable. […] Many factors can contribute to it, including hormone changes, relationship issues, and underlying diseases. […] The treatment for female sexual dysfunction depends on the cause, or causes, of the symptoms. […] If these could be playing a role, they may refer someone for treatment that specifically addresses the mental and physical impact of these experiences.
  • #75 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Additionally, female circumcision, commonly practiced in some countries and cultures, can have a significant effect on female sexuality. […] Various data have shown that circumcised women are more likely to experience low sexual desire, poor sexual satisfaction, poor sexual excitement with or without stimulation, and painful experiences during sexual intercourse. […] Female sexual dysfunction and, by extension, FSIAD are reported to be much more common among circumcised women than among their uncircumcised peers. […] Sex hormones, including progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen, also modulate sexual desire and sexuality in women through their effects when interacting with various neurotransmitters, resulting in the control of sexual desire and enjoyment. […] Some neurotransmitters are responsible for excitatory pathways, primarily controlled by dopaminergic substances, including dopamine and norepinephrine.
  • #76 Sexual dysfunction in women: Symptoms and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sexual-dysfunction-in-women
    General low physical health and conditions that affect the genitals and urinary tract are potential causes of sexual dysfunction. […] Child marriage, arranged marriage, and polygamy are associated with higher risk of female sexual dysfunction. […] In the review, scientists found that being religious was correlated with higher levels of dysfunction. […] This global issue makes it more difficult for women to access sexual health services, especially if they are unmarried and live in a country where sex outside of marriage is socially unacceptable. […] Many factors can contribute to it, including hormone changes, relationship issues, and underlying diseases. […] The treatment for female sexual dysfunction depends on the cause, or causes, of the symptoms. […] If these could be playing a role, they may refer someone for treatment that specifically addresses the mental and physical impact of these experiences.
  • #77 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Sexual dysfunction in women is a common and often distressing problem that has a negative impact on quality of life and medication compliance. […] The problem is often multifactorial, necessitating a multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment approach that addresses biological, psychological, sociocultural, and relational factors. […] The etiology of female sexual dysfunction is multifactorial, encompassing biological, psychological, relational, and sociocultural factors. […] Biological factors may impact sexual function in a variety of ways. […] Some chronic illnesses, such as vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, neurologic disease, and malignancy, can directly or indirectly impact sexual function. […] Aging itself is associated with decreased sexual responsiveness, sexual activity, and libido.
  • #78 Female Sexual Dysfunction – UChicago Medicine
    https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/womens-health/female-sexual-dysfunction
    Studies estimate that in the United States, more than 40% of women between ages 18 and 59 experienced sexual dysfunction yet, only 20% seek medical help. The incidence increases as women age and go through the menopause transition. […] Its not always easy to understand the causes of female sexual dysfunction. Many factors including chronic disease, emotional concerns, certain medications, hormonal disorders, religious or cultural beliefs, partnered relationship concerns, and a history of physical or emotional abuse can play a role. However, for many women, sexual dysfunction occurs in the absence of any of these factors. […] Menopause lowers levels of estrogen and testosterone in your body, which can also lower your sex drive.
  • #79 Sexual dysfunction in women: Symptoms and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sexual-dysfunction-in-women
    Sexual dysfunction in females can manifest itself in a range of ways. […] A range of factors can contribute to these experiences, including physical illnesses, hormone changes, relationship problems, and social factors such as societal expectations around sex. […] Physical, psychological, and social factors can all contribute to any type of sexual dysfunction in females. […] Depending on the case, sexual dysfunction may have only one cause or multiple contributing factors. […] A 2018 systematic review of 135 prior studies from various cultures found that certain factors correlate with a higher risk of sexual dysfunction, including: […] In the review, a lower level of education was frequently linked with higher risk of female sexual dysfunction. […] Sources of relationship dissatisfaction, such as a partner being unfaithful or lacking affection, elevate the risk of sexual dysfunction.
  • #80 Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text
    https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-018-0602-4
    Sexual dysfunction has a biopsychosocial etiology, i.e. the origin of the dysfunction may stem from a biological or organic condition, a psychological condition and/or a social condition. […] Identifying these predictors and their effect (whether protective or risk-inducing) may aid health professionals to better detect and potentially prevent sexual problems from arising. […] Significant risk factors which were consistent in all domains of female sexual dysfunction were: poor physical health, poor mental health, poor partner health, partner unemployment, low education of partner, stress, abortion, menopause, genitourinary problems, female genital mutilation, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual dysfunction of partner, sexual abuse, and being religious. […] Factors which consistently had a significant, protective effect across all domains were: older age at marriage, exercising, daily affection, intimate communication, having a positive body image, sex education and finding sex to be important. […] Risk factors such as older age, poor health, and relationship dissatisfaction were found in all human development groups, regardless of the level of gender inequality.
  • #81 Female Sexual Disorders: Definitions, Causes, and OTC Remedies
    https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/2004-06-7969
    Female sexual disorder is a complex condition affected by physiologic and psychological factors. […] Sexual desire disorders may result from psychological factors—including relationship issues and a stressful career or life—or physical factors—including poor health or medical disorders, depression, adverse medication effects, or alcohol and illicit drug abuse. […] Sexual arousal disorder may be a lack of excitement or decreased genital lubrication due to physiologic or psychological factors. The most common physiologic cause is hypo-estrogenism. […] Orgasmic disorder is the persistent or recurrent difficulty, delay in, or absence of attaining orgasm after sufficient sexual stimulation and arousal, which causes personal distress. […] Chronic medical conditions, medications, and life changes can precipitate female sexual dysfunction. Any condition that alters hormones, the central and peripheral nervous systems, or the circulatory system can potentially alter sexual response. Medical conditions commonly implicated as causes of female sexual dysfunction include diabetes mellitus, urinary incontinence, and depression.
  • #82 Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text
    https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-018-0602-4
    Sexual dysfunction has a biopsychosocial etiology, i.e. the origin of the dysfunction may stem from a biological or organic condition, a psychological condition and/or a social condition. […] Identifying these predictors and their effect (whether protective or risk-inducing) may aid health professionals to better detect and potentially prevent sexual problems from arising. […] Significant risk factors which were consistent in all domains of female sexual dysfunction were: poor physical health, poor mental health, poor partner health, partner unemployment, low education of partner, stress, abortion, menopause, genitourinary problems, female genital mutilation, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual dysfunction of partner, sexual abuse, and being religious. […] Factors which consistently had a significant, protective effect across all domains were: older age at marriage, exercising, daily affection, intimate communication, having a positive body image, sex education and finding sex to be important. […] Risk factors such as older age, poor health, and relationship dissatisfaction were found in all human development groups, regardless of the level of gender inequality.
  • #83 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Dopamine enhances sexual excitement and desire, while norepinephrine (noradrenalin) enhances arousal and orgasm. […] Inhibitory pathways for sexual desire and enjoyment occur primarily via the serotonergic system. […] Excessive release of serotonin or a reduction in its metabolism may result in the loss of libido and reduced sexual desire or arousal. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may cause symptoms similar to those of FSIAD by increasing serotonin levels. […] Medications and conditions that increase brain serotonin or decrease dopamine levels have been associated with FSIAD.
  • #84 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Dopamine enhances sexual excitement and desire, while norepinephrine (noradrenalin) enhances arousal and orgasm. […] Inhibitory pathways for sexual desire and enjoyment occur primarily via the serotonergic system. […] Excessive release of serotonin or a reduction in its metabolism may result in the loss of libido and reduced sexual desire or arousal. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may cause symptoms similar to those of FSIAD by increasing serotonin levels. […] Medications and conditions that increase brain serotonin or decrease dopamine levels have been associated with FSIAD.
  • #85 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Dopamine enhances sexual excitement and desire, while norepinephrine (noradrenalin) enhances arousal and orgasm. […] Inhibitory pathways for sexual desire and enjoyment occur primarily via the serotonergic system. […] Excessive release of serotonin or a reduction in its metabolism may result in the loss of libido and reduced sexual desire or arousal. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may cause symptoms similar to those of FSIAD by increasing serotonin levels. […] Medications and conditions that increase brain serotonin or decrease dopamine levels have been associated with FSIAD.
  • #86 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Dopamine enhances sexual excitement and desire, while norepinephrine (noradrenalin) enhances arousal and orgasm. […] Inhibitory pathways for sexual desire and enjoyment occur primarily via the serotonergic system. […] Excessive release of serotonin or a reduction in its metabolism may result in the loss of libido and reduced sexual desire or arousal. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may cause symptoms similar to those of FSIAD by increasing serotonin levels. […] Medications and conditions that increase brain serotonin or decrease dopamine levels have been associated with FSIAD.
  • #87 Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603746/
    Dopamine enhances sexual excitement and desire, while norepinephrine (noradrenalin) enhances arousal and orgasm. […] Inhibitory pathways for sexual desire and enjoyment occur primarily via the serotonergic system. […] Excessive release of serotonin or a reduction in its metabolism may result in the loss of libido and reduced sexual desire or arousal. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may cause symptoms similar to those of FSIAD by increasing serotonin levels. […] Medications and conditions that increase brain serotonin or decrease dopamine levels have been associated with FSIAD.
  • #88 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p127.html
    Hysterectomy, gynecologic malignancies and breast cancer present medical and mortality concerns, and alter or remove physical and psychologic symbols of femininity that may result in feelings of decreased sexuality. […] The hypoestrogenic state of menopause may cause significant physical changes and alterations in mood or a diminished sense of well-being, which have been found to have a significant, negative impact on sexuality. […] Disorders of desire in premenopausal patients may be secondary to lifestyle factors (e.g., careers, children), medications or another sexual dysfunction (e.g., pain or orgasmic disorder). […] The role of progesterone therapy, which is necessary in estrogen-treated patients with an intact uterus, has not been widely studied in terms of sexuality, but one study suggests that it exhibits a negative impact by dampening mood and decreasing available androgens.
  • #89 Understanding Female Sexual Dysfunction – menMD
    https://menmd.com/understanding-female-sexual-dysfunction/
    It is estimated that roughly 31% of men and 43% of women will experience sexual dysfunction. […] Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is not commonly discussed despite its high prevalence. […] Certain life events make women or those assigned female at birth (AFAB) more likely to develop sexual health issues. These include the postpartum period and menopause, due to the hormonal changes that can impact sexual health. […] Medical conditions that can cause or contribute to FSD include: Diabetes, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Endometriosis, Chronic pain conditions (e.g., arthritis, fibromyalgia), Neurological disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries), Gynecological conditions (e.g., vulvodynia, vestibulitis, uterine fibroids), Hormonal imbalances (e.g., thyroid disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome), Cancer and cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation, surgery), Cardiovascular disease, Pelvic floor disorders. […] Psychological factors can also have a measurable impact on sexual function. […] Relationship problems, communication issues, and societal pressures can further exacerbate FSD.
  • #90 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p127.html
    Hysterectomy, gynecologic malignancies and breast cancer present medical and mortality concerns, and alter or remove physical and psychologic symbols of femininity that may result in feelings of decreased sexuality. […] The hypoestrogenic state of menopause may cause significant physical changes and alterations in mood or a diminished sense of well-being, which have been found to have a significant, negative impact on sexuality. […] Disorders of desire in premenopausal patients may be secondary to lifestyle factors (e.g., careers, children), medications or another sexual dysfunction (e.g., pain or orgasmic disorder). […] The role of progesterone therapy, which is necessary in estrogen-treated patients with an intact uterus, has not been widely studied in terms of sexuality, but one study suggests that it exhibits a negative impact by dampening mood and decreasing available androgens.
  • #91 Female Sexual Dysfunction
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Psych/FmlSxlDysfnctn.htm
    Genital anatomy changes: Gynecologic cancer, Hysterectomy, Radiation Therapy […] Nerve dysfunction: Diabetes Mellitus, Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromuscular disorders, Parkinsonism, Traumatic Brain Injury, Traumatic Paraplegia, Pituitary tumor (or Hyperprolactinemia) […] Decreased Estrogen: Oophorectomy, Premature Ovarian Failure, Menopause […] Disruption of body image: Ostomy, Mastectomy, Urinary Incontinence […] Miscellaneous conditions: Coronary Artery Disease, Hypothyroidism, End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis.
  • #92 Female Sexual Dysfunction: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p127.html
    Hysterectomy, gynecologic malignancies and breast cancer present medical and mortality concerns, and alter or remove physical and psychologic symbols of femininity that may result in feelings of decreased sexuality. […] The hypoestrogenic state of menopause may cause significant physical changes and alterations in mood or a diminished sense of well-being, which have been found to have a significant, negative impact on sexuality. […] Disorders of desire in premenopausal patients may be secondary to lifestyle factors (e.g., careers, children), medications or another sexual dysfunction (e.g., pain or orgasmic disorder). […] The role of progesterone therapy, which is necessary in estrogen-treated patients with an intact uterus, has not been widely studied in terms of sexuality, but one study suggests that it exhibits a negative impact by dampening mood and decreasing available androgens.
  • #93 Female Sexual Dysfunction
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Psych/FmlSxlDysfnctn.htm
    Genital anatomy changes: Gynecologic cancer, Hysterectomy, Radiation Therapy […] Nerve dysfunction: Diabetes Mellitus, Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromuscular disorders, Parkinsonism, Traumatic Brain Injury, Traumatic Paraplegia, Pituitary tumor (or Hyperprolactinemia) […] Decreased Estrogen: Oophorectomy, Premature Ovarian Failure, Menopause […] Disruption of body image: Ostomy, Mastectomy, Urinary Incontinence […] Miscellaneous conditions: Coronary Artery Disease, Hypothyroidism, End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis.
  • #94 Female sexual arousal disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder
    Estimates of the percentage of female sexual dysfunction attributable to physical factors have ranged from 30% to 80%. […] Several types of medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause sexual dysfunction and in the case of SSRI and SNRI, these dysfunctions may become permanent after the end of the treatment. […] One third of post operation transgender women experience FSAD roughly consistent with menopause women. HSDD in transgender women is largely caused by a lack of testosterone especially after the gonads are removed during bottom surgery, as androgens are produced in smaller concentrations lower than ovulating women. […] Kaplan proposed that sexual dysfunction was based on intrapsychic, interpersonal, and behavioural levels. […] Four factors were identified that could have a role in the development of sexual dysfunction: 1) lack of correct information regarding sexual and social interaction, 2) unconscious guilt or anxiety regarding sex, 3) performance anxiety, and 4) failure to communicate between the partners.
  • #95 FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: THE IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER | Clinics
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-female-sexual-dysfunction-the-important-S1807593222032161
    General practitioners, gynecologists, geriatrists, and urologists are attending groups of women with underlying chronic conditions with increased rates of concomitant sexual dysfunction. […] Despite the high prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women, there are very few centers worldwide that practice comprehensive and multi-disciplinary investigation and management of sexual dysfunction in women. […] There are few data regarding the incidence and prevalence of FSD. […] Current knowledge regarding the sexual side effects of certain medications is not as well defined for women as it is for men. […] Major tranquilizers such as diazepam are believed to limit sexual function secondary to a dopaminergic action. […] Antipsychotic medications such as thioridazine and fluphenazine have been reported to cause orgasmic dysfunction.
  • #96 Female sexual arousal disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder
    Estimates of the percentage of female sexual dysfunction attributable to physical factors have ranged from 30% to 80%. […] Several types of medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause sexual dysfunction and in the case of SSRI and SNRI, these dysfunctions may become permanent after the end of the treatment. […] One third of post operation transgender women experience FSAD roughly consistent with menopause women. HSDD in transgender women is largely caused by a lack of testosterone especially after the gonads are removed during bottom surgery, as androgens are produced in smaller concentrations lower than ovulating women. […] Kaplan proposed that sexual dysfunction was based on intrapsychic, interpersonal, and behavioural levels. […] Four factors were identified that could have a role in the development of sexual dysfunction: 1) lack of correct information regarding sexual and social interaction, 2) unconscious guilt or anxiety regarding sex, 3) performance anxiety, and 4) failure to communicate between the partners.
  • #97 FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: THE IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER | Clinics
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-female-sexual-dysfunction-the-important-S1807593222032161
    Antidepressant medications such as imipramine cause deleterious sexual side effects in up to 75% of patients treated. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) seem to cause decreased sexual desire and inhibited orgasm more frequently than monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants. […] It is important to know whether the patient has any history of abdominal/pelvic trauma, sexually transmitted disease, or pelvic inflammatory disease. […] A variety of medical conditions have been associated with a disposition to FSD. […] Chronic diseases affecting multiple systems such as thyroid dysfunction or diabetes may have an impact upon the female sexual function. […] Depression is a major risk factor for sexual dysfunction, and any chronic disease may result in depression, making delineation of etiology of sexual dysfunction somewhat problematic.
  • #98 Female sexual arousal disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder
    Estimates of the percentage of female sexual dysfunction attributable to physical factors have ranged from 30% to 80%. […] Several types of medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause sexual dysfunction and in the case of SSRI and SNRI, these dysfunctions may become permanent after the end of the treatment. […] One third of post operation transgender women experience FSAD roughly consistent with menopause women. HSDD in transgender women is largely caused by a lack of testosterone especially after the gonads are removed during bottom surgery, as androgens are produced in smaller concentrations lower than ovulating women. […] Kaplan proposed that sexual dysfunction was based on intrapsychic, interpersonal, and behavioural levels. […] Four factors were identified that could have a role in the development of sexual dysfunction: 1) lack of correct information regarding sexual and social interaction, 2) unconscious guilt or anxiety regarding sex, 3) performance anxiety, and 4) failure to communicate between the partners.
  • #99 Female sexual arousal disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder
    Estimates of the percentage of female sexual dysfunction attributable to physical factors have ranged from 30% to 80%. […] Several types of medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause sexual dysfunction and in the case of SSRI and SNRI, these dysfunctions may become permanent after the end of the treatment. […] One third of post operation transgender women experience FSAD roughly consistent with menopause women. HSDD in transgender women is largely caused by a lack of testosterone especially after the gonads are removed during bottom surgery, as androgens are produced in smaller concentrations lower than ovulating women. […] Kaplan proposed that sexual dysfunction was based on intrapsychic, interpersonal, and behavioural levels. […] Four factors were identified that could have a role in the development of sexual dysfunction: 1) lack of correct information regarding sexual and social interaction, 2) unconscious guilt or anxiety regarding sex, 3) performance anxiety, and 4) failure to communicate between the partners.
  • #100 Sexual dysfunction in women: Can we talk about it? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/5/367
    Sociocultural factors include lack of sex education, unrealistic expectations, cultural norms, and religious influences. […] Relationship factors include conflict with one’s partner, lack of emotional intimacy, absence of a partner, and partner sexual dysfunction. […] Multiple biological, psychological, and social factors may contribute to the problem. Identifying the ones that are present can help in planning treatment. […] Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is defined as persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity associated with marked distress and not due exclusively to a medication, substance abuse, or a medical condition. […] Low or decreased sexual desire is the most commonly reported sexual health concern in women of all ages, with an unadjusted prevalence of 39.7%.
  • #101 Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Practical Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0815/p281.html
    Sexual dysfunction in women is a common and often distressing problem that has a negative impact on quality of life and medication compliance. […] The problem is often multifactorial, necessitating a multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment approach that addresses biological, psychological, sociocultural, and relational factors. […] The etiology of female sexual dysfunction is multifactorial, encompassing biological, psychological, relational, and sociocultural factors. […] Biological factors may impact sexual function in a variety of ways. […] Some chronic illnesses, such as vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, neurologic disease, and malignancy, can directly or indirectly impact sexual function. […] Aging itself is associated with decreased sexual responsiveness, sexual activity, and libido.
  • #102 Female sexual dysfunction – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
    Female sexual dysfunction has many possible symptoms and causes, so treatment varies. […] Treatment for sexual dysfunction often involves dealing with a medical condition or hormonal change. […] Because female sexual dysfunction is complex, even the best medicines aren’t likely to work if other emotional or social factors are not resolved.
  • #103 Female sexual dysfunction – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
    Female sexual dysfunction has many possible symptoms and causes, so treatment varies. […] Treatment for sexual dysfunction often involves dealing with a medical condition or hormonal change. […] Because female sexual dysfunction is complex, even the best medicines aren’t likely to work if other emotional or social factors are not resolved.