Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #2 Nephrotic Syndrome In Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/childhood-nephrotic-syndrome

  Children with too much protein in their urine, sudden weight gain, and swelling in various body parts could have a condition called nephrotic syndrome. Childhood nephrotic syndrome is also called nephrosis. Nephrotic syndrome happens when tiny structures in the kidneys called glomeruli stop working properly and let too much protein enter the kidneys. […] You may see swelling around your child’s eyes in the morning. Often, that’s the first sign. As time passes, the swelling may last all day, and you may see swelling in your child’s ankles, feet or belly. Also, your child may: be more tired, be more irritable, have a decreased appetite, look pale. Your child may have trouble putting on shoes or buttoning clothes because of swelling. […] Most children will have problems only with swelling. However, a child with the nephrotic syndrome can develop a serious infection in the belly or blood clots in the legs. Both of these require immediate medical attention.

• #3 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Nephrotic syndrome is defined by the presence of: Heavy proteinuria (3.5 g/day); and Hypoalbuminaemia (serum albumin 30* g/L). Peripheral oedema. […] In children, the average worldwide incidence of nephrotic syndrome is 2-16.9 per 100,000. […] Minimal change disease accounts for 70-90% of cases in children. […] Symptoms of oedema: discomfort (abdominal, genital), increased work of breathing from pleural effusion. Symptoms of hypovolaemia/intravascular volume depletion: dizziness, abdominal cramps. Symptoms of infection: fever, nausea or vomiting, rash, abdominal pain. Some patients may notice frothiness of their urine. Patients may also report general fatigue, lethargy, poor appetite, weight gain (fluid associated) or weakness. […] Clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome include: Oedema (oedema of dependent parts or generalised oedema are the main clinical findings): periorbital oedema (facial oedema may be found in children), lower limb oedema, oedema of the genitals, ascites.

• #4

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.aspx

  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that leads to swelling and other symptoms. While it can affect people at any age, nephrotic syndrome usually occurs in children between 2 and 9 years of age. […] In children with nephrotic syndrome, tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli, are injured. They let too much protein leak out of the blood and into the urine. The low protein levels in the blood cause water to move from the blood and into other parts of the body, such as the face, legs, arms and abdomen (belly). This water in parts of the body is what causes the swelling, also called edema. […] Swelling in the legs, abdomen and around the eyes is usually the first sign of nephrotic syndrome. The eye swelling is usually worse in the morning. Sometimes there may be swelling in the genital area.

• #5

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.aspx

  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that leads to swelling and other symptoms. While it can affect people at any age, nephrotic syndrome usually occurs in children between 2 and 9 years of age. […] In children with nephrotic syndrome, tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli, are injured. They let too much protein leak out of the blood and into the urine. The low protein levels in the blood cause water to move from the blood and into other parts of the body, such as the face, legs, arms and abdomen (belly). This water in parts of the body is what causes the swelling, also called edema. […] Swelling in the legs, abdomen and around the eyes is usually the first sign of nephrotic syndrome. The eye swelling is usually worse in the morning. Sometimes there may be swelling in the genital area.

• #6 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/nephrotic-syndrome-children

  Nephrotic syndrome in kids causes swelling and protein loss in urine. Managed with meds and a low-sodium diet. Monitoring is crucial for treatment. […] Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that leads to swelling and other symptoms. While it can affect people at any age, nephrotic syndrome usually occurs in children between 2 and 9 years of age. […] In children with nephrotic syndrome, tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli, are injured. They let too much protein leak out of the blood and into the urine. The low protein levels in the blood cause water to move from the blood and into other parts of the body, such as the face, legs, arms and abdomen (belly). This water in parts of the body is what causes the swelling, also called edema. […] Swelling in the legs, abdomen and around the eyes is usually the first sign of nephrotic syndrome. The eye swelling is usually worse in the morning. Sometimes there may be swelling in the genital area.

• #7 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  http://library.oumedicine.com/Search/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #8 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Nephrotic syndrome is defined by the presence of: Heavy proteinuria (3.5 g/day); and Hypoalbuminaemia (serum albumin 30* g/L). Peripheral oedema. […] In children, the average worldwide incidence of nephrotic syndrome is 2-16.9 per 100,000. […] Minimal change disease accounts for 70-90% of cases in children. […] Symptoms of oedema: discomfort (abdominal, genital), increased work of breathing from pleural effusion. Symptoms of hypovolaemia/intravascular volume depletion: dizziness, abdominal cramps. Symptoms of infection: fever, nausea or vomiting, rash, abdominal pain. Some patients may notice frothiness of their urine. Patients may also report general fatigue, lethargy, poor appetite, weight gain (fluid associated) or weakness. […] Clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome include: Oedema (oedema of dependent parts or generalised oedema are the main clinical findings): periorbital oedema (facial oedema may be found in children), lower limb oedema, oedema of the genitals, ascites.

• #9 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine.

• #10 Nephrotic Syndrome (Kidney Disease) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-kidney-disease

  If your child has focal sclerosis (FSGS), nephrotic syndrome is harder to treat. It often doesn’t respond to steroids, and in about 50 percent of children, FSGS may progress to end-stage renal disease. […] Long-term outlook depends on the child and what’s behind his nephrotic syndrome. While each child is different, there is some data that can help give you an idea: If your child has minimal change disease: Under 20 percent around one in six or seven children won’t experience another episode (relapse) and be cured after their initial treatment with steroids. […] If your child has focal sclerosis: Up to 20 percent or so will respond to therapy and go into remission. […] Around half of kids will not respond to medication and develop end-stage renal disease. These children will need kidney dialysis and/or a kidney transplant.

• #11 Congenital nephrotic syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/congenital-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that begins in infancy and typically leads to irreversible kidney failure (end-stage renal disease) by early childhood. Children with congenital nephrotic syndrome begin to have symptoms of the condition between birth and 3 months. […] Signs and symptoms of this condition are excessive protein in the urine (proteinuria), increased cholesterol in the blood (hypercholesterolemia), an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), and swelling (edema). […] Children with congenital nephrotic syndrome typically develop end-stage renal disease between ages 2 and 8, although with treatment, some may not have kidney failure until adolescence or early adulthood.

• #12 Nephrotic Syndrome In Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/childhood-nephrotic-syndrome

  Children with too much protein in their urine, sudden weight gain, and swelling in various body parts could have a condition called nephrotic syndrome. Childhood nephrotic syndrome is also called nephrosis. Nephrotic syndrome happens when tiny structures in the kidneys called glomeruli stop working properly and let too much protein enter the kidneys. […] You may see swelling around your child’s eyes in the morning. Often, that’s the first sign. As time passes, the swelling may last all day, and you may see swelling in your child’s ankles, feet or belly. Also, your child may: be more tired, be more irritable, have a decreased appetite, look pale. Your child may have trouble putting on shoes or buttoning clothes because of swelling. […] Most children will have problems only with swelling. However, a child with the nephrotic syndrome can develop a serious infection in the belly or blood clots in the legs. Both of these require immediate medical attention.

• #13 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children/nephrotic-syndrome-children

  Swelling around the eyes is the most common sign of nephrotic syndrome in children. The swelling is usually greater in the morning and, when mild, may be confused with seasonal allergies. Other common symptoms include swelling in the lower legs, feet, abdomen, hands, face, or other parts of the body […] Some children with nephrotic syndrome may also have blood in their urine, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, diarrhea or nausea. […] Nephrotic syndrome in children is diagnosed with a medical and family history, a physical exam, urine tests, to look for excess urine proteins, blood tests, to test kidney function and to look for underlying diseases. […] Nephrotic syndrome in children is most often treated with medicines. […] In most children, treatment with corticosteroids will make nephrotic syndrome improve also called remission. If symptoms return, called a relapse, the health care professional may prescribe a shorter course of corticosteroids until the disease goes into remission again.

• #14 Nephrotic syndrome in children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is a condition that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine. This can lead to a range of problems, including swelling of body tissues and a greater chance of catching infections. […] The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome can usually be controlled with steroid medication. […] Most children with nephrotic syndrome respond well to steroids and are not at risk of kidney failure. […] But a small number of children have inherited (congenital) nephrotic syndrome and usually do less well. They may eventually have kidney failure and need a kidney transplant. […] Some of the main symptoms associated with nephrotic syndrome include: swelling the low level of protein in the blood reduces the flow of water from body tissues back into the blood vessels, leading to swelling (oedema). Swelling is usually first noticed around the eyes, then around the lower legs and the rest of the body.

• #15 Nephrotic Syndrome In Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/childhood-nephrotic-syndrome

  Children with too much protein in their urine, sudden weight gain, and swelling in various body parts could have a condition called nephrotic syndrome. Childhood nephrotic syndrome is also called nephrosis. Nephrotic syndrome happens when tiny structures in the kidneys called glomeruli stop working properly and let too much protein enter the kidneys. […] You may see swelling around your child’s eyes in the morning. Often, that’s the first sign. As time passes, the swelling may last all day, and you may see swelling in your child’s ankles, feet or belly. Also, your child may: be more tired, be more irritable, have a decreased appetite, look pale. Your child may have trouble putting on shoes or buttoning clothes because of swelling. […] Most children will have problems only with swelling. However, a child with the nephrotic syndrome can develop a serious infection in the belly or blood clots in the legs. Both of these require immediate medical attention.

• #16 Nephrotic Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nephrotic-syndrome.html

  Nephrotic syndrome happens when there’s too much protein in urine (pee) because of a kidney problem. This causes: swelling in parts of the body like the face, hands, belly, and feet; sudden weight gain. […] Most of the time, nephrotic syndrome goes away with medicine, and kids outgrow it by the time they’re teens. […] Swelling and weight gain tend to be the most common signs. Swelling happens because too many fluids and salt build up in the body. Extra fluids can cause weight gain. Parents might notice their child quickly outgrows clothes and shoes. […] Other common signs include loss of appetite, peeing less often, and pee that looks dark and foamy. […] Some kids don’t have any symptoms. They may learn they have nephrotic syndrome when a routine urine test finds the condition. […] Minimal change disease causes most cases of nephrotic syndrome in kids. Those who get prednisone usually respond well, and the problem goes away by the time they’re teens. In the meantime, kids might need to take medicines for a few months or more.

• #17 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  https://healthlibrary.ecuhealth.org/wellness/Nutrition/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #18 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/Cardiology/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #19 Nephrotic syndrome: symptoms and complications | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/nephrotic-syndrome-symptoms-and-complications/

  Children with nephrotic syndrome have swelling or puffiness in different parts of their body this is called oedema. The oedema is normally around the eyes in the morning, and in the legs and feet later in the day. After a while there may be swelling throughout the day. Boys may also have oedema in the scrotum. […] If your child has swelling in the body, seek medical advice as soon as possible. […] A few children get a large swelling in their abdomen (tummy area). This is called ascites. It happens when fluid builds up in the area around the organs in the abdomen the peritoneal cavity. […] A very small number of children feel breathless. This happens when fluid builds up around their lungs. […] If your child has nephrotic syndrome and a very swollen tummy or feels breathless, seek medical advice as soon as possible. […] A few children with nephrotic syndrome may also feel tired, have low energy or have difficulty concentrating, have a decreased appetite (not want to eat), have nausea (feel sick) or vomit (be sick), or have diarrhoea, have pain in their abdomen (tummy).

• #20 Nephrotic syndrome | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  In nephrotic syndrome, the kidneys leak too much protein into urine, leading to a drop in the levels of protein in the blood. This causes swelling in the body, especially in the face, legs and feet. […] The main symptom of nephrotic syndrome is swelling in the body this is called oedema. In children, the swelling is mainly around the eyes and in the legs and feet. […] A small number of children have other symptoms such as a very swollen tummy (ascites) or breathlessness. Complications, or further problems, are extremely rare. […] About half of children with SSNS will have at least one relapse, and many have two or three relapses. In most children, the SSNS tends to relapse less often as they grow into their teenage years. It is rare that SSNS continues to relapse in adulthood. […] If your child’s nephrotic syndrome keeps coming back, this is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Your doctor will consider the best treatment for your child.

• #21 Nephrotic syndrome: symptoms, causes, treatment and diagnosis

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is the name given to a condition where large amounts of protein leak into the urine, causing fluid retention and swelling (oedema) most commonly around the eyes, abdomen, feet and legs. […] Swelling is the most noticeable symptom – especially around the eyes and face which can be worse first thing in the morning. Later in the day, fluid can collect in the fingers, legs and abdomen which can sometimes make you feel distended. The swelling is soft and will leave a temporary dent if you press on it. Some people can also feel breathless due to excess water around the lungs. […] Frothy urine can also occur as a result of protein leakage (proteinuria).

• #22 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  http://library.oumedicine.com/Search/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #23 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms that result from changes that occur to the small, functional filters in the kidneys, such as: Very high levels of protein in the urine […] Low levels of protein in the blood due to its loss in the urine […] Tissue swelling all over the body (edema) especially in the abdomen (ascites) […] High cholesterol levels in the blood […] Decrease in frequency of urination […] Weight gain from excess fluid. […] The following are the most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Weight gain and facial swelling […] Abdominal swelling or pain […] Foamy urine […] Fluid accumulation in the body spaces (edema) […] Fatigue and malaise […] Decreased appetite […] Pale fingernail beds.

• #24 Nephrotic Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nephrotic-syndrome.html

  Nephrotic syndrome happens when there’s too much protein in urine (pee) because of a kidney problem. This causes: swelling in parts of the body like the face, hands, belly, and feet; sudden weight gain. […] Most of the time, nephrotic syndrome goes away with medicine, and kids outgrow it by the time they’re teens. […] Swelling and weight gain tend to be the most common signs. Swelling happens because too many fluids and salt build up in the body. Extra fluids can cause weight gain. Parents might notice their child quickly outgrows clothes and shoes. […] Other common signs include loss of appetite, peeing less often, and pee that looks dark and foamy. […] Some kids don’t have any symptoms. They may learn they have nephrotic syndrome when a routine urine test finds the condition. […] Minimal change disease causes most cases of nephrotic syndrome in kids. Those who get prednisone usually respond well, and the problem goes away by the time they’re teens. In the meantime, kids might need to take medicines for a few months or more.

• #25 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/nephrotic-syndrome-children

  Among other symptoms, your child may say that their urine looks „foamy.” High cholesterol in the blood can also happen with nephrotic syndrome. […] About 80% of children with minimal change disease between 2 and 9 years of age will respond to treatment within 3 to 4 weeks. This means protein in the urine and swelling will go away while taking the medication. When protein in the urine goes away completely, this is called remission. […] However, many children will have relapse (return) of protein in their urine. Some children will rarely have relapses while others have frequent relapses. Relapses require another course of prednisone, possibly in addition to other medications. […] Some children with nephrotic syndrome have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. This means that protein in the urine does not go away with prednisone treatment. In this case, your child’s doctor will consider a kidney biopsy, prescribe other medications and sometimes recommend genetic testing.

• #26 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/nephrotic-syndrome-children

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms that result from changes that occur to the small, functional structures in the kidneys, such as: Very high levels of protein in the urine […] Low levels of protein in the blood (albumin) due to its loss in the urine […] Tissue swelling all over the body (edema) especially in the abdomen (ascites) […] High cholesterol levels in the blood […] Decrease in frequency of urination […] Weight gain from excess fluid. […] The following are the most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Fatigue and malaise […] Decreased appetite […] Weight gain and facial swelling […] Abdominal swelling or pain […] Foamy urine […] Fluid accumulation in the body spaces (edema). […] Typically, relapses do occur throughout childhood. However, once a child reaches puberty, the disease usually stays in remission (complete or partial absence of symptoms). It is uncommon for symptoms to return during adulthood; however, it is possible.

• #27 Nephrotic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375608

  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. […] Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include: Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet, Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine, Weight gain due to fluid retention, Fatigue, Loss of appetite. […] This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Minimal change disease results in abnormal kidney function, but when the kidney tissue is examined under a microscope, it appears normal or nearly normal. The cause of the abnormal function typically can’t be determined.

• #28 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #29 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine.

• #30 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/Cardiology/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #31 What Is Nephrotic Syndrome in Children?

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/pediatrics/conditions-treatments/pediatric-nephrology/pediatric-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that indicate kidney damage resulting from the release of too much protein into the urine from the body. This protein is called albumin, and it indicates there is inflammation or damage in the kidneys. […] Children with nephrotic syndrome may have: […] High albumin levels in the urine […] Low protein levels in the blood […] Edema/tissue swelling, especially in the abdomen […] Excess fluid that causes weight gain […] High blood cholesterol levels […] Less urine production […] Low sodium levels […] Children with this syndrome may have different symptoms, which can include: […] Fatigue […] Malaise […] Decreased hunger […] Weight gain […] Swelling in the belly or face […] Foamy urine […] Body fluid buildup […] Pale fingernails

• #32 Nephrotic Syndrome | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/nephrology/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms that result from changes that occur to the small, functional structures in the kidneys, such as: Very high levels of protein in the urine […] Low levels of protein in the blood due to its loss in the urine […] Tissue swelling all over the body (edema) especially in the abdomen (ascites) […] High cholesterol levels in the blood. […] The following are the most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Fatigue and malaise […] Decreased appetite […] Weight gain and facial swelling […] Abdominal swelling or pain […] Foamy urine […] Fluid accumulation in the body spaces (edema) […] Pale fingernail beds […] Dull hair […] Ear cartilage may feel less firm […] Food intolerances or allergies. […] Relapses do occur throughout childhood. However, once a child reaches puberty, the disease usually stays in remission (complete or partial absence of symptoms). It is uncommon for symptoms to return during adulthood, however, it is possible.

• #33 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=nephrotic-syndrome-in-children-90-P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies.

• #34 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  https://healthlibrary.methodisthealthsystem.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Pregnancy/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #35 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  http://library.oumedicine.com/Search/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #36 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/Cardiology/90,P03098

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #37 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria responsible for hypoalbuminemia, with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. […] The first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children is the swelling of the face which then progresses to the entire body. […] Other common features are fatigue and loss of appetite. […] The estimated annual incidence of nephrotic syndrome in healthy children is two to seven new cases per 100,000 children less than 18 years of age. […] The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population is usually swelling on the face. This is followed by edema of the entire body. […] Edema is the most prominent feature of nephrotic syndrome, and in the beginning, it develops around the eyes and legs. Over time, the edema becomes generalized and leads to increasing weight and the development of ascites or pleural effusions.

• #38 Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome – Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/childhood-nephrotic-syndrome.htm

  The signs and symptoms of childhood nephrotic syndrome include: Edema – Edema is the prominent feature of nephrotic syndrome and initially develops with swelling around the eyes and legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face. […] Albuminuria – The child’s urine has high levels of albumin (40 mg/m2/hr) which can be detected by a urine dipstick test. […] Hypoalbuminemia – In this condition, a child’s blood has low levels of albumin. […] Hyperlipidemia – This is characterized by raised serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and is another major finding of nephrotic syndrome. In this case the child’s blood cholesterol and fat levels are higher than normal. This clinical manifestation occurs from interactions between disordered lipoprotein metabolism, medications, and dietary factors.

• #39 Pediatric nephrotic syndrome – Children’s Health Nephrology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome (nephrotic – syndrome) is a group of symptoms that occur because of damage to the kidneys. Nephrotic syndrome can occur in children at any age, but usually is found in children between 18 months and 5 years of age. […] Nephrotic syndrome may be the first sign of a disease that damages the glomeruli. […] What are the signs and symptoms of pediatric nephrotic syndrome? Edema. Fatigue and irritability. Foam in the urine. Hypoalbuminemia. Hyperlipidemia. Less frequent urination. Pale appearance. Poor appetite. Proteinuria. Weight gain from fluid retention. […] Signs or symptoms of childhood nephrotic syndrome occur because of damage to the kidneys. […] Nephrotic syndrome is caused by damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter blood.

• #40 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 50,000 children each year. Most children receive a nephrotic syndrome diagnosis between the ages of 2 and 5. Boys are about twice as likely to have nephrotic syndrome as girls. […] Common nephrotic syndrome symptoms include: Large amounts (greater than 3.5 grams) of the protein albumin in your pee (albuminuria). High fat and cholesterol levels in your blood (hyperlipidemia). Swelling (edema), usually in your legs, feet or ankles. Swelling may also occur in your hands or face. Low levels of albumin in your blood (hypoalbuminemia). Loss of appetite. Feeling unwell or sick. Abdominal pain (pain anywhere from your ribs to your pelvis). Foamy pee. […] Another symptom of nephrotic syndrome is a loss of minerals and vitamins that are essential to your health and development, including calcium and vitamin D. In children with nephrotic syndrome, this may affect their growth.

• #41 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common kidney diseases in children. It presents as a group of symptoms, which occur together in the body and include the presence of protein (albumin) in the urine and edema (swelling). […] Nephrotic syndrome is a rare kidney condition that occurs in about five in 100,000 children worldwide. It is diagnosed when proteinuria (high levels of protein in the urine), hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), and edema (swelling) are all present together in the body. Most children with nephrotic syndrome get better with treatment and experience no long-term kidney problems. […] When a child first presents with nephrotic syndrome, they may be irritable and have swelling around the eyes, abdomen, lower legs and sometimes the genitals. […] Most nephrotic syndrome in children is idiopathic, meaning that the cause of nephrotic syndrome is unknown. Nephrotic syndrome is more common in boys than girls, and often appears for the first time in children under five years of age.

• #42 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children

  The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure that filters waste and extra fluid from the blood. […] Nephrotic syndrome can get better on its own and with treatment. It may also get worse despite treatment. A child may have periods of improvement and relapses. Family support is important for a child’s well-being. […] Once a child reaches the teen years, the syndrome usually stays in remission. This means that symptoms decrease or go away. In most cases, symptoms don’t return in adulthood.

• #43

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.aspx

  Among other symptoms, your child may say that their urine looks „foamy.” High cholesterol in the blood can also happen with nephrotic syndrome. […] About 80% of children with minimal change disease between 2 and 9 years of age will respond to treatment within 3 to 4 weeks. This means protein in the urine and swelling will go away while taking the medication. When protein in the urine goes away completely, this is called remission. […] However, many children will have relapse (return) of protein in their urine. Some children will rarely have relapses while others have frequent relapses. Relapses require another course of prednisone, possibly in addition to other medications. […] A low salt (sodium) diet to help limit the swelling in the body is often recommended for children with nephrotic syndrome. This is most important when there is protein leaking into the urine.

• #44 Nephrotic Syndrome Management

  https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Nephrotic-Syndrome-Management

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) A clinical disorder that affects permeability of the glomerular membrane; typical clinical findings in NS are: Oedema: typically periorbital, abdominal and lower limbs […] Proteinuria: 3+ protein on urine dipstick, or a urine protein / creatinine ratio (uPCR) 200 mg/mmol […] Hypoalbuminemia: serum albumin 25 g/l […] 80-90% of children with NS will see improvement within 2-4 weeks of corticosteroid treatment and achieve complete remission with 8 weeks […] 80-90% of children with NS will experience one or more relapses; approximately half of these will have frequent relapses […] Delays in recognition and initiation of treatment can place children at increased risk of developing a life-threatening infection which remains the leading cause of mortality in children with NS, currently at around 3%

• #45 Nephrotic Syndrome Management

  https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Nephrotic-Syndrome-Management

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) A clinical disorder that affects permeability of the glomerular membrane; typical clinical findings in NS are: Oedema: typically periorbital, abdominal and lower limbs […] Proteinuria: 3+ protein on urine dipstick, or a urine protein / creatinine ratio (uPCR) 200 mg/mmol […] Hypoalbuminemia: serum albumin 25 g/l […] 80-90% of children with NS will see improvement within 2-4 weeks of corticosteroid treatment and achieve complete remission with 8 weeks […] 80-90% of children with NS will experience one or more relapses; approximately half of these will have frequent relapses […] Delays in recognition and initiation of treatment can place children at increased risk of developing a life-threatening infection which remains the leading cause of mortality in children with NS, currently at around 3%

• #46 Pediatric nephrotic syndrome – Children’s Health Nephrology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Although nephrotic syndrome is more a set of signs and symptoms of kidney problems in your child, it is important to seek treatment for your child, often from a doctor who specializes in treating childhood kidney diseases, called a pediatric nephrologist. […] Some children may experience only one episode of nephrotic syndrome, but for others, the symptoms return. Relapses are most common in the first two years after the initial episode and often follow a viral illness. […] A variety of medications may be used to treat initial symptoms and relapses. The most commonly used medications are corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressive drugs. Most children with nephrotic syndrome and minimal change disease respond to these drugs. […] If your child has high blood pressure, breathing difficulties, or severe edema (swelling), hospitalization may be necessary during treatment for the first episode. […] Your child’s doctor may provide recommendations for a particular balance of protein and fluid intake, and a diet low in salt, saturated fat, and cholesterol may be helpful. The reduction in your child’s intake of sodium may help reduce swelling.

• #47 Understanding Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome

  https://www.massgeneral.org/children/nephrotic-syndrome

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome is a disease that affects the kidneys. […] The most common sign of nephrotic syndrome is swelling throughout the body, but other symptoms include: Swelling around your child’s eyes, belly and legs, Urinating less often, Weight gain from excess water, High levels of protein in the blood (proteinuria), Low levels of protein in the blood from loss of protein in the urine (hypoalbuminemia), High cholesterol levels in the blood (hyperlipidemia). […] Sometimes, your child can relapse, which means he or she can develop nephrotic syndrome again shortly after recovering from it. We think relapses are caused by viral illnesses or infections.

• #48 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/nephrotic-syndrome

  In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure that filters waste and extra fluid from the blood. […] Nephrotic syndrome can get better on its own and with treatment. It may also get worse despite treatment. A child may have periods of improvement and relapses. Family support is important for a child’s well-being. […] Once a child reaches the teen years, the syndrome usually stays in remission. This means that symptoms decrease or go away. In most cases, symptoms don’t return in adulthood.

• #49 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  No, nephrotic syndrome isn’t curable. However, nephrotic syndrome often goes away in children once they reach their late teenage years or early 20s. […] With proper diagnosis and treatment, the outcome for people with nephrotic syndrome is good. Most people respond well to treatment, and nephrotic syndrome often goes into remission. If you have nephrotic syndrome as a child, it often goes away by your early adult years.

• #50 Nephrotic Syndrome (Kidney Disease) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-kidney-disease

  If your child has focal sclerosis (FSGS), nephrotic syndrome is harder to treat. It often doesn’t respond to steroids, and in about 50 percent of children, FSGS may progress to end-stage renal disease. […] Long-term outlook depends on the child and what’s behind his nephrotic syndrome. While each child is different, there is some data that can help give you an idea: If your child has minimal change disease: Under 20 percent around one in six or seven children won’t experience another episode (relapse) and be cured after their initial treatment with steroids. […] If your child has focal sclerosis: Up to 20 percent or so will respond to therapy and go into remission. […] Around half of kids will not respond to medication and develop end-stage renal disease. These children will need kidney dialysis and/or a kidney transplant.

• #51 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Nephrotic syndrome is the combination of nephrotic-range proteinuria with a low serum albumin level and edema. The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in children is usually swelling of the face; this is followed by swelling of the entire body. Fatigue and loss of appetite are common symptoms. […] Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome generally have an excellent prognosis. The majority of these cases (90%) are steroid sensitive and approximately a quarter of these children will have no further exacerbations after completing the initial course of therapy. Although the remainder may experience relapsing disease, kidney failure is rare. […] The prognosis for patients with minimal-change nephropathy is very good. Most children respond to steroid therapy; still, about 50% of children have one or two relapses within 5 years and approximately 20% of them continue to relapse 10 years after diagnosis. Only 30% of children never have a relapse after the initial episode. Approximately 3% of patients who initially respond to steroids become steroid-resistant.

• #52

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.aspx

  Complications of nephrotic syndrome include infection and blood clots. Some children with nephrotic syndrome other than minimal change disease will eventually develop permanent kidney damage. When this happens, it is called chronic kidney disease. Permanent damage almost never happens in children with nephrotic syndrome that responds to prednisone.

• #53 Nephrotic syndrome in children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Infections antibodies are a specialised group of proteins in the blood that help to fight infection. When these are lost, children are much more likely to get infections. […] Urine changes occasionally, the high levels of protein being passed into the urine can cause it to become frothy. Some children with nephrotic syndrome may also pass less urine than usual during relapses. […] Blood clots important proteins that help prevent the blood clotting can be passed out in the urine of children with nephrotic syndrome. This can increase their risk of potentially serious blood clots. During a relapse, the blood also becomes more concentrated, which can lead to clotting. […] Most children with nephrotic syndrome have times when their symptoms are under control (remission), followed by times when symptoms return (relapses). […] In most cases, relapses become less frequent as they get older and often stop by their late teens.

• #54 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982920-overview

  In order to establish the presence of nephrotic syndrome, laboratory tests should confirm (1) nephrotic range proteinuria, (2) hypoalbuminemia, and (3) hyperlipidemia. The response to steroid treatment in a patient with INS serves to delineate important clinical subtypes; steroid-sensitive (SSNS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndromes (SRNS). A response to steroids has a high correlation with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and a favorable prognosis. […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of INS has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. Despite the improvement in survival, INS is often a chronic, relapsing disease and most patients experience some degree of morbidity, including the following: Hospitalization, in some instances. The burden of frequent monitoring both by parents and by physicians. Administration of medications associated with significant adverse events. A high rate of recurrence (relapses in 60% of patients). The potential for progression to chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney failure.

• #55 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nephrotic_syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterised by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and oedema. […] Nephrotic Syndrome usually presents with the classic triad of oedema, proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia. […] Of the children with steroid-sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome 80% will have one or more relapses. […] The family should be taught to test urine protein each morning. […] It is important to convey that, though their child will likely respond to therapy, they will likely have relapses (80% chance). […] The most common relapse trigger is intercurrent infection.

• #56 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982920-overview

  Nephrotic syndrome (or nephrosis, a term found in older literature and which does not capture the syndromic aspects of the disorder) is defined by the presence of nephrotic range proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. The insidious onset of edema is the presenting symptom in about 95% of children with nephrotic syndrome. Edema is typically first noted in the face and the lower eyelids (periorbital) and somewhat later in the lower extremities, scrotum or labia, and abdomen (ascites). Other signs and symptoms may include the following: Viral respiratory tract infection: A history of a respiratory tract infection immediately preceding the onset of nephrotic syndrome is frequent on initial presentation and on subsequent relapses. Allergy: Approximately 30% of children with nephrotic syndrome have a history of allergy. Microhematuria: Gross or macroscopic hematuria is rare and may indicate a complication such as infection or renal vein thrombosis. Symptoms of infection: May include fever, lethargy, irritability, or abdominal pain due to sepsis or peritonitis. Hypotension and signs of shock: Can be present in children presenting with sepsis or with marked hypovolemia. Respiratory distress: Due to either massive ascites and pressure against the diaphragm or frank pulmonary edema, although pleural effusion is more likely than pulmonary congestion or edema. Seizure: Caused by cerebral thrombosis. Diminished appetite. Abdominal discomfort, pain, and peritoneal signs: Resulting from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, ascites, or bowel wall edema. Diarrhea: Due to bowel wall edema or malabsorption. Hypertension: Resulting from fluid overload or primary kidney disease (unusual in minimal change disease).

• #57 Pediatric nephrotic syndrome – Children’s Health Nephrology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Although nephrotic syndrome is more a set of signs and symptoms of kidney problems in your child, it is important to seek treatment for your child, often from a doctor who specializes in treating childhood kidney diseases, called a pediatric nephrologist. […] Some children may experience only one episode of nephrotic syndrome, but for others, the symptoms return. Relapses are most common in the first two years after the initial episode and often follow a viral illness. […] A variety of medications may be used to treat initial symptoms and relapses. The most commonly used medications are corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressive drugs. Most children with nephrotic syndrome and minimal change disease respond to these drugs. […] If your child has high blood pressure, breathing difficulties, or severe edema (swelling), hospitalization may be necessary during treatment for the first episode. […] Your child’s doctor may provide recommendations for a particular balance of protein and fluid intake, and a diet low in salt, saturated fat, and cholesterol may be helpful. The reduction in your child’s intake of sodium may help reduce swelling.

• #58 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982920-overview

  In order to establish the presence of nephrotic syndrome, laboratory tests should confirm (1) nephrotic range proteinuria, (2) hypoalbuminemia, and (3) hyperlipidemia. The response to steroid treatment in a patient with INS serves to delineate important clinical subtypes; steroid-sensitive (SSNS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndromes (SRNS). A response to steroids has a high correlation with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and a favorable prognosis. […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of INS has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. Despite the improvement in survival, INS is often a chronic, relapsing disease and most patients experience some degree of morbidity, including the following: Hospitalization, in some instances. The burden of frequent monitoring both by parents and by physicians. Administration of medications associated with significant adverse events. A high rate of recurrence (relapses in 60% of patients). The potential for progression to chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney failure.

• #59 Nephrotic syndrome in children: Exploring new treatments | Northwell Health

  https://feinstein.northwell.edu/news/the-latest/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children-studying-new-treatments

  Nephrotic syndrome in children is rare affecting fewer than 5 in 100,000 globally each year and can be caused either by kidney disease (primary nephrotic syndrome) or other causes, such as infections, medicines or diseases that affect other parts of the body (secondary nephrotic syndrome). While those 2 to 7 years old are most often affected, children of all ages can develop nephrotic syndrome. […] Symptoms to look out for with children include swelling caused by excess fluid in the body’s tissues, which can also cause weight gain. Other symptoms include: Fatigue, Decreased appetite, Foamy urine, Pale fingernail beds, Food intolerance or allergies, Proteinuria – too much protein in the urine, Hypoalbuminemia – low levels of a protein in the blood, Hyperlipidemia – high levels of cholesterol and other lipids (fats) in the blood. […] Children with nephrotic syndrome suffer from the symptoms of the illness and from the side effects of steroids used in treatment.

• #60 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/Cardiology/90,P03098

  The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. […] During the first episode of nephrotic syndrome, your child may need to stay in the hospital. […] Medicines may be used to treat initial symptoms and relapses. […] The diet for a child with nephrotic syndrome may include limiting salt and fluids. […] In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure that filters waste and extra fluid from the blood. […] Nephrotic syndrome can get better on its own and with treatment. It may also get worse despite treatment. A child may have periods of improvement and relapses. Family support is important for a child’s well-being. […] Once a child reaches the teen years, the syndrome usually stays in remission. This means that symptoms decrease or go away. In most cases, symptoms don’t return in adulthood.

• #61 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children

  The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure that filters waste and extra fluid from the blood. […] Nephrotic syndrome can get better on its own and with treatment. It may also get worse despite treatment. A child may have periods of improvement and relapses. Family support is important for a child’s well-being. […] Once a child reaches the teen years, the syndrome usually stays in remission. This means that symptoms decrease or go away. In most cases, symptoms don’t return in adulthood.

• #62 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children/nephrotic-syndrome-children

  Swelling around the eyes is the most common sign of nephrotic syndrome in children. The swelling is usually greater in the morning and, when mild, may be confused with seasonal allergies. Other common symptoms include swelling in the lower legs, feet, abdomen, hands, face, or other parts of the body […] Some children with nephrotic syndrome may also have blood in their urine, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, diarrhea or nausea. […] Nephrotic syndrome in children is diagnosed with a medical and family history, a physical exam, urine tests, to look for excess urine proteins, blood tests, to test kidney function and to look for underlying diseases. […] Nephrotic syndrome in children is most often treated with medicines. […] In most children, treatment with corticosteroids will make nephrotic syndrome improve also called remission. If symptoms return, called a relapse, the health care professional may prescribe a shorter course of corticosteroids until the disease goes into remission again.

• #63 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Nephrotic syndrome is the combination of nephrotic-range proteinuria with a low serum albumin level and edema. The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in children is usually swelling of the face; this is followed by swelling of the entire body. Fatigue and loss of appetite are common symptoms. […] Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome generally have an excellent prognosis. The majority of these cases (90%) are steroid sensitive and approximately a quarter of these children will have no further exacerbations after completing the initial course of therapy. Although the remainder may experience relapsing disease, kidney failure is rare. […] The prognosis for patients with minimal-change nephropathy is very good. Most children respond to steroid therapy; still, about 50% of children have one or two relapses within 5 years and approximately 20% of them continue to relapse 10 years after diagnosis. Only 30% of children never have a relapse after the initial episode. Approximately 3% of patients who initially respond to steroids become steroid-resistant.

• #64 Nephrotic Syndrome (Kidney Disease) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-kidney-disease

  If your child has focal sclerosis (FSGS), nephrotic syndrome is harder to treat. It often doesn’t respond to steroids, and in about 50 percent of children, FSGS may progress to end-stage renal disease. […] Long-term outlook depends on the child and what’s behind his nephrotic syndrome. While each child is different, there is some data that can help give you an idea: If your child has minimal change disease: Under 20 percent around one in six or seven children won’t experience another episode (relapse) and be cured after their initial treatment with steroids. […] If your child has focal sclerosis: Up to 20 percent or so will respond to therapy and go into remission. […] Around half of kids will not respond to medication and develop end-stage renal disease. These children will need kidney dialysis and/or a kidney transplant.

• #65 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982920-overview

  In order to establish the presence of nephrotic syndrome, laboratory tests should confirm (1) nephrotic range proteinuria, (2) hypoalbuminemia, and (3) hyperlipidemia. The response to steroid treatment in a patient with INS serves to delineate important clinical subtypes; steroid-sensitive (SSNS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndromes (SRNS). A response to steroids has a high correlation with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and a favorable prognosis. […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of INS has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. Despite the improvement in survival, INS is often a chronic, relapsing disease and most patients experience some degree of morbidity, including the following: Hospitalization, in some instances. The burden of frequent monitoring both by parents and by physicians. Administration of medications associated with significant adverse events. A high rate of recurrence (relapses in 60% of patients). The potential for progression to chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney failure.

• #66 Nephrotic Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nephrotic-syndrome.html

  Sometimes, a child will have a relapse. This means the nephrotic syndrome comes back after going away. In this case, treatment starts again until the child outgrows the condition or it improves on its own. […] The sooner treatment for nephrotic condition starts, the better. If your child shows any signs of the condition, call your doctor so it can get checked out right away.

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