Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nephrotic Syndrome | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617242/all/Nephrotic_Syndrome?q=Ascites

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is defined by nephrotic-range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hypercholesterolemia. […] Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most frequent cause of NS in younger children: Occurs mainly between 2 and 8 years of age, with a peak at 3 years. Boys are more commonly affected than girls (3:2). […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the 2nd most frequent cause of NS in childhood: Children with FSGS are more likely than children with MCNS to have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). […] Less common than MCNS and FSGS are congenital NS (3 months) and infantile NS (3 to 12 months). […] 2 to 7 per 100,000 in children 16 years. […] 16 cases per 100,000 in children 16 years. […] African American and Hispanic children have a higher prevalence of FSGS than Caucasian and Asian children.

• #2 Nephrotic syndrome in children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome can affect people of any age, it’s usually first diagnosed in children aged between 1 and 6 years old. […] It tends to be more common in those with an Asian background, although it’s unclear why. […] Most children with nephrotic syndrome have „minimal change disease”. […] These problems tend to be more common in adults with nephrotic syndrome. […] Most children have relapses until their late teens and need to take steroids when these occur. […] Children diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome for the first time are normally prescribed at least a 4-week course of the steroid medicine prednisolone. […] Most children respond well to treatment with prednisolone, with the protein often disappearing from their urine and the swelling going down within a few weeks. […] If your child has congenital nephrotic syndrome, they’ll need frequent albumin infusions to help them grow and develop normally. […] Your child will be regularly reviewed at a clinic, where their blood pressure, growth, weight, kidney function and bone health will be monitored.

• #3 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children/nephrotic-syndrome-children

  Nephrotic syndrome is not very common in children. On average, fewer than 5 in 100,000 children worldwide develop nephrotic syndrome each year. […] Children of all ages can develop nephrotic syndrome. But the condition most often affects children who are 2 to 7 years old, particularly boys. […] Losing too much protein in the urine can lead to many complications, including higher risk of infection, blood clots, high blood pressure, also called hypertension, high cholesterol, and brief or long-lasting kidney problems. […] Kidney disease that affects a kidneys filtering system is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. […] Among newborns and infants younger than 12 months old, the two most common causes of nephrotic syndrome are genetic variants, which account for most cases of congenital nephrotic syndrome, and infections present at or before birth, such as syphilis and toxoplasmosis.

• #4 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  In children, the average worldwide incidence of nephrotic syndrome is 2-16.9 per 100,000. There is significant variability in both incidence and steroid responsiveness among various ethnic groups. […] Minimal change disease accounts for 10-25% of cases of nephrotic syndrome in adults and 70-90% of cases in children.

• #5 Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982920-overview

  In the United States, the reported annual incidence of nephrotic syndrome is 2-7 cases per 100,000 children younger than 16 years. The cumulative prevalence is approximately 16 cases per 100,000 individuals. The International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC) found that 76.6% of children with INS had MCNS on kidney biopsy findings, with 7% of cases associated with FSGS. […] A study from New Zealand found the incidence of nephrotic syndrome to be almost 20 cases per million children under age 15 years. In specific populations, such as those of Finnish or Mennonite origin, congenital nephrotic syndrome may occur in 1 in 10,000 or 1 in 500 births, respectively. […] Some studies have suggested a change in the histopathology of INS over the past few decades, although the overall incidence of INS has remained stable. The frequency of FSGS associated with INS appears to be increasing. A review of the literature suggested a 2-fold increase in the incidence of FSGS in recent decades. However, another study found no evidence of an increasing incidence of FSGS.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-016-3509-z

  The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of a population-based cohort of children with INS and propose a spatiotemporal analysis. […] INS was diagnosed in 188 children, 93 % of whom were steroid sensitive. Annual incidence was 3.35/100,000 children. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was higher in one of the eight counties: Seine-Saint-Denis, with SIR 1.43 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.021.95]. […] A spatial cluster was further identified with higher SIR 1.36 (95 % CI 1.091.67). Temporal analysis within this overincidence area showed seasonal variation, with a peak during the winter period (p 0.01). […] The clustering of cases, the seasonal variation within this particular area, and the progression over the Paris area altogether suggest that INS may occur on an epidemic mode.

• #7 Trends in pediatric nephrotic syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8477269/

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is relatively common in children, with most of its histological types being minimal changed disease. Its etiology has long been attributed to lymphocyte (especially T-cell) dysfunction, while T-cell-mediated vascular hyperpermeability increases protein permeability in glomerular capillaries, leading to proteinuria and hypoproteinemia. […] An epidemiological study of pediatric idiopathic NS (JP-SHINE study) was conducted in Japan, and found an incidence of 6.49 per 100000, which is 3 to 4 times that reported for Caucasians. […] Furthermore, since more than 80% of INS in children is minimal change NS (MCNS), more than 70% of NS in childhood is MCNS. This epidemiology differs strongly from that in adults. […] In addition, since the onset is sometimes observed in the family, there is high incidence of INS in East Asian children and there is the association of steroid-sensitive NS in childhood in Japan with the HLA-DR/DQ region, it is highly possible that some genetic factors are involved in the onset of NS. […] In our opinion, INS is a multifactorial disease in which immunological stimuli trigger the production of substances that impair podocytes, resulting in dysfunction of the slit membrane and cause proteinuria.

• #8 Clinical course & management of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Germany: a large epidemiological ESPED study | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-019-1233-1

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most frequent occurring chronic kidney diseases in childhood, despite its rarely occurrence in the general population. […] In Germany, the reported incidence of NS is 1.2-1.8 per 100,000 children per year in comparison to 33.5 per 100,000 children living in Paris and the surrounding area and to 6.49 per 100,000 children per year in Japan. […] This epidemiological study continues and examines the clinical course and management of childhood NS in our large ESPED-based German cohort. […] The incidence of SSNS was 1 per 100,000 and of SRNS was 0.2 per 100,000 children 18 years in Germany. […] The ALOS of patients with SNS was 13.8 d, while the children with PNS stayed in hospital an average of 15.6 days. […] The current guidelines recommend that children with SSNS should not undergo a biopsy.

• #9 Nephrotic syndrome – Differential Diagnosis – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/nephrology/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/

  In the UK, nephrotic syndrome is relatively uncommon with an incidence of 2 per 100,000 children per year. The incidence is between 6-8 times higher in UK Asian populations and it is twice as common in boys. It is most common in early childhood, affecting children with a median age of 4 years. […] Although it is generally thought to have a good prognosis, nephrotic syndrome can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in those who develop complications.

• #10 Nephrotic syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Nephrotic_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome has an incidence of 2-7 cases per 100,000 and a prevalence of 16 cases per 100,000. […] The prevalence of nephrotic syndrome in children has a 2 to 1 male to female ratio. […] Approximately 70-90% of children less than 10 years of age with nephrotic syndrome are diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD), a common form of primary glomerulonephritis characterized by normal glomeruli on light microscopy and by podocyte effacement on electron microscopy. […] In older children, MCD still accounts for 50% of nephrotic syndrome. […] Nephrotic syndrome may affect children and adults alike. There is no age or ethnic predominance. […] In total, the incidence of nephrotic syndrome is the same for adults and for children.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Nephrotic-Syndrome-Epidemiology.aspx

  Nephrotic syndrome is quite rare but has an important role to play in the development of kidney disease. […] The incidence of minimal change disease in Caucasian children is reported to be 2 per 100,000. […] Higher rates of nephrotic syndrome have been reported in children of Arabian and Asian racial origins, in contrast to Caucasian children. […] The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal change disease. This accounts for up to 90% of cases involved children less than five years old. […] Other common causes in children are segmental glomerulosclerosis and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, accounting for approximately 8% and 6% of cases, respectively. […] Minimal change disease, the most common cause in children, has a good response to steroid medication and therefore the prognosis is usually good and rarely results in chronic renal failure.

• #12 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Nephrotic syndrome may affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race. It may occur in typical form, or in association with nephritic syndrome. The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in children is usually swelling of the face; this is followed by swelling of the entire body. […] In children, nephrotic syndrome may occur at a rate of 20 cases per million children. […] Biopsy studies in children with nephrotic syndrome have shown similar types of histology in India and Turkey, compared with what one would expect in Western countries. […] Focal glomerulosclerosis appears to be overrepresented as a cause of nephrotic syndrome in African-American as compared with white children.

• #13 Clinical Patterns and Renal Survival of Nephrotic Syndrome in Childhood: A Single-Center Study (1980-2006)

  https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/3/PAGE/8/FULLTEXT/

  The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the clinical, epidemiological, histological patterns and treatment response among the Ukrainian children with NS during two consecutive time periods (1980-2000 and 2001-2006) besides the assessment of prognostic factors that modify the risk of development of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in this part of population. […] Significant differences in the clinical presentations of NS were observed among the two specified time periods. During the years 1980-2000, classic NS and NS with hematuria were diagnosed in 59.4% (691) and 23.2% (270) cases, respectively. NS with isolated hypertension and NS with combined hematuria and hypertension were discovered in 1.0% (11) and 16.4% (190), respectively. After the year 2000 a significant increase in the proportion of NS patients with hypertension and those with accompanied hematuria were found (5.3% (10), p0.001, and 21.9% (41), =0.015, respectively).

• #14 Nephrotic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome can affect any age, although it is mainly found in adults with a ratio of adults to children of 26 to 1. […] The syndrome presents in different ways in the two groups: the most frequent glomerulopathy in children is minimal change disease (66% of cases), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (8%) and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (6%). […] In adults the most common disease is mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (30-40%), followed by focal and segmental glomeruloesclerosis (15-25%) and minimal change disease (20%). […] There are also differences in epidemiology between the sexes, the disease is more common in men than in women by a ratio of 2 to 1. […] The epidemiological data also reveals information regarding the most common way that symptoms develop in people with nephrotic syndrome: spontaneous remission occurs in up to 20% or 30% of cases during the first year of the illness. However, this improvement is not definitive as some 50% to 60% of people with Nephrotic syndrome die and/or develop chronic kidney failure 6 to 14 years after this remission. […] On the other hand, between 10% and 20% of people have continuous episodes of remissions and relapses without dying or jeopardizing their kidney. The main causes of death are cardiovascular, as a result of the chronicity of the syndrome, and thromboembolic accidents.

• #15 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children/

  Nephrotic syndrome affects all age groups but has a higher pediatric prevalence. […] Worldwide incidence 16 cases per 100,000 children. […] 90% of cases in children are due to primary causes (e.g., minimal change disease). […] Occurs at any age but more commonly seen in school-aged children and adolescents. […] Higher incidence of chronic glomerular disease in children 12 years of age.

• #16 Changing epidemiology of nephrotic syndrome in Nigerian children: A cross-sectional study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239300

  Changing epidemiology of nephrotic syndrome in Nigerian children: A cross-sectional study […] Nephrotic syndrome is a common kidney disease affecting approximately 216 per 100,000 children each year. It is characterised by generalised oedema, massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia. Although, it has been described in all races, South Asian children are thought to have the highest incidence. About 80% of children with nephrotic syndrome respond to a 4 to 6-week course of prednisolone with complete resolution of proteinuria. In the landmark International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC), about 90% of the children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) had minimal change disease, hence, the current approach to determine response to steroids before considering kidney biopsy in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. About 20% of children (10-20%) with nephrotic syndrome fail to respond to a standard course of prednisolone and are termed as having steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Most children with SRNS have focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and about 10-30% are reported to have a single gene disorder as the cause of the nephrotic syndrome. These children require additional second line agents such as calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), and monoclonal antibodies to achieve complete or partial remission of the nephrotic syndrome and halt disease progression. In the absence of remission following treatment with immunosuppressants, most children with SRNS/FSGS develop progressive disease and will reach end stage kidney disease within 5 to 10 years of diagnosis.

• #17 Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children | Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition)

  http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-boletin-medico-del-hospital-infantil-201-articulo-treatment-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome-in-X2444340914741917

  Steroid therapy is applied in all cases of INS. Renal biopsy is usually not indicated before starting corticosteroid therapy. […] La mayora de los pacientes (80-90%) responden a este tratamiento. […] The majority of patients (80-90%) are steroid-responsive. […] En este artculo se revisan las recomendaciones recientes aceptadas para el tratamiento de los nios con SNI. […] In this article we review the recent accepted recommendations for the treatment of children with INS.

• #18 Changing epidemiology of nephrotic syndrome in Nigerian children: A cross-sectional study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239300

  Studies in multiracial countries such as the United States of America and South Africa indicate that children of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) ancestry have steroid resistance rates 2-4 times higher than rates in children of Asian and European descent. These observations influence the management of Black children with nephrotic syndrome including discussions about its clinical course and long-term prognosis with the families. Although studies in the 1970s and 1980 documented 40-70% steroid resistance rates in children in SSA, recent studies indicate high and increasing rates of steroid sensitive NS. However, many of these recent studies were limited by small sample size, short study period, non-standardised definitions of therapy response and being single-centre studies. In this report, we described the epidemiology of INS in children attending two large academic hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Specifically, we aimed to determine the frequency of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome and its association with age at onset of the disease, sex and other clinical and laboratory features.

• #19

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1507072

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome, if left untreated, leads to progressive kidney disease or death. […] We quantified the prevalence of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, and histological types as the epidemiology of nephrotic syndrome in Africa remains unknown, yet impacts outcomes. […] Majority of 8131 children were steroid-sensitive (64% [95% CI: 6366%]) and the remaining were steroid-resistant (34% [95% CI: 3335%]). […] Few African countries reported on the prevalence of childhood nephrotic syndrome. […] Steroid-sensitive disease is more common than steroid-resistant disease although prevalence of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome is higher than reported globally. […] Scarcity of data in Africa prevents appropriate healthcare resource allocation to diagnose and treat this treatable childhood kidney disease to prevent poor health outcomes.

• #20 Evaluation of Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Single-Center Experience

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/nephrology/anp-5-018.php?jid=nephrology

  The presence of hypertension and steroid resistance are signs that should attract our attention for taking into account of histopathological diagnosis other than MCD. […] In our study, the rate of relapse frequency, steroid resistance, and progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with hypertension were considerably higher than patients without hypertension. […] In our study, while the steroid resistance was 12.2%, 46 patients (20.4%) were detected as steroid-dependent, in accordance with the literature. […] The aim of the treatment in nephrotic syndrome is to enable the patient to go into remission as soon as possible, to prevent relapsing as much as possible, and to minimize the side effects of the treatments. […] After evaluating children with primary nephrotic syndrome in a sufficient period with this comprehensive and retrospective study, we identified that the demographic characteristics, clinical findings, and prognosis of our patients in our region were similar to those in the literature.

• #21 Prevalence and associated factors of infection in children with nephrotic syndrome aged 2-18 years in the northwest and east Amhara region, Ethiopia: a multi-center cross-sectional retrospective study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19408-7

  Infection is the most common complication of pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and associated factors among children with nephrotic syndrome aged 2 to 18 years. […] In this study, the prevalence of infection among nephrotic syndrome children is 39.8% (95%CI: 30.7, 49.7). […] The prevalence of infection in children with nephrotic syndrome ranges from 15 to 38%, including non-severe infections. […] The top four common infections were intestinal parasitic infection, urinary tract infection, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and pneumonia. […] In this study, serum albumin level was associated factor of infection in children with nephrotic syndrome. […] The presence of hematuria as an independent factor for children with nephrotic syndrome.

• #22 Prevalence and associated factors of infection in children with nephrotic syndrome aged 2-18 years in the northwest and east Amhara region, Ethiopia: a multi-center cross-sectional retrospective study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19408-7

  The other associated factor for infection in children with nephrotic syndrome was residence. Children in rural areas were 3.3 times more likely to have infection than children lived in urban areas. […] In this study, we identified serum albumin level, hematuria, and residence as factors associated with infection in children with nephrotic syndrome. Infection occurred in 39.8% of children with nephrotic syndrome.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2012/03000/epidemiology_and_pathophysiology_of_nephrotic.21.aspx

  After infections, thromboembolism is considered by many experts to be the most significant life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome. […] Children (2.8%) are less likely than adults (26.7%) with nephrotic syndrome to develop thromboembolism. However, infants and children aged 12 years are at much greater risk. […] Membranous histologic changes increase thromboembolic risk at all ages; in particular, adults with membranous nephropathy have the highest reported risk (37.0%) and children with membranous histology have a rate (25%) that approaches the overall adult rate. […] There is inadequate evidence to support routine prophylactic therapy. […] Future hemostatic research in nephrotic syndrome should focus on identifying cohorts at highest risk for thrombosis through the use of clinical markers and biomarkers as well as searching for molecular targets to correct the prothrombotic pathophysiology of this disease.

• #24

  https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1139763

  Children with nephrotic syndrome can develop life-threatening complications, including infection and thrombosis. […] The main objectives of this study were to determine the incidence, epidemiology, and hospital outcomes associated with AKI in a modern cohort of children hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome. […] AKI occurred in 58.6% of 336 children and 50.9% of 615 hospitalizations (27.3% in stage R, 17.2% in stage I, and 6.3% in stage F). […] AKI is common in children hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome and should be deemed the third major complication of nephrotic syndrome in children in addition to infection and venous thromboembolism. […] Risk factors for AKI include steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, infection, and nephrotoxic medication exposure. […] Children with AKI have longer hospital lengths of stay and increased need for intensive care unit admission.

• #25 Systemic Complications In Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/disease-associated-systemic-complications-in-childhood-nephrotic-syndr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most common childhood kidney diseases. […] The prevalence of childhood NS worldwide is approximately 16 cases per 100,000 children, with an incidence of two to seven per 100,000 children. […] Complications of childhood NS are divided into two categories: disease-associated complications and drug-associated complications. […] However, complications especially disease-associated ones in pediatric patients with NS are still limited. […] The aim of the study was to systematically assess disease-associated complications in children with NS to better understand how they impact outcomes. […] This systematic review shows that the disease-associated systemic complications in childhood NS include cardiovascular complications, infections, thyroid complications, kidney complications, and poor oral health condition, ie, caries and enamel hypoplasia.

• #26

  https://www.ijpediatrics.com/index.php/ijcp/article/view/2856

  Prevalence of hypertension is increasing among the children with nephrotic syndrome. […] Its more prevalent among the male then female FRNS, SRNS and SDNS are more prone to develop hypertension and also they needed two or more antihypertensives to control the hypertension, whereas hypertension in SSNS could be managed with single drug.

• #27 Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome in Africa: Epidemiology, Treatment Trends, and Outcomes

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4OnPNbW7/

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome predominantly affects young males; steroid sensitivity is as high as 95%, and in the long-term, 80% of patients achieve remission with normal renal function. […] Nephrotic syndrome (NS) remains the most common presentation of glomerular diseases in children. […] The objective of our study was to describe the characteristics and outcomes of NS in children from three major hospitals in one of the world’s poorest countries, Chad. […] In Chad, childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome predominantly affects young males; steroid sensitivity is as high as 95%, and in the long-term, 80% of patients achieve remission with normal renal function.

• #28 Nephrotic syndrome (NS) – kidney.wiki

  https://kidney.wiki/glomerular-disease/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Minimal change disease (MCD) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, affecting 2-7 in 100,000 children. […] Most patients who respond to treatment will maintain normal kidney function into adulthood. […] Over 2/3 of patients have at least one relapse. […] Relapses become less likely with time, but can still occur many years after entering remission.

• #29 Nephrotic Syndrome Outcome in Children: An Epidemiological Study

  https://brieflands.com/articles/jcp-62514.html

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) as a glomerular basal membrane disease has different outcomes. The current study aimed at evaluating epidemiologic status in NS and its correlation with the outcome in children. […] Results of the current study showed that steroid responded children with frequent relapse as well as steroid dependent children had better epidemiological and socioeconomic status compared with the steroid resistance ones (P 0.05). […] Prognosis of NS or medication responses was related to epidemiological status of children. […] The current study investigated the epidemiological and clinical information of children in different types of NS outcomes. […] Steroid resistant, frequent relapsing, and steroid dependent outcomes of NS in children increased with particular distribution related to epidemiologic factors including gender, gestational age, diabetic nephropathy, prerenal azotemia, allergies, etc. Based on this epidemiological status, modification can influence and increase NS outcomes.

• #30 eCommons@AKU

  https://ecommons.aku.edu/eastafrica_fhs_mc_intern_med/403/

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome, if left untreated, leads to progressive kidney disease or death. We quantified the prevalence of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, and histological types as the epidemiology of nephrotic syndrome in Africa remains unknown, yet impacts outcomes. […] Few African countries reported on the prevalence of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Steroid-sensitive disease is more common than steroid-resistant disease although prevalence of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome is higher than reported globally. Scarcity of data in Africa prevents appropriate healthcare resource allocation to diagnose and treat this treatable childhood kidney disease to prevent poor health outcomes.

• #31 Clinical course & management of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Germany: a large epidemiological ESPED study | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-019-1233-1

  The present epidemiological study is the largest study of this kind in children with NS with previously performed studies mostly being based on a smaller patient cohort and smaller geographical areas. […] Through this large nationwide ESPED-study, novel and interesting data from children with NS in Germany has been gathered and provides a better understanding on NS in childhood and its complications.

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