Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stomach ulcer (gastric ulcer) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/stomach-ulcer/

  Stomach ulcers occur when the layer protecting the stomach lining from stomach acid breaks down. This allows the stomach lining to become damaged. […] Stomach ulcers are usually caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] These can break down the stomach’s defence against the acid it produces to digest food. The stomach lining then becomes damaged causing an ulcer to form. […] H. pylori bacteria live in the stomach lining. The bacteria can irritate the stomach lining and make it more vulnerable to damage from stomach acid. […] Many people take NSAIDs without having any side effects. But there’s always a risk the medication could cause problems, such as stomach ulcers, particularly if taken for a long time or at high doses. […] There’s little evidence that stomach ulcers are caused by spicy foods, stress, or alcohol. But these can make the symptoms worse. […] However, smoking can increase your risk of developing stomach ulcers and make treatment less effective.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/

  Stomach ulcers happen when theres damage to the layer that protects the stomach lining from the acids in your stomach. […] This is usually a result of: an infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria, taking anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or aspirin particularly if they’re taken for a long time or at high doses. […] It used to be thought that stress or certain foods might cause stomach ulcers, but there’s little evidence to suggest this is the case.

• #3 Gastric Ulcer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537128/

  Gastric ulcers are a break in the mucosa of the stomach lining that penetrates through the muscularis mucosa and extends more than 5 mm in diameter. […] When alterations occur to the defense mechanisms of the stomach, it can cause changes in the gastric mucosa which will eventually result in erosion and then ulceration. […] The most common etiologies of gastric ulcers include a bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori and gastric prostaglandin loss associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Less common etiologies include hypergastrinemia (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), viral infections such as CMV, chemotherapy and radiation, gastric outlet obstruction, gastric infiltrative disorders such as malignancy, cigarette smoking, and Crohn disease. The common factor in all of these etiologies is that they promote a breakdown in the mucosal barrier and expose the gastric mucosa to the damaging effects of acid. […] Overall, the pathophysiology of gastric ulcer development depends on the etiology, but they all lead to the loss or damage of the gastric mucosal integrity. […] The most common etiologies of gastric ulcers are Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use.

• #4 What Causes Stomach Ulcers: Here’s What You Need to Know – Allied Digestive Health

  https://allieddigestivehealth.com/what-causes-stomach-ulcers-heres-what-you-need-to-know/

  Though the prevalence of stomach ulcers (peptic ulcer disease (PUD)) has been declining over the years, it still affects many people in the United States and globally. According to studies, the condition affects about 8.4% of the global population aged between 17 and 82 years. In the United States, stomach ulcer prevalence is about 10%, affecting 4.5 million people annually. […] The main types of peptic ulcer disease are gastric and duodenal ulcers. […] Stomach ulcers (sores in the stomach wall) occur when the stomach acid damages the mucus layer and eats away at the stomach wall. There are numerous causes, the most common being Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] The bacteria is present in many people’s stomachs. However, not everyone with H. pylori develops stomach ulcers as the gut immune system keeps them in check. But overgrowth of the bacteria raises the amount of acid in the stomach and damages the mucus lining the digestive tract.

• #5 Stomach Ulcer: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22314-stomach-ulcer

  A stomach ulcer occurs when stomach acid eats through your protective stomach lining, producing an open sore. […] A healthcare provider must identify the cause of your ulcer to recommend the right treatment. […] The two most common causes of stomach ulcers are the H. pylori bacterial infection and overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These two causes together account for about 99% of the stomach ulcers U.S. healthcare providers treat. […] H. pylori is a very common bacterial infection that affects up to half of people worldwide. […] As the bacteria continue to multiply, they eat into your stomach lining, causing chronic inflammation that leads to gastric ulcers. […] NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are common over-the-counter pain relievers, like ibuprofen, naproxen and aspirin. These medications irritate your stomach lining on contact, and they also inhibit some of the chemicals that defend and repair it.

• #6 Stomach ulcer | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/stomach-ulcer

  A stomach or gastric ulcer is a break in the tissue lining of the stomach. […] Most stomach ulcers are caused by infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacterium or anti-inflammatory medication, not stress or poor diet as once thought. […] The Helicobacter pylori bacterium (H. pylori) is the main cause of peptic ulcers. […] Helicobacter pylori bacteria is thought to be responsible for around 60% of stomach ulcers and at least 90% of duodenal ulcers. […] Certain medications which include aspirin or clopidogrel, taken regularly to help prevent heart attack or stroke, and drugs for arthritis. Anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) are thought to cause around two fifths of stomach ulcers. […] Cancer stomach cancer can present as an ulcer, particularly in older people. […] H. pylori directly causes one-third of stomach ulcers and is a contributing factor in around three-fifths of cases. […] H. pylori is the main environmental cause of stomach cancer.

• #7 Peptic ulcers often develop due to bacteria infection | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/peptic-ulcers-often-develop-due-bacteria-infection

  Stomach ulcers can have a number of causes. One of the most common is infection with a bacterium known as H. pylori, which is short for its full name, Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is responsible for between 70% and 90% of stomach ulcers. […] The frequent or prolonged use of NSAIDs, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can irritate the lining of the stomach and lead to an ulcer. A number of studies have also suggested a link to high levels of stress. In those cases, it is believed that the body responds with an overproduction of stomach acid. It is less common, but viral infection, Crohns disease, some cancers and radiation therapy can each play a role in developing a stomach ulcer.

• #8 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10350-peptic-ulcer-disease

  Peptic ulcer disease occurs when something interferes with these natural defenses. […] Scientists have identified two main causes that account for almost all cases of PUD: H. pylori infection and overuse of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). […] Nearly half of the worlds population has this common bacterial infection living in their stomach and/or duodenum. […] If it overgrows too much, upsetting the natural balance of microbes living there, it can invoke an inflammatory response. […] Chronic inflammation in your gastrointestinal lining can wear it out and diminish its resources for self-repair. […] NSAIDs inhibit the prostaglandins that repair damage to your gastrointestinal lining. […] Other uncommon causes of peptic ulcer disease include other infections, ischemia, severe physiological stress, chemotherapy or radiation therapy, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Crohns disease, and stomach cancer. […] You’re more likely to get peptic ulcer disease if you have an H. pylori infection or use NSAIDs regularly, especially if you have both risk factors. […] Other factors that may contribute include smoking, alcohol use, and other medications you might be taking.

• #9 Peptic ulcer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354223

  Peptic ulcers are open sores on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. A duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer that appears in the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. […] The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the germ Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). […] Common causes include: Helicobacter pylori. This germ lives in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. […] Regular use of certain pain relievers. Taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) over time can irritate or inflame the lining of the stomach and small intestine.

• #10 Ulcers | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/u/ulcers.html

  Stomach (or peptic) ulcers may produce few or no symptoms, or they may cause burning, gnawing pain in the upper middle part of the abdomen that is relieved by eating or taking an antacid. […] At one time ulcers were believed to be the result of too much stomach acid. It is now known that the main factors that lead to ulcers are the bacteria H. pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). These disturb the normal defense and repair processes of the mucosal linings, making them more vulnerable to attack from stomach acid. […] How H. pylori causes ulcers is not entirely clear. One theory is that the organism causes ammonia to be created so that it can survive in the stomach’s acid. The ammonia may then erode the mucous barrier that protects the cells of the digestive tract. Other poisons and enzymes from the bacteria may also be a cause, and proteins produced by the body in response to inflammation may play a role.

• #11 The Major Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and its Diagnosis

  https://www.primescholars.com/articles/the-major-causes-of-peptic-ulcer-disease-pud-and-its-diagnosis-118726.html

  The stomach infection caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of ulcers. […] Helicobacter pylori are one of the primary causes of peptic ulcer disease. […] The bacterium also possesses virulence factors like CagA and PicB that help to cause stomach mucosal inflammation. […] This decrease in acid production leads to gastric ulcers. […] In 10% to 15% of H. pylori infections, duodenal ulcers are associated with an increase in acid production at the pyloric antrum.

• #12 Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes

  The most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other causes of peptic ulcers are uncommon or rare. […] H. pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcers. Researchers are still studying how people become infected with H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria may spread from person to person through contact with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva. Food or water contaminated with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva may also spread the bacteria from person to person. […] Taking NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen is another common cause of peptic ulcers. NSAIDs relieve pain, but they also make the stomach lining more prone to damage and ulcers. Some types of NSAIDs are more likely to cause ulcers than others. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers include infections caused by certain viruses, fungi, or bacteria other than H. pylori. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers also include certain diseases and health conditions, such as diseases that can affect the stomach, such as cancer or Crohn’s disease.

• #13 Stomach Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34799-stomach-peptic-gastric-ulcers.html

  Most ulcers are caused by an infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria (H. pylori), and can be treated in about two weeks with antibiotics, according to the CDC. […] „The two most common causes of ulcers are H. pylori, a bacterial infection, and medications, most commonly aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), and iron tablets,” said Dr. Arun Swaminath, director of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. […] Peptic ulcers happen when the acids that help digest food damage the walls of the stomach or duodenum. […] H. pylori is a common infection, and it is possible that the bacteria is spread between people through contact with infected stool, vomit or saliva. […] Another cause is the regular use of certain pain relievers, specifically, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil). The CDC states that 10 percent of ulcers are caused by NSAIDs. […] Cigarettes, alcohol, and stress can exacerbate symptoms by further irritating the stomach lining.

• #14 Peptic ulcers Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/peptic-ulcers

  Only around 10% to 15% of people who are infected with H pylori develop peptic ulcer disease. […] Long-term use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) is the second most common cause of ulcers. […] Certain drugs other than NSAIDs may aggravate ulcers. […] Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is the least common major cause of peptic ulcer disease.

• #15 Peptic Ulcer Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1001/p1005.html

  Although H. pylori is present in the gastroduodenal mucosa in most patients with duodenal ulcers, only a minority (10 to 15 percent) of patients with H. pylori infection develop peptic ulcer disease. […] H. pylori bacteria adhere to the gastric mucosa; the presence of an outer inflammatory protein and a functional cytotoxin-associated gene island in the bacterial chromosome increases virulence and probably ulcerogenic potential. […] NSAIDs are the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease in patients without H. pylori infection. Topical effects of NSAIDs cause submucosal erosions. In addition, by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, NSAIDs inhibit the formation of prostaglandins and their protective cyclooxygenase-2 mediated effects (i.e., enhancing gastric mucosal protection by stimulating mucus and bicarbonate secretion and epithelial cell proliferation and increasing mucosal blood flow). Coexisting H. pylori infection increases the likelihood and intensity of NSAID-induced damage.

• #15 Peptic Ulcer Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1001/p1005.html

  Peptic ulcer disease usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum. The predominant causes in the United States are infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] H. pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the predominant causes of peptic ulcer disease in the United States, accounting for 48 and 24 percent of cases, respectively. […] A variety of other infections and comorbidities are associated with a greater risk of peptic ulcer disease (e.g., cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, Crohn’s disease, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, sarcoidosis, myeloproliferative disorder). Critical illness, surgery, or hypovolemia leading to splanchnic hypoperfusion may result in gastroduodenal erosions or ulcers (stress ulcers); these may be silent or manifest with bleeding or perforation. Smoking increases the risk of ulcer recurrence and slows healing.

• #16 Stomach Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stomach-ulcer

  Stomach ulcers occur when digestive acids damage your stomach lining. Treatment may include antibiotics, home remedies, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause. […] Stomach ulcers may be easily cured, but they can become severe without proper treatment. […] Between 80% to 90% of stomach ulcers are caused by one of the following: an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. […] Some other risk factors and underlying health conditions may also break down the mucosa that lines your stomach, exposing it to acid damage that could cause stomach ulcers. […] The best way to help prevent stomach ulcers is to limit your intake of NSAIDs and take measures to prevent contracting H. pylori. […] Stomach ulcers are open wounds on the lining of your stomach. They’re most commonly caused by long-term use of NSAIDs or an H. pylori infection.

• #17 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-peptics-ulcers-1741791

  You may be surprised to learn that infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori and long-term use of pain relievers are causes of peptic ulcers. […] About 75% of the cases of peptic ulcers in the U.S. are caused by a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium infection. NSAID use and a rare medical condition can also cause a peptic ulcer. […] Having Helicobacter pylori bacteria growing in your stomach can damage the mucus coating that protects the tissues lining the stomach and duodenum. This allows stomach acid to come into contact with the lining, causing inflammation and ulcers. […] Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is another common cause of peptic ulcers, raising your risk 20 times that of non-users. […] Both having H. pylori infection and taking NSAIDs at the same time can increase the risk of developing a peptic ulcer to 60 times the usual rate.

• #18 Ulcers | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/u/ulcers.html

  NSAIDs tend to cause inflammation of the GI tract lining. Weak acids themselves, NSAIDS cause a number of changes within the stomach, including reduced flow of blood to the stomach, less mucus production, and less cell repair and reproduction. All of these tend to break down the process of defense and repair that keeps the mucosa healthy. […] More than 60% of people have a return of their ulcers a year after traditional treatment has ended. Fewer than 10% of people have a recurrence of ulcers after anti-H. pylori therapy. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs might also affect recurrence of ulcers. […] Persons who have H. pylori-related ulcers may be at higher risk for certain forms of cancer and lymphoma.

• #19

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/gastroenterology-colorectal-surgery/peptic-ulcer-disease

  A peptic or stomach ulcer is an open sore or raw area in the lining of the stomach or intestine. […] The most common causes of peptic (stomach) ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and NSAIDs. […] Doctors and researchers once believed that peptic (stomach) ulcers were caused by stress or spicy foods. There is no evidence to support this theory, although these factors can irritate existing ulcers and worsen symptoms. […] H. pylori is a common cause of peptic (stomach) ulcers. […] When H. pylori enters your body, it attacks the mucous lining of your stomach, which protects you from the acid your body uses to digest food. Once the bacteria have done enough damage, acid can get through the lining, which leads to ulcers. […] Taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen is another common cause of peptic ulcers. […] You have a higher chance of developing a peptic (stomach) ulcer due to NSAIDs if you: […] Less common causes of peptic (stomach) ulcers include infections caused by certain viruses, fungi or bacteria other than H. pylori.

• #20 Stomach ulcers: Symptoms, treatment, causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312045

  Stomach ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. […] The most common causes are bacteria and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] The two main causes of ulcers of the stomach and the small intestine are H. pylori bacteria and a class of pain relievers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Less common causes of stomach ulcers include excess stomach acidity, or hyperacidity, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. […] Excess stomach acidity can occur for a range of reasons, including genetics, smoking, stress, and some foods. […] Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition that causes an excess of stomach acid to be produced. […] NSAIDs carry a risk of stomach ulcers. […] The risk of ulcers increases if the drugs are taken in high doses or regularly for a long time. […] Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing a stomach ulcer, including using steroids often, having hypercalcemia, or too much calcium in the blood, and frequently consuming alcohol.

• #21 What Causes Stomach Ulcers: Here’s What You Need to Know – Allied Digestive Health

  https://allieddigestivehealth.com/what-causes-stomach-ulcers-heres-what-you-need-to-know/

  NSAIDs (over-the-counter pain relievers such as aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, etc.) block the enzymes that promote pain, inflammation, fever, and swelling. One of these enzymes also produces a chemical that protects the stomach and duodenal walls from stomach acid. As a result, taking NSAIDs for too long predisposes one to develop ulcers. […] This is a rare disorder caused by the presence of one or multiple tumors in the pancreas and duodenum. The tumors trigger the release of excess gastrin, which then cause the stomach to release more gastric acid, damaging the mucus and the digestive tract walls. […] Severe stress to the body, either caused by injuries or illness, can imbalance its PH, leading to increased stomach acid. […] The common causes of stomach ulcers are H. pylori infection and overusing NSAIDs. However, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome also predisposes a patient to stomach ulcers due to the overproduction of gastric acid triggered by the disease. In addition, people with severe physiological stress, either caused by injuries or illness, could also develop stomach ulcers due to increased stomach acid production.

• #22 Stomach Ulcers – Gastrointestinal Care of Long Island

  https://gicli.com/conditions-and-diseases/stomach-ulcers/

  Stomach ulcers have two leading primary causes, and with rare exception, it is one of the two: […] A Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection […] Overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen. […] In approximately 1 percent of stomach ulcer cases, the cause is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which causes the body to produce more stomach acid than necessary.

• #23 Ask a Doc: What Causes Stomach Ulcers? | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/what-causes-stomach-ulcers.html

  Daily psychological stress isn’t clearly the sole cause of ulcers. But it can make symptoms worse. […] The two big causes of ulcers are physiological stress and infection. Physiological stress can come from a previous illness or trauma, undergoing a major surgery, and extreme physical activity/exercise. […] Daily psychological stressors are not clearly sole causes of ulcers, but they can make symptoms of ulcers worse. […] Yes, aspirin can cause ulcers, as can other nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory medications and steroids. […] There are many causes of ulcers and the vast majority of them can be initially evaluated and treated in noninvasive ways, such as blood/stool/breath testing and lab work.

• #24 What Causes Stomach Ulcers? Don’t Assume Spicy Foods Are to Blame

  https://www.muhealth.org/our-stories/what-causes-stomach-ulcers-dont-assume-spicy-foods-are-blame

  Even though the beliefs about what caused ulcers were disabused more than 30 years ago, Bechtold said to this day many patients dont know that spicy foods are not harmful. […] Capsaicin actually stimulated the stomach to produce protective mechanisms against ulcers, Bechtold said. […] He added there is also no evidence spicy foods hurt already formed ulcers.

• #25 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  More than 20% of patients have a family history of duodenal ulcers, compared with only 5-10% in the control groups. […] Any of the following may be associated with peptic ulcer disease: Hepatic cirrhosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Allergic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Graft versus host disease, Uremic gastropathy, Henoch-Schnlein gastritis, Corrosive gastropathy, Celiac disease, Bile gastropathy, Autoimmune disease, Crohn disease, Other granulomatous gastritides (eg, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis), Phlegmonous gastritis and emphysematous gastritis, Other infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Helicobacter heilmannii, herpes simplex, influenza, syphilis, Candida albicans, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and anisakiasis, Chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclophosphamide, Local radiation resulting in mucosal damage, which may lead to the development of duodenal ulcers, Use of crack cocaine, which causes localized vasoconstriction, resulting in reduced blood flow and possibly leading to mucosal damage.

• #26 What are the causes, risk factors and complications of a peptic ulcer?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcers-stomach-and-duodenal/what-are-the-causes-risk-factors-and-complications-of-a-peptic-ulcer

  There are also some kinds of medical treatments and therapies that contribute to the formation of ulcers. The following are factors that may result in the weakening of the mucosal barriers ability to protect the digestive lining. These factors increase ones chances of developing an ulcer and can slow the process of healing of any existing ulcers: Medications – Aspirin (painkillers), as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which include – Naproxen and ibuprofen (Motrin IB and Advil), while newer forms of these drugs include celecoxib, also known as Celebrex. These drugs can inflame or irritate the stomach and intestinal lining. […] Other medications The combination of other medications with NSAIDs, which include steroids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), risedronate (Actonel) and alendronate (Fosamax) can increase the risk of ulcers developing.

• #27 Unusual causes of peptic ulcer disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/unusual-causes-of-peptic-ulcer-disease

  Unusual causes of peptic ulcer disease […] ETIOLOGY […] Non-NSAID medications — There are a number of drugs that may cause or exacerbate peptic ulcer disease and/or upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (table 1). […] Acetaminophen – A role for acetaminophen in development of GI complications (including bleeding and perforation) has been suggested in both population-based studies and a randomized controlled trial.

• #28 What are the causes, risk factors and complications of a peptic ulcer?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcers-stomach-and-duodenal/what-are-the-causes-risk-factors-and-complications-of-a-peptic-ulcer

  Radiation therapy Such as radiation used for the treatment of cancer may lead to ulcers or prevent healing of existing ones. […] Those who take anti-inflammatory drugs or aspirin have an increased risk of developing a peptic ulcer regardless of whether or not they have an H. pylori infection. […] It is vital to know the difference between ulcers that are caused by the bacterium H. pylori and ulcers that are caused by medications as the treatment will be vastly different. […] Generalised anxiety disorder Those who constantly worry in an excessive manner are thought to suffer from a condition known as generalised anxiety disorder, this has been linked to peptic ulcers. Prolonged anxiety and stress are known to have an effect on the production of stomach acid, resulting in an imbalance of the digestive components and penetration of the mucosal wall.

• #29 Ulcers (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ulcers.html

  Most peptic ulcers are caused by: […] bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (or H. pylori) infecting the stomach and upper intestine. They weaken the protective coating of the stomach and upper small intestine. Acid in the stomach then gets through to the sensitive lining underneath. Acid and bacteria irritate this lining, causing ulcers. […] using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin. These medicines fight inflammation and help treat long-term, painful conditions like arthritis. If taken in high doses over a long period of time, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in some people. […] smoking cigarettes. Smoking increases the risk of ulcers because nicotine causes the stomach to make more acid. Drinking a lot of alcohol each day for a period of time can also increase a person’s risk of ulcers. Over time, alcohol can wear down the lining of the stomach and intestines. […] Sometimes stress can help cause ulcers. Usually this happens only when a person has an illness involving severe emotional or physical stress. Any illness that makes it hard for the body to heal (such as serious burns from a fire) also can make someone more likely to get an ulcer.

• #30 What Causes Peptic Ulcers: Your Questions Answered | Summit Health

  https://www.summithealth.com/health-wellness/what-causes-peptic-ulcers-your-questions-answered

  It is true that these open sores, which develop on the lining of your stomach or small intestine, are common. […] Researchers have found that the overuse of certain medications and bacterial infections are in fact the most common culprits. […] One of the most common culprits is the overuse of a category of medications called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs. […] Another frequent cause is a bacterial infection called Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori). […] Smoking and alcohol use also increase your risk for developing peptic ulcers. […] It is a misconception that stress can cause ulcers. […] Stress ulcers are unrelated to peptic ulcers. […] It is true these foods can give you an upset stomach, but like stress they do not cause an ulcer. […] Ulcers can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, which is a hole in the intestine. […] Ulcers are twice as common in smokers as they are in non-smokers. Excessive alcohol consumption can also raise your risk.

• #31 What are the causes, risk factors and complications of a peptic ulcer?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcers-stomach-and-duodenal/what-are-the-causes-risk-factors-and-complications-of-a-peptic-ulcer

  Lifestyle factors It was previously thought that spicy foods and mental stress could directly cause ulcers, however, there is a lack of hard evidence to prove this. These lifestyle factors can aggravate the symptoms of the ulcer. Thus, stress, smoking cigarettes and spicy foods are seen as risk factors rather than direct causes. […] Drinking alcohol Anything that irritates the natural balance of digestive enzymes and stomach acid will increase ones chances of developing a stomach ulcer. Alcohol, when consumed in excessive (sometimes even in moderate) amounts, can eventually erode and damage the mucosal wall of the stomach and increase stomach acid production. When alcohol is taken with painkillers (which is often the case as those with drinking problems may often take anti-inflammatories or aspirin to relieve their hangover symptoms), this can often result in a peptic ulcer.

• #32 Ulcers Facts: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-ulcers-basic-information

  Other factors also seem to contribute to ulcer formation, especially in someone with an H. pylori infection, including: Overuse of over-the-counter painkillers (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen). […] Heavy alcohol use […] Psychological stress […] Smoking. […] Your risk for peptic ulcers also increases if you: Use steroids and have high calcium levels. […] Are older. Studies show that stomach ulcers are more likely to develop in older people. […] Have type A blood. For an unknown reason, people with type A blood are more likely to develop cancerous stomach ulcers. […] Have type O blood. Duodenal ulcers tend to appear in people with type O blood, possibly because they do not produce the substance on the surface of blood cells that may protect the lining of the duodenum. […] Have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. If you have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is a rare condition where tumors in your pancreas or duodenum (called gastrinomas) cause your stomach to make too much acid, you are at a greater risk of developing peptic ulcers.

• #33 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-peptics-ulcers-1741791

  Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition that can cause peptic ulcers. […] About 20% of people with peptic ulcer disease have a family history of duodenal ulcers. […] Studies show that cigarette smoking can increase your chance of getting an ulcer, especially if you are infected with H. pylori.

• #34 Peptic ulcer disease: Epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peptic-ulcer-disease-epidemiology-etiology-and-pathogenesis

  Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) remains an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. […] The natural history of peptic ulcer ranges from healing without intervention to the development of complications with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality, such as bleeding and perforation. […] The incidence and prevalence of PUD varies based upon the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Higher rates are found in countries where H. pylori infection is higher. […] The incidence of PUD in H. pylori-infected individuals is approximately 1 percent per year, a rate that is 6- to 10-fold higher than for uninfected individuals. […] Ulcer incidence increases with age for both duodenal ulcers (DUs) and gastric ulcers (GUs), but the incidence of uncomplicated PUD reached a plateau with age, whereas for complicated PUD, the incidence increases with age. […] DUs occur two decades earlier than GUs, particularly in males.

• #35 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/peptic-ulcer-disease

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with about 95% of duodenal ulcers and 70% of gastric ulcers. […] Causes of peptic ulcer disease (aetiology) include H. pylori, NSAIDs, pepsin, smoking, alcohol, bile acids, steroids, stress, and changes in gastric mucin consistency (may be genetically determined). […] Defence mechanisms include mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow and prostaglandins. […] Risk factors for silent or asymptomatic peptic ulcer include old age, male sex, current smoking, H. pylori infection, and absence of atrophic gastritis. […] Ulceration of the gastric or duodenal mucosa in the absence of H. pylori infection and NSAID or aspirin usage is rare.

• #36 Peptic Ulcer Disease – American College of Gastroenterology

  https://gi.org/topics/peptic-ulcer-disease/

  An important part in treating ulcers is by identifying what caused them. […] The two most important causes of ulcers are infection with Helicobacter pylori and a group of medications known as NSAIDs. […] People infected with H. pylori are at increased risk of developing peptic ulcers. […] NSAIDs cause ulcers by interrupting the natural ability of the stomach and the duodenum to protect themselves from stomach acid. […] People who take NSAIDs for a long time and/or at high doses, have a higher risk of developing ulcers. […] There are many myths about peptic ulcers. Ulcers are not caused by emotional “stress” or by worrying. They are not caused by spicy foods or a rich diet.

• #37 Peptic ulcer – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/peptic-ulcer-overview

  Peptic ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). […] The cause of most stomach and duodenal ulcers is infection with a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori. Other irritants include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen, alcohol, coffee with or without caffeine, and smoking. […] A rare cause of peptic ulcer is a condition called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in which stomach acid is produced in higher-than-normal amounts. […] Peptic ulcers often run in families and occur more often in people with type O blood. Despite the popular belief that ulcers are a side effect of living a high-pressure life, experts no longer believe that stress causes ulcers although it may make a person more sensitive to the pain of an ulcer.

• #38 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02021

  Stress. Emotional stress is no longer thought to cause ulcers. But people with ulcers often say that their stress increases ulcer pain. […] Acid and pepsin. The stomach can’t always fully defend itself against strong digestive fluids. These include hydrochloric acid and pepsin. This may cause ulcers to form. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These medicines make the stomach more likely to be harmed by acid and pepsin. These medicines include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These ingredients are in many over-the-counter medicines. They’re used to treat fever, headaches, and pain. […] The greatest risk factor for gastric and duodenal ulcers is an H. pylori infection. […] Children who regularly take aspirin or NSAID pain relievers are also at risk for ulcers. […] In rare cases, other medical conditions can cause ulcers in children. […] H. pylori infection increases the risk for stomach cancer later in life.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Peptic-Ulcers.aspx

  In other words, there is a lack of balance between the protective and ulcerogenic factors. […] Ulcer-producing factors are: The attack by gastric acid and pepsin, Local inflammation, Gastric metaplasia, Colonization by Helicobacter pylori, Bile salts with their mucus-dispersing effects, Drugs such as salicylates which reduce prostaglandin secretion, Other irritants such as alcohol. […] The causes of ulcers have been studied under three broad classes, namely: Those which are due to the presence of the infectious agent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Those which are NSAID-associated, Those which are H. pylori negative and un-associated with NSAID use, as with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Cushings ulcer, or following radiation to the upper abdomen. […] A common factor in peptic ulcer causation is the presence of the infectious agent Helicobacter pylori.

• #40 Stomach Ulcer Symptoms & Treatment – Digestive Health Centers in North Texas

  https://www.dhcoftx.com/blog/what-causes-stomach-ulcers/

  Contrary to popular belief, stomach ulcers are not caused by either stress or by eating spicy foods, although both of these may irritate a peptic ulcer. […] Most often, ulcers are caused by one of two things: A Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterial infection or Because of the long-term use of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as naproxen sodium (Aleve), ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) or aspirin. […] About 50% of the worlds population is infected with H. pylori, and its estimated to be present is 30%-40% of Americans. However, only 10-15% of people with an H. pylori infection end up developing an ulcer. […] Repeated use of NSAIDs can erode the lining of the stomach if theyre not carefully monitored. People with the highest risk of ulcers are those who have an H. pylori infection and who also use NSAIDs on a regular basis. […] Smoking and drinking alcohol can also increase your risk of developing peptic ulcers by eroding the lining of your stomach or aggravating existing ulcers.

• #41 Peptic ulcers: causes, symptoms and treatment | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2023/10/peptic-ulcers

  The treatment of a peptic ulcer depends on what caused it, Saad says, noting that uncomplicated ones are easier to heal. […] If H. pylori is the cause, Saad prescribes a two-week course of antibiotics and a four-to-eight week course of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). […] If medications are the cause of the ulcer, Saad works with the patient to try to reduce the use of NSAIDs or switch to a class of them called COX-2 inhibitors, which are easier on the stomach. […] Ulcers can recur if the initial cause is not eradicated.

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