Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aortic aneurysm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm

  An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilatation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. […] The etiology remains an area of active research. Known causes include trauma, infection, and inflammatory disorders. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, extreme alcoholism, advanced age, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. […] An aortic aneurysm can occur as a result of trauma, infection, or, most commonly, from an intrinsic abnormality in the elastin and collagen components of the aortic wall. Aortic aneurysm development and progression have been directly associated with a deficiency of elastin as well as a loss of collagen type 1. […] The prevalence of AAAs increases with age, with an average age of 65-70 at the time of diagnosis. AAAs have been attributed to atherosclerosis, though other factors are involved in their formation. […] In 2019, some 170,000 people worldwide died from AAA rupture, with aging, smoking, and hypertension as principal factors.

• #2 Aortic aneurysm – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20369472

  An aortic aneurysm is a weak spot in the wall of the aorta that begins to bulge or balloon outward, as shown in the image on the left. […] An aortic aneurysm increases the risk of a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called an aortic dissection. […] The main disease that I see is aortic aneurysm. An aneurysm is an enlargement of the aorta and as the aorta enlarges, it becomes thinner. […] The classic genetic disease that lead to aortic aneurysm and dissection is Marfan syndrome. However, the most common genetic abnormality associated with ascending aortic aneurysm is bicuspid aortic valve. […] The second player is accelerated atherosclerotic injury. This can also be a genetic problem, but it just as often stems from sustained high blood pressure compounded by high cholesterol, smoking, obesity and sometimes diabetes. […] The least common player is inflammatory disease such as vasculitis or even infection.

• #3 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  Aortic aneurysm is a multifactorial disease, with both genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to the underlying pathobiology. […] Aortic aneurysms are atherosclerotic in origin, in older patients. Recognized predisposing factors are: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking. […] Aneurysms are increased in frequency in patients with Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, Ehler-Danlos type IV, and Turner Syndrome, in Familial aortic disease (Hiratzka et al., 2010), and in repaired and nonrepaired congenital heart diseases (Hinton, 2012). […] Less common causes, as Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, Behets disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and infective aortitis should be considered (Hiratzka et al., 2010). […] However, it is generally accepted that an aneurysm results from an association of genetic predisposition, stresses within the aortic wall, proteolytic degradation of the structural components, and/or inflammation and autoimmune response.

• #4 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  You may have an increased risk of developing an aortic aneurysm because of your age, family history, genes, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or sex. […] Your risk for aortic aneurysms goes up as you age. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are most common in adults after age 65. […] One in 10 people with abdominal aortic aneurysms have a family history of them. The chance of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm is 1 in 5 for people who have a parent, brother, sister, or child with the condition, what is known as a first degree relative. […] Several family or genetics conditions increase your risk for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Some lifestyle habits increase your risk of having an aortic aneurysm. […] Cigarette smoking is one of the main factors that increases your risk for an aortic aneurysm, especially an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

• #5 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #6 What Is an Aneurysm? 

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/aneurysm/guide/

  Although men are about 4 times more likely than women to have abdominal aortic aneurysms, women have a higher risk of these aneurysms rupturing, regardless of the aneurysm size. […] Smoking cigarettes is a risk factor for all types of aneurysms. […] Smoking damages your heart and blood vessels, which makes you more likely to develop atherosclerosis, or plaque buildup in the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for aneurysm. […] Some aneurysms may be congenital, but most are linked to risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol.

• #7 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #8 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  You may have an increased risk of developing an aortic aneurysm because of your age, family history, genes, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or sex. […] Your risk for aortic aneurysms goes up as you age. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are most common in adults after age 65. […] One in 10 people with abdominal aortic aneurysms have a family history of them. The chance of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm is 1 in 5 for people who have a parent, brother, sister, or child with the condition, what is known as a first degree relative. […] Several family or genetics conditions increase your risk for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Some lifestyle habits increase your risk of having an aortic aneurysm. […] Cigarette smoking is one of the main factors that increases your risk for an aortic aneurysm, especially an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

• #9 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | Society for Vascular Surgery

  https://vascular.org/your-vascular-health/vascular-conditions/common-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  Aneurysms often run in families. If a first-degree relative, like a parent or sibling, has had an AAA, you are 12 times more likely to develop an AAA. About 15-25% of people who need treatment to repair an AAA have an immediate family member with the same type of aneurysm. […] Causes and Risks […] Older Age […] Males are more at risk than females […] Family History of AAA […] Smoking […] High blood pressure (Hypertension) […] Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) […] Chronic lung disease.

• #10 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-overview

  Less frequent causes of AAA include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and other collagen-vascular diseases. In fewer than 5% of cases, AAA is caused by a mycotic aneurysm of hematogenous origin. […] In these cases, local invasion of the intima and media gives rise to abscess formation and aneurysmal dilation of the vessel. Gram-positive organisms most commonly cause mycotic aneurysms. Other uncommon causes include cystic medial necrosis, arteritis, trauma, and anastomotic disruption producing pseudoaneurysms. […] Persons who have first-degree relatives with AAA are at increased risk for AAA. The familial prevalence rate of AAA has been estimated at 15-25%. […] Studies by Majumder et al suggested that the genetic predisposition is isolated to a single dominant gene with low penetrance that increases with age.

• #11 Aortic aneurysms: current pathogenesis and therapeutic targets | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-023-01130-w

  Mutations in the genes involved in the canonical TGF- signaling pathway, including TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and TGF-2, have been identified as predisposing factors for aortic aneurysms and dissections with Marfanoid features. […] Vascular inflammation is the main initiating factor in aortic aneurysms and substantially influences aortic wall remodeling through the death of aortic wall cells, SMC phenotypic switching, and the secretion of proteases. […] Cytokines are crucial contributors to inflammatory alterations during AAA formation, and altered expression and epigenetic changes in cytokines were present in AAA tissue samples. […] The upregulation of TLR2 and its ligands was identified in human AAA tissue, and antagonism of TLR2 in a mouse model decreased the formation and progression of AAA and inhibited chronic inflammation and vascular remodeling.

• #12 The Genetics of Aortic Aneurysms

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/05/02/12/52/The-Genetics-of-Aortic-Aneurysms

  However, recent studies suggest that a common pathway involving transforming growth factor beta (TGF-) may underlie the development of many aortic aneurysms and dissections. […] In addition to the syndromes described above, a number of other disorders are implicated in aneurysm formation including: RAAS-mediated aneurysms; adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD); Turner syndrome; vasculitides; atherosclerosis and infections of the aortic wall. […] These non-syndromic aneurysms can be clustered as Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (FTAA) or sporadic TAA (STAA) based on the presence of affected family members. […] While STAA’s are not related to defined mutations, studies have reported an approximately 20% co-occurrence of TAA in first-degree family members suggesting that there may be a heritable component of disease not yet appreciated. […] Mutations in ACTA2, which encodes alpha smooth muscle actin, are the most common genetic cause of thoracic aortic aneurysms, accounting for 10-15% of all FTAA. […] The exact mechanism of aneurysm formation is unclear and the etiology is likely polygenic with incomplete penetrance.

• #13 Types and Causes of Aortic Aneurysms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/heart/services/aortic/types-causes

  Aortic aneurysms are the most common type of aneurysms. They occur when the connective tissue and muscular layer of the aorta weakens and gets thinner, which increases the chances that it will break (called rupture) or that the layers of tissue will tear (called dissection). […] Marfan syndrome is a rare genetic mutation that affects your body’s connective tissue and other organs. It can lead to aortic enlargement, or an expansion of the aorta, which can be life threatening. […] Penetrating atherosclerotic ulceration occurs when cholesterol plaque develops in the arteries, causing them to enlarge or develop holes in the aortic wall. […] Usually caused by injury to the aortic wall, a pseudoaneurysm (also known as a false aneurysm) causes blood clots outside the outer layer of the aortic wall, not within the layers of the wall.

• #14 Aortic aneurysm – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20369472

  An aortic aneurysm is a weak spot in the wall of the aorta that begins to bulge or balloon outward, as shown in the image on the left. […] An aortic aneurysm increases the risk of a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called an aortic dissection. […] The main disease that I see is aortic aneurysm. An aneurysm is an enlargement of the aorta and as the aorta enlarges, it becomes thinner. […] The classic genetic disease that lead to aortic aneurysm and dissection is Marfan syndrome. However, the most common genetic abnormality associated with ascending aortic aneurysm is bicuspid aortic valve. […] The second player is accelerated atherosclerotic injury. This can also be a genetic problem, but it just as often stems from sustained high blood pressure compounded by high cholesterol, smoking, obesity and sometimes diabetes. […] The least common player is inflammatory disease such as vasculitis or even infection.

• #15 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  Aortic aneurysm is a multifactorial disease, with both genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to the underlying pathobiology. […] Aortic aneurysms are atherosclerotic in origin, in older patients. Recognized predisposing factors are: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking. […] Aneurysms are increased in frequency in patients with Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, Ehler-Danlos type IV, and Turner Syndrome, in Familial aortic disease (Hiratzka et al., 2010), and in repaired and nonrepaired congenital heart diseases (Hinton, 2012). […] Less common causes, as Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, Behets disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and infective aortitis should be considered (Hiratzka et al., 2010). […] However, it is generally accepted that an aneurysm results from an association of genetic predisposition, stresses within the aortic wall, proteolytic degradation of the structural components, and/or inflammation and autoimmune response.

• #16 Aortic Aneurysms: Symptoms, Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/aortic-aneurysm.php

  Many aortic aneurysms are slow-growing and symptomless. Others grow rapidly, resulting in an increased risk for rupture. […] The cause of aortic aneurysms is unknown. However, some factors that may contribute to the development of one are: […] Connective tissue disease – Diseases such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome frequently cause weakened thoracic aortic walls. […] Aortic valve problems […] Traumatic or previous injury to the aorta. […] The risk of developing an aneurysm is increased with certain unchangeable factors such as age (60 and over), family history, being male, and being white. Other factors which increase the risk are atherosclerosis (plaques in the arteries), high blood pressure, and using tobacco.

• #17 Ascending Aortic Aneurysm: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21949-ascending-aortic-aneurysm

  An ascending aortic aneurysm is a weak spot in a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms can tear or rupture (break open) and cause severe, life-threatening internal bleeding. […] ATAAs develop when a blood vessel wall becomes weak or damaged. Aging and heart disease can make the aorta less elastic. The force of blood against the weak area causes the blood vessel to bulge outward. […] The following conditions can lead to aneurysms: Aortitis, or inflammation of the aorta; Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup inside your arteries); Bicuspid aortic valve disease (two aortic valve flaps instead of the normal three); Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a genetic disorder that can cause an enlarged aorta; Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder that can affect blood vessel walls; Traumatic injuries can cause tears in the artery wall; Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that can cause cardiovascular problems.

• #18 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/aortic-disease/symptoms

  What Causes Aortic Aneurysms? […] While researchers dont know what directly causes aortic aneurysms, several risk factors can influence your chances of developing one. Risk factors include: […] High blood pressure can weaken the aortic walls and put them at risk of ballooning. […] Hardened arteries (atherosclerosis). A buildup of fatty substances, cholesterol, and plaque that accumulates on the inner lining of the artery. […] Smoking can weaken the walls of the aorta. […] Trauma to the aorta such as that sustained in a car accident, can weaken the aortic walls. […] Genetics. A family history of aortic aneurysms puts you at a higher risk of developing one yourself. Some hereditary disorders like Marfan syndrome and Turners syndrome are also associated with a greater risk of aortic aneurysms. […] Abnormal heart valve. Bicuspid aortic valve is frequently associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] History of aortic dissection. If you previously had aortic dissection, your aorta is weakened and may develop an aneurysm. […] Other rare causes: infection, inflammation.

• #19 Aortic aneurysm – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20369472

  An aortic aneurysm is a weak spot in the wall of the aorta that begins to bulge or balloon outward, as shown in the image on the left. […] An aortic aneurysm increases the risk of a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called an aortic dissection. […] The main disease that I see is aortic aneurysm. An aneurysm is an enlargement of the aorta and as the aorta enlarges, it becomes thinner. […] The classic genetic disease that lead to aortic aneurysm and dissection is Marfan syndrome. However, the most common genetic abnormality associated with ascending aortic aneurysm is bicuspid aortic valve. […] The second player is accelerated atherosclerotic injury. This can also be a genetic problem, but it just as often stems from sustained high blood pressure compounded by high cholesterol, smoking, obesity and sometimes diabetes. […] The least common player is inflammatory disease such as vasculitis or even infection.

• #20 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  Aortic aneurysm is one of the late complications in repaired or non-repaired congenital heart diseases (Zanjani, Niwa, 2012), such as bicuspid aortic valve (Gurvitz et al., 2004), coarctation of the aorta (Istner et al., 1987), tetralogy of Fallot (Ramayya et al., 2011), truncus arteriosus (Carlo et al., 2011), double-outlet right ventricle (Taussig-Bing anomaly)- ventricular septal defect- pulmonary stenosis (Losay et al., 2006), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Cohen et al., 2003), ventricular septal defect (Eisenmenger syndrome), and single ventricle- pulmonary stenosis (Niwa et al., 2001). […] The degenerative atherosclerotic disease results in hypoxia, as the diffusion of blood from the lumen is prevented by the plaques. The consequence is the onset of aortic wall structural anomalies which may lead to arterial dilatation, in a traditional view (Heuser, Lopez, 1998).

• #21 What is an aortic aneurysm? – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/all-about-aortic-aneurysm

  An aneurysm is a blood vessel dilation, where the artery or vein swells to an abnormal size. […] The main risk factors are smoking, a family history of aneurysms, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. […] Aortic aneurysm is unusual at a young age. Some people are predisposed to developing an aneurysm because of family history, says Rachel. […] Others will have been born with a condition that increases their risk, such as coarctation of the aorta a condition where there is narrowing in part of the aorta. […] The main risk factors are: smoking, a family history of aneurysms, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

• #22 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  Aortic aneurysm is one of the late complications in repaired or non-repaired congenital heart diseases (Zanjani, Niwa, 2012), such as bicuspid aortic valve (Gurvitz et al., 2004), coarctation of the aorta (Istner et al., 1987), tetralogy of Fallot (Ramayya et al., 2011), truncus arteriosus (Carlo et al., 2011), double-outlet right ventricle (Taussig-Bing anomaly)- ventricular septal defect- pulmonary stenosis (Losay et al., 2006), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Cohen et al., 2003), ventricular septal defect (Eisenmenger syndrome), and single ventricle- pulmonary stenosis (Niwa et al., 2001). […] The degenerative atherosclerotic disease results in hypoxia, as the diffusion of blood from the lumen is prevented by the plaques. The consequence is the onset of aortic wall structural anomalies which may lead to arterial dilatation, in a traditional view (Heuser, Lopez, 1998).

• #23 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) – Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/abdoaneurysm

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms typically develop slowly over a period of many years and hardly ever cause any noticeable symptoms. […] The majority of AAAs are the result of atherosclerosis, a chronic degenerative disease of the artery wall, in which fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries and form soft or hard deposits called plaques. […] Major risk factors for an AAA include family history, smoking and longstanding high blood pressure.

• #24 What Causes Aortic Aneurysms | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/aortic-aneurysms/

  An aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in the wall of a weakened blood vessel. […] Any condition that causes the walls of the arteries to weaken can lead to an aneurysm. Atherosclerosis (a build-up of plaque in the arteries), high blood pressure, and smoking increase your risk. […] In some cases, an aneurysm may be a congenital condition, meaning you are born with it. Certain inherited diseases can also increase the risk for developing an aneurysm. For example, an inherited disease called Marfan syndrome, which affects the body’s connective tissue, causes people to have long bones and very flexible joints. People with this syndrome often have aneurysms.

• #25 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  Aortic aneurysm is one of the late complications in repaired or non-repaired congenital heart diseases (Zanjani, Niwa, 2012), such as bicuspid aortic valve (Gurvitz et al., 2004), coarctation of the aorta (Istner et al., 1987), tetralogy of Fallot (Ramayya et al., 2011), truncus arteriosus (Carlo et al., 2011), double-outlet right ventricle (Taussig-Bing anomaly)- ventricular septal defect- pulmonary stenosis (Losay et al., 2006), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Cohen et al., 2003), ventricular septal defect (Eisenmenger syndrome), and single ventricle- pulmonary stenosis (Niwa et al., 2001). […] The degenerative atherosclerotic disease results in hypoxia, as the diffusion of blood from the lumen is prevented by the plaques. The consequence is the onset of aortic wall structural anomalies which may lead to arterial dilatation, in a traditional view (Heuser, Lopez, 1998).

• #26 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #27 19 Aortic Aneurysm Symptoms, 7 Causes, Treatment, Survival Rate & Surgery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/aortic_aneurysm/article_em.htm

  High blood pressure: High blood pressure puts stress on the wall of the aorta. Over many years, this stress can lead to the bulging of the blood vessel wall. This is the leading factor in the development of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. […] Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes damages blood vessels by premature, accelerated atherosclerosis, leaving them vulnerable to a number of conditions including aneurysm formation. […] Cystic medial necrosis: In this condition, the medial layer of the blood vessel wall degenerates, and an abnormal fibrous layer weakens the supporting structure of the blood vessel wall itself. This commonly occurs with certain rare inherited conditions such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. It also occurs with heart valve disease and pregnancy. […] Mycotic aneurysm occurs when bacteria spread into the arterial system, invade the blood vessel wall, and weaken the vessel. Often the bacteria enter areas of previous damage or areas weakened since birth.

• #28 Causes and risk factors of Aortic Aneurysm

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/aortic-aneurysm/causes-and-risk-factors

  Smoking. This is considered to be the most important modifiable risk factor. Smokers are 15 times more likely to suffer an aneurysm than non-smokers. […] High blood pressure. This doubles the risk of having an aortic aneurysm. It also increases the rate at which aneurysms grow and therefore their risk of bursting. […] Genetic disorders. For instance, individuals with Marfan, EhlersDanlos, LoeysDietz or Turner syndrome. An increased risk has also been reported in patients with a family history of aneurysmal diseases even if they do not have a specific genetic disorder. […] Inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels (vasculitis). Such as giant cell arteritis and Takayasus arteritis. […] Aortic valve abnormalities. For example, those affecting the bicuspid aortic valve in thoracic aortic aneurysms.

• #29 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  The pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis is attributed to a clonal T-cell-mediated panarteritis, initiated in adventitial vasa vasorum (Hiratzka et al., 2010). The destruction process leads to aneurysm, while fibrosis causes stenosis (Hiratzka et al., 2010). […] The action of proteolytic enzymes, notably matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases, has been associated with the destruction of the extracellular matrix (Amalinei et al., 2007).

• #30 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #31 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  Aortic aneurysm is a multifactorial disease, with both genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to the underlying pathobiology. […] Aortic aneurysms are atherosclerotic in origin, in older patients. Recognized predisposing factors are: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking. […] Aneurysms are increased in frequency in patients with Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, Ehler-Danlos type IV, and Turner Syndrome, in Familial aortic disease (Hiratzka et al., 2010), and in repaired and nonrepaired congenital heart diseases (Hinton, 2012). […] Less common causes, as Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, Behets disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and infective aortitis should be considered (Hiratzka et al., 2010). […] However, it is generally accepted that an aneurysm results from an association of genetic predisposition, stresses within the aortic wall, proteolytic degradation of the structural components, and/or inflammation and autoimmune response.

• #32 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #33 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #34 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #35 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #36 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44127

  The pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis is attributed to a clonal T-cell-mediated panarteritis, initiated in adventitial vasa vasorum (Hiratzka et al., 2010). The destruction process leads to aneurysm, while fibrosis causes stenosis (Hiratzka et al., 2010). […] The action of proteolytic enzymes, notably matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases, has been associated with the destruction of the extracellular matrix (Amalinei et al., 2007).

• #37 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #38 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #39 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-aaa

  Etiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms is multifactorial but commonly involves a weakening of the arterial wall, usually by […] Atherosclerosis. Other causes include […] Trauma, […] Cystic medial necrosis (degeneration of the aortic media), […] Postsurgical anastomotic disruption, […] Vasculitis (eg, Takayasu arteritis). Uncommonly, syphilis and localized bacterial or fungal infection, typically due to sepsis or infective endocarditis, weaken the arterial wall and cause infected (mycotic) aneurysms. Staphylococcus aureus is the number one cause of mycotic aneurysms, followed by Salmonella.

• #40 19 Aortic Aneurysm Symptoms, 7 Causes, Treatment, Survival Rate & Surgery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/aortic_aneurysm/article_em.htm

  High blood pressure: High blood pressure puts stress on the wall of the aorta. Over many years, this stress can lead to the bulging of the blood vessel wall. This is the leading factor in the development of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. […] Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes damages blood vessels by premature, accelerated atherosclerosis, leaving them vulnerable to a number of conditions including aneurysm formation. […] Cystic medial necrosis: In this condition, the medial layer of the blood vessel wall degenerates, and an abnormal fibrous layer weakens the supporting structure of the blood vessel wall itself. This commonly occurs with certain rare inherited conditions such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. It also occurs with heart valve disease and pregnancy. […] Mycotic aneurysm occurs when bacteria spread into the arterial system, invade the blood vessel wall, and weaken the vessel. Often the bacteria enter areas of previous damage or areas weakened since birth.

• #41 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #42 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #43 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #44 19 Aortic Aneurysm Symptoms, 7 Causes, Treatment, Survival Rate & Surgery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/aortic_aneurysm/article_em.htm

  High blood pressure: High blood pressure puts stress on the wall of the aorta. Over many years, this stress can lead to the bulging of the blood vessel wall. This is the leading factor in the development of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. […] Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes damages blood vessels by premature, accelerated atherosclerosis, leaving them vulnerable to a number of conditions including aneurysm formation. […] Cystic medial necrosis: In this condition, the medial layer of the blood vessel wall degenerates, and an abnormal fibrous layer weakens the supporting structure of the blood vessel wall itself. This commonly occurs with certain rare inherited conditions such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. It also occurs with heart valve disease and pregnancy. […] Mycotic aneurysm occurs when bacteria spread into the arterial system, invade the blood vessel wall, and weaken the vessel. Often the bacteria enter areas of previous damage or areas weakened since birth.

• #45 Aortic aneurysm – definition, causes and classification. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/361479-aortic-aneurysm-definition-causes-and-classification.html

  Aortic aneurysm mostly appears as a result of atherosclerosis – more than 80% of all cases of the disease. Atherosclerosis appears when cholesterol plaques are deposited on the walls of the blood vessels. Over time, they expand, harden, and become covered with calcium salts. […] All aortic aneurysm causes can be divided into two groups: Congenital and Acquired. […] Congenital aneurysms can appear due to cardiac defects or diffuse connective tissue diseases. But, aortic aneurysms are mostly acquired. […] Besides atherosclerosis the reasons are: Iatrogenic (treatment-induced, diagnostic or treatment procedures), Traumatic, Infectious (syphilis, fungal diseases, nonspecific aortitis, infection of the aortic prosthesis), Hormonal (necrosis of the vessel’s medium during pregnancy). […] Its necessary to highlight aortic aneurysm risk factors which increase the likelihood of this illness: Age – the overall prevalence of pathology in the population is about 0.5%, and among people after 70 years it reaches 12% (about 80% of patients are over 60 years old), Gender – in men, the disease is diagnosed 8-10 times more often than in women, Smoking, obesity, hypodynamia and other risk factors for atherosclerosis also increase the likelihood of an aortic aneurysm (these diseases are closely related).

• #46 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16742-aorta-aortic-aneurysm

  An aortic aneurysm develops when there’s a weakness in the wall of your aorta. The causes of an aortic aneurysm are often unknown, but can include: […] Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries). […] Inherited conditions, especially those that affect connective tissue (such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome). […] Injury to an aorta. […] Infections, such as syphilis.

• #47 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/aortic-disease/symptoms

  What Causes Aortic Aneurysms? […] While researchers dont know what directly causes aortic aneurysms, several risk factors can influence your chances of developing one. Risk factors include: […] High blood pressure can weaken the aortic walls and put them at risk of ballooning. […] Hardened arteries (atherosclerosis). A buildup of fatty substances, cholesterol, and plaque that accumulates on the inner lining of the artery. […] Smoking can weaken the walls of the aorta. […] Trauma to the aorta such as that sustained in a car accident, can weaken the aortic walls. […] Genetics. A family history of aortic aneurysms puts you at a higher risk of developing one yourself. Some hereditary disorders like Marfan syndrome and Turners syndrome are also associated with a greater risk of aortic aneurysms. […] Abnormal heart valve. Bicuspid aortic valve is frequently associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] History of aortic dissection. If you previously had aortic dissection, your aorta is weakened and may develop an aneurysm. […] Other rare causes: infection, inflammation.

• #48 Aortic aneurysm – definition, causes and classification. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/361479-aortic-aneurysm-definition-causes-and-classification.html

  Aortic aneurysm mostly appears as a result of atherosclerosis – more than 80% of all cases of the disease. Atherosclerosis appears when cholesterol plaques are deposited on the walls of the blood vessels. Over time, they expand, harden, and become covered with calcium salts. […] All aortic aneurysm causes can be divided into two groups: Congenital and Acquired. […] Congenital aneurysms can appear due to cardiac defects or diffuse connective tissue diseases. But, aortic aneurysms are mostly acquired. […] Besides atherosclerosis the reasons are: Iatrogenic (treatment-induced, diagnostic or treatment procedures), Traumatic, Infectious (syphilis, fungal diseases, nonspecific aortitis, infection of the aortic prosthesis), Hormonal (necrosis of the vessel’s medium during pregnancy). […] Its necessary to highlight aortic aneurysm risk factors which increase the likelihood of this illness: Age – the overall prevalence of pathology in the population is about 0.5%, and among people after 70 years it reaches 12% (about 80% of patients are over 60 years old), Gender – in men, the disease is diagnosed 8-10 times more often than in women, Smoking, obesity, hypodynamia and other risk factors for atherosclerosis also increase the likelihood of an aortic aneurysm (these diseases are closely related).

• #49 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  You may have an increased risk of developing an aortic aneurysm because of your age, family history, genes, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or sex. […] Your risk for aortic aneurysms goes up as you age. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are most common in adults after age 65. […] One in 10 people with abdominal aortic aneurysms have a family history of them. The chance of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm is 1 in 5 for people who have a parent, brother, sister, or child with the condition, what is known as a first degree relative. […] Several family or genetics conditions increase your risk for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Some lifestyle habits increase your risk of having an aortic aneurysm. […] Cigarette smoking is one of the main factors that increases your risk for an aortic aneurysm, especially an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

• #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Abdominal-Aortic-Aneurysm-(AAA)-Causes-Symptoms-Management.aspx

  Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body; however, the most common sites for aneurysms are in the abdominal aorta and the brain. The exact cause of the weakening of the vessel walls is unknown. However, several risk factors that may contribute to the weakening of blood vessel walls have been identified. […] Risk factors include: Smoking (by far the greatest risk factor for AAA), Hypertension (high blood pressure), Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), Any disease that causes chronic inflammation of the arteries. […] Smokers have a higher rate of abdominal aorta aneurysms than non-smokers, with around 8 times higher risk of developing AAA compared to non-smokers. Smoking is more detrimental as a risk factor in women than in men, and the risk reduces gradually after cessation of smoking. […] The risk of rupture of the abdominal aortic aneurysm increases with size, wherein aneurysms larger than 6 cm have a 25% annual risk of rupture.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Abdominal-Aortic-Aneurysm-(AAA)-Causes-Symptoms-Management.aspx

  Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body; however, the most common sites for aneurysms are in the abdominal aorta and the brain. The exact cause of the weakening of the vessel walls is unknown. However, several risk factors that may contribute to the weakening of blood vessel walls have been identified. […] Risk factors include: Smoking (by far the greatest risk factor for AAA), Hypertension (high blood pressure), Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), Any disease that causes chronic inflammation of the arteries. […] Smokers have a higher rate of abdominal aorta aneurysms than non-smokers, with around 8 times higher risk of developing AAA compared to non-smokers. Smoking is more detrimental as a risk factor in women than in men, and the risk reduces gradually after cessation of smoking. […] The risk of rupture of the abdominal aortic aneurysm increases with size, wherein aneurysms larger than 6 cm have a 25% annual risk of rupture.

• #52 Exploring Aneurysm Causes, Development, and Risk Factors – CVRTI

  https://cvrti.utah.edu/understanding-the-causes-of-aneurysms-key-factors/

  In some cases, aneurysms are related to genetic issues like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. Each of these impacts the connective tissues in the body, including those in the walls of blood vessels. […] Smoking is one of the biggest lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of aneurysms. It causes the arterial walls to deteriorate and can also increase the effects of atherosclerosis and hypertension. […] All in all, aneurysms occur due to arterial wall weakening. Whether that occurs due to lifestyle habits, genetic conditions, or health problems, each factor plays a role in the development of the aneurysm. Understanding the causes is important to managing existing conditions and preventing an aneurysm from forming. […] Aneurysms develop for various reasons, including genetic factors, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. They usually are not congenital and develop over time, with certain people being more predisposed from birth. Managing risk factors like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and smoking is important to reduce the chances of developing an aneurysm.

• #53 Aortic aneurysm – definition, causes and classification. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/361479-aortic-aneurysm-definition-causes-and-classification.html

  Aortic aneurysm mostly appears as a result of atherosclerosis – more than 80% of all cases of the disease. Atherosclerosis appears when cholesterol plaques are deposited on the walls of the blood vessels. Over time, they expand, harden, and become covered with calcium salts. […] All aortic aneurysm causes can be divided into two groups: Congenital and Acquired. […] Congenital aneurysms can appear due to cardiac defects or diffuse connective tissue diseases. But, aortic aneurysms are mostly acquired. […] Besides atherosclerosis the reasons are: Iatrogenic (treatment-induced, diagnostic or treatment procedures), Traumatic, Infectious (syphilis, fungal diseases, nonspecific aortitis, infection of the aortic prosthesis), Hormonal (necrosis of the vessel’s medium during pregnancy). […] Its necessary to highlight aortic aneurysm risk factors which increase the likelihood of this illness: Age – the overall prevalence of pathology in the population is about 0.5%, and among people after 70 years it reaches 12% (about 80% of patients are over 60 years old), Gender – in men, the disease is diagnosed 8-10 times more often than in women, Smoking, obesity, hypodynamia and other risk factors for atherosclerosis also increase the likelihood of an aortic aneurysm (these diseases are closely related).

• #54 Overview of Aortic Aneurysms – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/overview-of-aortic-aneurysms

  Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of arteries caused by weakening of the arterial wall. Common causes include hypertension, atherosclerosis, infection, trauma, systemic rheumatic diseases, and connective tissue disorders (eg, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome). […] Aneurysms are caused by weakening of the arterial wall, specifically, the media. […] Aneurysms may occur in any artery. The most common and significant are those involving the aorta.

• #55 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Male gender, increased age, history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), coronary artery disease, smoking, and previous aortic dissection are risk factors of TAA. […] The distinct demarcation in causes for aortic aneurysms is the ligamentum arteriosum. Above this point, degenerative processes in the elastic media lead to the formation of aneurysms, and below the ligament, atherosclerosis is the perpetrator. […] A family history of thoracic aortic aneurysm is a strong risk factor, as about 20% of cases of TAA are a consequence of genetic conditions. […] Only 5% of the patients have Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. […] About 21% of the patients with a family history are nonsyndromic, and these aneurysms are referred to as nonsyndromic familial aortic aneurysms and have no extra-aortic manifestations.

• #56 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/causes.html

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms may be caused by different disease processes, especially in respect to their location. […] Cystic medial degeneration (necrosis) – Breaking down of the tissue of the aortic wall. This is the most common cause of this type of thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Genetic disorders which affect the connective tissue, such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome […] Family history of thoracic aortic aneurysm with no incidence of Marfan syndrome […] Atherosclerosis – Hardening of the arteries caused by a build-up of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. This is a rare cause of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Infection, syphilis (rare causes of thoracic aortic aneurysm) […] Takayasu’s arteritis – A type of vasculitis that causes inflammation of the arteries

• #57 Aortic aneurysms: current pathogenesis and therapeutic targets | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-023-01130-w

  The loss of structural integrity due to vascular SMC dysfunction, including apoptosis and ECM degradation, leads to weakness and dilatation of the aortic wall, which are hallmarks of aortic aneurysm. […] An imbalance in reparative/ECM production and inflammatory/ECM degradation in SMCs that underwent phenotypic switching and are known as synthetic SMCs in response to constant pathological stimuli damages the aortic wall, leading to dilatation and rupture in aortic aneurysms. […] The components of the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) signaling pathway, including receptors and SMAD proteins, are fundamental for synthesizing SMC contractile proteins, ECM proteins, elastin, and collagen. […] Although the TGF- signaling pathway is the primary mechanism for the synthesis of contractile and ECM proteins, the complexity of this signaling means that the intrinsic role of TGF- in the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysms is unclear.

• #58 Aortic aneurysms: current pathogenesis and therapeutic targets | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-023-01130-w

  The loss of structural integrity due to vascular SMC dysfunction, including apoptosis and ECM degradation, leads to weakness and dilatation of the aortic wall, which are hallmarks of aortic aneurysm. […] An imbalance in reparative/ECM production and inflammatory/ECM degradation in SMCs that underwent phenotypic switching and are known as synthetic SMCs in response to constant pathological stimuli damages the aortic wall, leading to dilatation and rupture in aortic aneurysms. […] The components of the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) signaling pathway, including receptors and SMAD proteins, are fundamental for synthesizing SMC contractile proteins, ECM proteins, elastin, and collagen. […] Although the TGF- signaling pathway is the primary mechanism for the synthesis of contractile and ECM proteins, the complexity of this signaling means that the intrinsic role of TGF- in the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysms is unclear.

• #59 Aortic aneurysms: current pathogenesis and therapeutic targets | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-023-01130-w

  Mutations in the genes involved in the canonical TGF- signaling pathway, including TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and TGF-2, have been identified as predisposing factors for aortic aneurysms and dissections with Marfanoid features. […] Vascular inflammation is the main initiating factor in aortic aneurysms and substantially influences aortic wall remodeling through the death of aortic wall cells, SMC phenotypic switching, and the secretion of proteases. […] Cytokines are crucial contributors to inflammatory alterations during AAA formation, and altered expression and epigenetic changes in cytokines were present in AAA tissue samples. […] The upregulation of TLR2 and its ligands was identified in human AAA tissue, and antagonism of TLR2 in a mouse model decreased the formation and progression of AAA and inhibited chronic inflammation and vascular remodeling.

• #60 Aortic aneurysms: current pathogenesis and therapeutic targets | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-023-01130-w

  Mutations in the genes involved in the canonical TGF- signaling pathway, including TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and TGF-2, have been identified as predisposing factors for aortic aneurysms and dissections with Marfanoid features. […] Vascular inflammation is the main initiating factor in aortic aneurysms and substantially influences aortic wall remodeling through the death of aortic wall cells, SMC phenotypic switching, and the secretion of proteases. […] Cytokines are crucial contributors to inflammatory alterations during AAA formation, and altered expression and epigenetic changes in cytokines were present in AAA tissue samples. […] The upregulation of TLR2 and its ligands was identified in human AAA tissue, and antagonism of TLR2 in a mouse model decreased the formation and progression of AAA and inhibited chronic inflammation and vascular remodeling.

• #61 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-overview

  Tilson et al described the potential for an autoimmune basis for the development of AAA involving the DRB1 major histocompatibility locus. […] This locus has been identified as a basis for inflammatory AAA. […] In late 2018, the FDA issued a warning that fluoroquinolone use can increase the risk of aortic aneurysm and urged healthcare providers to avoid prescribing these antibiotics to patients with or at risk for an aortic aneurysm, such as those with peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease, hypertension, or certain genetic conditions (eg, Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), as well as the elderly.

• #62 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-overview

  Tilson et al described the potential for an autoimmune basis for the development of AAA involving the DRB1 major histocompatibility locus. […] This locus has been identified as a basis for inflammatory AAA. […] In late 2018, the FDA issued a warning that fluoroquinolone use can increase the risk of aortic aneurysm and urged healthcare providers to avoid prescribing these antibiotics to patients with or at risk for an aortic aneurysm, such as those with peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease, hypertension, or certain genetic conditions (eg, Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), as well as the elderly.

• #63 The Genetics of Aortic Aneurysms

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/05/02/12/52/The-Genetics-of-Aortic-Aneurysms

  Aortic aneurysms and dissection were the primary cause of 17,215 deaths in 2009 according to data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Recent studies have suggested the number of cases of aortic disease is increasing over time, which may be related to improved diagnostic modalities and/or increased awareness of aortic disease. […] Abdominal aortic aneurysms are the most commonly identified aortic aneurysm and the majority are thought to be related to atherosclerosis. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms are more likely to be associated with a genetic cause and are further subdivided into subgroups involving the ascending aorta (60%), aortic arch (10%), descending aorta (40%) and thoracoabdominal aorta (10%). […] The primary cellular pathways implicated in heritable aneurysm formation include mutations in genes encoding ECM, as well as, smooth muscle structure and signaling proteins.

• #64 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/causes.html

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms may be caused by different disease processes, especially in respect to their location. […] Cystic medial degeneration (necrosis) – Breaking down of the tissue of the aortic wall. This is the most common cause of this type of thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Genetic disorders which affect the connective tissue, such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome […] Family history of thoracic aortic aneurysm with no incidence of Marfan syndrome […] Atherosclerosis – Hardening of the arteries caused by a build-up of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. This is a rare cause of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Infection, syphilis (rare causes of thoracic aortic aneurysm) […] Takayasu’s arteritis – A type of vasculitis that causes inflammation of the arteries

• #65 The Genetics of Aortic Aneurysms

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/05/02/12/52/The-Genetics-of-Aortic-Aneurysms

  Aortic aneurysms and dissection were the primary cause of 17,215 deaths in 2009 according to data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Recent studies have suggested the number of cases of aortic disease is increasing over time, which may be related to improved diagnostic modalities and/or increased awareness of aortic disease. […] Abdominal aortic aneurysms are the most commonly identified aortic aneurysm and the majority are thought to be related to atherosclerosis. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms are more likely to be associated with a genetic cause and are further subdivided into subgroups involving the ascending aorta (60%), aortic arch (10%), descending aorta (40%) and thoracoabdominal aorta (10%). […] The primary cellular pathways implicated in heritable aneurysm formation include mutations in genes encoding ECM, as well as, smooth muscle structure and signaling proteins.

• #66 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Male gender, increased age, history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), coronary artery disease, smoking, and previous aortic dissection are risk factors of TAA. […] The distinct demarcation in causes for aortic aneurysms is the ligamentum arteriosum. Above this point, degenerative processes in the elastic media lead to the formation of aneurysms, and below the ligament, atherosclerosis is the perpetrator. […] A family history of thoracic aortic aneurysm is a strong risk factor, as about 20% of cases of TAA are a consequence of genetic conditions. […] Only 5% of the patients have Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. […] About 21% of the patients with a family history are nonsyndromic, and these aneurysms are referred to as nonsyndromic familial aortic aneurysms and have no extra-aortic manifestations.

• #67 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Male gender, increased age, history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), coronary artery disease, smoking, and previous aortic dissection are risk factors of TAA. […] The distinct demarcation in causes for aortic aneurysms is the ligamentum arteriosum. Above this point, degenerative processes in the elastic media lead to the formation of aneurysms, and below the ligament, atherosclerosis is the perpetrator. […] A family history of thoracic aortic aneurysm is a strong risk factor, as about 20% of cases of TAA are a consequence of genetic conditions. […] Only 5% of the patients have Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. […] About 21% of the patients with a family history are nonsyndromic, and these aneurysms are referred to as nonsyndromic familial aortic aneurysms and have no extra-aortic manifestations.

• #68 The Genetics of Aortic Aneurysms

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/05/02/12/52/The-Genetics-of-Aortic-Aneurysms

  Aortic aneurysms and dissection were the primary cause of 17,215 deaths in 2009 according to data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Recent studies have suggested the number of cases of aortic disease is increasing over time, which may be related to improved diagnostic modalities and/or increased awareness of aortic disease. […] Abdominal aortic aneurysms are the most commonly identified aortic aneurysm and the majority are thought to be related to atherosclerosis. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms are more likely to be associated with a genetic cause and are further subdivided into subgroups involving the ascending aorta (60%), aortic arch (10%), descending aorta (40%) and thoracoabdominal aorta (10%). […] The primary cellular pathways implicated in heritable aneurysm formation include mutations in genes encoding ECM, as well as, smooth muscle structure and signaling proteins.

• #69 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-overview

  AAA is thought to be a degenerative process of the aorta, the cause of which remains unclear. It is often attributed to atherosclerosis because these changes are observed in the aneurysm at the time of surgery. However, a study by Blanchard et al found that the risk factors for AAA differ from those for atherosclerosis, with no association between cholesterol and AAA. […] In addition, atherosclerosis fails to explain the development of occlusion, which is observed in the disease process. […] Patients at greatest risk for AAA are men who are older than 65 years and have peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease. A history of smoking often is elicited. […] Other risk factors for AAA include the following: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Previous aneurysm repair or peripheral aneurysm (popliteal prevalence at 62% or femoral prevalence at 85%), Coronary artery disease, Hypertension (1-15% of cases).

• #70 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-overview

  AAA is thought to be a degenerative process of the aorta, the cause of which remains unclear. It is often attributed to atherosclerosis because these changes are observed in the aneurysm at the time of surgery. However, a study by Blanchard et al found that the risk factors for AAA differ from those for atherosclerosis, with no association between cholesterol and AAA. […] In addition, atherosclerosis fails to explain the development of occlusion, which is observed in the disease process. […] Patients at greatest risk for AAA are men who are older than 65 years and have peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease. A history of smoking often is elicited. […] Other risk factors for AAA include the following: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Previous aneurysm repair or peripheral aneurysm (popliteal prevalence at 62% or femoral prevalence at 85%), Coronary artery disease, Hypertension (1-15% of cases).

• #71 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350688

  An aneurysm can grow in any part of the aorta. Most aortic aneurysms happen in the part of the aorta that’s in the belly area, called the abdomen. […] Things that can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm include: […] Hardening of the arteries, called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis occurs when fat and other substances build up in and on the artery walls. […] High blood pressure. High blood pressure can damage and weaken the aorta’s walls. […] Blood vessel diseases. These diseases cause blood vessels to become swollen and irritated. […] Infection in the aorta. Rarely, germs can infect the aorta and cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Trauma. For example, being injured in a car accident can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

• #72 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  You may have an increased risk of developing an aortic aneurysm because of your age, family history, genes, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, or sex. […] Your risk for aortic aneurysms goes up as you age. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are most common in adults after age 65. […] One in 10 people with abdominal aortic aneurysms have a family history of them. The chance of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm is 1 in 5 for people who have a parent, brother, sister, or child with the condition, what is known as a first degree relative. […] Several family or genetics conditions increase your risk for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Some lifestyle habits increase your risk of having an aortic aneurysm. […] Cigarette smoking is one of the main factors that increases your risk for an aortic aneurysm, especially an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

• #73 What Is an Aneurysm? 

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/aneurysm/guide/

  Although men are about 4 times more likely than women to have abdominal aortic aneurysms, women have a higher risk of these aneurysms rupturing, regardless of the aneurysm size. […] Smoking cigarettes is a risk factor for all types of aneurysms. […] Smoking damages your heart and blood vessels, which makes you more likely to develop atherosclerosis, or plaque buildup in the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for aneurysm. […] Some aneurysms may be congenital, but most are linked to risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol.

• #74 Ascending Aortic Aneurysm: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21949-ascending-aortic-aneurysm

  An ascending aortic aneurysm is a weak spot in a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms can tear or rupture (break open) and cause severe, life-threatening internal bleeding. […] ATAAs develop when a blood vessel wall becomes weak or damaged. Aging and heart disease can make the aorta less elastic. The force of blood against the weak area causes the blood vessel to bulge outward. […] The following conditions can lead to aneurysms: Aortitis, or inflammation of the aorta; Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup inside your arteries); Bicuspid aortic valve disease (two aortic valve flaps instead of the normal three); Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a genetic disorder that can cause an enlarged aorta; Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder that can affect blood vessel walls; Traumatic injuries can cause tears in the artery wall; Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that can cause cardiovascular problems.

• #75 What is an aortic aneurysm? – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/all-about-aortic-aneurysm

  An aneurysm is a blood vessel dilation, where the artery or vein swells to an abnormal size. […] The main risk factors are smoking, a family history of aneurysms, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. […] Aortic aneurysm is unusual at a young age. Some people are predisposed to developing an aneurysm because of family history, says Rachel. […] Others will have been born with a condition that increases their risk, such as coarctation of the aorta a condition where there is narrowing in part of the aorta. […] The main risk factors are: smoking, a family history of aneurysms, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

• #76 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) – Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/abdoaneurysm

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms typically develop slowly over a period of many years and hardly ever cause any noticeable symptoms. […] The majority of AAAs are the result of atherosclerosis, a chronic degenerative disease of the artery wall, in which fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries and form soft or hard deposits called plaques. […] Major risk factors for an AAA include family history, smoking and longstanding high blood pressure.

• #77 Aortic Aneurysm – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/causes

  Medical conditions that are risk factors for aortic aneurysms include: Aneurysms of blood vessels in other parts of your body, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cardiovascular conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral artery disease, Unhealthy blood cholesterol level, High blood pressure, which is the leading risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms but also a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm, Bacterial infections, which are a risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Men are more likely than women to develop aortic aneurysms. However, an existing aneurysm is more likely to rupture at a smaller size in women than in men. […] Aortic abdominal aneurisms are less common in Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans.

• #78 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #79 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  Left-sided valvular endocarditis can rarely result in an aortic root dilation. […] Syphilis used to be the leading cause of aortic aneurysms before the advent of antibiotics. […] Arteritis, including Takayasu, Behet, giant cell, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, can involve the aorta in rare instances and result in an aneurysm. […] A bicuspid aortic valve and an isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are also rare causes. […] There is a TAA association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, intracranial aneurysm, renal cysts, and bovine aortic arch.

• #80 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16742-aorta-aortic-aneurysm

  An aortic aneurysm develops when there’s a weakness in the wall of your aorta. The causes of an aortic aneurysm are often unknown, but can include: […] Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries). […] Inherited conditions, especially those that affect connective tissue (such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome). […] Injury to an aorta. […] Infections, such as syphilis.

• #81 Causes and risk factors of Aortic Aneurysm

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/aortic-aneurysm/causes-and-risk-factors

  Smoking. This is considered to be the most important modifiable risk factor. Smokers are 15 times more likely to suffer an aneurysm than non-smokers. […] High blood pressure. This doubles the risk of having an aortic aneurysm. It also increases the rate at which aneurysms grow and therefore their risk of bursting. […] Genetic disorders. For instance, individuals with Marfan, EhlersDanlos, LoeysDietz or Turner syndrome. An increased risk has also been reported in patients with a family history of aneurysmal diseases even if they do not have a specific genetic disorder. […] Inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels (vasculitis). Such as giant cell arteritis and Takayasus arteritis. […] Aortic valve abnormalities. For example, those affecting the bicuspid aortic valve in thoracic aortic aneurysms.

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