Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) – Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/abdoaneurysm

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs when atherosclerosis or plaque buildup causes the walls of the abdominal aorta to become weak and bulge outward like a balloon. […] Your doctor can confirm the presence of an AAA with an abdominal ultrasound, abdominal and pelvic CT or angiography. […] Many abdominal aortic aneurysms are incidentally found on ultrasound examinations, x-rays or CT scans. […] To confirm the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a physician may order imaging tests including: Abdominal Ultrasound (US): Ultrasound is a highly accurate way to measure the size of an aneurysm. […] Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT): This exam is highly accurate in determining the size and extent of an aneurysm. […] Angiography: This exam, which uses x-rays, CT or MRI and a contrast material to produce pictures of major blood vessels throughout the body, is used to help identify abnormalities such as abdominal aortic aneurysms.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening condition. […] The course provides healthcare professionals with comprehensive insights into the evaluation and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms, emphasizing the importance of timely detection and intervention. […] The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually made using ultrasound. […] However, a computed tomography (CT) scan remains necessary to determine other vessels’ exact location, size, and involvement and is the preferred imaging modality for symptomatic individuals. […] Most of these aneurysms are located below the origin of the renal arteries and may be classified as saccular (localized) or fusiform (circumferential). […] The treatment of unruptured AAA is recommended when the aneurysm diameter reaches 5.5 cm in men and 5.0 cm in women, shows a rapid enlargement of greater than 0.5 cm over 6 months, or if it becomes symptomatic.

• #3 Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm?lang=us

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are focal dilatations of the abdominal aorta measuring 50% greater than the proximal normal segment or 3 cm in maximum diameter. […] Imaging has a crucial role in diagnosis and active surveillance. […] Since most abdominal aortic aneurysms are asymptomatic unless they leak or rupture, they are commonly diagnosed incidentally during imaging for other indications. […] The most significant complication is abdominal aortic rupture, which presents with severe abdominal or back pain, hypotension, and shock. […] The mortality rate from a ruptured AAA is high. […] CT angiography (CTA) is considered the gold standard for evaluation but exposes patients to high radiation doses. […] An increasing diameter of the aneurysmal sac of 5 mm over a 6-month interval or a diameter of 7 cm is also considered to be at high risk for rupture and warrants urgent repair.

• #4 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms are often found when a physical exam or imaging test is done for another reason. […] To diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your medical and family history. […] Tests to diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm include: […] Abdominal ultrasound. This is the most common test to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms. Sound waves create pictures that show how blood flows through the structures in the belly area, including the aorta. […] Abdominal CT scan. This test uses X-rays to create detailed images of the structures inside the belly area. It can create clear images of the aorta. This test also shows the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Abdominal MRI. This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to make detailed pictures of the structures inside the belly area.

• #5 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms often don’t have symptoms. So they can be hard to diagnose. They are often found when an imaging test is done for a different reason. […] Tests are done to diagnose or screen for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Tests may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves show how blood moves through the heart and blood vessels, including the aorta. This test may be used to diagnose or screen for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] CT scan. X-rays make cross-sectional images of the body, including the aorta. This test can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Heart MRI, also called a cardiac MRI. A magnetic field and radio waves create pictures of the heart and aorta. A heart MRI can diagnose an aneurysm and show its size and location. This test doesn’t use radiation. It may be an option to CT scans for people who need frequent imaging tests.

• #6 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16742-aorta-aortic-aneurysm

  Many aneurysms develop without causing symptoms. Providers often discover these aneurysms during a routine checkup or screening. […] If you’re at high risk of developing an aortic aneurysm or have any aneurysm symptoms your provider will do imaging tests. Imaging tests that can find and help diagnose an aortic aneurysm include: CT scan, CT or MRI angiography, Ultrasound. […] Finding an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures offers your best chance of recovery. […] With careful monitoring and treatment, your provider can help you manage an aortic aneurysm. Ideally, your healthcare team can identify and care for an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures. […] If an aortic aneurysm ruptures, seek medical care immediately. Without prompt treatment, a ruptured aortic aneurysm can be fatal. Both open and endovascular surgery can successfully treat a ruptured aortic aneurysm.

• #7 Aortic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment | Knight Cardiovascular Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cardiovascular-institute/aortic-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Two surgeons perform heart surgery in an OHSU operating room. We offer treatments for aortic disease not available anywhere else in Oregon, including deep expertise in endovascular aneurysm repair. […] Many types of aortic disease, including aortic aneurysms are often found by chance when imaging tests are done for other conditions. Rapid, accurate diagnosis is crucial in care for aortic dissection. […] If our doctors think you may have aortic disease, they use imaging tests to confirm the diagnosis. […] Tests may include: […] Abdominal Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to see the part of your aorta that runs through the belly. […] CT scan of the chest: A computed tomography scan combines X-rays to show images of your aorta. […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE): This test uses sound waves to get pictures of the heart and aorta in motion. An ultrasound probe is guided down your throat and placed close to your heart.

• #8 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms are often found when a physical exam or imaging test is done for another reason. […] To diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your medical and family history. […] Tests to diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm include: […] Abdominal ultrasound. This is the most common test to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms. Sound waves create pictures that show how blood flows through the structures in the belly area, including the aorta. […] Abdominal CT scan. This test uses X-rays to create detailed images of the structures inside the belly area. It can create clear images of the aorta. This test also shows the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Abdominal MRI. This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to make detailed pictures of the structures inside the belly area.

• #9 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  The objectives of imaging techniques in AAA are as follows: Screening for AAA in patients at high risk, Surveillance of AAA, Intervention planning for AAA repair, Follow-up after AAA repair. […] Among the different imaging modalities available for AAA screening and surveillance, ultrasound is the method of choice because it is widely available, time-efficient, inexpensive and accurate. […] Ultrasound can reliably image the infrarenal aorta in 98.5% of subjects; however, visualising the aorta may be difficult in some cases (1-2%) and this should be recognised. […] The existing literature is unclear as to which method has the best reproducibility, although the inter-observer variability for the antero-posterior measuring plane from outer-to-outer measurement has been reported as lower than the other techniques.

• #10 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is at least 3 cm in diameter. There is general agreement that AAAs with a diameter of 5.5 cm or greater in males and 5.0 cm or greater in females should undergo prophylactic repair. […] The American College of Radiology noted that imaging studies are important in diagnosing the cause of a pulsatile abdominal mass and, if an AAA is found, in determining its size and involvement of abdominal branches. […] Ultrasound is established as the preferred screening modality. CT angiography is considered the gold standard for preoperative examination. […] For AAA diameters smaller than 5.5 cm, the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS) suggests surveillance with ultrasonography. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men who are 65-75 years of age and have a history of smoking.

• #11 Diagnosis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/19552

  It may be perceived that modern imaging would overcome clinical deficiencies in diagnosing aneurysm complications. This again is incorrect in some instances. Haemodynamic instability at presentation is common and this does not allow time for imaging. In instances where imaging is feasible results may be equivocal and clinical judgment must take over. […] Ultrasound, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance are all being used to confirm the presence of an aneurysm, its location, physical dimensions and morphology. […] Clinical examination plays an important part in the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm and has moderate overall sensitivity; however, it cannot be relied upon to exclude them, especially if rupture is a possibility. Larger abdominal aortic aneurysms are usually palpable and more likely to be detected on clinical examination, particularly in patients who do not have a large abdominal girth. Ultrasound is accurate in the detection of non-ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms, with a sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%.

• #12 Frontiers | Status of diagnosis and therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysms

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1199804/full

  As there are no specific blood markers for AAA, imaging examinations can be performed to obtain a definite diagnosis once it is suspected via physical palpation. […] Various imaging techniques have been developed and utilized for the diagnosis of early-stage AAAs, which also have their respective advantages and limitations. […] Ultrasound is currently an effective and valuable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of AAAs, with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity nearing 100%. […] Computerized tomography angiography (CTA) is the most common imaging technique used to accurately identify AAAs; it is also superior to ultrasound in determining the positional relationship between AAAs and the adjacent structures and for postoperative evaluation. […] The management of AAAs currently poses a considerable challenge, as aortic aneurysms cannot be healed naturally.

• #13 Recommendations for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening – AAPC Knowledge Center

  https://www.aapc.com/blog/49540-recommendations-for-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening/?srsltid=AfmBOorCvnx7LDRZ329weJdt6LJKKhhbGR8cf0YKFfzP6f_i3AzVJoXi

  Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) ranks as the 15th leading cause of death in the United States and the 10th leading cause of death in men older than 55 years. Abdominal aortic aneurysm screenings have shown a measurable and significant reduction in the overall rate of aneurysm-related death. […] The primary way of screening for AAA is with an abdominal ultrasound. This screening test is easy to perform, noninvasive, does not involve radiation, and is highly accurate in detecting AAA. The potential benefit of screening for AAA is detecting and repairing it before rupture, which requires emergency surgery and has a high mortality rate. […] Based on current evidence, the USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for AAA in men aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked is of moderate net benefit, even if they have no symptoms. For men aged 65 to 75 years who have never smoked, the USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening is of small net benefit, and should be offered selectively based on medical history and risk factors. There is sufficient evidence that there is no net benefit of screening women who have never smoked and have no family history of AAA. For women aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked or have a family history of AAA, there is not enough evidence to adequately assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for AAA.

• #14 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | Sonoguide

  https://www.acep.org/sonoguide/basic/aorta

  Ultrasound is an ideal method for detecting AAAs due to its accuracy, low cost, and ability to be performed at the bedside. […] Physical exam has a sensitivity of only 68% for detecting AAA. […] Two separate studies by Kuhn et al. and Constantino et al. showed that emergency physicians can identify an AAA with 100% sensitivity and a specificity of 100% and 98%, respectively. […] Reed and Cheung in a 2014 study demonstrated the importance of point of care ultrasound. In a study of 53 patients, 18 patients that had a point-of-care (POC) ultrasound (US) had an average time to diagnosis of 51 minutes vs 111 minutes in the patients that did not have immediate US. […] AAA is described as being a focal dilatation of the abdominal aorta of 150% of normal. […] Although there is no established definition of aneurysm size, conventionally, an AAA is diagnosed when the diameter exceeds 3.0 cm.

• #15 Watchful Waiting for Aortic Aneurysm | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-aneurysm/treatments/watchful-waiting-for-aortic-aneurysm

  Your NYU Langone doctor may recommend watchful waiting for an aortic aneurysm if it doesnt appear to be growing quickly and is considered to be small. […] Most aortic aneurysms are slow growing and dont reach a size that warrants surgerytypically 5.5 cm in width if it is a thoracic aneurysm and 5 to 5.5 cm if it is an abdominal aneurysm. Fewer than half of people with abdominal aortic aneurysms require surgery within three years of diagnosis. […] During watchful waiting, your doctor monitors the aneurysm with CT or MRI scans every 6 to 12 months to look for changes in its size or shape. […] If you have any unexplained back, chest, or abdominal pain, its important to report it to your doctor immediately and go to the nearest emergency department, because you may be experiencing a tear or rupture. […] Diagnosis

• #16 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  Compared with CT, ultrasound systematically underestimates AAA dimensions by an average of 1-3 mm. […] The drawbacks of CTA consist of administration of iodinated contrast agent, which may cause allergic reactions or renal failure. […] Also, the cost and the use of ionising radiation limit its use for serial follow-up. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the same properties as CTA, but the usefulness of MRI in AAA screening is limited, so its indication is triggered by the impossibility of obtaining results by other methods. […] CT and MRI have emerged as the current gold standards in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of AAA. […] Dedicated aortic imaging is crucial to determine an appropriate repair strategy and for optimal preoperative planning. […] Operator proficiency and availability of equipment may determine the preferred modality.

• #17 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  AAA definition, based on external ultrasound diameters has been shown to have a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 97% in predicting the need for AAA repair within 10 years. […] The main limitations of ultrasound are obesity or excess bowel gas that limits the adequate visualisation of the abdominal aorta, the absence of serial image reconstruction to allow stent graft planning, methodological differences in training and instrumentation, and the fact that there is no visualisation of the thoracic aorta. […] Ultrasound should also be used for the surveillance of small AAAs. […] The optimum frequency for surveillance scans of aneurysms 3.0-5.5 cm in diameter should be stratified according to AAA diameter. […] For the smallest aneurysms (3-3.9 cm), a three-year surveillance interval is safe.

• #18 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is at least 3 cm in diameter. There is general agreement that AAAs with a diameter of 5.5 cm or greater in males and 5.0 cm or greater in females should undergo prophylactic repair. […] The American College of Radiology noted that imaging studies are important in diagnosing the cause of a pulsatile abdominal mass and, if an AAA is found, in determining its size and involvement of abdominal branches. […] Ultrasound is established as the preferred screening modality. CT angiography is considered the gold standard for preoperative examination. […] For AAA diameters smaller than 5.5 cm, the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS) suggests surveillance with ultrasonography. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men who are 65-75 years of age and have a history of smoking.

• #19 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  If AAAs are suspected, perform abdominal US or CT for confirmation. […] Accurate measurement of the AAA diameter is essential and has been found to be most reliably achieved by CT using a multiplanar reformat strategy. […] CT has emerged as the diagnostic imaging standard for the evaluation of AAA, with an accuracy that approaches 100%. […] MRI and MRA can be used to define the extent of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). […] US is the screening examination of choice as a result of its relative availability, speed, and low cost. […] When abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is suspected, it is unlikely to be missed at angiography.

• #20 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms are often found when a physical exam or imaging test is done for another reason. […] To diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your medical and family history. […] Tests to diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm include: […] Abdominal ultrasound. This is the most common test to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms. Sound waves create pictures that show how blood flows through the structures in the belly area, including the aorta. […] Abdominal CT scan. This test uses X-rays to create detailed images of the structures inside the belly area. It can create clear images of the aorta. This test also shows the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Abdominal MRI. This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to make detailed pictures of the structures inside the belly area.

• #21 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-workup

  Screening for AAA reduces the mortality from rupture and is cost-effective. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended US screening in men aged 65-75 years who have smoked. […] CT has a sensitivity of nearly 100% for detecting AAA, and it has certain advantages over US for defining aortic size, rostral-caudal extent, involvement of visceral arteries, extension into the suprarenal aorta, and access vessels for endovascular repair. […] Enhanced spiral CT of the abdomen and pelvis with multiplanar reconstruction and CT angiography (CTA) is the modality of choice for preoperative evaluation for open and endovascular repair. […] MRI permits imaging of the aorta comparable to that achievable with CT and US, but without subjecting the patient to a dye load or ionizing radiation.

• #22 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-workup

  Screening for AAA reduces the mortality from rupture and is cost-effective. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended US screening in men aged 65-75 years who have smoked. […] CT has a sensitivity of nearly 100% for detecting AAA, and it has certain advantages over US for defining aortic size, rostral-caudal extent, involvement of visceral arteries, extension into the suprarenal aorta, and access vessels for endovascular repair. […] Enhanced spiral CT of the abdomen and pelvis with multiplanar reconstruction and CT angiography (CTA) is the modality of choice for preoperative evaluation for open and endovascular repair. […] MRI permits imaging of the aorta comparable to that achievable with CT and US, but without subjecting the patient to a dye load or ionizing radiation.

• #23 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  A prerequisite for a good reconstruction is CTA with 1 mm slice thickness. […] Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scanners (16 detectors or higher) are preferred for their higher spatial and temporal resolution compared with lower-end devices. […] CT plays a central role in the management of AAA when defining the time and type of repair. […] Its advantages over other imaging modalities include the ability to obtain a complete 3D data set of the entire aorta. […] This reconstruction allows pre-intervention planning for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and 3D image fusion of CTA and angiography for real-time operative guidance. […] CTA plays a key role in assessing the extent of disease because it provides a complete data set of the entire aorta (including the thoracic aorta) and access vessels, which, with dedicated post-processing software, enables analysis in three perpendicular planes, construction of a centreline, and accurate diameter and length measurement.

• #24 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  It is important to acknowledge that the measured aortic diameter depends significantly on the method used. […] The feasibility of EVAR and its early and long-term success depend on reliable baseline assessment of aortic morphology, including landing zones for fixation and sealing, and correct measurements for appropriate stent graft selection. […] The preoperative assessment of AAA includes the measurement of the maximal transverse perpendicular diameter of the aneurysm and its relationship to the renal arteries. […] Lengths, diameters, angulations, and tortuosity are particularly important for EVAR at the level of the segment of the normal calibre of the aorta, below the renal arteries (proximal neck) and the iliac arteries (distal neck). […] Although there is no randomised study on the best imaging modality, the consensus is that CTA, including multiplanar and curved 3D vascular reconstructions, is the preferred preoperative imaging modality, if permitted by renal function.

• #25 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  Compared with CT, ultrasound systematically underestimates AAA dimensions by an average of 1-3 mm. […] The drawbacks of CTA consist of administration of iodinated contrast agent, which may cause allergic reactions or renal failure. […] Also, the cost and the use of ionising radiation limit its use for serial follow-up. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the same properties as CTA, but the usefulness of MRI in AAA screening is limited, so its indication is triggered by the impossibility of obtaining results by other methods. […] CT and MRI have emerged as the current gold standards in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of AAA. […] Dedicated aortic imaging is crucial to determine an appropriate repair strategy and for optimal preoperative planning. […] Operator proficiency and availability of equipment may determine the preferred modality.

• #26 Diagnosing Aortic Aneurysm | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis.html

  Do imaging tests. […] You might have imaging tests to: Pinpoint the location of the aneurysm. […] These tests include: Abdominal ultrasound. […] CT scan and MRA. […] Echocardiogram. […] An angiogram can help your doctor know: The size of the aneurysm. […] One of the most important goals of testing is to estimate the risk that an aneurysm may burst, or rupture. The risk of rupture is compared to the risks of surgery. Tests such as abdominal ultrasound can be used to closely follow any change in the aneurysm and help measure the risk for rupture.

• #27 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms often don’t have symptoms. So they can be hard to diagnose. They are often found when an imaging test is done for a different reason. […] Tests are done to diagnose or screen for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Tests may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves show how blood moves through the heart and blood vessels, including the aorta. This test may be used to diagnose or screen for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] CT scan. X-rays make cross-sectional images of the body, including the aorta. This test can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Heart MRI, also called a cardiac MRI. A magnetic field and radio waves create pictures of the heart and aorta. A heart MRI can diagnose an aneurysm and show its size and location. This test doesn’t use radiation. It may be an option to CT scans for people who need frequent imaging tests.

• #28 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms often don’t have symptoms. So they can be hard to diagnose. They are often found when an imaging test is done for a different reason. […] Tests are done to diagnose or screen for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Tests may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves show how blood moves through the heart and blood vessels, including the aorta. This test may be used to diagnose or screen for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] CT scan. X-rays make cross-sectional images of the body, including the aorta. This test can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Heart MRI, also called a cardiac MRI. A magnetic field and radio waves create pictures of the heart and aorta. A heart MRI can diagnose an aneurysm and show its size and location. This test doesn’t use radiation. It may be an option to CT scans for people who need frequent imaging tests.

• #29 Imaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0415/p1565.html

  The choice of imaging modality depends on the clinical presentation of the patient. Screening and serial monitoring are performed most efficiently with ultrasonography. […] Ultrasonography is the examination of choice for screening and monitoring the rate of AAA enlargement. Ultrasonography has a sensitivity of nearly 100 percent in the diagnosis of AAAs. […] MRI is minimally invasive and, when combined with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), can provide excellent details for the preoperative evaluation of AAAs. MRI with MRA has 100 percent sensitivity in detecting aneurysms, and successfully identifies the proximal and distal extent of the aneurysms, the number and origins of renal arteries, and the presence of inflammation. […] CT has a broad array of uses in the imaging of AAAs. It is used as a screening test when ultrasound images are suboptimal; as a diagnostic test when a hemodynamically stable, ruptured AAA is suspected; and in the preoperative work-up for the repair of AAAs. […] The development of helical CT and CT angiography will likely lead to wide use of these modalities in the preoperative evaluation of AAAs.

• #30 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  MRI can be used in EVAR follow-up in selected patients. […] Aneurysm diameter measurements can be performed reliably with MR and are comparable to measurements performed with CT. […] Owing to the risk of graft-related complications and rupture after EVAR, regular imaging follow-up has been regarded as mandatory. […] Current recommendations regarding regular follow-up suggest up to five CT examinations during the first postoperative year. […] Ultrasonography has rapidly evolved into a cost-effective approach for aneurysm screening while computed tomography is the method of choice when considering a potential therapeutic intervention and for follow-up after AAA repair. […] The usefulness of magnetic resonance in AAA is limited. […] The proper use of each of the imaging techniques allows adequate monitoring and treatment of patients with AAA. […] However, many challenges still exist in AAA imaging, among which is the inability to accurately identify rupture-prone AAAs.

• #31 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms often don’t have symptoms. So they can be hard to diagnose. They are often found when an imaging test is done for a different reason. […] Tests are done to diagnose or screen for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Tests may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves show how blood moves through the heart and blood vessels, including the aorta. This test may be used to diagnose or screen for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] CT scan. X-rays make cross-sectional images of the body, including the aorta. This test can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Heart MRI, also called a cardiac MRI. A magnetic field and radio waves create pictures of the heart and aorta. A heart MRI can diagnose an aneurysm and show its size and location. This test doesn’t use radiation. It may be an option to CT scans for people who need frequent imaging tests.

• #32 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  Compared with CT, ultrasound systematically underestimates AAA dimensions by an average of 1-3 mm. […] The drawbacks of CTA consist of administration of iodinated contrast agent, which may cause allergic reactions or renal failure. […] Also, the cost and the use of ionising radiation limit its use for serial follow-up. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the same properties as CTA, but the usefulness of MRI in AAA screening is limited, so its indication is triggered by the impossibility of obtaining results by other methods. […] CT and MRI have emerged as the current gold standards in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of AAA. […] Dedicated aortic imaging is crucial to determine an appropriate repair strategy and for optimal preoperative planning. […] Operator proficiency and availability of equipment may determine the preferred modality.

• #33 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms often don’t have symptoms. So they can be hard to diagnose. They are often found when an imaging test is done for a different reason. […] Tests are done to diagnose or screen for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Tests may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves show how blood moves through the heart and blood vessels, including the aorta. This test may be used to diagnose or screen for thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] CT scan. X-rays make cross-sectional images of the body, including the aorta. This test can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. […] Heart MRI, also called a cardiac MRI. A magnetic field and radio waves create pictures of the heart and aorta. A heart MRI can diagnose an aneurysm and show its size and location. This test doesn’t use radiation. It may be an option to CT scans for people who need frequent imaging tests.

• #34 Aortic Aneurysm Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis

  When diagnosing an aortic aneurysm, your doctor will review your medical history, perform a physical exam focusing on your blood pressure – and review the results of tests that can include: […] Chest X-ray is a non-invasive test that takes pictures of the heart and lungs; these can help the doctor determine if there’s a problem that is causing your symptoms. […] Abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the abdominal aorta surrounded by other organs (liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys), thus showing any aneurysms. […] Echocardiogram is a non-invasive test using sound waves (ultrasound) to create a moving picture of the heart, the uppermost part of the aorta (arch and thoracic aorta) and any aneurysm. […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create detailed pictures of your heart and arteries. Unlike echocardiogram, TEE uses a probe that is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus. This provides a better picture of the aorta because the esophagus is right behind the heart and the probe does not have to penetrate the chest wall in the ribs and lungs to get a clear picture.

• #35 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-workup

  Because of advances in CT imaging with 3D reconstruction capability, conventional angiography currently is less often used in preoperative evaluation of AAA than it once was. […] Assessment of pulmonary function is of paramount importance in AAA patients. Because surgical intervention requires an abdominal incision, preoperative assessment of the patients pulmonary status allows postoperative care to be appropriately tailored to the patients condition.

• #36 Diagnosing Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis.html

  In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for a thoracic aortic aneurysm include: […] Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan) […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) […] Echocardiogram (echo) […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) […] Chest X-ray […] Arteriogram (angiogram)

• #37 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16742-aorta-aortic-aneurysm

  Many aneurysms develop without causing symptoms. Providers often discover these aneurysms during a routine checkup or screening. […] If you’re at high risk of developing an aortic aneurysm or have any aneurysm symptoms your provider will do imaging tests. Imaging tests that can find and help diagnose an aortic aneurysm include: CT scan, CT or MRI angiography, Ultrasound. […] Finding an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures offers your best chance of recovery. […] With careful monitoring and treatment, your provider can help you manage an aortic aneurysm. Ideally, your healthcare team can identify and care for an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures. […] If an aortic aneurysm ruptures, seek medical care immediately. Without prompt treatment, a ruptured aortic aneurysm can be fatal. Both open and endovascular surgery can successfully treat a ruptured aortic aneurysm.

• #38 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  During some CT and MRI scans, a liquid called contrast may be given through a vein. The contrast makes the blood vessels show up more clearly on the images. […] Men ages 65 to 75 who have ever smoked cigarettes should have a one-time screening using abdominal ultrasound. […] For men ages 65 to 75 who have never smoked, the need for an abdominal ultrasound is based on other risk factors, such as a family history of aneurysm. […] Ask your healthcare professional if screening is right for you. […] Surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm is generally recommended if the aneurysm is 1.9 to 2.2 inches (4.8 to 5.6 centimeters) or larger, or if it’s growing quickly. […] Repair surgery also may be recommended if you have symptoms such as stomach pain or have a leaking, tender or painful aneurysm.

• #39 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is at least 3 cm in diameter. There is general agreement that AAAs with a diameter of 5.5 cm or greater in males and 5.0 cm or greater in females should undergo prophylactic repair. […] The American College of Radiology noted that imaging studies are important in diagnosing the cause of a pulsatile abdominal mass and, if an AAA is found, in determining its size and involvement of abdominal branches. […] Ultrasound is established as the preferred screening modality. CT angiography is considered the gold standard for preoperative examination. […] For AAA diameters smaller than 5.5 cm, the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS) suggests surveillance with ultrasonography. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men who are 65-75 years of age and have a history of smoking.

• #40 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0415/p538.html

  Because AAA is most often clinically silent, screening can improve detection. Ultrasonography has a high sensitivity and specificity (95% and nearly 100%, respectively) for detecting AAA when performed in a setting experienced in the use of ultrasonography. […] In 2014, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) updated its 2005 guideline on ultrasonography screening for AAA. The USPSTF continues to recommend one-time screening with ultrasonography for men 65 to 75 years of age with a history of smoking (level B recommendation). […] The main difference between the 2005 and 2014 guidelines involves screening in women. In 2005, the guideline recommended against screening in all women. The 2014 guideline has been updated to suggest that the benefit of screening in women 65 to 75 years of age with a history of smoking is inconclusive (level I statement).

• #41 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  During some CT and MRI scans, a liquid called contrast may be given through a vein. The contrast makes the blood vessels show up more clearly on the images. […] Men ages 65 to 75 who have ever smoked cigarettes should have a one-time screening using abdominal ultrasound. […] For men ages 65 to 75 who have never smoked, the need for an abdominal ultrasound is based on other risk factors, such as a family history of aneurysm. […] Ask your healthcare professional if screening is right for you. […] Surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm is generally recommended if the aneurysm is 1.9 to 2.2 inches (4.8 to 5.6 centimeters) or larger, or if it’s growing quickly. […] Repair surgery also may be recommended if you have symptoms such as stomach pain or have a leaking, tender or painful aneurysm.

• #42 Diagnosing Aortic Aneurysm | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis.html

  How is an aortic aneurysm diagnosed? Aneurysms are often diagnosed by chance during exams or tests done for other reasons. In some cases, they are found during a screening test for aneurysms. Screening tests help your doctor look for a condition before symptoms appear. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends a screening ultrasound test for abdominal aneurysms for men ages 65 to 75 who have ever smoked. […] Experts recommend screening tests for a thoracic aneurysm for anyone who has a close relative who’s had a thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Sometimes an abdominal aneurysm is felt during a routine physical exam. If your doctor thinks you might have an aortic aneurysm, he or she may: Do a physical exam. […] Your doctor may ask questions such as: Do you have symptoms? When did they start?

• #43 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is at least 3 cm in diameter. There is general agreement that AAAs with a diameter of 5.5 cm or greater in males and 5.0 cm or greater in females should undergo prophylactic repair. […] The American College of Radiology noted that imaging studies are important in diagnosing the cause of a pulsatile abdominal mass and, if an AAA is found, in determining its size and involvement of abdominal branches. […] Ultrasound is established as the preferred screening modality. CT angiography is considered the gold standard for preoperative examination. […] For AAA diameters smaller than 5.5 cm, the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS) suggests surveillance with ultrasonography. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men who are 65-75 years of age and have a history of smoking.

• #44 Recommendations for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening – AAPC Knowledge Center

  https://www.aapc.com/blog/49540-recommendations-for-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening/?srsltid=AfmBOorCvnx7LDRZ329weJdt6LJKKhhbGR8cf0YKFfzP6f_i3AzVJoXi

  Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) ranks as the 15th leading cause of death in the United States and the 10th leading cause of death in men older than 55 years. Abdominal aortic aneurysm screenings have shown a measurable and significant reduction in the overall rate of aneurysm-related death. […] The primary way of screening for AAA is with an abdominal ultrasound. This screening test is easy to perform, noninvasive, does not involve radiation, and is highly accurate in detecting AAA. The potential benefit of screening for AAA is detecting and repairing it before rupture, which requires emergency surgery and has a high mortality rate. […] Based on current evidence, the USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for AAA in men aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked is of moderate net benefit, even if they have no symptoms. For men aged 65 to 75 years who have never smoked, the USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening is of small net benefit, and should be offered selectively based on medical history and risk factors. There is sufficient evidence that there is no net benefit of screening women who have never smoked and have no family history of AAA. For women aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked or have a family history of AAA, there is not enough evidence to adequately assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for AAA.

• #45 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  AAA definition, based on external ultrasound diameters has been shown to have a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 97% in predicting the need for AAA repair within 10 years. […] The main limitations of ultrasound are obesity or excess bowel gas that limits the adequate visualisation of the abdominal aorta, the absence of serial image reconstruction to allow stent graft planning, methodological differences in training and instrumentation, and the fact that there is no visualisation of the thoracic aorta. […] Ultrasound should also be used for the surveillance of small AAAs. […] The optimum frequency for surveillance scans of aneurysms 3.0-5.5 cm in diameter should be stratified according to AAA diameter. […] For the smallest aneurysms (3-3.9 cm), a three-year surveillance interval is safe.

• #46 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  For aneurysms 4.0-4.9 cm in diameter, annual surveillance is safe. […] Only when the diameter reaches 5.0 cm should the surveillance scans be increased to every 3-6 months (recommendation Class I, Level B). […] In case of rapidly growing AAAs (1 cm/year) or those approaching surgical indications, it is advisable to complete the evaluation by another method – usually tomography, given its major spatial resolution. […] It is recommended that maximum aneurysm diameter be measured perpendicular to the centreline of the vessel with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed computed tomography (CT) scan images whenever possible. […] This approach offers more accurate and reproducible measurements of true aortic dimensions, compared with axial cross-section diameters, particularly in tortuous or kinked vessels where the vessel axis and the patients cranio-caudal axis are not parallel.

• #47 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #48 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #49 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #50 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening condition. […] The course provides healthcare professionals with comprehensive insights into the evaluation and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms, emphasizing the importance of timely detection and intervention. […] The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually made using ultrasound. […] However, a computed tomography (CT) scan remains necessary to determine other vessels’ exact location, size, and involvement and is the preferred imaging modality for symptomatic individuals. […] Most of these aneurysms are located below the origin of the renal arteries and may be classified as saccular (localized) or fusiform (circumferential). […] The treatment of unruptured AAA is recommended when the aneurysm diameter reaches 5.5 cm in men and 5.0 cm in women, shows a rapid enlargement of greater than 0.5 cm over 6 months, or if it becomes symptomatic.

• #51 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is at least 3 cm in diameter. There is general agreement that AAAs with a diameter of 5.5 cm or greater in males and 5.0 cm or greater in females should undergo prophylactic repair. […] The American College of Radiology noted that imaging studies are important in diagnosing the cause of a pulsatile abdominal mass and, if an AAA is found, in determining its size and involvement of abdominal branches. […] Ultrasound is established as the preferred screening modality. CT angiography is considered the gold standard for preoperative examination. […] For AAA diameters smaller than 5.5 cm, the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS) suggests surveillance with ultrasonography. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men who are 65-75 years of age and have a history of smoking.

• #52 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #53 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0415/p538.html

  The natural history of AAA shows that as aneurysms increase in size, they expand at a greater rate and the risk of rupture increases. Therefore, in persons found to have aneurysms on initial screening, regular surveillance is needed every six months to three years, depending on aneurysm size. […] Several nonsurgical options have been studied for the potential ability to slow aneurysm progression. Smoking cessation may help because smoking causes an incremental increased growth rate of up to 0.4 mm per year. […] A diameter of 5.5 cm has been used in many protocols as a threshold for performing elective surgery, particularly for infrarenal and juxtarenal aneurysms. At this size, it is thought that the benefits of surgery outweigh the risks. Open and endovascular repair are the two main approaches.

• #54 Frontiers | Status of diagnosis and therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysms

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1199804/full

  Surgery remains the first-line treatment in AAA. […] EVAR offers an alternative to traditional interventions for AAAs and was first performed in the 1990s. […] The indications for EVAR are similar to those for traditional OR, which include an aneurysm diameter of >5.5 cm, complaints of discomfort, and an increase in aneurysm diameter (by 5 mm biannually or at least 10 mm annually).

• #55 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  During some CT and MRI scans, a liquid called contrast may be given through a vein. The contrast makes the blood vessels show up more clearly on the images. […] Men ages 65 to 75 who have ever smoked cigarettes should have a one-time screening using abdominal ultrasound. […] For men ages 65 to 75 who have never smoked, the need for an abdominal ultrasound is based on other risk factors, such as a family history of aneurysm. […] Ask your healthcare professional if screening is right for you. […] Surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm is generally recommended if the aneurysm is 1.9 to 2.2 inches (4.8 to 5.6 centimeters) or larger, or if it’s growing quickly. […] Repair surgery also may be recommended if you have symptoms such as stomach pain or have a leaking, tender or painful aneurysm.

• #56 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). This treatment is a less invasive option to open surgery. That means it uses small surgical cuts and may allow a faster recovery. The surgeon places a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guides it to the aorta. A graft on the end of the catheter goes where the aneurysm is. Small hooks or pins hold the graft in place. The graft strengthens the weakened part of the aorta. […] A ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm needs emergency surgery. This open-chest surgery is risky. There is a high chance of complications. That’s why it’s important to find and treat thoracic aortic aneurysms before they rupture.

• #57 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #58 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #59 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #60 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #61 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #62 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) – Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/abdoaneurysm

  Treatment depends on a variety of factors, including size and location of the aneurysm within the abdominal aorta and the patient’s age, kidney function and other conditions. […] Surgical treatment may be recommended for patients who have aneurysms that are: larger than 5 centimeters (two inches) in diameter, quickly growing, leaking. […] There are two treatment options: Traditional (open) surgical repair: In this type of surgery, an incision is made in the abdomen and the damaged part of the aorta is removed and replaced with a synthetic tube called a stent graft, which is sewn into place. […] Endovascular surgery: In this procedure, which is less invasive than an open repair, the stent graft is attached to the end of a thin plastic tube called a catheter, inserted through an artery in the leg and maneuvered up into the abdomen, where it is positioned inside the aneurysm and fastened in place with small hooks.

• #63 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #64 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). This treatment is a less invasive option to open surgery. That means it uses small surgical cuts and may allow a faster recovery. The surgeon places a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guides it to the aorta. A graft on the end of the catheter goes where the aneurysm is. Small hooks or pins hold the graft in place. The graft strengthens the weakened part of the aorta. […] A ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm needs emergency surgery. This open-chest surgery is risky. There is a high chance of complications. That’s why it’s important to find and treat thoracic aortic aneurysms before they rupture.

• #65 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) – Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/abdoaneurysm

  Treatment depends on a variety of factors, including size and location of the aneurysm within the abdominal aorta and the patient’s age, kidney function and other conditions. […] Surgical treatment may be recommended for patients who have aneurysms that are: larger than 5 centimeters (two inches) in diameter, quickly growing, leaking. […] There are two treatment options: Traditional (open) surgical repair: In this type of surgery, an incision is made in the abdomen and the damaged part of the aorta is removed and replaced with a synthetic tube called a stent graft, which is sewn into place. […] Endovascular surgery: In this procedure, which is less invasive than an open repair, the stent graft is attached to the end of a thin plastic tube called a catheter, inserted through an artery in the leg and maneuvered up into the abdomen, where it is positioned inside the aneurysm and fastened in place with small hooks.

• #66 Aortic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment | Knight Cardiovascular Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cardiovascular-institute/aortic-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR): This is a way to repair an aneurysm from inside the aorta. It may be done using local anesthetic. […] Using small cuts and special X-rays, doctors guide a catheter (small tube) through your blood vessels and place a stent-graft in the aorta. The stent-graft is a fabric tube covering a wire frame. It supports the walls of the aorta. Blood then flows through the graft without pressing on the aneurysm. […] Thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR): Like EVAR, this uses a stent-graft to repair an aneurysm on the part of the aorta that runs through the chest. […] Fenestrated endovascular repair: (FEVAR): Many smaller arteries branch off the aorta taking blood to other organs. FEVAR is used to repair aneurysms that are very close to branch arteries. We use special stent-grafts with customized openings and branches. The stent-grafts strengthen the aorta while allowing blood to flow through branch arteries to other organs. Our doctors have deep experience in this complex surgery. […] Hybrid repair: Sometimes a combination of open and endovascular surgery is used to repair an aneurysm.

• #67 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). This treatment is a less invasive option to open surgery. That means it uses small surgical cuts and may allow a faster recovery. The surgeon places a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guides it to the aorta. A graft on the end of the catheter goes where the aneurysm is. Small hooks or pins hold the graft in place. The graft strengthens the weakened part of the aorta. […] A ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm needs emergency surgery. This open-chest surgery is risky. There is a high chance of complications. That’s why it’s important to find and treat thoracic aortic aneurysms before they rupture.

• #68 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #69 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #70 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193

  Usually you get an echocardiogram, CT or magnetic resonance angiography scan at least six months after your aneurysm is diagnosed. How often you need these tests depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm, and how fast it’s growing. […] Surgery is generally recommended for thoracic aortic aneurysms about 1.9 to 2.4 inches (about 5 to 6 centimeters) and larger. Surgery may be recommended for smaller aneurysms if you have a family history of aortic dissection or a condition linked to aortic aneurysm, such as Marfan syndrome. […] The type of surgery done depends on: The cause of the aneurysm. Your overall health. The location of the aneurysm. […] Types of surgeries and procedures for thoracic aortic aneurysms include: Open surgery. Most people with a thoracic aortic aneurysm have this major surgery. A surgeon removes part of the aorta damaged by the aneurysm. It’s replaced with a tube, called a graft, which is sewn into place.

• #71 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The type of surgery done depends on: […] The size and location of the aneurysm. […] Your age. […] Your overall health. […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Regular imaging tests are done after this treatment to make sure the blood vessel isn’t leaking. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. […] Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #72 Watchful Waiting for Aortic Aneurysm | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-aneurysm/treatments/watchful-waiting-for-aortic-aneurysm

  Your NYU Langone doctor may recommend watchful waiting for an aortic aneurysm if it doesnt appear to be growing quickly and is considered to be small. […] Most aortic aneurysms are slow growing and dont reach a size that warrants surgerytypically 5.5 cm in width if it is a thoracic aneurysm and 5 to 5.5 cm if it is an abdominal aneurysm. Fewer than half of people with abdominal aortic aneurysms require surgery within three years of diagnosis. […] During watchful waiting, your doctor monitors the aneurysm with CT or MRI scans every 6 to 12 months to look for changes in its size or shape. […] If you have any unexplained back, chest, or abdominal pain, its important to report it to your doctor immediately and go to the nearest emergency department, because you may be experiencing a tear or rupture. […] Diagnosis

• #73 Watchful Waiting for Aortic Aneurysm | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-aneurysm/treatments/watchful-waiting-for-aortic-aneurysm

  Your NYU Langone doctor may recommend watchful waiting for an aortic aneurysm if it doesnt appear to be growing quickly and is considered to be small. […] Most aortic aneurysms are slow growing and dont reach a size that warrants surgerytypically 5.5 cm in width if it is a thoracic aneurysm and 5 to 5.5 cm if it is an abdominal aneurysm. Fewer than half of people with abdominal aortic aneurysms require surgery within three years of diagnosis. […] During watchful waiting, your doctor monitors the aneurysm with CT or MRI scans every 6 to 12 months to look for changes in its size or shape. […] If you have any unexplained back, chest, or abdominal pain, its important to report it to your doctor immediately and go to the nearest emergency department, because you may be experiencing a tear or rupture. […] Diagnosis

• #74 Abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/

  The main test to find out if you have an abdominal aortic aneurysm is an ultrasound scan of your tummy. […] You’ll usually be told if you have an aneurysm at the end of the test. […] An ultrasound test is offered to all men when they turn 65, as they’re most at risk of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm usually depends on how big it is and if you have symptoms. […] Sometimes you may need: medicines to lower your blood pressure and cholesterol level, which may help stop the aneurysm getting bigger. […] Surgery to reduce the risk of the aneurysm bursting – this may be done if your AAA is large (5.5cm or bigger), is quickly getting bigger or is painful. […] You’ll usually need regular scans to see if it’s getting bigger. […] If your aneurysm ruptures, you’ll need emergency surgery to treat it.

• #75 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0415/p538.html

  The natural history of AAA shows that as aneurysms increase in size, they expand at a greater rate and the risk of rupture increases. Therefore, in persons found to have aneurysms on initial screening, regular surveillance is needed every six months to three years, depending on aneurysm size. […] Several nonsurgical options have been studied for the potential ability to slow aneurysm progression. Smoking cessation may help because smoking causes an incremental increased growth rate of up to 0.4 mm per year. […] A diameter of 5.5 cm has been used in many protocols as a threshold for performing elective surgery, particularly for infrarenal and juxtarenal aneurysms. At this size, it is thought that the benefits of surgery outweigh the risks. Open and endovascular repair are the two main approaches.

• #76 Abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/

  The main test to find out if you have an abdominal aortic aneurysm is an ultrasound scan of your tummy. […] You’ll usually be told if you have an aneurysm at the end of the test. […] An ultrasound test is offered to all men when they turn 65, as they’re most at risk of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] Treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm usually depends on how big it is and if you have symptoms. […] Sometimes you may need: medicines to lower your blood pressure and cholesterol level, which may help stop the aneurysm getting bigger. […] Surgery to reduce the risk of the aneurysm bursting – this may be done if your AAA is large (5.5cm or bigger), is quickly getting bigger or is painful. […] You’ll usually need regular scans to see if it’s getting bigger. […] If your aneurysm ruptures, you’ll need emergency surgery to treat it.

• #77 Aneurysm | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/aneurysm

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm requires drugs to control high blood pressure and surgery to repair the aneurysm if necessary. The mortality rate is more than 50 per cent if the aneurysm ruptures. […] If the aortic aneurysm is less than five cm wide, it is usually left untreated, but closely monitored (in case it gets bigger). If it is larger than five cm, the aneurysm is surgically repaired.

• #78 Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm?lang=us

  Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are focal dilatations of the abdominal aorta measuring 50% greater than the proximal normal segment or 3 cm in maximum diameter. […] Imaging has a crucial role in diagnosis and active surveillance. […] Since most abdominal aortic aneurysms are asymptomatic unless they leak or rupture, they are commonly diagnosed incidentally during imaging for other indications. […] The most significant complication is abdominal aortic rupture, which presents with severe abdominal or back pain, hypotension, and shock. […] The mortality rate from a ruptured AAA is high. […] CT angiography (CTA) is considered the gold standard for evaluation but exposes patients to high radiation doses. […] An increasing diameter of the aneurysmal sac of 5 mm over a 6-month interval or a diameter of 7 cm is also considered to be at high risk for rupture and warrants urgent repair.

• #79 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0415/p538.html

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm refers to abdominal aortic dilation of 3.0 cm or greater. The main risk factors are age older than 65 years, male sex, and smoking history. Other risk factors include a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, and previous myocardial infarction. Diagnosis may be made by physical examination, an incidental finding on imaging, or ultrasonography. […] Diagnosis of AAA is often made as an incidental finding on imaging studies, such as abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography. AAA may occasionally be visible on plain radiography, if the aneurysm wall is calcified. […] A ruptured AAA is a medical emergency associated with high mortality rates. The classic syndrome is characterized by hypotension, shooting abdominal or back pain, and a pulsatile abdominal mass. This triad may be incomplete or absent, and misdiagnosis can occur in up to 60% of cases. Therefore, physicians must be mindful of atypical presentations and attentive to new-onset, nonspecific back or abdominal pain in patients at risk of AAA.

• #80 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0415/p538.html

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm refers to abdominal aortic dilation of 3.0 cm or greater. The main risk factors are age older than 65 years, male sex, and smoking history. Other risk factors include a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, and previous myocardial infarction. Diagnosis may be made by physical examination, an incidental finding on imaging, or ultrasonography. […] Diagnosis of AAA is often made as an incidental finding on imaging studies, such as abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography. AAA may occasionally be visible on plain radiography, if the aneurysm wall is calcified. […] A ruptured AAA is a medical emergency associated with high mortality rates. The classic syndrome is characterized by hypotension, shooting abdominal or back pain, and a pulsatile abdominal mass. This triad may be incomplete or absent, and misdiagnosis can occur in up to 60% of cases. Therefore, physicians must be mindful of atypical presentations and attentive to new-onset, nonspecific back or abdominal pain in patients at risk of AAA.

• #81 Diagnosis of Aortic Aneurysm | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/19552

  Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion confirmed by imaging. Ultrasound remains the definitive test for initial diagnosis and screening. CT scan is typically required for confirmation of rupture in stable patients and for preoperative planning in uncomplicated cases. In the case of complications with hemodynamic instability there is no time for imaging and one must proceed with definitive care based on clinical judgment alone.

• #82 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  The aim of postoperative imaging is to predict or detect complications. […] Various imaging modalities can be used during EVAR follow-up. […] Generally, CTA and/or DUS form the basis for EVAR follow-up imaging. […] Early (within 30 days) postoperative follow-up imaging after endovascular aortic repair is required to assess the success of the intervention, and reliable aneurysm exclusion, to detect presence of an endoleak, and component overlaps, and to assess the sealing zone length. […] An endoleak signifies the presence of flow in the aneurysm sac outside the graft after EVAR. […] There are five types of endoleak depending on the origin of the leak. […] CT imaging can be performed either as a single scan (native or arterial phase contrast), two scans (native + arterial phase or arterial + delayed phase contrast), or three scans (native, arterial, and delayed phase contrast imaging).

• #83 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191011/Blood-test-can-improve-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-aortic-aneurysms.aspx

  A team from the University’s School of Medicine have devised a test that detects the presence of desmosine, an amino acid that diseased aortas release into the blood and urine. They believe this can improve the diagnosis and monitoring of aortic aneurysms while possibly aiding effort to develop new therapies to slow down their progression. […] Furthermore, the size of an aneurysm does not always correlate to how close it is to rupturing. However, the Dundee researchers believe that measuring the level of desmosine is a more effective way of identifying which patients are in most urgent need of treatment. […] Looking at a retrospective collection of samples from aneurysm patients, we found that not only was this effective in detecting aneurysms, it improved predicting complications and outcomes. This could potentially help to save lives by picking up danger signs missed by the current screening programme and identifying which patients should be offered surgery.

• #84 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191011/Blood-test-can-improve-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-aortic-aneurysms.aspx

  A team from the University’s School of Medicine have devised a test that detects the presence of desmosine, an amino acid that diseased aortas release into the blood and urine. They believe this can improve the diagnosis and monitoring of aortic aneurysms while possibly aiding effort to develop new therapies to slow down their progression. […] Furthermore, the size of an aneurysm does not always correlate to how close it is to rupturing. However, the Dundee researchers believe that measuring the level of desmosine is a more effective way of identifying which patients are in most urgent need of treatment. […] Looking at a retrospective collection of samples from aneurysm patients, we found that not only was this effective in detecting aneurysms, it improved predicting complications and outcomes. This could potentially help to save lives by picking up danger signs missed by the current screening programme and identifying which patients should be offered surgery.

• #85 Updates on AAA screening and surveillance

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/may/aaa-screening-and-surveillance

  Current research explores materials modelling, computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis in order to predict how aneurysms will grow and the potential location and timing of rupture. […] At this time, maximal aortic diameter remains the primary surveillance tool; however, significant nuance exists in the determination of this measurement. […] In general, suggested surveillance intervals have been based on rupture risk and expected growth rates, estimated from the size of the aneurysm. […] Postoperative surveillance is required after open repair and endovascular repair for synchronous or metachronous aneurysmal degeneration of other arterial beds, and appreciation of complications and failure of repair. […] There are no evidence-based guidelines for surveillance after open repair.

• #86 Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening: concepts and controversies – Zucker – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/17019/html

  The USPSTF recently drafted a research proposal to again systematically review the evidence for AAA screening in anticipation of possible further guideline revisions, not to appear before November 2019. […] The proposed questions for further study are largely the same as those appearing in previous evidence syntheses but would incorporate more recent data and longitudinal follow-up. […] While the USPSTF has not substantially changed its evidence conclusions or recommendations on AAA screening since 2005, continued vigilance is needed to be cognizant of the most current data and their validity.

• #87 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191011/Blood-test-can-improve-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-aortic-aneurysms.aspx

  A team from the University’s School of Medicine have devised a test that detects the presence of desmosine, an amino acid that diseased aortas release into the blood and urine. They believe this can improve the diagnosis and monitoring of aortic aneurysms while possibly aiding effort to develop new therapies to slow down their progression. […] Furthermore, the size of an aneurysm does not always correlate to how close it is to rupturing. However, the Dundee researchers believe that measuring the level of desmosine is a more effective way of identifying which patients are in most urgent need of treatment. […] Looking at a retrospective collection of samples from aneurysm patients, we found that not only was this effective in detecting aneurysms, it improved predicting complications and outcomes. This could potentially help to save lives by picking up danger signs missed by the current screening programme and identifying which patients should be offered surgery.

• #88 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  MRI can be used in EVAR follow-up in selected patients. […] Aneurysm diameter measurements can be performed reliably with MR and are comparable to measurements performed with CT. […] Owing to the risk of graft-related complications and rupture after EVAR, regular imaging follow-up has been regarded as mandatory. […] Current recommendations regarding regular follow-up suggest up to five CT examinations during the first postoperative year. […] Ultrasonography has rapidly evolved into a cost-effective approach for aneurysm screening while computed tomography is the method of choice when considering a potential therapeutic intervention and for follow-up after AAA repair. […] The usefulness of magnetic resonance in AAA is limited. […] The proper use of each of the imaging techniques allows adequate monitoring and treatment of patients with AAA. […] However, many challenges still exist in AAA imaging, among which is the inability to accurately identify rupture-prone AAAs.

• #89 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/145

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is usually asymptomatic and typically detected incidentally. […] Ultrasound remains the definitive test for initial diagnosis and screening. Imaging with computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography is used for anatomical mapping to assist with operative planning. […] Diagnostic tests include abdominal ultrasound as the first test to order, with computed tomography angiography (CTA) and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) as tests to consider.

• #90 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  MRI can be used in EVAR follow-up in selected patients. […] Aneurysm diameter measurements can be performed reliably with MR and are comparable to measurements performed with CT. […] Owing to the risk of graft-related complications and rupture after EVAR, regular imaging follow-up has been regarded as mandatory. […] Current recommendations regarding regular follow-up suggest up to five CT examinations during the first postoperative year. […] Ultrasonography has rapidly evolved into a cost-effective approach for aneurysm screening while computed tomography is the method of choice when considering a potential therapeutic intervention and for follow-up after AAA repair. […] The usefulness of magnetic resonance in AAA is limited. […] The proper use of each of the imaging techniques allows adequate monitoring and treatment of patients with AAA. […] However, many challenges still exist in AAA imaging, among which is the inability to accurately identify rupture-prone AAAs.

• #91 Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16742-aorta-aortic-aneurysm

  Many aneurysms develop without causing symptoms. Providers often discover these aneurysms during a routine checkup or screening. […] If you’re at high risk of developing an aortic aneurysm or have any aneurysm symptoms your provider will do imaging tests. Imaging tests that can find and help diagnose an aortic aneurysm include: CT scan, CT or MRI angiography, Ultrasound. […] Finding an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures offers your best chance of recovery. […] With careful monitoring and treatment, your provider can help you manage an aortic aneurysm. Ideally, your healthcare team can identify and care for an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures. […] If an aortic aneurysm ruptures, seek medical care immediately. Without prompt treatment, a ruptured aortic aneurysm can be fatal. Both open and endovascular surgery can successfully treat a ruptured aortic aneurysm.

• #92 Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening/

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening is a test to check if there’s a swelling in your aorta, which is the main blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (abdomen). […] AAA screening can help find an abdominal aortic aneurysm early. This means it can be monitored and treated, if needed, so it’s less likely to burst (rupture), which can be life threatening. […] The main test to find out if you have an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an ultrasound scan of your tummy. It usually takes around 10 to 15 minutes and is painless. […] Finding an abdominal aortic aneurysm reduces the chance of it bursting (rupturing), which can be life threatening. […] If an aneurysm is found during your scan, what happens next depends on the size of the aneurysm.

• #93 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening condition. […] The course provides healthcare professionals with comprehensive insights into the evaluation and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms, emphasizing the importance of timely detection and intervention. […] The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually made using ultrasound. […] However, a computed tomography (CT) scan remains necessary to determine other vessels’ exact location, size, and involvement and is the preferred imaging modality for symptomatic individuals. […] Most of these aneurysms are located below the origin of the renal arteries and may be classified as saccular (localized) or fusiform (circumferential). […] The treatment of unruptured AAA is recommended when the aneurysm diameter reaches 5.5 cm in men and 5.0 cm in women, shows a rapid enlargement of greater than 0.5 cm over 6 months, or if it becomes symptomatic.

• #94 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/416266-overview

  An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is at least 3 cm in diameter. There is general agreement that AAAs with a diameter of 5.5 cm or greater in males and 5.0 cm or greater in females should undergo prophylactic repair. […] The American College of Radiology noted that imaging studies are important in diagnosing the cause of a pulsatile abdominal mass and, if an AAA is found, in determining its size and involvement of abdominal branches. […] Ultrasound is established as the preferred screening modality. CT angiography is considered the gold standard for preoperative examination. […] For AAA diameters smaller than 5.5 cm, the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS) suggests surveillance with ultrasonography. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men who are 65-75 years of age and have a history of smoking.

• #95 Non-invasive techniques in diagnosis and treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/non-invasive-techniques-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-patients-with-abdominal-ao

  Most patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are asymptomatic, so the diagnosis will often be an incidental finding or part of a screening programme. […] Given the low sensitivity and specificity of the physical examination to detect AAA, the different non-invasive imaging techniques will have a role in diagnoses, follow-up and post-treatment control. […] Here discussed are the advantages, diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of each available modality in the different AAA scenarios. […] Advances in the diagnosis and endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients would not have been possible without the concomitant development in vascular imaging techniques. […] Duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can all provide useful information non-invasively.

Zobacz więcej