Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gonorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558903/

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an obligate human pathogen, is a sexually transmitted disease that causes consequential worldwide morbidity both in resource-abundant and resource-limited nations, and its diagnosis and treatment require costly expenditures annually. […] The obligate pathogen N. gonorrhoeae infects only humans in nature and most commonly manifests as urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. […] Obligate pathogens are bacteria that must manifest disease to facilitate transmission from one host to another. To survive, these bacteria must infect a host and cannot survive outside of a host. […] Undiagnosed and/or untreated gonorrheal urogenital infections can ascend through the upper urogenital tract and cause many severe reproductive complications, most commonly but not exclusively in women, such as endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and/or life-threatening morbidity via ectopic pregnancy.

• #1 Gonorrhea | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist environment of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and in the urethra in women and men. […] Gonorrhea is spread through contact between the penis, vagina, mouth, and anus. Ejaculation does not have to occur for gonorrhea to be transmitted or acquired. […] Any sexually active person can be infected with gonorrhea. The greater the number of sex partners, the greater the risk of infection. […] Gonorrhea can spread to the blood or joints. This condition, called Disseminated Gonococcal Infection, can be life threatening.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview

  N gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative, intracellular, aerobic diplococcus; more specifically, it is a form of diplococcus known as the gonococcus. N gonorrhoeae is spread by sexual contact or through vertical transmission during childbirth. It mainly affects the hosts columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Virtually any mucous membrane can be infected by this microorganism. The physiologic ectopy of the squamocolumnar junction onto the ectocervix in the adolescent female is one factor that causes particular susceptibility to this infection. […] Many factors influence the manner in which gonococci mediate their virulence and pathogenicity. Pili help in attachment of gonococci to mucosal surfaces and contribute to resistance by preventing ingestion and destruction by neutrophils. Opacity-associated (Opa) proteins increase adherence between gonococci and phagocytes, promote invasion into host cells, and possibly down-regulate the immune response.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview

  Porin channels (porA, porB) in the outer membrane play key roles in virulence. Gonococcal strains with porA may have inherent resistance to normal human serum and an increased ability to invade epithelial cells, explaining their association with bacteremia. […] Certain acquired plasmids and genetic mutations enhance virulence. TEM-1type beta-lactamase (penicillinase) affects penicillin binding and efflux pumps and confers resistance to penicillin. […] Gonococci attach to the host mucosal cell (pili and Opa proteins play major roles) and, within 24-48 hours, penetrate through and between cells into the subepithelial space. A typical host response is characterized by invasion with neutrophils, followed by epithelial sloughing, formation of submucosal microabscesses, and purulent discharge. If left untreated, macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration replaces the neutrophils. Some gonococcal strains cause an asymptomatic infection, leading to an asymptomatic carrier state in persons of either sex. […] The ability to grow anaerobically allows gonococci, when mixed with refluxed menstrual blood or attached to sperm, to secondarily invade lower genital structures (vagina and cervix) and progress to upper genital organs (endometrium, salpinx, ovaries).

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Gonorrhea.aspx

  The incubation period is 2 to 30 days with most symptoms occurring between 46 days after being infected. Once infected, the gonococcus bacterium attaches to the urethral mucosal layer and penetrates within using pili and opa proteins. Infection leads to inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), cervix (cervicitis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), rectum (proctitis), conjunctiva (conjunctivitis), pharynx (pharyngitis) and pelvic inflammatory disease.

• #1 Gonorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gonorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20351774

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The gonorrhea bacteria are most often passed from one person to another during sexual contact, including oral, anal or vaginal intercourse. […] Sexually active women younger than 25 and men who have sex with men are at increased risk of getting gonorrhea. […] Other factors that can increase your risk include: Having a new sex partner. Having a sex partner who has other partners. Having more than one sex partner. Having had gonorrhea or another sexually transmitted infection.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Gonorrhea.aspx

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. The bacteria is also known as gonococcus. […] Gonococcus is present in the penis and vaginal fluids and discharge of an infected person. The bacteria can spread from person to person via these fluids. […] Men have a 20% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with a woman infected with gonorrhoea and women have a 6080% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with a man infected with gonorrhea. […] Spread can occur during unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. Ejaculation is not needed for successful transmission. […] Gonococcus can also spread from a pregnant mother to her new born infant during childbirth. This may affect the babys eyes and conjunctiva and is called ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #1 About Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/index.html

  Gonorrhea is an STI that can cause infection in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is very common, especially among young people ages 15-24 years. […] Sexually active people can get gonorrhea through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with a partner who has gonorrhea. […] You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with someone who has the infection. A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give the infection to her baby during childbirth. […] Yes, the right treatment can cure gonorrhea. It is important that you take all of the medicine your healthcare provider gives you to cure your infection. […] Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent health problems. […] In women, untreated gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). This STD comes from bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It’s spread through sex, but a man doesn’t have to ejaculate in order to pass it on to their partner. You can get gonorrhea from any kind of sexual contact, including anal intercourse, oral intercourse (both giving and receiving), and vaginal intercourse. As with other germs, you can get the bacteria that cause gonorrhea just from touching an infected area on another person. If you come into contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of someone with gonorrhea, you could get it. Women who have gonorrhea can pass it to their baby during a vaginal delivery. […] These germs can’t live very long outside the body, so you can’t get gonorrhea by touching objects like toilet seats or clothes.

• #1 Gonorrhea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Previous infection does not confer immunity; a person who has been infected can become infected again by exposure to someone who is infected. […] The infection is usually spread from one person to another through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Men have a 20% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected woman. […] The risk for men who have sex with men (MSM) is higher. […] Women have a 60-80% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected man. […] A mother may transmit gonorrhea to her newborn during childbirth; when affecting the infant’s eyes, it is referred to as ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #1 Gonorrhoea (the clap) – symptoms, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gonorrhoea-the-clap

  Gonorrhoea (’the clap’) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria that may infect your throat, anus, urethra, cervix and eyes. […] Gonorrhoea is caused by infection with the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoea. […] It is spread through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex. It can also be passed by your fingers or hands from your genitals to your eyes. […] If you have gonorrhoea during pregnancy, it may be passed to your baby during labour and birth, and may cause neonatal conjunctivitis (eye infection) or even blindness.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Causes & Risk Factors Insight

  https://www.sexualhealthclinic.london/blog/gonorrhoea-causes-risk-factors

  Gonorrhoea is one of the most common STD (sexually transmitted disease), also called sexually transmitted infections (STI). It results from a bacterial infection, which affects both men and women. […] When infected with the gonorrhoea-causing bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae, serious health complications may occur. […] If the gonorrhoea-causing bacteria enter through a body opening like the penis, mouth, anus or vagina, you may get infected. […] Pregnant women with gonorrhoea are at risk of transmitting the infection to their child during delivery. The bacteria can enter the baby’s rectum, lungs or eyes, resulting in gonorrhoea infection. […] If your immune system is compromised, like having HIV/AIDs, you are at a higher risk of contracting and spreading other STD, including gonorrhoea.

• #1 Gonorrhoea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/sexually-transmitted-infections-leaflet/gonorrhoea

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a germ (bacterium). It is caused by the germ (a bacterium) Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] It is passed on if you have unprotected vaginal, oral or anal sex with an infected person. […] The bacterium that causes gonorrhoea cannot survive outside the human body for long. Therefore it is not spread by using communal swimming pools, public toilets, sharing baths, towels and cutlery, or hugging and kissing.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gonorrhea-8701014

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea that can readily establish an infection in the mucous membranes lining the throat, vagina, penis, and anus. […] The three predominant routes of transmission for gonorrhea are: Oral sex, leading to pharyngeal gonorrhea; Vaginal sex, leading to vaginal gonorrhea in people with a vagina and urethral gonorrhea in people with a penis; Anal sex, leading to anorectal gonorrhea. […] Gonorrhea is one of the most common STIs in the United States, causing around 1.5 million new infections each year. […] Young people are more likely than other adults to acquire gonorrhea, with infections peaking between the ages of 20 and 24, when sexual activity is often at its highest. […] The risk factors for gonorrhea mirror those of other common STIs.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Causes & Risk Factors Insight

  https://www.sexualhealthclinic.london/blog/gonorrhoea-causes-risk-factors

  Other factors that can increase the risk of contracting gonorrhoea include age and gender. The moist, delicate and thin nature of the vagina makes it suitable for bacteria growth, and the rate of gonorrhoea infection is higher in young adults and adolescents. Although these factors increase the risk of gonorrhoea, the number of gonorrhoea infections in men is gradually increasing.

• #1 Transmission of Gonorrhea | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive-health/gonorrhea/causes.html

  Gonorrhea is an infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] It is spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. […] A pregnant woman may also pass the infection to her baby during delivery. […] Anyone who has gonorrhea can pass it on, even without symptoms. […] Having a gonorrhea infection once doesn’t protect you from getting another infection in the future. […] A new exposure to gonorrhea will cause reinfection. […] This can happen even if you were treated and cured before.

• #1 Gonorrhea – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which infect the lining of the urethra, cervix, rectum, or throat, or the membranes that cover the front part of the eye (conjunctiva and cornea). […] Gonorrhea is usually spread through sexual contact. […] Gonorrhea is a very common infectious disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 1 million new infections occur in the United States each year. […] Gonorrhea is almost always spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact. […] If a pregnant woman is infected, the bacteria can spread to the eyes of the newborn during birth, causing conjunctivitis in the newborn. […] People with gonorrhea are at increased risk of other STIs, such as chlamydia, syphilis, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

• #1 [Dr. Aditi Santosh] – What Are The Causes Of Gonorrhea? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/uncategorized/what-are-the-causes-of-gonorrhea

  Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected by gonorrhea due to a combination of biological, behavioral, and social factors. […] A history of previous sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a significant risk factor for gonorrhea acquisition. […] Socioeconomic disparities in access to healthcare services, including STI testing, diagnosis, and treatment, contribute to disparities in gonorrhea prevalence. […] Individuals living in poverty or marginalized communities face multifaceted barriers to sexual health, including limited access to education, healthcare, and resources for preventive measures. […] The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae pose significant challenges to gonorrhea management and control. […] Gonorrhea is a multifaceted disease influenced by a myriad of biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4217-gonorrhea

  In women, untreated gonorrhea can: Spread to other reproductive organs, including your uterus and fallopian tubes, and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. […] In men, untreated gonorrhea can cause: Infertility. […] Gonorrhea infection clears up within seven to 14 days after treatment with antibiotics. […] Gonorrhea is curable now, but its becoming more resistant to antibiotics. […] To ensure that gonorrhea remains curable, its more important than ever that everyone takes medications as prescribed and that everyone takes steps to prevent infection.

• #1 Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/hcp/drug-resistant/index.html

  The bacteria that cause gonorrhea has grown resistant to nearly every drug ever used to treat it. […] Gonorrhea has developed resistance to nearly all the antibiotics used for its treatment. […] Gonorrhea is skilled at outsmarting the antibiotics that are used to kill it. […] Gonorrhea has decreased susceptibility to a given antibiotic when laboratory results indicate that higher-than-expected levels of an antibiotic are needed to stop its growth. […] CDC continues to monitor resistance to cephalosporins and other drugs.

• #1 Gonorrhea guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/gonorrhea/etiology-epidemiology.html

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative diplococcus. This highly infectious bacterium colonizes and infects genital mucosa and it may also infect extragenital sites, including the oropharyngeal, conjunctival and anorectal mucosae. […] N. gonorrhoeae can develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rapidly and has developed resistance to every class of antimicrobial used to treat it; some of these antibiotics (sulphonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines) are ineffective and are no longer used. […] Azithromycin resistance and decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins among N. gonorrhoeae isolates have been on the rise in Canada. In 2021, 7.6% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates were resistant to azithromycin, surpassing the 5% cut-off recommended by the World Health Organization. […] In Canada, multidrug-resistant cases of gonorrhea have decreased considerably between 2017 (12.2%) and 2021 (7.8%). N. gonorrhoeae was shown to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/63080-gonorrhea-facts.html

  This illustration shows a computer-generated image of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that cause gonorrhea. […] It is caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is typically spread when an infected person has vaginal, anal or oral sex. […] The bacteria that cause gonorrhea are increasingly developing resistance to nearly all of the drugs available to treat it. […] „It’s a smart bug that has developed resistance to every first-line therapy since 1930,” Barbee told Live Science. […] Experts aren’t entirely sure why the bacteria continue to evolve and resist nearly every treatment used to control the infection, she said, adding that it could be because the organism is seeing certain drugs a lot or it may be obtaining the resistant mutation from other strains of bacteria. […] In 2006, the CDC had five recommended treatment options for gonorrhea, and now more than a decade later, the United States has only one treatment option remaining a combination of the antibiotics azithromycin and ceftriaxone.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/multi-drug-resistant-gonorrhoea

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that remains a major public health concern. […] Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) appeared soon after the antimicrobial medicines started to be used. This has continued to expand over the past 80 years, affecting medicines such as tetracyclines, macrolides (including azithromycin), sulphonamides and trimethoprim combinations and, more recently, quinolones. […] Resistance to so many treatment options, including penicillins, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides (including azithromycin), as well as so-called last line options like cephalosporins, make N. gonorrhoeae a multidrug resistant organism. […] This resistance is caused by a number of factors, including unrestricted access to antimicrobials, inappropriate selection and overuse of antibiotics, and poor quality antibiotics. Further, genetic mutations within the organism have contributed to increased drug resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.

• #1 Super gonorrhea: Causes, testing, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/super-gonorrhea

  The term super gonorrhea refers to the growing resistance to antibiotic treatments for bacteria that cause gonorrhea. […] Gonorrhea is one of the most common STIs, with nearly 650,000 cases in the United States in 2022. […] Although medication to treat gonorrhea has been available for many years, the bacteria that cause the STI have become resistant to almost all types of previously effective drugs. […] Super gonorrhea refers to gonorrheas growing resistance to standard treatment. […] Gonorrheas resistance to antibiotics dates back to the emergence of the drugs as a treatment for the infection. […] The bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, which spreads through sexual contact. […] A person may get gonorrhea from having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone with the infection.

• #1 Super gonorrhea: Causes, testing, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/super-gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is currently treatable and curable with ceftriaxone. However, the growing resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics has made the infection more difficult to treat, and there is a higher risk of gonorrhea becoming untreatable. […] Super gonorrhea refers to the emergence of gonorrhea as a superbug. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that cause the infection, has become increasingly resistant to almost all types of antibiotics that could effectively treat gonorrhea in the past. […] Ceftriaxone is currently the only antibiotic that is highly effective as a treatment for gonorrhea. However, the infection may become resistant to this antibiotic over time, as it has with almost every other type in the past.

• #1 Gonorrhoea | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0128-6

  This paper describes the identification and verification of the first global extensively drug-resistant and high-level ceftriaxone-resistant gonococcal strain that caused a ceftriaxone treatment failure in Japan. […] This study reports on the first global failure of dual antimicrobial therapy (ceftriaxone plus azithromycin) in the treatment of gonorrhoea.

• #1 Gonorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22368/

  A major public health concern, N. gonorrhoeae, is currently the second most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide. […] Gonorrhea morbidity has risen over the last 20 years, secondary to the progression of antimicrobial resistance. […] Complications from gonorrhea result in substantial morbidity and socioeconomic consequences. If gonorrhea infections are not detected or appropriately treated, they can induce serious complications with reproductive health complications in women, including pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, first-trimester abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. […] The development of N. gonorrhoeae with antimicrobial resistance is a complication that has societal implications. Generally, the development of antimicrobial resistance corresponds to local, regional, and national antibiotic use; populations in countries such as Holland with lower utilization of cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones have a lower incidence of gonococcal resistance than high antibiotic consumption nations.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gonorrhoea-(neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infection)

  Gonorrhoea is treated with antibiotics called cephalosporins. […] Treatments can fail due to: […] There are no specific vaccines for the prevention of gonorrhoea. However, studies are showing promising results with the use of a meningococcal type B vaccine (4CMenB) that seems to offer cross-protection against gonorrhoea. […] WHO has recognized gonorrhoea as a significant public health problem and has set ambitious targets to reduce the global burden through prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

• #1 Gonorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4217-gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that comes from a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae). […] You get an infection when the bacteria that causes gonorrhea (N. gonorrhoeae) enters your body through sexual fluids, like semen or vaginal fluid often through unprotected sex. […] You can get gonorrhea if you have sex with an infected person. […] In women, the most common site of infection is your cervix. In men, infection usually starts in the urethra, the tube that carries pee out of your body. […] Gonorrhea is contagious and spreads easily during sexual activity. […] Youre at a greater risk of getting gonorrhea if you: Are under 25. […] Gonorrhea can cause serious complications when left untreated. […] If gonorrhea spreads throughout your body it can cause swollen and painful joints, liver inflammation, and heart valve and brain damage.

• #1 Complications from Gonorrhea | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive-health/gonorrhea/symptoms/complications.html

  In females, untreated gonorrhea may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This is an infection of the fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix. If left untreated, PID may cause permanent damage to the reproductive tract, which may lead to infertility. It may also lead to long-term pelvic pain. […] Males with untreated gonorrhea may develop a condition called epididymitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the tubes near the testicles that carry semen. Symptoms may include fever, scrotal pain, and swelling. […] In rare cases, Neisseria gonorrhoeae may enter the bloodstream and infect other parts of the body, such as the skin, joints, or internal organs. Symptoms may include fever, swelling, joint pain and stiffness, rash, and skin sores.

• #1 About Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/index.html

  In men, gonorrhea can cause a painful condition in the tubes attached to the testicles, which can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Rarely, untreated gonorrhea can also spread to your blood or joints. This condition can be life-threatening. […] Untreated gonorrhea may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Gonococcal Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1115/p931.html

  Gonorrhea can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact with the oropharynx. […] Gonococcal infections can occur in neonates from exposure to infected cervical secretions during delivery. Sepsis, neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum), meningitis, and arthritis are the most severe complications. […] Gonococcal conjunctivitis has an average incubation period of six days. Gram stain smears of conjunctival exudates showing elevated white blood cell counts or gram-negative intracellular diplococci are sufficient for presumptive treatment, but only gonococcal cultures provide a definitive diagnosis. […] Treatment of gonococcal infections is outlined in Table 3. Patients’ sex partners within 60 days before symptom onset should also be treated. Fluoroquinolones are not recommended in the United States for treatment of gonorrhea or associated conditions because of the emergence of quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Ceftriaxone, 250 mg in a single intramuscular injection, plus either azithromycin (Zithromax), 1 g orally, or doxycycline, 100 mg orally twice daily for seven days, is effective for treating uncomplicated cervical, urethral, anorectal, and pharyngeal infections. […] The CDC recommends that any patient-delivered partner therapy medication or prescription be accompanied by treatment instructions, appropriate warnings, general health counseling, and a statement advising that partners seek personal medical evaluation.

• #1 Gonorrhoea

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gonorrhoea/

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) passed on through unprotected sex (sex without a condom). […] Gonorrhoea is treated with a single dose of antibiotics, which can be an injection or tablets. […] If gonorrhoea is not treated, it can cause serious problems including: eye infection (gonococcal conjunctivitis) if you touch your eyes after touching infected fluid from your penis or vagina, an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries (pelvic inflammatory disease), which can lead to infertility if not treated, infection in the testicles or prostate (prostatitis). […] Having gonorrhoea during pregnancy can increase your risk of premature birth and your baby having a low birth weight. […] Gonorrhoea is spread through vaginal fluid and semen. It can pass from person to person by having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom.

• #2 Gonorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gonorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20351774

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The gonorrhea bacteria are most often passed from one person to another during sexual contact, including oral, anal or vaginal intercourse. […] Sexually active women younger than 25 and men who have sex with men are at increased risk of getting gonorrhea. […] Other factors that can increase your risk include: Having a new sex partner. Having a sex partner who has other partners. Having more than one sex partner. Having had gonorrhea or another sexually transmitted infection.

• #2 Gonorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22368/

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an obligate human pathogen, is a sexually transmitted disease that causes consequential worldwide morbidity both in resource-abundant and resource-limited nations, and its diagnosis and treatment require costly expenditures annually. […] The obligate pathogen N. gonorrhoeae infects only humans in nature and most commonly manifests as urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. […] Obligate pathogens are bacteria that must manifest disease to facilitate transmission from one host to another. To survive, these bacteria must infect a host and cannot survive outside of a host. Undiagnosed and/or untreated gonorrheal urogenital infections can ascend through the upper urogenital tract and cause many severe reproductive complications, most commonly but not exclusively in women, such as endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and/or life-threatening morbidity via ectopic pregnancy.

• #2 Gonorrhea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview

  N gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative, intracellular, aerobic diplococcus; more specifically, it is a form of diplococcus known as the gonococcus. N gonorrhoeae is spread by sexual contact or through vertical transmission during childbirth. It mainly affects the hosts columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Virtually any mucous membrane can be infected by this microorganism. The physiologic ectopy of the squamocolumnar junction onto the ectocervix in the adolescent female is one factor that causes particular susceptibility to this infection. […] Many factors influence the manner in which gonococci mediate their virulence and pathogenicity. Pili help in attachment of gonococci to mucosal surfaces and contribute to resistance by preventing ingestion and destruction by neutrophils. Opacity-associated (Opa) proteins increase adherence between gonococci and phagocytes, promote invasion into host cells, and possibly down-regulate the immune response.

• #2 Gonorrhea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview

  Porin channels (porA, porB) in the outer membrane play key roles in virulence. Gonococcal strains with porA may have inherent resistance to normal human serum and an increased ability to invade epithelial cells, explaining their association with bacteremia. […] Certain acquired plasmids and genetic mutations enhance virulence. TEM-1type beta-lactamase (penicillinase) affects penicillin binding and efflux pumps and confers resistance to penicillin. […] Gonococci attach to the host mucosal cell (pili and Opa proteins play major roles) and, within 24-48 hours, penetrate through and between cells into the subepithelial space. A typical host response is characterized by invasion with neutrophils, followed by epithelial sloughing, formation of submucosal microabscesses, and purulent discharge. If left untreated, macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration replaces the neutrophils. Some gonococcal strains cause an asymptomatic infection, leading to an asymptomatic carrier state in persons of either sex. […] The ability to grow anaerobically allows gonococci, when mixed with refluxed menstrual blood or attached to sperm, to secondarily invade lower genital structures (vagina and cervix) and progress to upper genital organs (endometrium, salpinx, ovaries).

• #2 Gonorrhea Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/infectious-disease/gonorrhea/causes-and-diagnoses

  Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterial infection thats transmitted by vaginal, anal or oral sex, or during a vaginal birth. […] The incubation period after exposure to gonorrhea is two to seven days before symptoms (if any) appear.

• #2 Gonorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4217-gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that comes from a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae). […] You get an infection when the bacteria that causes gonorrhea (N. gonorrhoeae) enters your body through sexual fluids, like semen or vaginal fluid often through unprotected sex. […] You can get gonorrhea if you have sex with an infected person. […] In women, the most common site of infection is your cervix. In men, infection usually starts in the urethra, the tube that carries pee out of your body. […] Gonorrhea is contagious and spreads easily during sexual activity. […] Youre at a greater risk of getting gonorrhea if you: Are under 25. […] Gonorrhea can cause serious complications when left untreated. […] If gonorrhea spreads throughout your body it can cause swollen and painful joints, liver inflammation, and heart valve and brain damage.

• #2 Gonorrhea: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). This STD comes from bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It’s spread through sex, but a man doesn’t have to ejaculate in order to pass it on to their partner. You can get gonorrhea from any kind of sexual contact, including anal intercourse, oral intercourse (both giving and receiving), and vaginal intercourse. As with other germs, you can get the bacteria that cause gonorrhea just from touching an infected area on another person. If you come into contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of someone with gonorrhea, you could get it. Women who have gonorrhea can pass it to their baby during a vaginal delivery. […] These germs can’t live very long outside the body, so you can’t get gonorrhea by touching objects like toilet seats or clothes.

• #2 Gonorrhoea

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gonorrhoea/

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) passed on through unprotected sex (sex without a condom). […] Gonorrhoea is treated with a single dose of antibiotics, which can be an injection or tablets. […] If gonorrhoea is not treated, it can cause serious problems including: eye infection (gonococcal conjunctivitis) if you touch your eyes after touching infected fluid from your penis or vagina, an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries (pelvic inflammatory disease), which can lead to infertility if not treated, infection in the testicles or prostate (prostatitis). […] Having gonorrhoea during pregnancy can increase your risk of premature birth and your baby having a low birth weight. […] Gonorrhoea is spread through vaginal fluid and semen. It can pass from person to person by having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom.

• #2 Gonorrhea – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterial infection, which can spread through sexual contact via vaginal/penile, oral, or rectal sex. […] Gonorrheal transmission can occur even without ejaculation.

• #2 Gonorrhea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Previous infection does not confer immunity; a person who has been infected can become infected again by exposure to someone who is infected. […] The infection is usually spread from one person to another through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Men have a 20% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected woman. […] The risk for men who have sex with men (MSM) is higher. […] Women have a 60-80% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected man. […] A mother may transmit gonorrhea to her newborn during childbirth; when affecting the infant’s eyes, it is referred to as ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #2 About Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/index.html

  Gonorrhea is an STI that can cause infection in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is very common, especially among young people ages 15-24 years. […] Sexually active people can get gonorrhea through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with a partner who has gonorrhea. […] You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with someone who has the infection. A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give the infection to her baby during childbirth. […] Yes, the right treatment can cure gonorrhea. It is important that you take all of the medicine your healthcare provider gives you to cure your infection. […] Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent health problems. […] In women, untreated gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain.

• #2 Gonorrhoea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/sexually-transmitted-infections-leaflet/gonorrhoea

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a germ (bacterium). It is caused by the germ (a bacterium) Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] It is passed on if you have unprotected vaginal, oral or anal sex with an infected person. […] The bacterium that causes gonorrhoea cannot survive outside the human body for long. Therefore it is not spread by using communal swimming pools, public toilets, sharing baths, towels and cutlery, or hugging and kissing.

• #2 Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/chlamydia-gonorrhea-and-syphilis

  Gonorrhea is the second most common STI in the United States. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria that pass to a partner during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. […] It is common to be infected with both gonorrhea and chlamydia at the same time. […] The following factors increase the risk of getting gonorrhea: Having a new sex partner, Having more than one sex partner, Having a sex partner who has more than one sex partner, Having sex with someone who has an STI, Having an STI now or in the past, Not using condoms, Exchanging sex for money or drugs. […] Gonorrhea often causes no symptoms or only very mild symptoms. They can be mistaken for a urinary tract or vaginal infection. […] Untreated infection with gonorrhea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This happens when bacteria move up from the vagina and cervix and into the uterus and fallopian tubes. Symptoms of PID may include chills, fever, and pelvic pain. Some people may not have symptoms until they have had PID for a while. […] Untreated gonorrhea can also lead to disseminated gonococcal infection.

• #2 Gonorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention | Fern F. Taisenchoy-Bent, MD

  https://www.toplinemd.com/fern-f-taisenchoy-bent-md/news/gonorrhea-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Gonorrhea is a prevalent STD or sexually transmitted disease caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. […] As mentioned above, bacteria usually enter the body via sexual fluids by having unprotected sex. Gonorrhea bacteria may enter the body through the vagina, anus, penis, or mouth. The infection may also spread by sharing sex toys with your partner. […] Statistically, the following people are at greater risk of contracting the STI: People with a history of sexually transmitted diseases. People under the age of 25. Individuals who don’t practice safe sex. Those who have several partners. […] To make matters worse, a mother infected with gonorrhea may pass the infection to their child during delivery. […] That said, gonorrhea is curable, but the bacteria is starting to get more resistant to classic antibiotic treatment (super gonorrhea). To ensure that the disease remains curable, following the guidelines given by your provider is essential and also, practicing safe sex to prevent further infections.

• #2 [Dr. Aditi Santosh] – What Are The Causes Of Gonorrhea? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/uncategorized/what-are-the-causes-of-gonorrhea

  Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected by gonorrhea due to a combination of biological, behavioral, and social factors. […] A history of previous sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a significant risk factor for gonorrhea acquisition. […] Socioeconomic disparities in access to healthcare services, including STI testing, diagnosis, and treatment, contribute to disparities in gonorrhea prevalence. […] Individuals living in poverty or marginalized communities face multifaceted barriers to sexual health, including limited access to education, healthcare, and resources for preventive measures. […] The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae pose significant challenges to gonorrhea management and control. […] Gonorrhea is a multifaceted disease influenced by a myriad of biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors.

• #2 Gonorrhea in children – Children’s Health Gynecology/Andolesent Medicine

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is an infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae that affects the eyes, mouth, throat, rectum and vagina. […] There are several risk factors that can increase the chance of gonorrhea: […] Having a mother with chlamydia It is possible for a mother to infect her child during vaginal childbirth. […] Being sexually active Those that are sexually active have a greater risk of contracting gonorrhea. Further, the more sexual partners you have, the more likely you are to get gonorrhea. Being with a partner that has had multiple partners also increases your risk. […] Weakened immune system Immune systems can be weakened by HIV/AIDS, immune-suppressing medications (organ transplants) or other reasons.

• #2 Gonorrhea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gonorrhea-8701014

  There are also risk factors specific to gonorrhea that increase not only your vulnerability to infection but also your risk of getting an antibiotic-resistant strain of N. gonorrhoeae. […] One of the most concerning complications of gonorrhea is antibiotic resistance. […] Historically, antibiotic resistance occurred when people treated for gonorrhea failed to complete the prescribed course of antibiotics. […] By 2020, the resistance rate to once-useful antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and tetracycline had risen to over 44% and 65%, respectively. […] If this continues, a person infected for the first time with gonorrhea may one day pick up a strain that cannot be cured with available antibiotics.

• #2 Gonorrhea guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/gonorrhea/etiology-epidemiology.html

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative diplococcus. This highly infectious bacterium colonizes and infects genital mucosa and it may also infect extragenital sites, including the oropharyngeal, conjunctival and anorectal mucosae. […] N. gonorrhoeae can develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rapidly and has developed resistance to every class of antimicrobial used to treat it; some of these antibiotics (sulphonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines) are ineffective and are no longer used. […] Azithromycin resistance and decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins among N. gonorrhoeae isolates have been on the rise in Canada. In 2021, 7.6% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates were resistant to azithromycin, surpassing the 5% cut-off recommended by the World Health Organization. […] In Canada, multidrug-resistant cases of gonorrhea have decreased considerably between 2017 (12.2%) and 2021 (7.8%). N. gonorrhoeae was shown to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline.

• #2 Gonorrhea | Description, Cause, Transmission, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/gonorrhea

  gonorrhea, sexually transmitted disease characterized principally by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital tract and urethra. It is caused by the gonococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeaea bacterium with a predilection for the type of mucous membranes found in the genitourinary tract and adjacent areas. […] Increases in gonorrhea infections occur occasionally, as has been the case particularly since the mid-1990s. These increases have been attributed in part to the rise of drug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae and to inconsistent safe-sex practices. […] In the past, infection was treated with either penicillin or tetracycline, and one injection usually was sufficient to cure uncomplicated gonorrhea. In the 1970s, however, strains of gonococci resistant to penicillin or tetracycline emerged. Thus, fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, the aminocyclitol antibiotic spectinomycin, and cephalosporins such as cefoxitin became increasingly used as alternatives for eliminating N. gonorrhoeae. Some strains of the bacteria, however, later developed resistance to fluoroquinolones, and eventually multidrug-resistant strains appeared.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/multi-drug-resistant-gonorrhoea

  Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that remains a major public health concern. […] Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) appeared soon after the antimicrobial medicines started to be used. This has continued to expand over the past 80 years, affecting medicines such as tetracyclines, macrolides (including azithromycin), sulphonamides and trimethoprim combinations and, more recently, quinolones. […] Resistance to so many treatment options, including penicillins, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides (including azithromycin), as well as so-called last line options like cephalosporins, make N. gonorrhoeae a multidrug resistant organism. […] This resistance is caused by a number of factors, including unrestricted access to antimicrobials, inappropriate selection and overuse of antibiotics, and poor quality antibiotics. Further, genetic mutations within the organism have contributed to increased drug resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.

• #2 Super Gonorrhea: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/super-gonorrhea/

  Super gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria that has undergone mutations to resist the antibiotics that are usually effective for treating this infection. […] This resistance occurs due to the incorrect use of antibiotics (wrong dosing or treatment durations), which allows the bacteria to develop mechanisms of adaptation and eventual resistance to antibiotics.

• #2 Super gonorrhea: Causes, testing, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/super-gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is currently treatable and curable with ceftriaxone. However, the growing resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics has made the infection more difficult to treat, and there is a higher risk of gonorrhea becoming untreatable. […] Super gonorrhea refers to the emergence of gonorrhea as a superbug. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that cause the infection, has become increasingly resistant to almost all types of antibiotics that could effectively treat gonorrhea in the past. […] Ceftriaxone is currently the only antibiotic that is highly effective as a treatment for gonorrhea. However, the infection may become resistant to this antibiotic over time, as it has with almost every other type in the past.

• #2 Gonorrhea | Description, Cause, Transmission, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/gonorrhea

  In many places, the recommended approach to treating gonorrhea centres on dual drug therapy. Which drugs are used in dual therapy is determined in part by which drug-resistant strains are prevalent in the geographical region where infection was acquired and in some cases by whether there exists a likelihood of coinfection (such as with Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that causes nongonococcal urethritis).

• #2 Gonorrhoea | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0128-6

  The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhoea, which has an estimated global annual incidence of 86.9 million adults. […] A major public health concern globally is that N. gonorrhoeae is evolving high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which threatens the effectiveness of the available gonorrhoea treatments. […] This review discusses sex-related symptomatic gonorrhoea and provides a detailed overview of the bacterial factors, on molecular levels, that are important for the different stages of pathogenesis, including transmission, colonization and immune evasion. […] This review provides an extensive overview regarding gonorrhoea treatment regimens and emerging antimicrobial resistance, including genetic and phenotypic AMR determinants.

• #2 Complications from Gonorrhea | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive-health/gonorrhea/symptoms/complications.html

  In females, untreated gonorrhea may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This is an infection of the fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix. If left untreated, PID may cause permanent damage to the reproductive tract, which may lead to infertility. It may also lead to long-term pelvic pain. […] Males with untreated gonorrhea may develop a condition called epididymitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the tubes near the testicles that carry semen. Symptoms may include fever, scrotal pain, and swelling. […] In rare cases, Neisseria gonorrhoeae may enter the bloodstream and infect other parts of the body, such as the skin, joints, or internal organs. Symptoms may include fever, swelling, joint pain and stiffness, rash, and skin sores.

• #2 About Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/index.html

  In men, gonorrhea can cause a painful condition in the tubes attached to the testicles, which can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Rarely, untreated gonorrhea can also spread to your blood or joints. This condition can be life-threatening. […] Untreated gonorrhea may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #2 Gonorrhea Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/gonorrhea.html

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] These bacteria can be passed from person to person during sexual activity (vaginal, oral and anal intercourse) leading to infections of the urethra (urine tube), cervix, vagina and anus. […] If untreated, these gonorrhea infections can spread to higher portions of the reproductive tract, causing prostatitis (prostate inflammation) and epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis) in men, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. […] Gonorrhea also can cause gonococcal proctitis (inflammation of the anus and rectum). […] Less commonly, gonorrhea can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, causing fever, a characteristic rash and arthritis. […] In pregnant women with untreated gonorrhea, bacteria may spread to the eyes of their babies during childbirth, causing gonococcal ophthalmia, a severe eye infection in newborns.

• #2

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/stds/gonorrhea.html

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae(gonococcus), that grows and multiplies in moist, warm areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb), and fallopian tubes (egg canals) in women, and in the urethra (urine canal) in women and men. […] Untreated gonorrhea can increase a persons risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV the virus that causes AIDS. […] Antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea is of increasing concern, and successful treatment of gonorrhea is becoming more difficult.

• #2 Gonorrhea – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which infect the lining of the urethra, cervix, rectum, or throat, or the membranes that cover the front part of the eye (conjunctiva and cornea). […] Gonorrhea is usually spread through sexual contact. […] Gonorrhea is a very common infectious disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 1 million new infections occur in the United States each year. […] Gonorrhea is almost always spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact. […] If a pregnant woman is infected, the bacteria can spread to the eyes of the newborn during birth, causing conjunctivitis in the newborn. […] People with gonorrhea are at increased risk of other STIs, such as chlamydia, syphilis, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

• #2 Gonorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558903/

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an obligate human pathogen, is a sexually transmitted disease that causes consequential worldwide morbidity both in resource-abundant and resource-limited nations, and its diagnosis and treatment require costly expenditures annually. […] The obligate pathogen N. gonorrhoeae infects only humans in nature and most commonly manifests as urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. […] Obligate pathogens are bacteria that must manifest disease to facilitate transmission from one host to another. To survive, these bacteria must infect a host and cannot survive outside of a host. […] Undiagnosed and/or untreated gonorrheal urogenital infections can ascend through the upper urogenital tract and cause many severe reproductive complications, most commonly but not exclusively in women, such as endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and/or life-threatening morbidity via ectopic pregnancy.

• #3 Gonorrhea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview

  N gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative, intracellular, aerobic diplococcus; more specifically, it is a form of diplococcus known as the gonococcus. N gonorrhoeae is spread by sexual contact or through vertical transmission during childbirth. It mainly affects the hosts columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Virtually any mucous membrane can be infected by this microorganism. The physiologic ectopy of the squamocolumnar junction onto the ectocervix in the adolescent female is one factor that causes particular susceptibility to this infection. […] Many factors influence the manner in which gonococci mediate their virulence and pathogenicity. Pili help in attachment of gonococci to mucosal surfaces and contribute to resistance by preventing ingestion and destruction by neutrophils. Opacity-associated (Opa) proteins increase adherence between gonococci and phagocytes, promote invasion into host cells, and possibly down-regulate the immune response.

• #3 Gonorrhea: Etiology and Symptoms of the gonococcal Urethritis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/gonorrhea.html

  Gonorrhea is derived from an old Greek word meaning flow of seed [semen]. […] Gonorrheal urethritis (GU) with purulent urethral discharge is a venereal disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Bacterial pathogen: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Gonorrhoea is a mucus membrane infection due to vaginal, oral or anal sexual contact. […] Humans are the only reservoir for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

• #3 General symptoms and causes of gonorrhea

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/gonorrhoea/general-symptoms-and-causes-of-gonorrhoea

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a contagious bacterium that easily grows and multiplies in the mucus membranes of the body. […] Bacteria favour warmth and moist areas for growth, and thus easily infect the reproductive tract (cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes), urethra, mouth, throat and anus.

• #3 Gonorrhea – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/gonorrhea/

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] The incubation time is typically 28 days. […] Transmission occurs through sexual (oral, genital, or anal) and perinatal routes. […] Risk factors include high-risk sexual behaviors (lack of barrier protection, multiple partners) and conditions such as asplenia and complement deficiencies. […] Hematogenous spread of N. gonorrhoeae from an untreated mucosal gonococcal infection is a key factor in the etiology of disseminated gonococcal infection.

• #3 About Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/index.html

  Gonorrhea is an STI that can cause infection in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is very common, especially among young people ages 15-24 years. […] Sexually active people can get gonorrhea through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with a partner who has gonorrhea. […] You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with someone who has the infection. A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give the infection to her baby during childbirth. […] Yes, the right treatment can cure gonorrhea. It is important that you take all of the medicine your healthcare provider gives you to cure your infection. […] Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent health problems. […] In women, untreated gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain.

• #3 Gonorrhea – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Urethral and cervical infections are most common, but infection in the pharynx or rectum can occur after oral or anal intercourse, and conjunctivitis may follow contamination of the eye. […] After an episode of vaginal intercourse, likelihood of transmission from women to men is approximately 22%, but from men to women, it may be higher. […] In 10 to 20% of women, cervical infection ascends via the endometrium to the fallopian tubes (salpingitis) and pelvic peritoneum, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) due to hematogenous spread occurs in 1% of cases, predominantly in women. […] Coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis occurs in 15 to 25% of infected heterosexual men and 35 to 50% of women.

• #3 Gonorrhea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Previous infection does not confer immunity; a person who has been infected can become infected again by exposure to someone who is infected. […] The infection is usually spread from one person to another through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Men have a 20% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected woman. […] The risk for men who have sex with men (MSM) is higher. […] Women have a 60-80% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected man. […] A mother may transmit gonorrhea to her newborn during childbirth; when affecting the infant’s eyes, it is referred to as ophthalmia neonatorum.

• #3 [Dr. Aditi Santosh] – What Are The Causes Of Gonorrhea? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/uncategorized/what-are-the-causes-of-gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea, caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is a complex infection influenced by various factors. This lesson aims to delve deeply into the intricate details of its causes, encompassing biological, behavioral, and environmental aspects. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses a plethora of virulence factors facilitating its colonization and evasion of the host immune response. […] Gonorrhea primarily spreads through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse. […] Engaging in unprotected sexual activity, including inconsistent condom use or lack thereof, increases the risk of gonorrhea transmission. […] Individuals with multiple sexual partners are at increased risk of encountering an infected individual, thereby elevating their risk of gonorrhea acquisition.

• #3 Diagnosis and Management of Gonococcal Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1115/p931.html

  Gonorrhea can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact with the oropharynx. […] Gonococcal infections can occur in neonates from exposure to infected cervical secretions during delivery. Sepsis, neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum), meningitis, and arthritis are the most severe complications. […] Gonococcal conjunctivitis has an average incubation period of six days. Gram stain smears of conjunctival exudates showing elevated white blood cell counts or gram-negative intracellular diplococci are sufficient for presumptive treatment, but only gonococcal cultures provide a definitive diagnosis. […] Treatment of gonococcal infections is outlined in Table 3. Patients’ sex partners within 60 days before symptom onset should also be treated. Fluoroquinolones are not recommended in the United States for treatment of gonorrhea or associated conditions because of the emergence of quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Ceftriaxone, 250 mg in a single intramuscular injection, plus either azithromycin (Zithromax), 1 g orally, or doxycycline, 100 mg orally twice daily for seven days, is effective for treating uncomplicated cervical, urethral, anorectal, and pharyngeal infections. […] The CDC recommends that any patient-delivered partner therapy medication or prescription be accompanied by treatment instructions, appropriate warnings, general health counseling, and a statement advising that partners seek personal medical evaluation.

• #3 Understanding and Treating Gonorrhea from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First Century | Embryo Project Encyclopedia

  https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/understanding-and-treating-gonorrhea-eighteenth-century-twenty-first-century

  In 1879, Albert Neisser discovered the causal agent of gonorrhea, later named Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] The discovery and confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae as the cause of gonorrhea provided the foundation that physicians and researchers needed to develop targeted treatments. […] Despite Ricords accurate conclusion that syphilis and gonorrhea are two separate diseases, as of 2024, scientists argue that his inoculation technique and experiment were incorrect and flawed. […] The gonorrhea bacteria developed resistance through mutation, or sporadic changes to its genome that allow it to better survive in human hosts. […] In response to the spread of sulfonamide-resistant gonorrhea, physicians began to use penicillin, another antibiotic created in the early 1900s, to effectively treat gonorrhea.

• #3 Super gonorrhea: Causes, testing, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/super-gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is currently treatable and curable with ceftriaxone. However, the growing resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics has made the infection more difficult to treat, and there is a higher risk of gonorrhea becoming untreatable. […] Super gonorrhea refers to the emergence of gonorrhea as a superbug. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that cause the infection, has become increasingly resistant to almost all types of antibiotics that could effectively treat gonorrhea in the past. […] Ceftriaxone is currently the only antibiotic that is highly effective as a treatment for gonorrhea. However, the infection may become resistant to this antibiotic over time, as it has with almost every other type in the past.

• #3 Gonorrhea Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/gonorrhea.html

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] These bacteria can be passed from person to person during sexual activity (vaginal, oral and anal intercourse) leading to infections of the urethra (urine tube), cervix, vagina and anus. […] If untreated, these gonorrhea infections can spread to higher portions of the reproductive tract, causing prostatitis (prostate inflammation) and epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis) in men, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. […] Gonorrhea also can cause gonococcal proctitis (inflammation of the anus and rectum). […] Less commonly, gonorrhea can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, causing fever, a characteristic rash and arthritis. […] In pregnant women with untreated gonorrhea, bacteria may spread to the eyes of their babies during childbirth, causing gonococcal ophthalmia, a severe eye infection in newborns.

• #3 Gonorrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/gonorrhea-a-to-z

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] If untreated, these gonorrhea infections can spread to higher portions of the reproductive tract, causing prostatitis (prostate inflammation) and epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis) in men, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. […] Less commonly, gonorrhea can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, causing fever, a characteristic rash and arthritis. […] In pregnant women with untreated gonorrhea, bacteria may spread to the eyes of their babies during childbirth, causing gonococcal ophthalmia, a severe eye infection in newborns. […] Gonorrhea infections rapidly improve with antibiotic therapy. […] If an infected woman is untreated, gonorrhea can spread to the fallopian tubes, where it can cause scarring and infertility.

• #3 Gonorrhea — Symptoms and Causes – Buckhead Clinic | Atlanta, GA

  https://buckheadprimarycare.com/services/atlanta-urgent-care/sexually-transmitted-diseases/gonorrhea

  Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Gonorrhea can gradually progress and involve all organs and systems if it is not treated with antibiotic medication on time. Gonococci lead to the development of abdominal abscesses, and secondary damage to the bladder, kidneys, uterus, ovaries, prostate, eyes, joints, etc. The most severe complications are meningitis and sepsis.

• #3 Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/chlamydia-gonorrhea-and-syphilis

  Gonorrhea is the second most common STI in the United States. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria that pass to a partner during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. […] It is common to be infected with both gonorrhea and chlamydia at the same time. […] The following factors increase the risk of getting gonorrhea: Having a new sex partner, Having more than one sex partner, Having a sex partner who has more than one sex partner, Having sex with someone who has an STI, Having an STI now or in the past, Not using condoms, Exchanging sex for money or drugs. […] Gonorrhea often causes no symptoms or only very mild symptoms. They can be mistaken for a urinary tract or vaginal infection. […] Untreated infection with gonorrhea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This happens when bacteria move up from the vagina and cervix and into the uterus and fallopian tubes. Symptoms of PID may include chills, fever, and pelvic pain. Some people may not have symptoms until they have had PID for a while. […] Untreated gonorrhea can also lead to disseminated gonococcal infection.

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