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• #1 Reactive arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354838

  Reactive arthritis is joint pain and swelling triggered by an infection in another part of the body most often the intestines, genitals or urinary tract. […] This condition usually targets the knees, ankles and feet. Inflammation also can affect the eyes, skin and the tube that carries urine out of the body (urethra). […] Reactive arthritis isn’t common. For most people, signs and symptoms come and go, eventually disappearing within 12 months. […] The signs and symptoms of reactive arthritis generally start 1 to 4 weeks after exposure to a triggering infection. They might include: […] Pain and stiffness. The joint pain associated with reactive arthritis most commonly occurs in the knees, ankles and feet. Pain may also occur in the heels, low back or buttocks. […] Eye inflammation. Many people who have reactive arthritis also develop eye inflammation (conjunctivitis).

• #2 Reactive Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331347-overview

  Reactive arthritis (ReA), formerly termed Reiter syndrome, is an autoimmune condition that develops in response to an infection. It has been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) infections with Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and other organisms, as well as with genitourinary (GU) infections (especially with Chlamydia trachomatis). […] The classic triad of ReA symptoms (found in only one third of patients) consists of the following: Noninfectious urethritis, Arthritis, Conjunctivitis. […] In postenteric ReA, diarrhea and dysenteric syndrome (usually mild) is commonly followed by the clinical triad in 1-4 weeks. Some add a fourth component (mucocutaneous findings) to make up a diagnostic tetrad. […] The following may be noted: Acute onset of ReA, with malaise, fatigue, and fever; Asymmetrical, predominantly lower-extremity, oligoarthritis as the major presenting symptom, sometimes with early myalgias; Initial nongonococcal urethritis, with frequency, dysuria, urgency, and urethral discharge; In addition to conjunctivitis, ophthalmologic symptoms that include erythema, burning, tearing, photophobia, pain, and decreased vision (rare); Mild recurrent abdominal complaints after a precipitating episode of diarrhea; In HIV-positive patients, severe psoriasiform dermatitis, commonly involving the flexures, scalp, palms, and soles.

• #2 Reactive Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331347-overview

  No curative treatment exists; instead, treatment aims at relieving symptoms and is based on symptom severity. Almost two thirds of patients have a self-limited course; as many as 30% develop chronic symptoms, posing a therapeutic challenge. […] ReA has a variable natural history but typically follows a self-limited course, with resolution of symptoms by 3-12 months, even in patients who are acutely incapacitated. […] The presence of HLA-B27 may predict a more prolonged course and severe outcome, as may infections triggered by Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Chlamydia. […] ReA has a high tendency to recur (15-50% of cases), particularly in individuals who are HLA-B27 positive. A new infection or other stress factor could cause reactivation of the disease. […] Approximately 15-30% of patients with ReA develop a long-term, sometimes destructive, arthritis or enthesitis or spondylitis.

• #3 Reactive arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis

  Reactive arthritis, previously known as Reiter’s syndrome, is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body (cross-reactivity). Coming into contact with bacteria and developing an infection can trigger the disease. By the time a person presents with symptoms, the „trigger” infection has often been cured or is in remission in chronic cases, thus making determination of the initial cause difficult. […] The manifestations of reactive arthritis include the following triad of symptoms: inflammatory arthritis of large joints, inflammation of the eyes in the form of conjunctivitis or uveitis, and urethritis in men or cervicitis in women. Arthritis occurring alone following sexual exposure or enteric infection is also known as reactive arthritis. Affected people may present with mucocutaneous lesions, as well as psoriasis-like skin lesions such as circinate balanitis, and keratoderma blennorrhagicum. Enthesitis can involve the Achilles tendon resulting in heel pain. Not all affected persons have all the manifestations.

• #3 Reactive arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis

  The clinical pattern of reactive arthritis commonly consists of an inflammation of fewer than five joints which often includes the knee or sacroiliac joint. The arthritis may be „additive” (more joints become inflamed in addition to the primarily affected one) or „migratory” (new joints become inflamed after the initially inflamed site has already improved). […] Symptoms generally appear within 1-3 weeks but can range from 4 to 35 days from the onset of the inciting episode of the disease. The classical presentation of the syndrome starts with urinary symptoms such as burning pain on urination (dysuria) or an increased frequency of urination. Other urogenital problems may arise such as prostatitis in men and cervicitis, salpingitis, and/or vulvovaginitis in women. […] It presents with monoarthritis affecting the large joints such as the knees and sacroiliac spine causing pain and swelling. An asymmetrical inflammatory arthritis of interphalangeal joints may be present but with relative sparing of small joints such as the wrist and hand.

• #3 Reactive arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis

  About 10 percent of people with reactive arthritis, especially those with a prolonged course of the disease, will develop cardiac manifestations, including aortic regurgitation and pericarditis. Reactive arthritis has been described as a precursor of other joint conditions, including ankylosing spondylitis. […] Reactive arthritis may be self-limiting, frequently recurring, chronic, or progressive. Most patients have severe symptoms lasting a few weeks to six months. 15 to 50 percent of cases involve recurrent bouts of arthritis. Chronic arthritis or sacroiliitis occurs in 15-30 percent of cases. Repeated attacks over many years are common, and patients sometimes end up with chronic and disabling arthritis, heart disease, amyloid deposits, ankylosing spondylitis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, cardiac conduction abnormalities, or aortitis with aortic regurgitation. However, most people with reactive arthritis can expect to live normal life spans and maintain a near-normal lifestyle with modest adaptations to protect the involved organs.

• #4 What is Reactive Arthritis? Symptoms, Causes & Flare Ups | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joints, eyes, and urinary tract, but not everyone with the condition will experience all three, or they might not occur at the same time. The main symptoms are: […] The symptoms typically start 1 to 6 weeks after an infection of the digestive or urinary tract or genitals, but the infection has usually resolved by the time symptoms arise. The condition typically begins fairly suddenly, usually over the course of a few days. […] The symptoms of reactive arthritis often clear up on their own within a few weeks or months, but they may become chronic (long-lasting) in some people.

• #5 Reactive Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499831/

  Reactive arthritis (ReA) is inflammatory arthritis that manifests several days to weeks after a gastrointestinal or genitourinary infection. […] Reactive arthritis is known to be triggered by a bacterial infection, particularly of the genitourinary (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) or gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri, and S. disenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile). […] These symptoms manifest several days to weeks after the initial infection. […] ReA can be self-limiting, recurrent, or continuous, and about 20% to 25% of the patients may progress to have chronic articular, ocular, and cardiac complications. […] Patients typically present with acute onset oligo-arthritis, mainly involving the lower extremities, sacroiliac joint, and the lumbar spine.

• #5 Reactive Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499831/

  15-30% of patients with ReA can develop long-term arthritis or other joint abnormalities. […] The presence of hip involvement, unresponsiveness to NSAIDs, and ESR greater than 30 portend a worse outcome. […] The progression of reactive arthritis is variable, but in most people, the disorder is self-limited, with the resolution of the symptoms occurring by 6 to 18 months. […] Despite a cure, recurrences occur in 25 to 50% of cases, especially those who are HLA-B27 positive. […] About 20% of patients have a long-term disease that results in enthesitis and destructive arthritis.

• #6 Signs of reactive arthritis | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/reactive-arthritis/

  The symptoms of reactive arthritis (ReA) usually begin two to four weeks after the previous infection. They can range from mild to severe, often appear suddenly and tend to last for several months fluctuating in severity during that time. Signs and symptoms normally stop within about six months. They can be separated in different groups and include: […] Arthritis: acute-onset, only one or a few joints, asymmetric, often lower extremities, particularly the knees. […] However, none of the symptoms above are specific to reactive arthritis. The combination of painful urination, conjunctivitis, and arthritis is sometimes called Reiter’s syndrome. Only one out of three people living with reactive arthritis show all of these signs. […] The course of disease can differ from person to person. In about half of all people with ReA, the symptoms will resolve within six months. However, in some people, the condition may persist and become chronic.

• #7 Reactive Arthritis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Causes

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/arthritis/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis is a type of arthritis in which you develop inflammation in joints after you have had an infection in some other part of the body. Symptoms commonly last between a few weeks and a few months. […] Symptoms of reactive arthritis usually develop 2-4 weeks after the infection – often after the triggering infection has gone. […] These usually develop fairly quickly, over a day or so. In some cases they develop more gradually. […] One or more joints may be affected. […] The joints in the legs, such as knees, ankles and toes, are the ones most commonly affected. Inflammation of joints at the base of the spine is also common, causing low backache and buttock pain. However, any joint can be affected. […] Stiffness may develop at first before any pain. […] Joints near the skin surface, such as the knee, may become quite swollen.

• #7 Reactive Arthritis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Causes

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/arthritis/reactive-arthritis

  The severity of pain and swelling can vary from mild to severe. […] A whole finger or toe may become swollen, this is called dactylitis. This swollen appearance is sometimes called a sausage finger or sausage toe. […] In addition to joint symptoms, one or more other symptoms develop in up to half of cases. […] Inflammation of the urethra (urethritis). […] Inflammation of the front of the eye (conjunctivitis). […] Inflammation of a deeper part of the eye (uveitis). […] A scaly skin rash on the hands and feet (keratoderma blennorrhagica) occurs in a small number of cases. […] Mouth ulcers, which are usually painless. […] Changes to your nails, including thickening and crumbling, are a rare symptom. […] You may have a high temperature (fever). […] Weight loss may be a feature.

• #8 Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s Syndrome): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/reactive-arthritis-reiters-syndrome

  Reactive arthritis typically causes joint pain in your lower back, knees, ankles and feet. […] The most common reactive arthritis symptoms are joint pain and stiffness, especially in your lower back, knees, ankles, and feet. […] But you may also have a variety of other symptoms, including eye pain with swelling and redness, gastrointestinal symptoms, like stomach pain and diarrhea, needing to pee more frequently and pain when you pee, inflammatory skin rashes and mouth sores, Achilles tendinitis and heel pain, joint swelling, especially in your fingers and toes (sausage fingers), and flu-like symptoms, like fever, fatigue and body aches. […] The classic triad of reactive arthritis symptoms is arthritis (joint inflammation), conjunctivitis (eye inflammation), and urethritis (inflammation in your pee passageway).

• #9 Symptoms of Reactive Arthritis | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/reactive-arthritis/reiters-syndrome-symptoms-risks

  ReA typically occurs anywhere from 3 days to 6 weeks after the antecedent infection. It may involve one or more joints, though usually six or fewer. ReA commonly afflicts the lower extremities, especially the knees and/or ankles, and is often asymmetric. Less frequently, the upper extremities may be affected, including the wrists, elbows, and fingers. Joints can be hot, painful, and swollen, with accumulation of fluid (effusion) in the articular space. Back pain may be present, secondary to involvement of the spine or sacroiliac joints (sacroiliitis). There may also be enthesitis, or inflammation of the entheses, where tendon attaches to bone, resulting in pain at the kneecap, heel, or other locations. […] Another finding can be dactylitis, a term describing sausage-like digits. Aside from joint involvement, ReA can include conjunctivitis, genitourinary inflammation, and skin and nail changes.

• #10 Reactive arthritis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/597

  Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory arthritis that occurs after exposure to certain gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections. Patients with ReA may give a history of an antecedent infection 1 to 4 weeks before onset. Presenting features include fever, peripheral and axial arthritis, enthesitis (inflammation where tendons insert into bone), dactylitis (swelling of an entire finger or toe), conjunctivitis and iritis, and skin lesions including circinate balanitis and keratoderma blennorrhagicum. The peripheral arthritis in ReA is usually an asymmetrical oligoarticular arthritis affecting the large joints of the lower limb, although monoarticular and polyarticular arthritis can also occur. […] Approximately 30% to 50% of patients will go on to develop some form of chronic ReA.

• #11 Reactive arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354838

  Urinary problems. Increased frequency and discomfort during urination may occur, as can inflammation of the prostate gland or cervix. […] Inflammation of tendons and ligaments where they attach to bone (enthesitis). This happens most often in the heels and the sole of the feet. […] Swollen toes or fingers. In some cases, toes or fingers might become so swollen that they look like sausages. […] Skin problems. Reactive arthritis can affect skin in a variety of ways, including mouth sores and a rash on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. […] Low back pain. The pain tends to be worse at night or in the morning.

• #12 Reactive Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis is an inflammatory type of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, and urinary tract (bladder, vagina, urethra). […] The most common symptoms of reactive arthritis are inflammation in the joints, eyes, bladder and urethra (the tube that helps remove urine from the body). Sometimes, mouth sores and skin rashes may occur. […] Pain and swelling in knees, ankles, feet and sometimes the fingers and wrists. […] Swelling of the tendons (tendinitis) or where tendons attach to the bone (enthesitis). […] Heel pain and heel spurs (bony growths in the heel). […] Lower back and buttock pain. […] Inflammation in the spine (spondylitis) or in the lower back that connect the spine to the pelvis (sacroliitis). […] Redness of the eyes. […] Eye pain and irritation. […] Blurred vision.

• #13 Reactive Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499831/

  Joint pain is classically nocturnal with early morning stiffness. […] About 30% of patients suffer from associated enthesitis in the form of plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendinitis. […] Extra-articular manifestations may involve the skeletal system (enthesitis, dactylitis), eye (conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis episcleritis, and keratitis), genitourinary (urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis, salpingo-oophoritis, cystitis or circinate balanitis), mucosal and skin involvement (mucosal ulcers, keratoderma blennorrhagica and erythema nodosum), cardiac (carditis, aortic, conduction and valvular abnormalities), and nail changes (onycholysis, subungual keratosis, or nail pits) also are seen. […] Reactive arthritis usually has a self-limited course, and the symptoms resolve within 3 to 5 months.

• #14 Patient education: Reactive arthritis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/reactive-arthritis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Reactive arthritis is a very uncommon type of arthritis in which the joints become painful and swollen within four weeks after an infection in another part of your body. The most common joints affected are those in the lower extremities such as the knees and the ankles. […] Typical symptoms of reactive arthritis include joint pain and swelling that develops suddenly, usually one to four weeks after an episode of infection such as diarrhea. Frequently, the pain and swelling involve a small number of joints (three or less), typically including the knee, ankle, or joints of the feet. […] Some patients have tendonitis affecting the Achilles tendon, behind the ankle, or the plantar fascia, on the sole of the foot where it attaches to the heel. Some patients develop sausage-like swelling of one or more fingers or toes.

• #14 Patient education: Reactive arthritis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/reactive-arthritis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the covering of the eyes) can also occur in people with reactive arthritis. […] Most people with reactive arthritis have a mild course of joint pain that resolves spontaneously and that never comes back. In some people, the disease will intermittently cause symptoms. In others, the disease is persistent. […] If your back becomes painful and stiff and does not improve with time, reactive arthritis may have developed into other forms of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

• #15 Reactive Arthritis Causes, Treatments, and Prognosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/reactive-arthritis-reiters-syndrome-190292

  Reactive arthritis typically involves joint pain and swelling in the knees, ankles, and feet. […] People with reactive arthritis commonly develop tendonitis, which often leads to pain in the ankle or Achilles tendon. Some cases involve heel spursbony growths in the heel that may cause chronic foot pain. […] About half of all people with reactive arthritis report low back and buttock pain. Reactive arthritis also can cause spondylitis or sacroiliitis (inflammation of the sacroiliac joints at the base of the spine). […] Specific reactive arthritis symptoms and related complications can vary depending on what part(s) of the body are affected: the joints, urogenital tract, eyes, or skin. […] Symptoms of reactive arthritis usually last between three and 12 months. Generally speaking, women with reactive arthritis often have milder symptoms than men. In a small percentage of people, symptoms can come and go or develop into a long-term disease.

• #15 Reactive Arthritis Causes, Treatments, and Prognosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/reactive-arthritis-reiters-syndrome-190292

  Most people with reactive arthritis recover fully from the initial flare of symptoms and are able to return to regular activities two to six months after the first symptoms appear. Mild symptoms may linger for up to 12 months, but they generally don’t interfere with daily activities. […] Approximately 30% to 50% of people with reactive arthritis will develop symptoms again sometime after the initial flare has disappeared. Some will develop chronic (long-term) arthritis, which usually is mild. […] A small percentage of patients will have chronic, severe arthritis that is difficult to control with treatment and may cause joint deformity.

• #16 Reactive arthritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000440.htm

  Reactive arthritis is a type of arthritis that follows an infection. It may also cause inflammation of the eyes, skin and urinary and genital systems. […] Urinary symptoms will appear within days or weeks of an infection. These symptoms may include: Burning when urinating, Fluid leaking from the urethra (discharge), Problems starting or continuing a urine stream, Needing to urinate more often than normal. […] A low fever along with eye discharge, burning, or redness (conjunctivitis or „pink eye”) can develop over the next several weeks. […] Joint pain and stiffness also begin during this time period. The arthritis may be mild or severe. Arthritis symptoms may include: Heel pain or pain in the Achilles tendon, Pain in the hip, knee, ankle, and low back, Pain and swelling that affects one or more joints. […] Reactive arthritis may go away in a few weeks, but it can last for a few months and require medicines during that time. Symptoms may return over a period of years in up to one half of the people who have this condition.

• #17 Reactive Arthritis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331347-clinical

  Reactive arthritis (ReA) usually develops 2-4 weeks after a genitourinary (GU) or gastrointestinal (GI) infection (or, possibly, a chlamydial respiratory infection). About 10% of patients do not have a preceding symptomatic infection. The classic triad of symptoms noninfectious urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis is found in only one third of patients with ReA and has a sensitivity of 50.6% and a specificity of 98.9%. In postenteric ReA, diarrhea and dysenteric syndrome (usually mild) is commonly followed by the clinical triad in 1-4 weeks. […] The onset of ReA is usually acute and characterized by malaise, fatigue, and fever. An asymmetrical, predominantly lower-extremity, oligoarthritis is the major presenting symptom. Myalgias may be noted early on. Asymmetric arthralgia and joint stiffness, primarily involving the knees, ankles, and feet (the wrists may be an early target), may be noted. Low-back pain occurs in 50% of patients. Heel pain associated with Achilles enthesopathies and plantar fasciitis is also common.

• #17 Reactive Arthritis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331347-clinical

  Both postvenereal and postenteric forms of ReA may manifest initially as nongonococcal urethritis, with frequency, dysuria, urgency, and urethral discharge; however, this urethritis may be mild or inapparent. Urogenital symptoms, whether resulting from genitourinary (GU) or gastrointestinal (GI) infection, are found in 90% of patients with ReA. […] An estimated 0.5-1% of cases of nongonococcal urethritis evolve into ReA. The urethritis develops acutely 1-2 weeks after infection through sexual contact and is similar to gonococcal urethritis. A purulent or hemopurulent exudate appears, and the patient complains of dysuria. […] In addition to conjunctivitis, ophthalmologic symptoms of ReA include erythema, burning, tearing, photophobia, pain, and decreased vision (rare). […] The arthritis is usually remittent and rarely leads to severe limitation of functional capacity. Muscular atrophy can develop in severely symptomatic cases. […] In severe cases, functional impairment may be severe, and a chronic and prolonged clinical course is followed by sequelae (eg, urethral stenosis, chronic arthritis, or ocular impairment).

• #18 Reactive Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/reactive-arthritis

  Pain during urination. […] Need to urinate more frequently. […] Reactive arthritis symptoms can be very mild and come and go over several weeks to months, or they can be more severe. Symptoms may not be noticeable in the early stages. Urinary symptoms usually appear first but may be absent in women. This symptom may occur with, or be followed by conjunctivitis. Arthritis is usually the last symptom to appear. […] Some people with reactive arthritis will have long-term, but mild, arthritis. Studies show that between 15 and 50 percent of patients will develop symptoms again, possibly due to re-infection. Back and joint pain are the symptoms that most commonly reappear. A few patients will have chronic, severe arthritis that is difficult to control with treatment and may cause joint damage.

• #19 Reactive Arthritis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/reactive_arthritis/article.htm

  Non-joint areas that become inflamed and cause symptoms of pain and irritation in patients with reactive arthritis include the eyes (conjunctivitis), genitals, urinary tract (urethra, bladder and prostate gland), skin, mouth lining, large bowel, and the aorta. […] Inflammation of the white portion of the eye (conjunctivitis) and the iris of the eye (iritis) is frequently seen early in reactive arthritis and may be intermittent. […] Urinary tract inflammation commonly involves the urethra, the tube that drains urine from the bladder. This inflammation (urethritis) can be associated with burning on urination and/or pus drainage from the end of the penis. […] The skin of the palms of the hands and/or the soles of the feet can develop tiny fluid-filled blisters that sometimes are filled with old blood.

• #19 Reactive Arthritis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/reactive_arthritis/article.htm

  The mouth can develop open sores (ulcerations) on the hard and soft palate and even on the tongue. These may go unnoticed by the patient, as they are often painless. […] Inflammation of the aorta (aortitis) can be seen in a small percentage of patients who have reactive arthritis. It can lead to failure of the aortic valve of the heart, which can cause heart failure. The electrical conducting pathway of the heart can also become scarred in reactive arthritis, leading to irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) that may require placement of a pacemaker to regulate the heartbeat.

• #20 Reactive Arthritis | Catalina Pointe Rheumatology

  https://www.catalinapointe.com/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis most typically results in inflammation of the urogenital tract, the joints, and the eyes. […] The symptoms of reactive arthritis usually last 3 to 12 months, although symptoms can return or develop into a long-term disease in a small percentage of people. […] The arthritis associated with reactive arthritis typically involves pain and swelling in the knees, ankles, and feet. […] Reactive arthritis also can cause spondylitis (inflammation of the vertebrae in the spinal column) or sacroiliitis (inflammation of the joints in the lower back that connect the spine to the pelvis). […] Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and eyelid, develops in approximately half of people with reactive arthritis. […] Most people with reactive arthritis recover fully from the initial flare of symptoms and are able to return to regular activities 2 to 6 months after the first symptoms appear. […] Approximately 20 percent of people with reactive arthritis will have chronic (long-term) arthritis, which usually is mild. […] Studies show that between 15 and 50 percent of patients will develop symptoms again sometime after the initial flare has disappeared.

• #21 Reactive Arthritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/reactive-arthritis

  Urethritis may develop 7 to 14 days after sexual contact (or occasionally after dysentery); low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, and arthritis develop over the next few weeks. Not all features may occur, so incomplete forms need to be considered. In men, the urethritis is less painful and productive of purulent discharge than acute gonococcal urethritis and may be associated with hemorrhagic cystitis or prostatitis. In women, urethritis and cervicitis may be mild (with dysuria or slight vaginal discharge) or asymptomatic. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common eye lesion. It usually causes mild eye redness and grittiness, but keratitis and anterior uveitis can develop also, causing eye pain, photophobia, and tearing. […] Reactive arthritis often resolves in 3 to 4 months, but up to 50% of patients experience recurrent or prolonged symptoms over several years, especially if induced by chlamydial infection and in patients with positive HLA-B27 alleles. Joint, spinal, or sacroiliac inflammation or deformity may occur with chronic or recurrent disease. Some patients become disabled.

• #21 Reactive Arthritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis can range from transient monarticular arthritis to a severe, multisystem disorder. Constitutional symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Arthritis may be mild or severe. Joint involvement is generally asymmetric and oligoarticular or polyarticular, occurring predominantly in the toes and large joints of the lower extremities and may include large knee effusions. Back pain may occur, usually with severe disease. Joint damage occurs rarely. Axial involvement is more often reported in patients with positive HLA-B27 and usually is asymmetric with large and bulky syndesmophytes. […] Enthesopathy (inflammation at tendinous insertion into bone eg, plantar fasciitis, digital periostitis, Achilles tendinitis) is common and characteristic. […] Mucocutaneous lesions small, transient, relatively painless, superficial ulcers commonly occur on the oral mucosa, tongue, and glans penis (balanitis circinata). Particularly characteristic are vesicles (sometimes identical to pustular psoriasis) of the palms and soles and around the nails that become hyperkeratotic and form crusts (keratoderma blennorrhagicum). Keratoderma blennorrhagicum can also include erythema, plaques, and scaling. Nails may become dystrophic. Erythema nodosum has also been reported in reactive arthritis, especially after Yersinia infection.

• #22 Reactive Arthritis Symptoms

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/reactive-arthritis/reactive-arthritis-symptoms

  Inflammatory eye conditions are associated with reactive arthritis, including conjunctivitis (pink eye) and episcleritis. More serious eye problems, such as keratitis and anterior uveitis, are also possible. Patients who have unexplained redness, eye pain, or vision problems in one or both eyes should promptly see an ophthalmologist. […] Some people with reactive arthritis report skin problems, including keratoderma blennorrhagicum, a skin rash that can occur on the bottoms of the feet, palms of hands, genitals, or anywhere else on the body. […] People who have reactive arthritis because of an infection of the genitals or urethra may experience genital discharge. They may also experience painful, frequent, or difficult urination. […] While not common, reactive arthritis, particularly chronic reactive arthritis, can lead to heart problems. These problems include an abnormal heart rhythm, aortic valve insufficiency, or the inflammation of certain tissues lining the heart, which can cause a stabbing chest pain. […] Some research suggests that people who have the HLA-B27 gene are more likely to experience severe symptoms and/or chronic symptoms. Testing for this gene may be done as part of the assessment.

• #23 Reactive arthritis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/reactive-arthritis/

  Reactive arthritis most often affects the: […] joints and tendons causing pain, stiffness and swelling, often in the knees, feet, toes, hips and ankles […] eyes causing eye pain, redness, sticky discharge, conjunctivitis and sometimes inflammation […] urinary system causing pain when peeing, or discharge from the penis or vagina. […] Reactive arthritis can also cause symptoms, including: […] feeling unusually tired […] a high temperature (fever) […] weight loss […] mouth ulcers […] painless white patches inside your mouth […] a rash […] thick and crumbly nails […] abdominal (tummy) pain […] diarrhoea. […] Symptoms can often be controlled using: […] non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) […] painkillers like ibuprofen. […] Severe symptoms may need to be managed with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

• #24 Reactive Arthritis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/joint-disorders/reactive-arthritis

  Joint pain and inflammation can occur in response to an infection, usually of the genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract. […] Tendons may be inflamed and painful. Back pain may occur, more commonly in people who carry the HLA-B27 gene or when the disease is severe. Other symptoms include a low-grade fever, weight loss, and excessive fatigue. […] Inflammation of the urethra (urethritis) can develop, usually about 7 to 14 days after an infection (after sexual contact or sometimes after diarrhea). […] The conjunctiva (the membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the eyeball) can become red and inflamed, causing itching or burning and sensitivity to light. Sometimes pain and excessive tearing affect the eye. […] Rarely, heart and blood vessel complications (such as inflammation of the aorta), inflammation of the membranes covering the lungs, dysfunction of the aortic valve, and brain and spinal cord symptoms or peripheral nervous system (which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) symptoms develop.

• #24 Reactive Arthritis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/joint-disorders/reactive-arthritis

  Erythema nodosum (inflammation of the fat layer beneath the skin that produces tender red or violet bumps under the skin) may occur in people with reactive arthritis, especially after Yersinia infection. […] In most people, the initial symptoms of reactive arthritis disappear in 3 or 4 months. However, up to 50% of people have recurring joint inflammation or other symptoms over several years, especially in people with chlamydial infection or those who have the HLA-B27 gene. […] Deformities of the joints, spine, and joint between the spine and the hip bone (sacroiliac joint) may develop if the symptoms persist or recur frequently. Some people who have reactive arthritis become permanently disabled.

• #25

  https://arthritis.ca/about-arthritis/arthritis-types-(a-z)/types/reactive-arthritis

  In many cases, reactive arthritis goes away on its own within a few weeks, but some cases may take up to four months before they resolve. However, given treatment most people with reactive arthritis manage well as the joint pain and swelling resolve. The initial stages of the disease can be accompanied by severe joint pains, and it is important to determine with the rheumatologist which medications are best to control the symptoms. […] As the initial phase of joint pain begins to resolve it is important to gradually increase your exercise and stretching.

• #25

  https://arthritis.ca/about-arthritis/arthritis-types-(a-z)/types/reactive-arthritis

  If you have reactive arthritis you will probably develop the warning signs within a few weeks after you’ve had an infection. […] Signs include stiffness, pain and swelling in a joint that seems to have come on for no reason. The area may also be red and hot. Pain and stiffness may be worse in the morning. Usually only a single joint is involved at the onset but more joints can be affected over time. […] Most often the inflammation occurs in the lower limbs (knees, ankles, toes). You may also have lower back pain resulting from involvement of the sacroiliac joints – the joints at the base of the spine where the spine joins the pelvis. Ongoing joint problems may result in stiff joints and weak muscles and it could become difficult to fully straighten the joints. […] Problems may develop with other body systems such as your tendons, skin and eyes. Some people have pain in the heel where the Achilles tendon attaches to the bone, or underneath the foot where the tendons supporting the arch of the foot attach to the heel.

• #26 Reactive arthritis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis is a type of arthritis caused by certain types of bacterial infection. […] Symptoms include joint pain and swelling and eye inflammation. […] The symptoms of reactive arthritis develop some weeks after the infection, and may include: pain, swelling or stiffness in a joint (arthritis), pain in the lower back and buttocks, pain and inflammation of tendons, such as the Achilles tendon at the back of the heel, pain and redness in the eyes some people may develop conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer layer of the eye) or uveitis (inflammation of the middle layer of the eye), rash on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea this can occur before the arthritis. […] Most people with reactive arthritis will find that their condition disappears completely within 6 to 12 months. […] However, for some people, symptoms may linger for a longer period of time or may come back.

• #27 Reactive arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/reactive-arthritis/

  Joint pain and swelling are the main symptoms of reactive arthritis. However, it can cause other problems, such as: scaly rashes over your hands or feet; diarrhoea, which may start some time before the reactive arthritis; mouth ulcers; stinging and sometimes discharge when you wee; a sore rash over the end of your penis; weight loss; fever. […] Most people diagnosed with reactive arthritis find they have good days and bad days. It usually clears up within six months without leaving any lasting problems. However, a small number of people do go on to develop another type of arthritis that needs long-term treatment.

• #28 Reactive Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/reactive-arthritis

  The outlook for people with reactive arthritis is positive. Most make a full recovery. However, recovery time can range from a few months to almost a year in some cases. According to NIAMS, between 15 and 50 percent of people with reactive arthritis experience a relapse of symptoms after initial treatment.

• #29 Pulsenotes | Reactive arthritis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/rheumatology/notes/reactive-arthritis

  Up to 50% of patients have a self-limiting disease whereas the other 50% go on to have chronic reactive arthritis (symptoms 6 months). […] The typical duration of ReA is 3-5 months. ReA is usually a self-limiting illness but up to 20% may develop chronic arthritis. During follow-up, patients with chronic ReA may develop features typical of another SpA (e.g. ankylosing spondylitis). In general, patients with HLA-B27 or the characteristic Reiters triad are more likely to have a poorer prognosis with chronic SpA symptoms.

• #30 Reactive Arthritis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/reactive-arthritis-a-to-z

  Symptoms vary depending on what other areas of the body are inflamed: arthritis Joint pain; swelling; limited motion, especially of the ankles, knees, feet and less commonly of the wrists, fingers or other joints; tendon pain; low back pain; swelling in a finger or toe […] Other symptoms are rarer, including inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis), bladder (cystitis) or heart lining (pericarditis) and leaking of the aortic valve. […] For reasons that are not yet known, reactive arthritis sometimes gets better on its own over a number of months or years. However, it is often chronic (long-lasting) and treatment may be needed long-term, even for a lifetime. […] With therapy, the outlook for reactive arthritis is good, although the condition is quite variable. Severe cases may be associated with significant joint damage, vision problems and other disabling manifestations, whereas other cases are much milder and only intermittently bothersome.

• #31 Reactive arthritis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis usually develops after you’ve had an infection, particularly a sexually transmitted infection or food poisoning. […] The symptoms of reactive arthritis usually develop shortly after you get an infection, such as a sexually transmitted infection or bowel infection. […] The main and sometimes only symptom of reactive arthritis is pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints and tendons. […] Symptoms include: pain, tenderness and swelling in your joints; pain and tenderness in some tendons, especially at the heels; pain in your lower back and buttocks; sausage-like swelling of your fingers and toes; joint stiffness particularly in the morning. […] Reactive arthritis can also cause: flu-like symptoms; a high temperature (fever); weight loss; mouth ulcers; a scaly rash on the hands or feet. […] Most people start returning to normal activities after three to six months. Symptoms don’t usually last longer than 12 months.

• #32 Reactive Arthritis

  https://rheumatology.org/patients/reactive-arthritis

  Reactive arthritis symptoms include pain and swelling in knees, ankles, or heels; swelling of toes or fingers; and persistent lower back pain that tends to be more severe at night or in the morning. […] Arthritis may present several weeks after the infection. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of reactive arthritis is key. Patients who notice arthritis symptoms about a month after a bacterial infection should see a healthcare professional right away to get a diagnosis. […] Chronic or severe disease occurs in some people, but there are treatments available.

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