Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Balance Disorder Trends in US Adults 2008‐2016: Epidemiology and Functional Impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10242407/

  To quantify the changes in prevalence and impact of dizziness and balance disorders in adults from 2008 to 2016. […] The balance modules of the adult 2008 and 2016 National Health Interview Surveys were examined, and persons reporting dizziness or balance problems identified. The prevalence of balance problems was determined and compared over time, adjusting for age and sex. […] In 2016, 36.81.0 million (15.5%0.3%) adults reported a balance problem in the past year, versus 24.20.7 million (11.%0.3%) in 2008 (p.001). After adjustment for age and sex, this percentage increase remained significant (odds ratio 1.435 [1.3321.546], p.001). […] In this nationally representative analysis, we found a significantly increasing prevalence of balance problems and associated psychiatric symptom burden. This merits attention with respect to present and future health care resource allocation.

• #1 Balance System Disorders

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/balance-system-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOoq6j4sDZB3i_V4g7gfMJSTLT2Ka6H0UHd9yK0UT8wUQLsIoOtgL

  Approximately 33.4 million adults in the United States report a dizziness or balance problem during the past 12 months (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 2017). […] The true incidence and prevalence of balance system disorders in adults and children are unknown. This may be due, in part, to the wide range of symptoms attributable to balance disorders, the underlying cause(s), the length or frequency of the disorder, and the varied diagnostic techniques used for detection. […] A systematic review of the research by Murdin and Schilder (2015) identified that the rate of vestibular dysfunction increases with age, and women are more likely to experience dizziness and vertigo symptoms than men. […] Statistics for balance system disorders can vary by type of disorder and how long it lasts. One study reported a 12-month prevalence of vestibular vertigo in adults to be roughly 5% and an incidence to be 1.4% (Neuhauser, 2007).

• #1 Epidemiology of Dizziness

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/dizzy_epi.html

  A different question is — what is the one year prevalence of dizziness? […] Roughly, there seems to be about 10% of elderly with vertigo, 20% with imbalance, and about 10% with faintness. […] The outliers are largely on the bigger side. […] These papers suggested a very high prevalence (about 35%) of the US population aged 40 years or older had „balance dysfunction”. […] The problem is that balance is not a vestibular measure, any more than weight loss is a cancer measure. […] Many studies have documented that BPPV accounts for roughly 20% of all dizziness. […] The main cause of „medical” dizziness is low blood pressure, which is very common, but often called something other than dizzy such as „light headed”, or „presyncope”. […] General medical diagnoses are assigned to about 33% of cases of dizziness seen in the emergency setting. […] It is very clear that unlocalized dizziness is extremely common. […] With this in mind, it appears that the median for the studies above is roughly 26%.

• #1 Evaluation of balance disorders – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/711

  Balance disorders are common and may significantly impact upon quality of life and independence. Impaired balance may result in falls with resulting morbidity and mortality, particularly in older people. […] Estimates of dizziness and vertigo in the community range from 17% to 30% and from 3% to 10%, respectively. The prevalence of balance problems at age 70 years is reported to be 36% in women and 29% in men. […] Symptoms of dizziness or vertigo may constitute between 1% and 15.5% of primary care consultations. Among the most commonly reported etiologies in primary care are vestibular/peripheral (5.4% to 42.1%), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (4.3% to 39.5%), cardiovascular disease (3.8% to 56.8%), psychogenic (1.8% to 21.6%), Meniere disease (1.4% to 2.7%), neurologic disease (1.4% to 11.4%) vestibular neuritis (0.6% to 24%), and no clear diagnosis (up to 80.2%).

• #1 Evaluation of dizziness and vertigo in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-dizziness-and-vertigo-in-children-and-adolescents

  The overlapping complaints of dizziness with vertigo, balance problems, lightheadedness, fainting, unsteadiness, and clumsiness have an estimated prevalence of about 5 percent in children and adolescents. […] Based upon reports from specialty clinics, benign paroxysmal vertigo, vestibular migraine, and head trauma comprise the final diagnosis in about 50 percent of patients. […] Life-threatening etiologies, such as a brain tumor, stroke, or meningitis, are rare causes of vertigo in children and adolescents.

• #1 Balance System Disorders

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/balance-system-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOoq6j4sDZB3i_V4g7gfMJSTLT2Ka6H0UHd9yK0UT8wUQLsIoOtgL

  Dizziness and balance disorders can also occur in children (Rine, 2009; Wiener-Vacher et al., 2018). […] The rate of dizziness and vertigo in adolescents reaches adult levels (Langhagen et al., 2015). […] A review of current literature indicates that the most common causes of dizziness in children are otitis media, migraine headache, benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood, trauma, and vestibular neuritis (Gioacchini et al., 2014; OReilly et al., 2010). […] A 2014 systematic review found the causes of vestibular disorders in children to parallel those in adults (Gioacchini et al., 2014).

• #1 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/884261-overview

  BPPV is probably the most common cause of vertigo in the United States. It has been estimated that at least 20% of patients who present to the physician with vertigo have BPPV. However, because BPPV is frequently misdiagnosed, this figure may not be completely accurate and is probably an underestimation. […] In one study, the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of BPPV was 64 per 100,000. Other studies corroborate this finding. […] The sex distribution seems to indicate a predilection for women (64%). […] BPPV seems to have a predilection for the older population (average age, 51-57.2 y). It is rarely observed in individuals younger than 35 years without a history of antecedent head trauma.

• #1 Risk factors related balance disorder for patients with dizziness/vertigo | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-021-02188-7

  The AS risk factors included age60years, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. […] The maintenance of balance function requires the integration of multiple organ systems such as vestibular, proprioceptive, visual, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular systems and so on. […] The above function of each system can degenerate with aging. […] The chronic hypertension could damage the large arteries and micro-circulation in specific functional areas related with balance. […] The diabetes often has various complications such as diabetic retinopathy or peripheral neuropathy. […] The impairment of any one of these systems can cause a feeling of instability. […] Therefore, the more risk factors for atherosclerosis, the more likely has balance disorders.

• #1 Prevalence of Pediatric and Adolescent Balance Disorders: Analysis of a Mono-Institutional Series of 472 Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/8/11/1056

  Prevalence of Pediatric and Adolescent Balance Disorders: Analysis of a Mono-Institutional Series of 472 Patients […] To assess the prevalence and frequency distribution of balance disorders in children and adolescents to delineate the planning of a targeted clinical and instrumental diagnostic work-up; […] A total of 472 participants were included in the study. Vestibular loss (26.1%) was the most frequent cause of vertigo in children, followed by vestibular migraine (21.2%) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (10.2%). […] The prevalence of balance disorders in pediatric subjects is widely reported in the literature with a prevalence of about 10% in most clinical studies. […] Unlike in the literature where vestibular migraine and BPVC are considered the most frequent causes of vertigo in a pediatric age and undefined causes often exceed 10%, in our sample vestibular loss was the most frequent cause observed, and the cause of vertigo remained undefined in only 1.1% of cases. […] The improvement of knowledge in the vestibular field will allow for the introduction of new quick and non-invasive clinical and instrumental tests, effective for most of the patients at any age, while reserving more specific and/or invasive investigations to rare cases.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Balance-Disorders.aspx

  Several diseases and disorders affecting the inner ear or brain or certain medications may cause balance disorders. […] Those who have injuries or illnesses of the eyes or have problems with the skeletal system (e.g. arthritis) may also experience balance difficulties. […] Broadly classifying balance disorders may occur due to problems in any of the four areas:- Disturbances of the labyrinth in the inner ear Peripheral vestibular disorder, Disturbances in the brain or its connecting nerves – Central vestibular disorder, Problems of the body other than the head and brain Systemic disorder, Blood flow problems or Vascular disorder. […] Certain medications that depress the central nervous system may also increase the rate of falls by increasing the lack of coordination. […] Arthritis, joint pain, stroke, visual impairment, back or neck pain, myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, parkinsonism and fall of blood pressure on standing (orthostatic hypotension) are other causes of balance problems and risk of falls among the elderly. […] Problems in the cerebellum of the brain also contribute to balance disorders.

• #1 Guidelines for Evaluating Surveillance Systems

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001769.htm

  Epidemiologic surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data in the process of describing and monitoring a health event. This information is used for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions and programs. Surveillance data are used both to determine the need for public health action and to assess the effectiveness of programs. […] The evaluation of surveillance systems should promote the best use of public health resources by ensuring that only important problems are under surveillance and that surveillance systems operate efficiently. […] Most importantly, an evaluation should assess whether a system is serving a useful public health function and is meeting the system’s objectives. […] The success of an individual surveillance system depends on the proper balance of characteristics, and the strength of an evaluation depends on the ability of the evaluator to assess these characteristics with respect to the system’s requirements.

• #1 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance systems must balance sensitivity (probability of a positive test among those with the disease) and specificity (probability of a negative test among those without the disease) in determining the parameters of disease reporting. […] Understanding why surveillance is such a vital function of our public health system should help improve compliance.

• #1 Guidelines for Evaluating Surveillance Systems

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001769.htm

  A surveillance system is useful if it contributes to the prevention and control of adverse health events, including an improved understanding of the public health implications of such events. […] Usefulness may be affected by all the attributes of surveillance. Increased sensitivity may afford a greater opportunity for identifying epidemics and understanding the natural course of an adverse health event in a community. […] A surveillance system that does not have high sensitivity can still be useful in monitoring trends, as long as the sensitivity remains reasonably constant. […] The sensitivity of a surveillance system can be considered on two levels. First, at the level of case reporting, the proportion of cases of a disease or health condition detected by the surveillance system can be evaluated.

• #1 Epidemiology of Dizziness

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/dizzy_epi.html

  Although there are many publications concerning the topic, relatively little is known about the precise incidence and prevalence of dizziness in the general population. […] A core problem to epidemiology is that it depends on the population you are drawing from as to what you conclude. Parker et al (2018), showed this in a metanalysis of 42 case series and noted that ENT clinics were dominated by BPPV, psychogenic and Meniere’s, while ED populations were dominated by „Other”, cardiac and neurological. […] Another core problem is that most of the diagnostic categories are defined mainly by symptom inventories, which overlap, and as well the fidelity of the data (e.g. from insurance coding) is suspicious to say the least. […] About 15% of the population has dizziness. […] If more data becomes available, these estimates may change of course, but this is likely a reasonable estimate.

• #1 Balance Disorder Trends in US Adults 2008‐2016: Epidemiology and Functional Impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10242407/

  Among these patients who reported balance issues, many reported associations of these symptoms with a prescription medication (20.7% and 19.2%) or nausea (24.6% and 27.1%) both in 2008 and 2016. […] Patients experienced substantial functional impact from their dizziness and balance issues both in 2008 and 2016. […] Our finding that from 2008 to 2016 there was not a significant decrease in functional impact from dizziness symptoms suggests a lack of effect of our current management strategies to improve patients’ quality of life over this time period. […] Regardless of etiology, the significant increase we found in the prevalence of dizziness/balance issues may require substantial health care resources in coming years, especially if this trend continues. […] In this nationally representative analysis, we found a significantly increasing prevalence of balance problems and a significantly increasing association of these balance problems with anxiety and depression from 2008 to 2016.

• #1 Dizziness, Vertigo, and Imbalance: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2149881-overview

  Dizziness, including vertigo, affects about 15% to more than 20% of adults yearly in large population-based studies. The overall incidence of dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance is 510%, and it reaches 40% in patients older than 40 years. The incidence of falling is 25% in subjects older than 65 years. A report reviewing presentation to US emergency departments (EDs) from 1995 through 2004 indicated that vertigo and dizziness accounted for 2.5% of presentations. The estimated number of 2011 US ED visits for dizziness or vertigo was 3.9 million. […] A report using data from the Swedish National study on Aging and Care (SNAC) found that in patients younger than 80 years, the prevalence of falls was 16.5% and that of dizziness was 17.8%, whereas in patients older than 80 years, the prevalence of falls was 31.7% and that of dizziness was 31.0%.

• #1 Prevalence of self-reported falls, balance or walking problems in older cancer survivors from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results—Medicare Health Outcomes Survey

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/171456

  Prevalence of self-reported falls, balance or walking problems in older cancer survivors from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End ResultsMedicare Health Outcomes Survey […] Objective To determine the prevalence of falls and balance/walking problems in the past 12 months among older cancer survivors before and after cancer diagnosis. […] We analyzed cross-sectional data from individuals aged 65 years with first primary cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (SEER-MHOS) linkage (n = 12,659). […] Adjusted prevalence of falls was significantly higher post-diagnosis than pre-diagnosis in prostate (12% during years 12 pre-diagnosis vs. 17%20% during years 14 post-diagnosis)(p = 0.01) and lung cancer (17% during years 12 pre-diagnosis vs. 28% during years 12 post-diagnosis)(p = 0.019). […] Adjusted prevalence of balance/walking problems were significantly higher post-diagnosis than pre-diagnosis in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (26% during years 12 pre-diagnosis vs. 45% during years 12 post-diagnosis)(p = 0.012), breast (32% during years 12 pre-diagnosis vs. 41% during years 34 post-diagnosis)(p = 0.001), prostate (22% during years 12 pre-diagnosis vs. 28%29% during years 14 post-diagnosis)(p = 0.012), and lung cancer (33% during years 12 pre-diagnosis vs. 40% during year 01 pre-diagnosis and 46% during years 12 post-diagnosis)(p = 0.018). […] Falls and balance/walking problems may become more frequent after the diagnosis of some cancers. Screening, surveillance, and interventions need to consider functional deficits and cancer diagnosis.

• #1 Balance Disorder Trends in US Adults 2008‐2016: Epidemiology and Functional Impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10242407/

  Dizziness and balance issues are common complaints with a substantial disease burden in the United States; dizziness alone is estimated to account for 4% of visits to emergency departments, with a lifetime prevalence of about 25%. […] In order to study the epidemiology of dizziness and balance disorders across adults in the United States, we used data from the National Health Interview Survey, which is conducted through personal household interviews by the United States Census Bureau in order to better understand health care access and health status on a national level. […] Our goal was to quantify the changes in prevalence and impact of dizziness and balance disorders in the adults in the United States from 2008 to 2016. […] A substantial number of adults in both survey years reported dizziness/balance issues: in 2016, 36.81.0 million (15.5%0.3%) adults reported a balance problem in the prior 12 months, versus 24.2 0.7 million (11%0.3%) in 2008 (p.001).

• #1 Epidemiology and Genetics of Vestibular Disorders | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/13658/epidemiology-and-genetics-of-vestibular-disorders/magazine

  Vestibular disorders include a heterogeneous set of common and rare conditions, such as peripheral and central vestibular disorders and an ultra-rare and large group of cerebellar disorders. A familial clustering suggests a genetic contribution in most of these disorders, including motion sickness, vestibular migraine, Meniere disease, spinocerebellar and episodic ataxias. […] The goal of this Research Topic is to promote the epidemiological studies aiming to decipher the genetic contribution to any vestibular disorder. The Research Topic will cover epidemiological, clinical and genetic studies that may add new information on the phenotype, prevalence or genetic information, and improve our understanding of vestibular and cerebellar disorders. […] Prevalence studies across different regions or countries worldwide are considered as a first step to estimate the enrichment of rare variation in different populations. Deep phenotyping of any of these conditions in large case-series, cross-sectional studies, or cohort studies may help to define subgroups of patients for future genomic studies.

• #2 Balance Disorder Trends in US Adults 2008‐2016: Epidemiology and Functional Impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10242407/

  Dizziness and balance issues are common complaints with a substantial disease burden in the United States; dizziness alone is estimated to account for 4% of visits to emergency departments, with a lifetime prevalence of about 25%. […] In order to study the epidemiology of dizziness and balance disorders across adults in the United States, we used data from the National Health Interview Survey, which is conducted through personal household interviews by the United States Census Bureau in order to better understand health care access and health status on a national level. […] Our goal was to quantify the changes in prevalence and impact of dizziness and balance disorders in the adults in the United States from 2008 to 2016. […] A substantial number of adults in both survey years reported dizziness/balance issues: in 2016, 36.81.0 million (15.5%0.3%) adults reported a balance problem in the prior 12 months, versus 24.2 0.7 million (11%0.3%) in 2008 (p.001).

• #2 Epidemiology of Dizziness

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/dizzy_epi.html

  Although there are many publications concerning the topic, relatively little is known about the precise incidence and prevalence of dizziness in the general population. […] A core problem to epidemiology is that it depends on the population you are drawing from as to what you conclude. Parker et al (2018), showed this in a metanalysis of 42 case series and noted that ENT clinics were dominated by BPPV, psychogenic and Meniere’s, while ED populations were dominated by „Other”, cardiac and neurological. […] Another core problem is that most of the diagnostic categories are defined mainly by symptom inventories, which overlap, and as well the fidelity of the data (e.g. from insurance coding) is suspicious to say the least. […] About 15% of the population has dizziness. […] If more data becomes available, these estimates may change of course, but this is likely a reasonable estimate.

• #2 Assessment of balance disorders – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/711

  Balance disorders are common and may significantly impact upon quality of life and independence. Impaired balance may result in falls with resulting morbidity and mortality, particularly in older people. […] Estimates of dizziness and vertigo in the community range from 17% to 30% and from 3% to 10%, respectively. The prevalence of balance problems at age 70 years is reported to be 36% in women and 29% in men. […] Symptoms of dizziness or vertigo may constitute between 1% and 15.5% of primary care consultations. Among the most commonly reported aetiologies in primary care are vestibular/peripheral (5.4% to 42.1%), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (4.3% to 39.5%), cardiovascular disease (3.8% to 56.8%), psychogenic (1.8% to 21.6%), Meniere’s disease (1.4% to 2.7%), neurologic disease (1.4% to 11.4%), vestibular neuritis (0.6% to 24%), and no clear diagnosis (up to 80.2%).

• #2 Risk factors related balance disorder for patients with dizziness/vertigo | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-021-02188-7

  Risk factors for AS, subjective imbalance, and abnormality of optokinetic nystagmus were predictors for balance disorder in patients with dizziness/vertigo who walk independently. […] The previous studies pay more attention to the specific disease. […] There is currently a lack of research to explore the risk factors related to these dizziness patients. […] Therefore, we aimed to investigate the risk factors related balance disorder in dizziness patients who can walk independently in order to early recognition and treatment. […] The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Beijing Tainan Hospital and performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. […] The definition of dizziness and vertigo was in accordance with the Brny Society consensus. […] The eligible patients who met the following criteria for inclusion in this study were: 1) 18age80years; 2) complaint of dizziness or vertigo symptom; 3) ability to walk independently without assistance; 4) completed Romberg test, videonystagmography (VNG) and limits of stability (LOS) of computed dynamic posturography (CDP).

• #2 Surveillance of Infectious Diseases Is Information for Action | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/surveillance-infectious-diseases-information-action/2006-04

  Surveillance is defined as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] Surveillance is the foundation upon which many of the public health successes we enjoy today are based. […] In the United States, the responsibility for disease surveillance is typically shared by health care professionals, public and private laboratories, local and state health departments, and public health officials from several governmental agencies and departments. […] State legislation or regulations mandate that health care providers and laboratories report confirmed or probable cases of notifiable infectious diseases to their local or state health department, or both. […] Hence, surveillance is information for action.

• #2 Epidemiology of Dizziness

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/practice/approach/epidemiology.html

  Relatively little is known about the precise incidence and prevalence of dizziness in the general population. It is generally accepted to be common, although not so common as diabetes or heart disease, and to increase with age. […] About 15% of the population has dizziness. Of these, 40% have otologic dizziness, 10% have central dizziness, 25% have medical dizziness, and 25% have undiagnosed dizziness. […] A different question is — what is the one year prevalence of dizziness? Here we define „dizziness” as the sum of vertigo, imbalance and faintness. […] Roughly, there seems to be about 10% of elderly with vertigo, 20% with imbalance, and about 10% with faintness. […] The proportion of patients in each category is known to some extent, from clinics that have reported differential diagnosis. Inner ear disorders seem to account for roughly 30-50% of all dizziness. Medical disorders, between 5 and 30%. Neurological disorders, between 2 and 30%. Psychiatric disorders, between 15 and 50%. Undiagnosed, up to 50%.

• #2 Epidemiology and Genetics of Vestibular Disorders | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/13658/epidemiology-and-genetics-of-vestibular-disorders/magazine

  Therefore for this Research Topic we welcome the following: Epidemiological studies on vestibular migraine, motion sickness, Meniere disease, BPPV or episodic ataxias, that may help to define endophenotypes that can improve clinical knowledge; Cross-sectional studies investigating co-morbidities in vestibular disorders; Family-based studies using exome or genome sequencing to describe allelic variants or genes involved in peripheral or central vestibular disorders in multiplex individuals with sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular symptoms; Twin-based studies for any vestibular disorder supporting a genetic contribution; Animal or cellular models aiming to validate candidate genes for vestibular disorders; Systematic reviews on any vestibular or cerebellar condition showing genetic contribution.

• #3 Epidemiology of Dizziness

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/dizzy_epi.html

  Although there are many publications concerning the topic, relatively little is known about the precise incidence and prevalence of dizziness in the general population. […] A core problem to epidemiology is that it depends on the population you are drawing from as to what you conclude. Parker et al (2018), showed this in a metanalysis of 42 case series and noted that ENT clinics were dominated by BPPV, psychogenic and Meniere’s, while ED populations were dominated by „Other”, cardiac and neurological. […] Another core problem is that most of the diagnostic categories are defined mainly by symptom inventories, which overlap, and as well the fidelity of the data (e.g. from insurance coding) is suspicious to say the least. […] About 15% of the population has dizziness. […] If more data becomes available, these estimates may change of course, but this is likely a reasonable estimate.

• #3 Prevalence of Pediatric and Adolescent Balance Disorders: Analysis of a Mono-Institutional Series of 472 Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/8/11/1056

  Prevalence of Pediatric and Adolescent Balance Disorders: Analysis of a Mono-Institutional Series of 472 Patients […] To assess the prevalence and frequency distribution of balance disorders in children and adolescents to delineate the planning of a targeted clinical and instrumental diagnostic work-up; […] A total of 472 participants were included in the study. Vestibular loss (26.1%) was the most frequent cause of vertigo in children, followed by vestibular migraine (21.2%) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (10.2%). […] The prevalence of balance disorders in pediatric subjects is widely reported in the literature with a prevalence of about 10% in most clinical studies. […] Unlike in the literature where vestibular migraine and BPVC are considered the most frequent causes of vertigo in a pediatric age and undefined causes often exceed 10%, in our sample vestibular loss was the most frequent cause observed, and the cause of vertigo remained undefined in only 1.1% of cases. […] The improvement of knowledge in the vestibular field will allow for the introduction of new quick and non-invasive clinical and instrumental tests, effective for most of the patients at any age, while reserving more specific and/or invasive investigations to rare cases.

• #4 Epidemiology of Dizziness

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/practice/approach/epidemiology.html

  Relatively little is known about the precise incidence and prevalence of dizziness in the general population. It is generally accepted to be common, although not so common as diabetes or heart disease, and to increase with age. […] About 15% of the population has dizziness. Of these, 40% have otologic dizziness, 10% have central dizziness, 25% have medical dizziness, and 25% have undiagnosed dizziness. […] A different question is — what is the one year prevalence of dizziness? Here we define „dizziness” as the sum of vertigo, imbalance and faintness. […] Roughly, there seems to be about 10% of elderly with vertigo, 20% with imbalance, and about 10% with faintness. […] The proportion of patients in each category is known to some extent, from clinics that have reported differential diagnosis. Inner ear disorders seem to account for roughly 30-50% of all dizziness. Medical disorders, between 5 and 30%. Neurological disorders, between 2 and 30%. Psychiatric disorders, between 15 and 50%. Undiagnosed, up to 50%.

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