Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stuttering | Causes, Treatment & Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/stuttering

  Stuttering is a speech defect characterized by involuntary repetition of sounds or syllables and the intermittent blocking or prolongation of sounds, syllables, and words. […] For most children, developmental stuttering is temporary, with recovery occurring within four years of symptom onset. […] Between 75 and 80 percent of children who stutter recover spontaneously. Recovery is probably the result of increased self-esteem, acceptance of the problem, and consequent relaxation. […] When stuttering persists, the condition may require diagnosis and treatment by a speech-language pathologist, who is trained to discern even minor disfluencies in speech that may underlie stuttering. Treatment frequently entails speech therapy, such as controlled fluency with self-monitoring of stuttering. Parental involvement, particularly with regard to ensuring a relaxed speaking environment and slow speech, plays an important supportive role in stuttering therapy.

• #2 Stuttering

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4907555/

  Stuttering is a speech disorder, common in persons of all ages, that affects normal fluency and time patterning of speech. […] Attention to making a correct diagnosis or referral in children is important because there is growing consensus that early intervention with speech therapy for children who stutter is critical. […] Referral for speech therapy remains the best option for children and adults. […] Prompt diagnosis in children is critical, as early intervention yields the best outcomes. […] For adults who stutter (AWS), physician knowledge of the causes, treatments, and indications for referral can assure appropriate management in this population. […] Consensus is that early intervention with children is key, although there is debate about the preferred approach. […] Speech therapy performed by a specially qualified speech-language pathologist remains the mainstay of treatment at any age. Early intervention and referral for speech therapy in children is critical.

• #3 A Guide on How to Stop Stuttering: Expert Advice for All Ages

  https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/how-to-stop-stuttering

  Stuttering can impact people of all ages. According to the Stuttering Foundation of America, seventy million people worldwide stutter, and over three million people in the United States stutter. […] You or your child can learn how stuttering can be managed with the support of a speech therapist. […] Seek professional help if stuttering persists beyond a few months in children, starts suddenly in adults, or if stuttering impacts quality of life. […] Genetic predisposition, neurological differences in brain function (e.g., stroke, TBI, and Parkinsons disease), and environmental influences are believed to contribute to the development of stuttering. […] It’s essential to note that stuttering is not caused by laziness, lack of intelligence, or personality flaws. […] Parents should spend one-on-one time daily with their children and follow their lead during conversation or play.

• #4 Professor’s Study Offers New Hope for People Who Stutter | Adelphi University

  https://www.adelphi.edu/news/professors-study-offers-new-hope-for-people-who-stutter/

  There are, according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), as many as 3 million Americans who suffer from chronic stuttering. […] Most conventional therapies and treatments can be both costly and time-consuming. […] VRSM, coupled with immersion therapy, is a new intervention that has been remarkably successful for chronic stuttering. […] The 360-degree video is the intervention, Dr. deLeyer-Tiarks emphasized. When participants watch the video through a VR system headset or smartphone, it promotes positive treatment gains. […] You dont need to practice, she said. With VRSM, youre immersed in the experienceand the environment being watched. You can watch the videono practicing is involvedto obtain results that are potentially life-changing. […] The result? After being able to see themselves speaking fluently, the subjects reduced the severity of their stuttering from clinical levels to below clinical levels.

• #5 Stuttering (Disfluency) | Causes, Characteristics & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/stuttering

  Stuttering is a disorder that appears as an interruption in the smooth flow or fluency of speech. […] Stuttering usually begins in early childhood when speech and language skills are expanding and other developmental learning is taking place. […] For those who continue to stutter with consistency, early, effective treatment may leave them with little or no stuttering. […] The child should see a speech-language pathologist if: The stuttering persists longer than six months and occurs frequently during the day. […] Stuttering is treated through speech therapy. […] Therapy also focuses on building confidence and enhancing communication skills. […] The treatment of stuttering depends on the unique needs of the child. […] Reduce Things That Tend To Exacerbate Stuttering: Temporarily avoid creating situations that are likely to increase the child’s disfluencies. […] If the Child Is in Therapy: Work closely with the speech-language pathologist and follow specific instructions given to do at home.

• #6 FAQ | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter

  https://stutteringhelp.org/faq

  Stuttering may occur when a combination of factors comes together and may have different causes in different people. […] The best prevention tool is early intervention. […] It is best to seek ways that you, the parents, can help as soon as possible. […] Yes, there are a variety of successful approaches for treating both children and adults. […] In general, the earlier, the better is good advice.

• #7 Stuttering Prevention: A Manual for Parents | Minnesota State University, Mankato

  https://ahn.mnsu.edu/services-and-centers/center-for-communication-sciences-and-disorders/services/stuttering/speech-and-language-disorders/support-for-parents/stuttering-prevention-a-manual-for-parents/

  This manual is for parents who are concerned that their child might be stuttering. […] Fortunately there are a number of specific things that parents can do, at home or with a speech pathologist (speech therapist), that can prevent the child’s speech pattern from developing into a chronic stuttering problem. […] If there is one lesson we have learned, it is this: The cooperation of the parents in carrying out the suggestions made by the speech/language pathologist is vital. Without the parents’ efforts at home, the program is not likely to succeed. Parents do not cause stuttering, but there is much that they can do to prevent it from becoming a chronic problem. […] We believe that any child at risk should be dealt with. If the risk is small, it is easier to deal with, but stuttering is too awful a problem to just „wait and see.”

• #8 Stuttering and Cluttering

  https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering/?srsltid=AfmBOop9BM0EPrkRn4yo8LpNsGUv_rL-0onQ52BTki7bNxMuoVwt1CvS

  If you think your child stutters, get help from an SLP as early as possible. Early help can reduce the chances that your child will keep stuttering. […] Treatment often focuses on helping someone speak more comfortably and freely in school, at work, and in different social settings. The SLP will also help the person face speaking situations that make them fearful or anxious. This might include speaking on the phone or ordering food at a restaurant.

• #9 How to Stop Stuttering or Stammering: 5 Tips

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-stop-stuttering

  Treatment for stuttering varies based on a persons age and communication goals. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) can help you determine the therapies that might work best for you or your child. Support groups for stuttering can also help. […] Early treatment with a professional can be very helpful in preventing long-term stuttering. A parent or guardian can help children by being patient when communicating with the child, listening carefully instead of interrupting, and checking in on their progress and feelings. […] Stuttering can be effectively managed. Practicing speech techniques and requesting patience from those with whom you communicate may help reduce your stutter over time. […] Long-term support is crucial to helping your loved one work manage their stutter.

• #10

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/Stuttering-in-Toddlers-Preschoolers.aspx

  Getting professional help early offers the best chances for reducing stuttering. […] If you are concerned about your child’s speech, talk with your pediatrician about getting a speech and language evaluation. A complete evaluation from a certified speech-language pathologist can help you to better determine if the stuttering is likely to persist. […] Early treatment for stuttering is very important, as it is more likely to be eliminated when a child is young (before entering elementary school). […] Indirect treatment is when the speech-language pathologist helps the child’s parents on how to modify their own communication styles. Indirect approaches are effective at reducing or even eliminating stuttering in many young children. […] After age 7, it becomes unlikely that stuttering will go away completely. Still, after age 7, treatment can be very effective at helping a child effectively manage stuttering helping develop skills necessary to handle difficult situations (e.g., teasing and bullying) and participate fully in school and activities. […] If you continue to have concerns about your child’s speech, ask for a reevaluation or referral for additional formal testing.

• #11 Stuttering: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0501/p1271.html

  Speech dysfluency (stuttering) is common in children. […] Families play an important role in the management of stuttering in children by providing an environment that encourages slow speech and by modeling slow, relaxed speech to help reduce stuttering events. The treatment of early, mild stuttering (generally in children younger than six years of age) focuses on the prevention or elimination of stuttering behaviors, usually by parental involvement and direct treatment. […] The treatment of early, mild stuttering (generally in children younger than six years) focuses on the prevention or elimination of stuttering behaviors. […] The likelihood of eliminating stuttering behaviors decreases if they persist beyond eight years of age. […] Although there is no cure for stuttering, successful elimination of mild stuttering is likely when treatment is initiated before four years of age.

• #12 Treating Young Children Who Stutter: A Holistic View | Minnesota State University, Mankato

  https://ahn.mnsu.edu/services-and-centers/center-for-communication-sciences-and-disorders/services/stuttering/therapy-for-stuttering/for-slps-who-work-with-preschoolers/treating-young-children-who-stutter-a-holistic-view/

  When treating young children who stutter, speech-language pathologists may choose to provide direct therapy, indirect therapy, or a combination of these two approaches. […] The works of Starkweather (1997), Starkweather and Givens-Ackerman (1997), Starkweather, Gottwald and Halfond (1990) and Perkins (1992) have emphasized that stuttering can be prevented when treated early enough, and Starkweather further suggests it be treated directly if necessary. […] We are committed to the concept of early intervention and endorse the combination of direct and indirect treatment procedures for young, sometimes very young children. […] Starkweather (1997) tells us that…”most young children who successfully completed early intervention or prevention programs have natural sounding speech, no need to be vigilant, and only a remote possibility of relapse” (p.257). […] A holistic approach to treatment encourages the clinician to consider and address all possible factors that may have some impact on the child as s/he moves toward effective communication.

• #13 Stuttering: A Brief Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0501/p2175.html

  Mild stuttering is a self-limited condition, but patients with more severe stuttering require speech therapy and counseling. Treatment should be tailored to the individual patient. To have a lasting effect, interventions should be aimed at the abnormal speech behavior, the emotional problems of the stutterer and negative parental attitudes. […] The physician needs to know when to refer a stutterer for speech therapy, which is the mainstay of treatment. In general, referral is indicated if a child is over four years old, has been stuttering for more than three months, shows consistent stuttering and demonstrates tension or struggle behavior when stuttering. Referral is also indicated if the child’s parents show great concern about the problem. […] The aim of treatment is to increase the child’s confidence and to reduce the fear of stuttering. Stutterers should be encouraged to discuss the problem openly with friends and family and to explore their feelings about the disorder.

• #14 Stuttering Prevention: A Manual for Parents | Minnesota State University, Mankato

  https://ahn.mnsu.edu/services-and-centers/center-for-communication-sciences-and-disorders/services/stuttering/speech-and-language-disorders/support-for-parents/stuttering-prevention-a-manual-for-parents/

  The first goal in any treatment program is to assess the child’s present state, and to understand from that assessment just what the problem is. […] The first goal of therapy is to stop the disorder from developing any further. This is usually easy to do. […] The first line of attack is usually training the parents to slow down the rate of their own speech, which gives the child a more relaxed speech model and removes time pressure. […] When these techniques are all put together, and when the parents are able to extend the therapy activities into the home by carrying out the instructions of the speech clinician, there is usually rapid progress.

• #15 Fluency Disorders Treatment & Stuttering Disorder Treatment

  https://breatheworks.com/services/understanding-stuttering-and-fluency-disorders-a-whole-patient-approach/

  Prevention of Stuttering and Fluency Disorders […] While not all cases can be prevented, early intervention is key: […] Early Detection: Monitoring speech development in children and seeking early assessment and intervention. […] Supportive Communication Environment: Creating a relaxed speaking environment at home. […] Stress Reduction: Minimizing anxiety and stress, which can exacerbate stuttering.

• #16 What Causes Stuttering? – Stutter | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/stuttering/

  Can stuttering be prevented or avoided? […] No one knows why stuttering occurs, so there is no way to prevent or avoid it. Once you suspect or notice that stuttering may be a problem for your child, don’t ignore it. Early intervention can help. […] Talk to your doctor if your child stutters, even if they’re young. Early treatment can help prevent stuttering from becoming a lifelong problem. Treatment will depend on the severity and frequency of your child’s stuttering. Your doctor may refer your child to a speech therapist for treatment. You’ll likely have many appointments with the speech therapist. They will also give you speech exercises to do at home. It’s important to follow your speech therapist’s treatment plan. […] Don’t discipline your child for stuttering. Be patient. Not being patient when your child is speaking only makes the stuttering worse. It embarrasses your child more.

• #17 How to stop or reduce stuttering: Management tips

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321995

  Stuttering is a speech disorder. There are various ways to stop or reduce a stutter. These include mindfulness, avoiding triggering words, and speech therapy. […] Early intervention can help children overcome stuttering. […] Treatment usually works best when people begin to address stuttering at an early stage. […] Although it may not stop stuttering completely, treatment at any age aims to improve speech fluency, build the persons confidence, and help them participate in school, work, and social settings. […] Research suggests that speech therapy is the best treatment for both adults and children who stutter, with a large body of evidence supporting its efficacy. […] CBT may lead to positive changes in thoughts and attitudes around stuttering and reduce stuttering-related anxiety.

• #18

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stammering/treatment/

  There are different treatments available for stammering, depending on a person’s age and their circumstances. […] Speech and language therapy is widely available on the NHS for people who stammer, although the level of service and waiting times vary across the country. Some treatments, such as feedback devices, may not be funded. […] The aim of indirect therapy is to create an environment where a child feels less pressure when speaking. […] The Lidcombe Program is a widely used direct behavioural therapy for the treatment of stammering in young children. […] Therapy with older children and adults will often take account of both the speaking behaviours and the social, emotional and psychological aspects of stammering. […] In addition to direct and indirect therapy, there are other options that can help people who stammer, particularly older children and adults with persistent stammering and those who develop stammering later in life (acquired or late-onset stammering). […] These therapies do not treat stammering directly, but can be helpful if you experience negative feelings as a result of your stammering. […] These techniques do not work for everyone and can be difficult to use in some speaking situations.

• #19 Stuttering | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/stuttering

  Children should always seek professional help from a speech pathologist if their child begins to stutter. […] The best evidence (from clinical trials) for treating children who stutter is the Lidcombe Program of Early Stuttering Intervention. […] Treatment for stuttering is much more effective in the preschool years, but treatment for older children, adolescents and adults is effective as well.

• #20 Stammer (Stutter): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/stammer-stutter

  There are many different treatments for stammering. The choice of treatment will depend on the age of the person and their individual difficulties and needs. The different types of treatment for stammering include: Parental involvement (the Lidcombe approach), which involves the rest of the family helping the child to speak slowly, praising the child when they don’t stammer and occasionally correcting when the child speaks with a stammer. […] Stuttering modification, which helps by reducing the fear of stammering and improves confidence. […] Psychological therapies, which can be used for adults and those with acquired stammering. These therapies don’t treat the stammer. The treatment is designed to reduce stress and anxiety, which make the stammer worse. […] Without treatment, about 1-3 in 100 older children, teenagers and adults will have developed a persistent stammer (stutter). Many people with a stammer learn to control the stammer but still have problems if they feel stressed or speak in public.

• #21 Stuttering: A Brief Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0501/p2175.html

  One formal program for stuttering divides treatment into four different stages: structuring, targeting, adjustment and regulation (STAR). […] The computer-aided fluency establishment trainer is another formal program designed to change speech behavior in stutterers. This program has been shown to improve speech fluency through a computerized process that provides feedback and guidance to decrease stuttering.

• #22 Stuttering: What It Is, Causes, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14162-stuttering

  The only form of stuttering thats preventable is acquired stuttering. The best way to prevent it is to prevent or reduce your risk of conditions like stroke or TBI. […] Stuttering isn’t a dangerous condition, and most people recover from it. Treatment especially speech therapy can speed up recovery. […] If your child has symptoms of developmental stuttering, you should talk to their pediatrician. Early diagnosis and treatment can help your child with speaking and help them process and deal with feelings like embarrassment or shame. […] Speech therapy is the main form of treatment for all forms of stuttering. In children, this involves learning activities that help stuttering symptoms improve until they go away. Speech therapy activities and techniques depend on the stuttering type, symptoms and severity. Therapy frequency and session length can also play a role.

• #23 Stuttering | SLP CEUs | All Courses | SpeechPathology.com

  https://www.speechpathology.com/slp-ceus/stuttering/

  This course discusses the motor speech components of stuttering. Planning assessment and treatment with preschoolers, school-aged children, teens and adults based on motor speech components is also described. […] A review of the research on this topic is provided, along with a discussion of how diversity affects the presentation of stuttering, and best practices for providing a culturally-responsive stuttering assessment for children.

• #24 Fluency Strategies: A Cheat Sheet to Treatment

  https://blogs.thesteppingstonesgroup.com/blog-post/fluency-strategies-a-cheat-sheet-to-treatment

  Stuttering can be a challenging disorder for many therapists to treat. […] Current evidence suggests the best methods for addressing stuttering is by using a combined approach including cognitive behavioral therapy, fluency shaping, and fluency modification techniques. […] The goal of CBT is to shift negative thoughts and/or beliefs about their stutter to a healthier place by examining beliefs, evidence and reflection with clinician guidance. This can help reduce negative self-talk which may increase anxieties surrounding their stuttering. […] These strategies are used when an individual wants to control/minimize their stuttering. […] This aim of this category of strategies is to provide the student with ways to lessen tension during inevitable moments of stuttering. […] This strategy helps to rewire the brain so the relaxation becomes reinforced and associated with the release to move on to the next word. […] This strategy requires a high degree of self-awareness and monitoring. […] The student anticipates a stutter and before saying the word that will be stuttered, they use a strategy, such as an easy-onset, to produce the word more easily.

• #25 A Guide on How to Stop Stuttering: Expert Advice for All Ages

  https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/how-to-stop-stuttering

  A speech therapist can select specific techniques to help your child improve their fluency if evidence-based and appropriate for their age and abilities. […] When seeking help for stuttering or other fluency issues, look for a speech therapist specializing in fluency disorders. […] If your stuttering causes you anxiety or other emotional difficulties, such as fear or avoidance of speaking situations, seek help. […] Stuttering cannot be „cured” in the traditional sense, but it can be effectively managed with the right strategies and by participating in speech therapy. […] Effective exercises for managing stuttering include breathing exercises, slow speech practice, pause and phrase, voice recording, and fluency shaping techniques. […] Therapy sessions can help raise awareness of stuttering moments, reduce disfluency, and treat many secondary behaviors. […] If your stuttering impacts your quality of life, professional help from a speech-language pathologist is recommended.

• #26 7 Strategies to Help Improve Fluency and a Stutter

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/stuttering/7-strategies-to-help-improve-fluency-and-a-stutter

  Easy onsets are a technique used to prevent stuttering from happening. They’re used on words that begin with a vowel. The reason the early onset technique increases fluency is because you are learning how to decrease tension in the vocal folds by gently voicing a word, instead of closing the vocal folds hard to initiate the word. Tension is what creates moments of stutter, and the more we can avoid tension, the smoother speech will be. […] This technique can be used to change how you speak in order to prevent disfluencies from occurring. In order to reduce tension and avoid stuttering, try a technique called light contact. […] Stretching syllables in words can help prevent stuttering from happening. […] Cancellations are a fluency technique that can be used after a disfluency, or stutter, has already occurred.

• #27 How Expressable Evaluates and Treats Stuttering in Children and Adults

  https://www.expressable.com/services/stuttering

  Research has shown that online speech therapy works just as well as in-person therapy for stuttering. […] At Expressable, we teach evidence-based strategies to stop a stutter, which can include: Light articulatory contact; Easy onsets; Pausing and chunking; Role-playing; Grounding and breathing techniques. […] The price of speech therapy will vary by provider, but generally, the cost of online speech therapy will be less than an in-person practice even though you receive the same quality of treatment.

• #28 Stuttering in children & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/preschoolers/development/language-development/stuttering

  Stuttering makes it hard for children to speak smoothly. […] If you notice that your child has a stutter, its important to seek professional help. […] The main ways to manage stuttering in children are: speech restructuring programs, psychosocial programs. […] Speech restructuring programs focus on reducing how much children stutter and are provided by speech pathologists. […] Psychosocial programs focus on supporting the emotional and social wellbeing of children who stutter.

• #29 Stuttering Treatment: Simple & Effective Guide – Speech Therapy Talk

  https://speechtherapytalk.com/stuttering/stuttering-treatment/

  Treatment for stuttering includes individualized goals that focus on increasing fluency, reducing secondary/avoidance behaviors (if applicable), improving self-confidence, and supporting the child and his/her family. […] A large portion of stuttering treatment will be to counsel the child and his/her family on stuttering. […] Many children and family members have a lot of fear wrapped up in stuttering and it is your job as an SLP to ease these fears, discuss and help reduce anxiety, and come up with strategies to support your client.

• #30 Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS®) – Sisskin Stuttering Center

  https://www.sisskinstutteringcenter.com/arts

  ARTS is based on the principle that, while stuttering has a neurological core, the problem of stuttering isnt the stutter, but the fear of stuttering. […] These avoidance behaviors maintain the fear of stuttering, which leads to what we call struggle: learned physical reactivity to stuttering, such as vocal cord tension or feeling stuck on a sound. […] The Sisskin Stuttering Center clinicians recognize that since it is fear and avoidance that fuels struggle, struggle can be reduced by removing the fuel. ARTS clinicians work with people who stutter to systematically reduce their fear and avoidance related to their speech, at a pace and in an environment that matches their needs. Eventually, the reduction of fear results in less struggle and more comfortable, forward-moving speech. […] Avoidance reduction (approaching feared situations), on the other hand, resolves the conflict.

• #31 Avoidance Reduction Therapy and its uses for people who stutter – Stuttering Treatment and Research Trust (START)

  https://www.stuttering.co.nz/news/avoidance-reduction-therapy/

  Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is based on the idea that, although stuttering is thought to be a neurological difference, the struggle of stuttering in adulthood is a result of the fear of stuttering. […] The purpose of Avoidance Reduction Therapy is just that – to reduce avoidance behaviours, which increase physical struggle and promote negative feelings about speech. […] The goal is not stutter-free speech, but for the individual to communicate in an easier way, and to freely participate in any activities they choose, whether they stutter or not. […] Reported outcomes of ARTS include comfort and efficiency of speaking, confidence, and enjoyment of communication. […] ARTS works by removing additional behaviours from the individual’s stutter, leaving the core stuttering behaviours. By removing layers which increase avoidance and struggle, speech becomes easier and more enjoyable. […] ARTS is not a quick fix, and involves facing fears. However, the outcomes promote long term comfort and enjoyment of communication, without using tools or techniques to cover up stuttering.

• #32 The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118465/

  Stuttering is a DSM V psychiatric condition for which there are no FDA-approved medications for treatment. […] A growing body of evidence suggests that dopamine antagonist medications are effective in reducing the severity of stuttering symptoms. […] In recent years, advances in the neurophysiology of stuttering have helped further guide pharmacological treatment. […] A newer medication with a novel mechanism of action, selective D1 antagonism, is currently being investigated in FDA trials for the treatment of stuttering. […] D1 antagonists possess different side-effect profiles than D2 antagonist medications and may provide a unique option for those who stutter. […] In addition, VMAT-2 inhibitors alter dopamine transmission in a unique mechanism of action that offers a promising treatment avenue in stuttering.

• #33 The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118465/

  This review seeks to highlight the different treatment options to help guide the practicing clinician in the treatment of stuttering. […] Currently there is no FDA-approved medication for the treatment of stuttering. […] Medications with dopamine-blocking activity have shown the most efficacy; however, they can be limited by their respective side-effect profiles. […] Newer medications with novel mechanisms are showing promise in the pharmacologic treatment of stuttering. […] It is postulated that elevated dopamine levels are associated with stuttering and lower activity of the striatum, supported by a 1997 study showing significantly higher 6-FDOPA uptake in the ventral limbic cortical and subcortical regions leading to an overactive presynaptic dopamine system. […] Furthermore, dopamine agonists, medications that enhance the activity of dopamine (the opposite of dopamine blocking), such as L-dopa, worsen the symptoms of stuttering.

• #34 The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118465/

  Newer, second-generation dopamine-blocking medications such as risperidone and olanzapine have a lower risk of motor system side-effects and are generally better tolerated than first-generation dopamine-blocking medications like haloperidol. […] A recent case report demonstrated ziprasidone to be an effective and well tolerated medication for the treatment of stuttering and may be considered as an alternative atypical antipsychotic. […] Ecopipam has a unique pharmacologic mechanism in its action as a D1 antagonist. […] Ecopipam has been studied for stuttering in adults in an open-label single-case experimental design funded by philanthropy. […] The results revealed that Ecopipam significantly improved stuttering symptoms on objective and subjective scales including the Overall Assessment of the Speakers Experience of Stuttering (OASES), which measures the impact of stuttering on a persons life.

• #35 The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118465/

  Ecopipam was also well-tolerated, so further research is warranted. […] Another category of new medications under review is vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors. […] One drawback is that VMAT2 inhibition is non-selective for monoamines and decreased serotonin could precipitate symptoms of depression; however, newer forms appear to lower that risk.

• #36 Stuttering Treatment: How to Stop Stuttering | HealthyPlace

  https://www.healthyplace.com/neurodevelopmental-disorders/communication-disorders/stuttering-treatment-how-to-stop-stuttering

  No stuttering treatment can completely cure stuttering, but there are a variety of effective treatments available that can greatly reduce or stop stuttering. […] For very young children, stuttering therapy may prevent the development of a lifelong stuttering problem. […] Some therapists recommend that parents have their child evaluated every three months to check whether stuttering has gotten better or worse. […] A qualified therapist will also give children tools for coping with teasing and bullying by others because of their stuttering. […] Experts and researchers haven’t identified how to stop stuttering entirely, but therapy can help teens and adults minimize stuttering when they speak. […] Although the FDA has not approved any medication for stuttering, doctors sometimes use certain drugs — commonly prescribed to treat other health issues — to treat the disorder. […] Researchers continue to study the effectiveness of these and other innovative fluency control devices.

• #37 Professor’s Study Offers New Hope for People Who Stutter | Adelphi University

  https://www.adelphi.edu/news/professors-study-offers-new-hope-for-people-who-stutter/

  With its feasible, evidence based VRSM intervention, the cutting-edge study makes an impactful contribution to the effective treatment of chronic stuttering, while helping to banish the stigma often experienced by individuals who stutter. […] Its a very simple treatment, Dr. deLeyer-Tiarks said, predicting that in the future people will be able to do this for themselves after receiving some basic guidance. […] Technology has made this just that accessible, she concluded.

• #38 Treatment – Arthur M. Blank Center for Stuttering Education

  https://blankcenterforstuttering.org/treatment/

  Our life-changing Blank Center CARE Model, in development for over two decades, empowers children, teens, and adults worldwide to stutter openly, speak confidently, communicate effectively, and advocate meaningfully, with the aim of ensuring all persons who stutter live their lives to the fullest. […] Through participation in our CARE programming, we are working to prevent the formation of the Stuttering Iceberg by directly teaching and practicing the skills needed to be effective, resilient communicators beginning at the earliest age. […] Camp Dream. Speak. Live. is our annual evidence-based intensive therapy program for children and teens who stutter. The protocol for this program has been manualized, and the positive results have been replicated worldwide. […] Our unique and uplifting mentorship program provides participants of all ages a sense of purpose and belonging.

• #39 How to stop or reduce stuttering: Management tips

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321995

  It is important that parents and caregivers support children who stutter. […] Connecting with others who stutter can be beneficial for many people. […] There is no cure for stuttering, although early treatment may stop childhood stuttering from persisting into adulthood. […] While there is no cure for stuttering, speech therapy can be particularly effective in helping people gain control over their speech. […] Researchers are continuing to explore the causes of stuttering and potential treatment options.

• #40 How to Stop or Reduce Stuttering: Management Tips – Kutest Kids

  https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/can-you-fix-stuttering

  By exploring these treatment strategies and options, older children and adults who stutter can find support, develop effective communication skills, and gain the confidence needed to navigate various social and professional situations. […] It’s important to consult with a qualified healthcare professional or speech-language pathologist to determine the most suitable treatment approach for stuttering. […] With the right combination of medications, speech therapy, and other interventions, individuals who stutter can find effective strategies to manage their condition and improve their communication skills.

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